Academic literature on the topic 'Consumption expenditure distribution'
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Journal articles on the topic "Consumption expenditure distribution"
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Hoffer, Adam, Rejeana Gvillo, William Shughart, and Michael Thomas. "Income-expenditure elasticities of less-healthy consumption goods." Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy 6, no. 1 (April 10, 2017): 127–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jepp-03-2016-0008.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify how consumption of 12 goods – alcohol, cigarettes, fast food, items sold at vending machines, purchases of food away from home, cookies, cakes, chips, candy, donuts, bacon, and carbonated soft drinks – varies across the income distribution by calculating their income-expenditure elasticites. Design/methodology/approach Data on 22,681 households from 2009-2012 from the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Consumer Expenditure Survey were used. The data were analyzed using ordinary least squares regressions and Cragg’s double hurdle model which integrates a binary model to determine the decision to consume and a truncated normal model to estimate the effects for conditional (y>0) consumption. Findings Income had the greatest effect on expenditures for alcohol (0.314), food away from home (0.295), and fast food (0.284). A one percentage-point increase in income (approximately $428 at the mean) translated into a 0.314 percentage-point increase in spending on alcoholic beverages (approximately $1 annually at the mean). Income had the smallest influence on tobacco expenditures (0.007) and donut expenditures (−0.009). Research limitations/implications Percentage of a household’s discretionary budget spent on the studied goods falls substantially as income gets larger. Policies targeting the consumption of such goods will disproportionately impact lower income households. Originality/value This is the first manuscript to calculate income-expenditure elasticities for the goods studied. The results allow for a direct analysis of targeted consumption policy on household budgets across the income distribution.
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Barigozzi, Matteo, Lucia Alessi, Marco Capasso, and Giorgio Fagiolo. "The distribution of household consumption-expenditure budget shares." Structural Change and Economic Dynamics 23, no. 1 (March 2012): 69–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2011.09.003.
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Irfany, Mohammad Iqbal, and Stephan Klasen. "Affluence and emission tradeoffs: evidence from Indonesian households' carbon footprint." Environment and Development Economics 22, no. 5 (August 9, 2017): 546–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x17000262.
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AbstractThis study estimates Indonesian households’ carbon emissions that are attributed to their expenditures in 2005 and 2009 to analyze the pattern, distribution and drivers of their carbon footprint. Employing an input-output-emission-expenditure framework, the authors find a significant difference in household carbon emissions between different affluence levels, regions and educational levels. They also find that, while many household characteristics influence emissions, total expenditure is by far the most important determinant of household emissions, both across households and over time. Consequently, emissions inequality is very similar to expenditure inequality across households. The decomposition analysis confirms that changes in emissions are predominantly due to rising expenditures between the two periods, while expenditure elasticities analysis suggests that the rise in household emissions is mainly caused by the overall rise in total household expenditure, and not by shifting consumption shares among consumption categories. The paper discusses policy options for Indonesia to reduce this very strong expenditure–emissions link.
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Alaudin, Ros Idayuwati, Noriszura Ismail, and Zaidi Isa. "Retirement Consumption Puzzle in Malaysia: Evidence from Bayesian Quantile Regression Model." Journal of Probability and Statistics 2019 (January 1, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2723069.
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The objective of this study is to use the Bayesian quantile regression for studying the retirement consumption puzzle, which is defined as the drop in consumption upon retirement, using the cross-sectional data of the Malaysian Household Expenditure Survey (HES) 2009/2010. Three different measures of consumption, namely, total expenditure, work-related expenditure, and nonwork-related expenditure, are suggested for studying the retirement consumption puzzle. The results show that the drop in consumption upon retirement is significant and has a regressive distributional effect as indicated by larger drops at lower percentiles and smaller drops at higher percentiles. The smaller drops among higher consumption retirees (or higher income retirees) may imply that they have more savings and/or retirement benefits than the smaller consumption retirees (or lower income retirees). Comparison between the three types of consumption shows that the work-related expenditure has a uniform drop across the distribution. The drop under the nonwork-related expenditure varies across the distribution, implying that it is the source behind the variation of the consumption drop.
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Öztürk, Latif, and Nimet Varlık. "Examination of Consumption Expenditure Distribution among NUTS-2 Regions in 2007-2018 with GINI Coefficient." EMAJ: Emerging Markets Journal 11, no. 1 (September 8, 2021): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/emaj.2021.223.
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In this study, the distribution of 12 main expenditure categories included in the consumer price index (CPI) among NUTS-2 (Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics-2) regions is examined. The study covers the years 2007-2018. In the study, interregional consumption expenditure rates are identified with the Gini coefficient, which is a measure of inequality and the obtained consumption expenditure rates through the years are interpreted. The coefficients calculated for each expenditure category are important in terms of revealing the course of consumption behavior of households in Turkey over the years and reflecting the best and worst distribution at the NUTS-2 level. Findings regarding the expenditure categories show that the consumption behavior in Turkey in the relevant period is far from equal at the regional level. According to the findings, the expenditure category with the highest inequality at the NUTS-2 level is the food and non-alcoholic beverages category with an average Gini coefficient of 0.3031. The expenditure category with the highest equal distribution, on the other hand, is the education category with a Gini coefficient of 0.2307 according to the findings.
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Kubicová, Ľubica, Zdenka Kádeková, Ľudmila Nagyová, and Jana Stávková. "The Income situation of the private households and its impact on the food consumption in the Slovak Republic." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 59, no. 7 (2011): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201159070217.
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Accession of the Slovak Republic to the EU in 2004 opened up the new opportunities not only in the formation of incomes but also in changes of consumer habits of the population in Slovakia. The basis for these changes were given before 1989, since when it has been possible to monitor realization of reforms. After 1989 have been observed the changes in the evolution of the household income and expenditure structure. The analysis confirms the significant differences and unbalanced right-inclined distribution of income. Households in the fourth income quartile had 2.8 times higher incomes than families in the first income quartile ( Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic). Analyzed were the food groups that in terms of expenditure on food and food consumption took more than 6% share. The results confirm that income differentiation of households is also reflected in their different behavior on the food market. Most sensitive to changes in demand reacts income households with the lowest incomes. In terms of living standard, when satisfying the living needs of population, the disposable monthly income is highly crucial. In meeting the basic needs of households play an important role expenditures on food, housing and energy. The Slovak households have high expenditures on food in comparison with other EU countries. In the structure of consumption expenditures the expenditure on food has decreased in recent years but still represents the highest share (in 2009 it was 21.95%) in comparison with expenditure on housing and energy (19.54% share in 2009).Assessment of the standard of living of the population and its development is effected by several indicators. The key indicators that allow assessment of the standard of living and its development are the money income, consumption and expenditure for food, housing, culture, education and healthcare.Data on the household incomes and the household expenditures for the stated needs point at the standard of living of the population as well as various social groups. Important is also the reciprocal comparison of the differences in expenditures for basic living needs of the household. During the transformation process expanded the variability types and groups of households. Downtrend is spotted in the average size of the households and growing pluralism of the various forms of coexistence.
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Nisa, Anida Amirilia, and Rumayya Rumayya. "DETERMINANTS OF WEDDING CONSUMPTION IN INDONESIA." Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi Terapan 6, no. 1 (June 26, 2021): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jiet.v6i1.26771.
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Marriage unites man and woman in a sacred bond to which economic theories may apply. The economics of marriage includes the analysis of household formation and break up, as well as production and distribution decisions within the household. Marriage usually involves the arrangement of wedding ceremony. Nonetheless, consumption spending on wedding ceremony may differ for each household, depending on their personal preferences. On that account, this study aims to examine the determinants of wedding consumption in Indonesia, which include household income, age, sex, educational attainment, area of residence, and financial literacy level of the household head. This study uses regression method to analyze expenditure data from the National Socio-Economic Survey (Susenas) in 2016. Our findings show that income, age, sex, education, and financial literacy have a significant effect on wedding consumption. This finding has important implications for governments to support the effort to improve financial literacy, especially among couples who are interested in marriageKeywords: Wedding Reception and Ceremonies Expenditures, Marriage Economics, Financial Literacy.JEL: D140, G390, G290
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Kaur, Pawandeep, Gian Singh, and Sarbjeet Singh. "Levels, Pattern and Distribution of Consumption Expenditure among Farmers in Rural Punjab." Indian Journal of Economics and Development 12, no. 1 (2016): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2322-0430.2016.00012.3.
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Singh, Taranjeet, and Balwinder Singh Tiwana. "Distribution Pattern of Consumption Expenditure of Loan Waiver Beneficiary Households in Punjab." Indian Journal of Economics and Development 14, no. 4 (2018): 650. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2322-0430.2018.00182.8.
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Khan, Ashfaque H., and Umer Khalid. "Is Consumption Pattern Homogeneous in Pakistan? Evidence from PSLM 2007-08." Pakistan Development Review 50, no. 4II (December 1, 2011): 629–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v50i4iipp.629-648.
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This study has analysed consumption behaviour of households across the four provinces of Pakistan using recent household survey data of 2007-08. It is found that the consumption patterns are not entirely homogeneous across all 4 provinces and also diverge across the urban-rural sectors within each province. The study has also examined the role of remittances in determining the level and distribution of household consumption expenditures, across all four provinces, by comparing the consumption behaviour of those households who received remittances versus those who did not. We found that households receiving remittances spent proportionately more on education in all provinces except Balochistan; while they spent proportionately less on food and drinks and transport and communication. In terms of the other expenditure categories, differential impact of remittances is observed across provinces.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Consumption expenditure distribution"
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Cloutier, Martin. "Households' expenditure patterns and income distribution in the Canadian agriculture and food industries : an input-output analysis." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69544.
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The objective of the research was to demonstrate the need, feasibility and relevance of disaggregating by income group the endogenized household sector in the Canadian Input-Output (I-O) model. Personal expenditures and revenue sources were endogenized into Agriculture Canada's I-O open model. Two models were developed, Model 1 and Model 2. Model 1 was a closed model that assumed homogeneity among households. Model 2 relaxed the homogeneity assumption.The superiority of Model 2 was empirically demonstrated by comparing the economic indicators generated by the models. The indicators of interest were industrial output, GDP at factor cost and the number of paid jobs. A sensitivity analysis investigated the impact of changes in wages and salaries and final demand on the models. Larger differences were found between the models when wages and salaries were stimulated. As hypothesized, Model 1 underestimated the contribution of the lowest wages and salaries group by 19.9 percent and overestimated the impact of the higher wages and salaries group by 19 percent. A $1 million increase in the final demand for agricultural, agri-food and petrochemical products was also simulated. The largest impacts on industrial output occurred when agricultural production was shocked ( $3.8 million). This was followed by agri-food products ($3.2 million) and petrochemical products ( $2.7 million). While differences in the models' estimates were minimal when changes in final demand were simulated, Model 2 generated additional information on the distribution of income.
In conclusion, the results generated by the I-O model with the disaggregated household sector, Model 2, were consistent with budget data and economic theory.
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Bjellerup, Mårten. "Essays on Consumption : - Aggregation, Asymmetry and Asset Distributions." Doctoral thesis, Växjö universitet, Ekonomihögskolan, EHV, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-406.
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The dissertation consists of four self-contained essays on consumption. Essays 1 and 2 consider different measures of aggregate consumption, and Essays 3 and 4 consider how the distributions of income and wealth affect consumption from a macro and micro perspective, respectively. Essay 1 considers the empirical practice of seemingly interchangeable use of two measures of consumption; total consumption expenditure and consumption expenditure on nondurable goods and services. Using data from Sweden and the US in an error correction model, it is shown that consumption functions based on the two measures exhibit significant differences in several aspects of econometric modelling. Essay 2, coauthored with Thomas Holgersson, considers derivation of a univariate and a multivariate version of a test for asymmetry, based on the third central moment. The logic behind the test is that the dependent variable should correspond to the specification of the econometric model; symmetric with linear models and asymmetric with non-linear models. The main result in the empirical application of the test is that orthodox theory seems to be supported for consumption of both nondurable and durable consumption. The consumption of durables shows little deviation from symmetry in the four-country sample, while the consumption of nondurables is shown to be asymmetric in two out of four cases, the UK and the US. Essay 3 departs from the observation that introducing income uncertainty makes the consumption function concave, implying that the distributions of wealth and income are omitted variables in aggregate Euler equations. This implication is tested through estimation of the distributions over time and augmentation of consumption functions, using Swedish data for 1963-2000. The results show that only the dispersion of wealth is significant, the explanation of which is found in the marked changes of the group of households with negative wealth; a group that according to a concave consumption function has the highest marginal propensity to consume. Essay 4 attempts to empirically specify the nature of the alleged concavity of the consumption function. Using grouped household level Swedish data for 1999-2001, it is shown that the marginal propensity to consume out of current resources, i.e. current income and net wealth, is strictly decreasing in current resources and net wealth, but approximately constant in income. Also, an empirical reciprocal to the stylized theoretical consumption function is estimated, and shown to bear a close resemblance to the theoretical version.
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Onaran, Özlem, and Valerie Bösch. "The effect of globalization on the distribution of taxes and social expenditures in Europe: Do welfare state regimes matter?" WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2010. http://epub.wu.ac.at/2795/1/workingpaper40_oezlem_boesch_online.pdf.
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This paper estimates the effect of globalization on the implicit tax rates (ITR) on capital income, labor income and consumption, and the share of social protection expenditures in total public expenditures in Western and Eastern Europe. It tests the coexistence of efficiency and compensation effects of globalization on the expenditure as well as the revenue sides of government budgets. In Western Europe, globalization leads to an increase in social
expenditures; however these expenditures are to an increasing extent financed by taxes on labor income. There is no effect of the ITR on capital income, whereas the ITR on consumption decreases. There are important differences
between the welfare states. In the conservative regimes, social expenditures increase due to globalization, but they are financed to an increasing extent by taxes on labor. In the social democratic regimes, not only social expenditures,
but also the ITRs on capital income and consumption decrease as a result of globalization, whereas the ITR on labor income increases. In the liberal regimes, the ITR on labor income is rising, while social expenditures and the
ITR on consumption is declining. In the southern regimes, the ITRs on both capital income and consumption are decreasing. In the CEE NMS, on average, there seems to be no statistically significant effect of globalization on social expenditures nor on the ITR on capital and labor income. Globalization affects only the ITR on consumption, leading to a decline. However, different welfare regimes react differently: there is a negative effect of globalization on social spending in the Baltic countries, and a negative effect on the ITR on capital income in the post-communist European regimes. (author's abstract)Series: Discussion Papers SFB International Tax Coordination
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Schmalenbach, Anke. "Aggregate consumption expenditure and the role of the income distribution /." 2006. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/520831705.pdf.
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Mosime, Dineo Ronald. "Income inequality and household consumption expenditure in South Africa: 2000-2014." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/21554.
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A research report submitted to the Faculty of Management, University of the Witwatersrand, in 50% fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Management (in the field of Public Policy).
17 June 2016This paper investigates the nature of relationship between income inequality and consumption expenditure by households. The link between the distribution of income and household spending was determined by exploring the relationship between income inequality and household saving. The econometric estimates show that the propensity of the bottom earners to consume is higher than that of the high income earners. The conclusions from this paper are that; the bottom earners used credit to smooth their consumption expenditure, income inequality has not boosted saving of the top earners and wealth inequality has a minimal effect (although positive) on aggregate consumption Some of these finding are consistent with the theoretical view on income and wealth inequality (Kaldor, 1957) and Aghion et al. (1999). The absence of coping mechanism (such as access to credit and employment), suggests high inequality might result in a decline in the household demand, since the bottom and low earners has high marginal propensities to consume compared with that of the top earners. The existence of imperfect capital markets suggests distributive policies and economic growth are important channels for reducing income and wealth disparities in South Africa.
MB2016
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Aung, Lwin Lwin. "Accounting for consumption inequality in Myanmar: 2004/05 and 2009/10." Phd thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/110020.
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This thesis investigates consumption inequality in Myanmar, utilising comprehensive household expenditure data sets from 2004/05 and 2009/10 called the Integrated Household Living Conditions Assessment surveys. The distributions of revised comprehensive total household expenditures per adult equivalent indicate a decline in different measures of consumption inequality over time. These data suggest that both ‘relative inequality’ and ‘absolute inequality’ have fallen over this five year period. Poorer population groups have gained rapid expenditure growth than richer ones over the whole national consumption distribution. The nationwide Gini coefficient for expenditure per adult equivalent decreased from 0.256 to 0.220 over time. Nationally, the declines in the Gini coefficient, Theil index, Mean Log Deviation, and Atkinson indices were each statistically significant. Disparities in socio-economic conditions between rural and urban areas, as well as states and regions have persistently been claimed, especially by people in rural areas and minority states who believe that they do not receive equal redistributions of their country’s resources. Yangon and Taninthayi had the highest inequality in expenditures and Kayin state was the lowest in the ranking of inequality over time. The static inequality decomposition analyses show that the contribution of within-group inequality of rural and urban areas to total inequality in both levels and changes is higher than that of between-group inequality. Over the study years, both the between-group and within-group inequalities of rural and urban areas have decreased significantly. However, the contribution of between-group inequality of rural and urban areas to total inequality in Myanmar decreased over time, while that of within-group inequality to total inequality correspondingly increased. A similar trend is found for the level of, and changes in, the contributions of states and regions to total inequality. Therefore, the results confirm that a substantial part of expenditure inequality in Myanmar is not spatial. Cyclone Nargis also contributed to the decline in inequality that occurred in the Nargis-affected area, as well as to the observed decline in total national inequality. The Fields (2003) regression-based inequality decomposition reveals that locational and regional effects, occupation, and levels of education of household members are key to explaining both the level of, and changes in, consumption inequality. Firstly, regional specific variables are the main contributors to the narrowing of expenditure inequality and these explain about 35% and 43% for all households and panel households, respectively. However, these factors have complex origins. Ideally, other variables that are beyond the available data can be correlated with the region-specific variables considered in this study, and thus, while their impact cannot be captured directly, it is reflected in the regional variables. The second largest contributor is the share of household members with different types of occupation, accounting for 22% (all households) and 16% (panel households). The third major influencing factor is the level of education of working-age adults (aged 15-64) constituting about 14% and 18% for all households and panel households, respectively. This research also finds that the results produced using the Yun (2006) approach are inconsistent, and provide a seemingly arbitrary choice for researchers.
Books on the topic "Consumption expenditure distribution"
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Sen, Raj Kumar. The Changing pattern and distribution of consumption expenditure in India. Calcutta: Rabindra Bharati University, 1990.
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Goodman, Alissa. Permanent differences?: Income and expenditure inequality in the 1990s and 2000s. London: The Institute for Fiscal Studies, 2004.
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Jirasavetakul, La-Bhus Fah, and Christoph Lakner. Distribution of Consumption Expenditure in East Asia. World Bank, Washington, DC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-7968.
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United States. Bureau of Labor Statistics., ed. Consumer expenditure survey: Interview survey, 1982-83. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1986.
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Jirasavetakul, La-Bhus Fah, and Christoph Lakner. The Distribution of Consumption Expenditure in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Inequality among All Africans. World Bank, Washington, DC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-7557.
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Subramanian, Sreenivasan, and D. Jayaraj. Growth and inequality in the distribution of India’s consumption expenditure, 1983 to 2009-10. UNU-WIDER, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2015/910-7.
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United States. Bureau of Labor Statistics, ed. Characteristics and spending patterns of consumer units in the lowest 10 percent of the expenditure distribution. [Washington, DC]: U.S. Dept. of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2001.
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Organisation, National Sample Survey, ed. Reported adequacy of food intake in India, 1993-94: Fifth quinquennial survey of consumer expenditure : NSS 50th round, July 1993-June 1994. [New Delhi]: National Sample Survey Organisation, Dept. of Statistics, Govt. of India, 1997.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Consumption expenditure distribution"
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Grodal, Birgit, and Werner Hildenbrand. "Cross-Section Engel Curves, Expenditure Distributions, and the “Law of Demand”." In Aggregation, Consumption and Trade, 37–53. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1795-1_4.
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Önay, Onur. "Clustering by K-Means Method and K-Medoids Method." In Advances in Data Mining and Database Management, 453–84. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3053-5.ch024.
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Data science and data analytics are becoming increasingly important. It is widely used in scientific and real-life applications. These methods enable us to analyze, understand, and interpret the data in every field. In this study, k-means and k-medoids clustering methods are applied to cluster the Statistical Regions of Turkey in Level 2. Clustering analyses are done for 2017 and 2018 years. The datasets consist of “Distribution of expenditure groups according to Household Budget Survey” 2017 and 2018 values, “Gini coefficient by equivalised household disposable income” 2017 and 2018 values, and some features of “Regional Purchasing Power Parities for the main groups of consumption expenditures” 2017 values. Elbow method and average silhouette method are applied for the determining the number of the clusters at the beginning. Results are given and interpreted at the conclusion.
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O'Donoghue, Cathal. "Indirect Taxation and Consumption Behaviour." In Practical Microsimulation Modelling, 150–72. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198852872.003.0006.
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Indirect taxation refers to taxation that is levied on expenditure rather than on income and is one of the most important sources of revenue for governments, particularly in middle- and low-income countries. As a result, indirect taxation is frequently included in microsimulation models. These models differ from those described thus far in that they involve the use of data that contains expenditures in addition to incomes. This chapter describes the theoretical structure of a number of different types of indirect taxation. A challenge to the simulation of indirect taxation arises in that the base datasets of microsimulation models typically do not include expenditure data. A relatively simple method for combining income and expenditure data is described. As changes in indirect taxation affect the relative prices of goods, there will either be a change in consumption patterns or a change in savings. A method to model behavioural response when modelling indirect taxation is discussed. These methods are then utilized to describe some descriptive measures for the distributional attributes of consumption and some directions for policy reform. The framework developed in this chapter is then used to model the welfare impact of changes to indirect taxation in an example simulation.
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Buckley, Peter J. "The Challenges of China and the International Economy." In China–India. British Academy, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197265673.003.0004.
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This paper examines the role of China in the international economy and the changing relationship between the two. China is currently undergoing a transition from investment and export-led growth to an economy more based on consumption expenditure. This involves a major readjustment of the domestic economy and its international relationships. Foreign direct investment which has been a key stimulus to growth and to exports is now being diverted to serving the domestic consumer and is also being encouraged to relocate from the coast regions to Western China. These strategies imply a shift from “made in China” to “created in China” which involves a move from cheap labour intensive production to higher value activities. This must be conducted in the face of a relative slow down in Chinese growth and the effort to correct the imbalances such as income distribution and coastal/inland inequalities. Current turbulence in the global economy notably the Eurozone exacerbates policy difficulties.
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"Tax expenditure tables: Reduced VAT rates." In The Distributional Effects of Consumption Taxes in OECD Countries, 123–39. OECD, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264224520-8-en.
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Reisenbichler, Alexander, and Andreas Wiedemann. "Credit-Driven and Consumption-Led Growth Models in the United States and United Kingdom." In Diminishing Returns, 213—C8.N13. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197607855.003.0009.
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Abstract This chapter examines the foundations and politics of credit-driven, consumption-led growth models in the United States and United Kingdom. We first identify two distinct channels through which these models generate domestic demand: a housing channel, in which house prices influence private consumption through credit and wealth effects; and an income-maintenance channel, in which credit markets functionally substitute for wage growth and government transfers, enabling households to borrow money to smooth income losses and address rising expenditures. We then show that these models are reinforced by a political coalition of producer groups in the financial and real estate industries, mainstream political parties, and asset-owning voters. Our analysis focuses on how US and UK policymakers have shaped these channels through fiscal, regulatory, and credit policies from the late 1970s until after the financial crisis of 2008–09. The chapter concludes with discussing vulnerabilities of these growth models, including financial instabilities and distributional inequalities.
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Karimipanah, Taghi. "Some Aspects of HVAC Design in Energy Renovation of Buildings." In Urban Transition - Perspectives on Urban Systems and Environments [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98824.
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It is well-known fact that air conditioning systems are responsible for a significant part of all energy systems in building energy usage. In EU buildings, the building HVAC systems account for ca 50% of the energy consumed. In the U.S., air-conditioning accounts on average about 12% of residential energy expenditures. The proper choice of air distribution systems and sustainable energy sources to drive the electrical components have a vital impact to achieve the best requirements for indoor climate including, hygienical, thermal, and reasonable energy-saving goals. The building energy system components that have a considerable impact on the demand for final energy in the building are design, outdoor environment conditions, HVAC systems, water consumption, electrical appliances, indoor thermal comfort, and indoor human activities. For calculation of the energy balance in a building, we need to consider the total energy flows in and out from the building including ventilation heat losses, the perimeters transmission heat loses, solar radiation, internal heat from occupants and appliances, space and domestic water heating, air leakage, and sewage heat losses. However, it is a difficult task to handle the above time-dependent parameters therefore an energy simulation program will always be used. This chapter aims to assess the role of ventilation and air-conditioning of buildings through the sustainability approaches and some of the existing renewable energy-based methods of HVAC systems are presented. This comprehensive review has been shown that using the new air distribution systems in combination with renewable energy sources are key factors to improve the HVAC performance and move toward Nearly Zero Carbon Buildings (NZCB).
Conference papers on the topic "Consumption expenditure distribution"
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Lyon, Geoff, Amip Shah, and Alan McReynolds. "Developing Resource Consumption Insights From Campus-Scale Water Monitoring Infrastructures." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-88688.
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Water consumption at many commercial campuses is a significant portion of resource expenditure, often with limited or no visibility into the individual branch or point of use locations, all of which summate to provide utility based reporting and invoicing, mostly on a monthly basis. In this paper, we present a case study where a commercial campus’ water distribution system is being instrumented to obtain a more granular measure of water usage. Measurement granularity is improved both in the time domain, transitioning from monthly to hourly or more frequent reporting, and in the spatial domain with all major end loads and significant branch loads being classified or monitored. Specifically, additional instrumentation is deployed in two distinct phases. The first phase added wireless transducers to the existing utility installed mechanical meters, enabling them to transmit consumption data every quarter hour. The second phase will instrument existing branch flow meters and also insert new flow meters to certain end-point loads and sub-branches. This will enable point or clustered data polling on the order of every few seconds. We also obtain additional information by polling an existing HVAC building management system for water related points of interest. We find that the collection and storage of granular water consumption information has the potential to create a detailed demand-side mapping of water usage on campus; providing data with significantly shortened time periods compared to the use of utility billing alone. We use this information to obtain hourly and daily consumption summaries at the site level and for specific end-load devices. From these results, we have created a hybrid consumption estimation of water consumption at the campus level, which contains a mixture of surveyed estimations and dynamic readings. This model provides improved accuracy and insights when compared to static site survey estimations. Due to the age and complexity of the site, primarily a result of numerous engineering changes over the site’s 60 year lifespan and a lack of detailed historical documentation, further work is ongoing to determine which additional endpoint loads or branched sub-sections we will instrument. We plan to use these additional data points to refine our water distribution model; hoping to accurately map individual buildings, floors and functional areas over time. At present, our site level instrumentation has been beneficial in revealing a number of insights regarding unexpected consumption events, most of which were attributed to scheduled maintenance activities. The ongoing monitoring of individual end-point loads has also highlighted areas of significant demand, which could be prioritized for conservation initiatives, and has shown where systemic adjustments could reduce demand peaking and flatten the flow requirements our campus places on the supplying utility.
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Kulasekaran, Aadhithiyan Amutha, and Anbarasu Subramanian. "Studies on the Hard Chrome Plating in Reciprocating Air Compressors." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-86532.
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This present work is to investigate the effects of chrome plating in reciprocating air compressors that result in reduction of power consumption. Reciprocating air compressors are the most commonly used compressors for domestic and industrial purposes to give required air output in terms of free air delivery, delivery temperature and maximum working pressure. This study also develops a better understanding on the effect of honing in the cylinder which reduces the surface roughness in the cylinder liner and results in greater air output. Cylinders are made of graded cast iron. The cylinder liner was honed to a thickness of about 0.26 mm and hard chrome plated to the same thickness. The honing improves the volumetric efficiency and hard chrome plating reduces the power consumption. The adequacy of this model can be verified using thermal image analysis, which includes the various temperature distribution plots around the compressor components. Further delivery temperature, actual displacement and free air delivery pressure are the parameters that conclude the deviation in actual and experimental values. Power consumption and efficiency owe for the major expenditures and maintenance for Reciprocating air compressors. This paper suggests the need of hard chrome plating to a compressor cylinder that resulted in annual power savings of about 25%. The increase in volumetric efficiency was about 20–30% from the actual conditions.
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Yılmazcan, Dilek, and Cansu Dağ. "Financial Regulations in the Field of Energy Policies." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c10.02036.
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Goals set by governments in energy field can be various. However, financial regulations can also vary depending on geopolitical location, sources, economical structure and other prioritized policies of the countries. Modern energy policies basically prioritize energy safety, efficiency, diversity and their environment-friendly features. In this study, financial regulations in the field of energy at world will be analyzed and the impact of financial regulations will be ascertained.
Energy end-user price is calculated by taking taxes, CO2 emission pricing and subsidies into account. CO2 emission pricing resulting from emission top level and trade or carbon taxes affects investment decisions in energy industry by changing the costs of other competitive sources. In addition to this, major types of energy subsidies are fossil source subsidies and renewable energy subsidies. Financial policy tools in EU can be listed as energy taxation, EU emission trade system and incentives for renewable energy. Legal regulations affecting energy field in Turkey can be examined in three categories; energy taxation, tax expenditures and support mechanisms. Tax expenditures and support mechanisms covering tax exemption, exception, reduction and similar practices in energy field are provided to both producers and consumers.
As a result, activating energy policies depends on decisions of many industries and individuals especially in transportation, industry and residence. These regulations mentioned in this study will be the most important tool in guiding rational preferences of the agents on generation, distribution, consumption and savings, if they are planned according to energy policies.
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White, Ramsey James, Fahd I. Alghunaimi, and Norah W. Aljuryyed. "Field Water Management Using Inline Water Separation." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211156-ms.
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Abstract Increasing water-cuts is inevitable for mature oil fields in which water flooding is used to achieve higher recovery targets. As water rates increase, significant investments are required to debottleneck water handling facilities and pipelines. This paper summarizes a detailed assessment to find the benefits of implementing a separation process to improve water separation efficiency. Inline Water Separator is considered here to optimize capital expenditures, building on the experience of a field demonstration of the technology. A prototype pilot plant was installed demonstrating an Inline Water Separator technology. Using a set of different inlet conditions. The technology was able to achieve +70-80% separation efficiency and deoiled the water to a maximum oil-in-water concentration of 35 ppm reaching lower than the accepted oil in water discharge criteria for reinjection (Zhang et all). Building on the success of the prototype, a suggested roadmap was studied to expand the testing of the technology at further harsher conditions with heavier crude grades and test alternative Inline Water Separation Technologies. A business case assessment was also conducted to determine the feasibility of the Inline Water Separator solution versus conventional water handling upgrades. Alternative Inline Water Separator technologies were also looked at as modularly designed skids that are easily transportable. The skids can be installed at different locations such as remote well manifolds or immediately pre-inlet processing facility. A technical and economic assessment of Inline Water Separator was conducted. It was found to be an economically attractive alternative to implementing conventional extensive oil-water separation, crude oil desalting, water deoiling & injection and pipeline network upgrades. The benefit of IWS besides reduction in capital expenditures, enhanced oil-in-water and a reduced overall energy and chemical consumption also results in reduced operating expenditures. When IWS is installed at the well manifold the stud shows a that the water rate will be reduced in the trunkline downstream the inline water separator and therefore a reduce the backpressure on the well will accrue, which can potentially increase the oil rate. Another benefit that was found, this design will potentially enhance distribution of field water injection as separated water from the inline water separator can be rerouted to another desired location or flank. The study of the Inline Water Separator technology portfolio expansion is highly recommended as a strategy to optimize capital expenditures to manage increasing produced water rates. The paper provides the alternative solutions, potential benefits and business case assessment to justify potential deployment.
Reports on the topic "Consumption expenditure distribution"
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Astudillo, Karen, Vicente Fretes Cibils, Carola Pessino, and Darío Rossignolo. Making the Invisible Visible: Applying a Gender Perspective To Strengthen Tax Policy in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004350.
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Latin American and Caribbean countries have made efforts to ensure that fiscal policies do not cause biases toward women. However, depending on where the tax burden falls, taxes do create gender biases. This technical note has two purposes. First, it provides evidence of how womens economic participation, care responsibilities, and consumption patterns enter into a countrys tax systems, generating invisible biases. Second, it summarizes the main lessons learned through cross-country comparisons that analyze the impact of direct and indirect taxes on gender equality, the progressivity of the tax systems using both income and expenditure as welfare measures, and the impact of tax systems and tax reforms on households depending on their composition and across the income distribution. The note also provides policy recommendations and good practices that will add to the regions efforts to strengthen fiscal policy taking a gender perspective into account. There is no unique approach to achieving gender equity only through gender-sensitive fiscal policies; rather, the path to change will likely be highly dependent on the balance struck between differing political and economic factors and interests. However, should Latin American and the Caribbean countries take on this challenge, not only could they generate more revenue in the future, but the changes should contribute to sustained and inclusive growth, with greater gender equality.
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Barreix, Alberto Daniel, Martín Bes, Oscar Fonseca, María Fonteñez, Dalmiro Morán, Emilio Pineda, and Jerónimo Roca. Revisiting Personalized VAT: A Tool for Fiscal Consolidation with Equity. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004147.
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As the COVID-19 pandemic ends, the large fiscal imbalances will require Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) governments to pursue fiscal consolidation policies by increasing revenues and/or reducing expenditures. VAT represents 40 percent of total revenues in the region but has a regressive impact that can be mitigated through two alternatives. The first, so called the “universal” strategy, provides relief by identifying those goods and services that account for a large share of consumption among lower-income households and, exempting or taxing them at a reduced rate. Its main weakness stems from the fact that it implies forgoing revenue which could be used to finance public social spending. Additionally, untargeted tax relief confers greater benefits, in absolute terms, to those who consume the most, usually individuals in the upper deciles of the income distribution, and also, multiple rates and exemptions introduce complexity into the management of the tax. The alternative, Personalized VAT (P VAT) strategy presented in this study for four LAC countries overcomes VATs regressivity without puncturing the tax base as the “universal” solution does. P Vat consists of three elements: (i) broadening the tax base, (ii) moving towards a single VAT rate, and (iii) implementing a tax refund for intended beneficiaries, based on the incidence of VAT on consumption among the poorest deciles. Currently, five LAC countries and one Brazilian state are implementing this mechanism.