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Hoffer, Adam, Rejeana Gvillo, William Shughart, and Michael Thomas. "Income-expenditure elasticities of less-healthy consumption goods." Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy 6, no. 1 (April 10, 2017): 127–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jepp-03-2016-0008.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify how consumption of 12 goods – alcohol, cigarettes, fast food, items sold at vending machines, purchases of food away from home, cookies, cakes, chips, candy, donuts, bacon, and carbonated soft drinks – varies across the income distribution by calculating their income-expenditure elasticites. Design/methodology/approach Data on 22,681 households from 2009-2012 from the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Consumer Expenditure Survey were used. The data were analyzed using ordinary least squares regressions and Cragg’s double hurdle model which integrates a binary model to determine the decision to consume and a truncated normal model to estimate the effects for conditional (y>0) consumption. Findings Income had the greatest effect on expenditures for alcohol (0.314), food away from home (0.295), and fast food (0.284). A one percentage-point increase in income (approximately $428 at the mean) translated into a 0.314 percentage-point increase in spending on alcoholic beverages (approximately $1 annually at the mean). Income had the smallest influence on tobacco expenditures (0.007) and donut expenditures (−0.009). Research limitations/implications Percentage of a household’s discretionary budget spent on the studied goods falls substantially as income gets larger. Policies targeting the consumption of such goods will disproportionately impact lower income households. Originality/value This is the first manuscript to calculate income-expenditure elasticities for the goods studied. The results allow for a direct analysis of targeted consumption policy on household budgets across the income distribution.
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Barigozzi, Matteo, Lucia Alessi, Marco Capasso, and Giorgio Fagiolo. "The distribution of household consumption-expenditure budget shares." Structural Change and Economic Dynamics 23, no. 1 (March 2012): 69–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2011.09.003.
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Irfany, Mohammad Iqbal, and Stephan Klasen. "Affluence and emission tradeoffs: evidence from Indonesian households' carbon footprint." Environment and Development Economics 22, no. 5 (August 9, 2017): 546–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x17000262.
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AbstractThis study estimates Indonesian households’ carbon emissions that are attributed to their expenditures in 2005 and 2009 to analyze the pattern, distribution and drivers of their carbon footprint. Employing an input-output-emission-expenditure framework, the authors find a significant difference in household carbon emissions between different affluence levels, regions and educational levels. They also find that, while many household characteristics influence emissions, total expenditure is by far the most important determinant of household emissions, both across households and over time. Consequently, emissions inequality is very similar to expenditure inequality across households. The decomposition analysis confirms that changes in emissions are predominantly due to rising expenditures between the two periods, while expenditure elasticities analysis suggests that the rise in household emissions is mainly caused by the overall rise in total household expenditure, and not by shifting consumption shares among consumption categories. The paper discusses policy options for Indonesia to reduce this very strong expenditure–emissions link.
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Alaudin, Ros Idayuwati, Noriszura Ismail, and Zaidi Isa. "Retirement Consumption Puzzle in Malaysia: Evidence from Bayesian Quantile Regression Model." Journal of Probability and Statistics 2019 (January 1, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2723069.
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The objective of this study is to use the Bayesian quantile regression for studying the retirement consumption puzzle, which is defined as the drop in consumption upon retirement, using the cross-sectional data of the Malaysian Household Expenditure Survey (HES) 2009/2010. Three different measures of consumption, namely, total expenditure, work-related expenditure, and nonwork-related expenditure, are suggested for studying the retirement consumption puzzle. The results show that the drop in consumption upon retirement is significant and has a regressive distributional effect as indicated by larger drops at lower percentiles and smaller drops at higher percentiles. The smaller drops among higher consumption retirees (or higher income retirees) may imply that they have more savings and/or retirement benefits than the smaller consumption retirees (or lower income retirees). Comparison between the three types of consumption shows that the work-related expenditure has a uniform drop across the distribution. The drop under the nonwork-related expenditure varies across the distribution, implying that it is the source behind the variation of the consumption drop.
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Öztürk, Latif, and Nimet Varlık. "Examination of Consumption Expenditure Distribution among NUTS-2 Regions in 2007-2018 with GINI Coefficient." EMAJ: Emerging Markets Journal 11, no. 1 (September 8, 2021): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/emaj.2021.223.
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In this study, the distribution of 12 main expenditure categories included in the consumer price index (CPI) among NUTS-2 (Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics-2) regions is examined. The study covers the years 2007-2018. In the study, interregional consumption expenditure rates are identified with the Gini coefficient, which is a measure of inequality and the obtained consumption expenditure rates through the years are interpreted. The coefficients calculated for each expenditure category are important in terms of revealing the course of consumption behavior of households in Turkey over the years and reflecting the best and worst distribution at the NUTS-2 level. Findings regarding the expenditure categories show that the consumption behavior in Turkey in the relevant period is far from equal at the regional level. According to the findings, the expenditure category with the highest inequality at the NUTS-2 level is the food and non-alcoholic beverages category with an average Gini coefficient of 0.3031. The expenditure category with the highest equal distribution, on the other hand, is the education category with a Gini coefficient of 0.2307 according to the findings.
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Kubicová, Ľubica, Zdenka Kádeková, Ľudmila Nagyová, and Jana Stávková. "The Income situation of the private households and its impact on the food consumption in the Slovak Republic." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 59, no. 7 (2011): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201159070217.
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Accession of the Slovak Republic to the EU in 2004 opened up the new opportunities not only in the formation of incomes but also in changes of consumer habits of the population in Slovakia. The basis for these changes were given before 1989, since when it has been possible to monitor realization of reforms. After 1989 have been observed the changes in the evolution of the household income and expenditure structure. The analysis confirms the significant differences and unbalanced right-inclined distribution of income. Households in the fourth income quartile had 2.8 times higher incomes than families in the first income quartile ( Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic). Analyzed were the food groups that in terms of expenditure on food and food consumption took more than 6% share. The results confirm that income differentiation of households is also reflected in their different behavior on the food market. Most sensitive to changes in demand reacts income households with the lowest incomes. In terms of living standard, when satisfying the living needs of population, the disposable monthly income is highly crucial. In meeting the basic needs of households play an important role expenditures on food, housing and energy. The Slovak households have high expenditures on food in comparison with other EU countries. In the structure of consumption expenditures the expenditure on food has decreased in recent years but still represents the highest share (in 2009 it was 21.95%) in comparison with expenditure on housing and energy (19.54% share in 2009).Assessment of the standard of living of the population and its development is effected by several indicators. The key indicators that allow assessment of the standard of living and its development are the money income, consumption and expenditure for food, housing, culture, education and healthcare.Data on the household incomes and the household expenditures for the stated needs point at the standard of living of the population as well as various social groups. Important is also the reciprocal comparison of the differences in expenditures for basic living needs of the household. During the transformation process expanded the variability types and groups of households. Downtrend is spotted in the average size of the households and growing pluralism of the various forms of coexistence.
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Nisa, Anida Amirilia, and Rumayya Rumayya. "DETERMINANTS OF WEDDING CONSUMPTION IN INDONESIA." Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi Terapan 6, no. 1 (June 26, 2021): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jiet.v6i1.26771.
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Marriage unites man and woman in a sacred bond to which economic theories may apply. The economics of marriage includes the analysis of household formation and break up, as well as production and distribution decisions within the household. Marriage usually involves the arrangement of wedding ceremony. Nonetheless, consumption spending on wedding ceremony may differ for each household, depending on their personal preferences. On that account, this study aims to examine the determinants of wedding consumption in Indonesia, which include household income, age, sex, educational attainment, area of residence, and financial literacy level of the household head. This study uses regression method to analyze expenditure data from the National Socio-Economic Survey (Susenas) in 2016. Our findings show that income, age, sex, education, and financial literacy have a significant effect on wedding consumption. This finding has important implications for governments to support the effort to improve financial literacy, especially among couples who are interested in marriageKeywords: Wedding Reception and Ceremonies Expenditures, Marriage Economics, Financial Literacy.JEL: D140, G390, G290
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Kaur, Pawandeep, Gian Singh, and Sarbjeet Singh. "Levels, Pattern and Distribution of Consumption Expenditure among Farmers in Rural Punjab." Indian Journal of Economics and Development 12, no. 1 (2016): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2322-0430.2016.00012.3.
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Singh, Taranjeet, and Balwinder Singh Tiwana. "Distribution Pattern of Consumption Expenditure of Loan Waiver Beneficiary Households in Punjab." Indian Journal of Economics and Development 14, no. 4 (2018): 650. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2322-0430.2018.00182.8.
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Khan, Ashfaque H., and Umer Khalid. "Is Consumption Pattern Homogeneous in Pakistan? Evidence from PSLM 2007-08." Pakistan Development Review 50, no. 4II (December 1, 2011): 629–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v50i4iipp.629-648.
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This study has analysed consumption behaviour of households across the four provinces of Pakistan using recent household survey data of 2007-08. It is found that the consumption patterns are not entirely homogeneous across all 4 provinces and also diverge across the urban-rural sectors within each province. The study has also examined the role of remittances in determining the level and distribution of household consumption expenditures, across all four provinces, by comparing the consumption behaviour of those households who received remittances versus those who did not. We found that households receiving remittances spent proportionately more on education in all provinces except Balochistan; while they spent proportionately less on food and drinks and transport and communication. In terms of the other expenditure categories, differential impact of remittances is observed across provinces.
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Afifah, A. N., S. Marwanti, and Agustono. "Food security analysis based on the proportion of food expenditure and energy consumption of carrot farm households in Tawangmangu Karanganyar." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 905, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/905/1/012052.
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Abstract Food security is reflected in two indicators, the level of energy intake and the proportion of household food expenditure (PFE). In 2015, the Tawangmangu sub-district in Karanganyar, Central Java, experienced a rice deficit, causing rice prices to hinder food access. It affects the food expenditures of carrot farm households in the Tawangmangu sub-district. The income of carrot farmers, which is highly unpredictable, affects nutrition fulfillment to determine food security. This study analyzes PFE, energy and protein consumption, and food security of carrot farm households in Tawangmangu, Karanganyar. The number of respondents in this study was 40 carrot farm households, and the sampling method used the accidental sampling technique. The data analysis method in this study used household income and expenditures, PFE, food consumption, and food security. The results showed that the average PFE of the household was 44%. The average energy and protein consumptions are 1,803 kcal/person/day and 58 grams/person/day with 84% energy level intake and 96% protein intake. The distribution of household food security conditions are 62.5% food secure, 5% food vulnerable, 30% food less secure, and 2.5% are food insecure.
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Haq, Rashida. "Trends in Inequality and Welfare in Consumption Expenditure: The Case of Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 37, no. 4II (December 1, 1998): 765–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v37i4iipp.765-779.
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Economic growth is important, but at the same time it loses its importance if nothing trickles down to the poor. One of the frequent heard arguments against growth strategies is that it benefits only the comparatively well off segment of the society. This means that the concomitant of economic growth is more skewed income distribution. Growth and equity should be solved subsequently or in some cases simultaneously, otherwise these countries are exposed to disaster [Hirschman (1973)]. The surge for income distribution studies both in developed and developing countries has, however, been caused by different reasons. In a developed nation, a high economic growth, in terms of GNP per capita and the introduction of the concept of a welfare state necessitated a widespread debate on income inequality and relative poverty issues. In the developing countries, failure to achieve sustainable high growth rates and disappointment from the pursuit of growth-led macro-economic policies in the past decade has surfaced a need to conduct income distribution studies and policies.
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Ahmed, Irfan, and Ali Mohammad Medabesh. "Role of income distribution and consumption expenditure in agricultural output: case of Nigeria." International Journal of Social Economics 47, no. 8 (July 24, 2020): 991–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-02-2020-0122.
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PurposeThis study quantifies empirically the induced impact of income distribution and consumption expenditure on the structures of agriculture production of Nigerian economy.Design/methodology/approachThe study calibrates an extended input-output model on a social accounting matrix (SAM) for Nigeria for the year 2010. Moreover, the study conducts a dispersion analysis to identify the key agriculture sectors/subsectors both in exogenous and endogenous setup.FindingsThis study presents an empirical analysis of propagation in the structure of production particularly in the structure of agriculture sector. It combines the aggregate and the disaggregated levels of analysis and identifies the key sectors/subsectors both in the exogenous and endogenous setup. The comparison of both findings confirms that the composition of income distribution and consumption expenditure significantly influences the composition and the aggregated and disaggregated order of structure of agriculture production.Originality/valueKnowledge of interindustry connections is vital in policy implications since the policy makers prefer strongly interconnected sectors to the sectors with poor industry linkages. These connections are estimated as forward and backward linkages, which provide indices to set the criteria for key sectors identification. This study presents an empirical analysis of propagation in the structure of production particularly in the structure of agriculture sector. It combines the aggregate and the disaggregated levels of analysis and identifies the key sectors/subsectors both in the exogenous and endogenous setup.
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Mwangi, Isaac, and Rosemary Atieno. "Impact of Financial Inclusion on Consumption Expenditure in Kenya." International Journal of Economics and Finance 10, no. 5 (April 7, 2018): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v10n5p114.
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This study looked at the impact of financial inclusion on households’ welfare in Kenya based on both the single (transactionary, credit, savings and investment, insurance and pension) and composite measures (portfolio usage) of financial inclusion. The study used repeated household Financial Access datasets for the period 2009 to 2016 to run five autoregressive distribution models to capture the welfare impact. Estimation results established that the impact of financial inclusion on household welfare varies by product with the credit channel taking the lions share. A shift from non-usage (control) to usage (treatment) of financial services (zero one change) among the sampled respondents raises household welfare by 126, 110 and 49 percent with respect to credit, transactionary and insurance products respectively ceteris paribus. Conversely, a counterfactual assessment revealed a 56, 52 and 33 percent drop in welfare from the non-usage of credit, transactionary and insurance products respectively. Portfolio usage of financial services as captured by the index of financial inclusion raises household welfare by 347 percent other factors held constant. Given the positive welfare impact of financial inclusion, the study recommends increase in the range of formal financial products to increase competition in financial markets lowering transaction costs for welfare improvement. Policies targeting welfare improvement through finance should also be aligned to specific financial inclusion transmission channels to be more effective as opposed to blanket proposals.
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Baharin, Mohamed Fakhri Abu, Muhamad Hanafiah Juni, and Rosliza Abdul Manaf. "Equity in Out-of-Pocket Payments for Healthcare Services: Evidence from Malaysia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 8 (April 8, 2022): 4500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084500.
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Background: Out-of-pocket (OOP) payments are an inequitable mechanism for health financing as their high share of total health expenditures poses a risk of catastrophic healthcare expenditures. This study aimed to assess the distribution and progressivity of OOP payments made by Malaysian households for various group of healthcare services. Methods: This study utilized data from the Malaysian Household Expenditure Survey (HES) between 2014 and 2015, which involved 14,473 households. Distribution and progressivity of OOP payments were measured through their proportion of household consumption, a concentration curves plot and the Kakwani Progressivity Index (KPI). Results: The mean proportion of Malaysian OOP payments for healthcare of household consumption was 1.65%. The proportion increased across households’ consumption quintiles, from 1.03% made by the poorest 20% to 1.86% by the richest 20%. The OOP payments in Malaysia were progressive with a positive KPI of 0.0910. The OOP payments made for hospital-based services were the most progressive (KPI 0.1756), followed by medical products, appliances and equipment (KPI 0.1192), pharmaceuticals (0.0925) and outpatient-based services (KPI 0.0394) as the least progressive. Conclusions: Overall, the OOP payments for healthcare services in Malaysia were progressive and equitable as they were more concentrated among the richer households.
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Jirasavetakul, La-Bhus Fah, and Christoph Lakner. "The Distribution of Consumption Expenditure in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Inequality Among All Africans." Journal of African Economies 29, no. 1 (June 5, 2019): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejz016.
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Abstract This paper uses a set of national household surveys to study the regional Sub-Saharan Africa distribution of consumption expenditure among individuals during 1993–2008. The analysis puts the disparities in living standards that exist among all persons in Africa into context with the disparities that exist within and between African countries. We find some evidence that African interpersonal inequality has increased, but this depends on the measure of inequality. The Africa-wide Gini increased from 53% in 1993 to 56% in 2008 in the full sample, compared with an increase from 54% to 56% in the balanced sample of countries. In the full sample, this result is robust to alternative measures of inequality, while in the balanced sample, some bottom-sensitive measures show a decline. Disparities in living standards between countries have increased, while there has been no systematic increase in within-country inequality. For the Africa-wide distribution, the growth of consumption expenditure (from household surveys) has been low (between 0.9% and 1.6% per year depending on the sample). This growth has been uneven such that the richest 5% of Africans received around 40% of the total gains.
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Barigozzi, Matteo, and Biagio Speciale. "Immigrants' legal status, permanence in the destination country and the distribution of consumption expenditure." Applied Economics Letters 18, no. 14 (September 2011): 1341–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2010.537618.
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Oluwaseun Omotoso, Kehinde. "Inequalities in Household Food Expenditures in South Africa: Implications for the Burden of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) and Health Inequality." African Journal of Development Studies (formerly AFFRIKA Journal of Politics, Economics and Society) 13, no. 1 (January 15, 2023): 225–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31920/2634-3649/2022/v12n4a11.
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Globally, diets are changing. With rising incomes and increased globalisation, low- and middle-income countries are undergoing a shift from traditional diets to an increasingly western diet that is high in sugar and processed foods. Furthermore, many countries undergoing this nutrition transition are plagued by income and wealth inequalities. The interaction of these inequalities with changing dietary patterns has significant implications for the increased burden of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) and health inequality. This study assesses the relative changes in socio-economic inequality in the distribution of food consumption expenditure in South Africa. The data were drawn from the multiple waves of the 2005/2006 Income and Expenditure Survey (IES) and 2014/2015 Living Conditions Survey (LCS). The study uses both descriptive statistics and the concentration index method. The results show that real food expenditures have increased on average and are concentrated among the rich. However, real food expenditure in certain food groups has become less concentrated over time in the richer populations. This is particularly true for sugary food products, with a reduction of about 34% in their concentration among the rich. Undoubtedly, the concentration of real food expenditure on certain food among the lower socioeconomic groups has grave implications for exacerbating the burden of diet-related NCDs and health inequality.
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Stapp, Paul, Peter J. Pekins, and William W. Mautz. "Winter energy expenditure and the distribution of southern flying squirrels." Canadian Journal of Zoology 69, no. 10 (October 1, 1991): 2548–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z91-359.
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The southern flying squirrel (Glaucomys volans) forms large aggregations inside nest-lined tree cavities to reduce exposure to winter temperatures. We measured oxygen consumption of individuals and grouped flying squirrels in Plexiglas and nest-box chambers in New Hampshire to determine savings provided by huddling and nest construction. Because G. volans breeds during late winter, we also measured energy expenditure of females during gestation and lactation. These data were used to construct daily energy budgets for flying squirrels during winter and to investigate the relationship between this species' cold tolerance and its current distribution. Flying squirrels had lower basal metabolism (0.95 cm3 O2∙g−1∙h−1) and rate of heat loss (0.11 cm3 O2∙g−1∙h−1∙ °C−1) than predicted according to mass. Peak reproductive costs (1 week postparturition) were 170% of nonbreeding requirements. At 9 °C, huddling in groups of three and six reduced energy expenditure by 27 and 36%, respectively. Compared with individuals without nests, nest insulation decreased heat loss by 37% for single squirrels and reduced lower critical temperature from 26.5 to 12.2 °C for groups of six. As estimated from our budget, aggregating reduces winter daily energy expenditure by 26–33%. At the northern range boundary, daily expenditure for squirrels using both aggregations and nests (2.5 times basal metabolism) and for females during peak lactation (3.9 times basal metabolism) was similar to estimates of maximal daily energy expenditure in the literature. We speculate that additional thermoregulatory costs and the decreased abundance of hard mast for winter caches prevent G. volans from occupying areas north of its current distribution.
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Aryal, Arjun, and Bharat Aryal. "Income Distribution and Its Effect on Food Expenditure, Non-Food Expenses and Savings in Households of a Developing Economy." Journal of Economics, Finance and Accounting Studies 5, no. 1 (January 2, 2023): 01–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jefas.2023.5.1.1.
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The study examined the income distribution and effects of income on food expenditure, non-food expenditure and savings of households. The survey data was used, and Gini-coefficient was derived from observing the income distribution across households of different income classes. Engel coefficient was used to estimate the income elasticity of the expenditure on food items. This study found significant disparities in the income of rich and poor households with a high Gini Index. Also, it found significant variations in food consumption patterns across different income classes. The proportion of food basket share of a household declined with an increase in income. Similarly, the proportion of the budget share of food items shifted to other non-food items with increased income. According to the findings, lower income households had a higher elasticity of food expenditure than higher income households, complying with Engel’s law. The results of this study are noteworthy because they would provide crucial policy recommendations and a foundation for future research.
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Musfafa, Usman. "Consumption Linkages of Mechanical Wheat Production in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 31, no. 4II (December 1, 1992): 929–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v31i4iipp.929-938.
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In many developing countries like Pakistan, most research work on farm mechanisation has focused especially on farm labour displacement and income effects. These studies measure only the micro or direct effect of mechanisation on a specific farm unit, area or locality. They lack macro level impact of technologies that emerge from lin~ages between farm and non-farm sectors and between farm and the household: The importance of these production anq consumption linkages in agricultural growth has been emphasised [Hazel and Roell (1983); Mellor and Lele (1973); Mellor (1976); Yotopoulos and Nugent (1976)]. The growth linkages between farm and non-farm economy are primarily due to increases in household consumption expenditures. Increases in household consumption expenditure is directly related to escalation in income. Leontiefs (1951, 1966) inpu-output system provides a framework measure the overall effect of farm mechanisation employment an income. King and Byerlee (1977) measured links between changes income distribution and its effect on employment. Rangarajan (1982); Hazel an Roell (1983) showed that agricultural growth has substantial effects on other sectors economy. Ahammed and Herdt (1983 1985) also used the input-output system. The present study is basically an adoption of Ahammed and Herdt's (1983) model. A system of linear homogenous equations which permits solutions by simple matrix inversion operations hsa been used.
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Kurowski, Piotr, and Agnieszka Sowa-Kofta. "VALUES AND STRUCTURE OF THE SOCIAL MINIMUM WITH A VIEW TO CHANGES RESULTING FROM THE SARS-COV-2 PANDEMIC IN 2020." Polityka Społeczna 575, no. 2 (February 28, 2022): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.8332.
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The outbreak of the Sars-Cov-2 pandemic in Poland was an important factor influencing consumption behaviour in 2020. When presenting the estimates of the social minimum, it was pointed out that the research conducted in 2020 took into account how needs were met under typical conditions. Circumstances brought by the coronavirus pandemic were not taken into account. The results of the CSO survey on household budgets for 2020 were released in September 2021. Compared to 2019, total household expenditure in 2020 fell by 3.4%. However, in poorer households they were higher than in 2019: in the 1st quintile in 2020 they increased by 5.7% (in the 1st decile by 15%). The lower expenditures compared to 2019 occurred in households with higher incomes (e.g. 2nd and 3rd quintile of the income distribution), where there was "room" to cut expenditures while adapting to pandemic conditions. Poorer households had to make the necessary expenditure to adapt to the new situation, with no room for savings in other budget areas. On the basis of these data and additional calculations by the Central Statistical Office, IPiSS prepared adjustments to the values of the social minimum.
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Kurowski, Piotr, and Agnieszka Sowa-Kofta. "VALUES AND STRUCTURE OF THE SOCIAL MINIMUM WITH A VIEW TO CHANGES RESULTING FROM THE SARS-COV-2 PANDEMIC IN 2020." Polityka Społeczna 575, no. 2 (February 28, 2022): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.8332.
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The outbreak of the Sars-Cov-2 pandemic in Poland was an important factor influencing consumption behaviour in 2020. When presenting the estimates of the social minimum, it was pointed out that the research conducted in 2020 took into account how needs were met under typical conditions. Circumstances brought by the coronavirus pandemic were not taken into account. The results of the CSO survey on household budgets for 2020 were released in September 2021. Compared to 2019, total household expenditure in 2020 fell by 3.4%. However, in poorer households they were higher than in 2019: in the 1st quintile in 2020 they increased by 5.7% (in the 1st decile by 15%). The lower expenditures compared to 2019 occurred in households with higher incomes (e.g. 2nd and 3rd quintile of the income distribution), where there was "room" to cut expenditures while adapting to pandemic conditions. Poorer households had to make the necessary expenditure to adapt to the new situation, with no room for savings in other budget areas. On the basis of these data and additional calculations by the Central Statistical Office, IPiSS prepared adjustments to the values of the social minimum.
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Singh, Gian, Anupama, Gurinder Kaur, Rupinder Kaur, and Sukhvir Kaur. "Levels, Patterns and Distribution of Consumption Expenditure of Farmers and Agricultural Labourers in Rural Punjab." Social Change 49, no. 3 (August 25, 2019): 406–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049085719853727.
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The objective of the present paper is to analyse levels, patterns and distribution of consumption expenditure by farmers and agricultural labourers in rural Punjab. An attempt has also been made to analyse the same trends across social groups and observe how caste interacts with resource ownership and leads to unequal outcomes. The study reveals a positive relationship between farm size and consumption levels, and also shows that caste-based discrimination becomes overt at higher levels of living. The farming communities may show a level of equality in deprivation but not in achievements. We see that most poor farmers and agricultural labourers spend on basic needs, thus leaving lesser amounts to be spent on durables and services. Things worsen for socially marginalised groups. The majority of households belonging to these categories have an average propensity to consume greater amounts which forces them to borrow money to make both ends meet. Finally, this study offers some policy suggestions to save such communities from a vicious debt trap and help them improve their living standards.
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Mukesh and Neha Srivastava. "Impact of Socio-Economic factors on Consumption Expenditure through Public Distribution System in rural India." Journal of Quantitative Economics 15, no. 2 (July 14, 2016): 291–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40953-016-0049-0.
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Fasoranti, Modupe M., R. Santos Alimi, and Chris C. Ofonyelu. "Effect of prepaid meters on the household expenditure on electricity consumption in Ondo state." SocioEconomic Challenges 6, no. 4 (2022): 86–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/sec.6(4).86-96.2022.
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Unfair high electricity billing is a challenge to consumers in Nigerian electricity market and it exerts undue pressure on households who are Charged for electricity service that are not supplied by service providers through estimated billing. Customers loss income as a result of this problem. Whether the introduction of prepaid meter will bring succor to consumers is an empirical issue. The hypothesis that adoption of prepaid meter reduces household expenditure on electricity consumption was tested in this study. A total of 577 (362 males and 215 females) participants were drawn from 4 local governments area of Ondo State using multistage sampling techniques. The participants had a mean age of 46.93 years and standard deviation of 21.04 years. The study was analyzed using frequency count, means and percentages. Results showed that 70.72% of the participants witnessed a reduction in their electricity expenditures as a result of adoption of prepaid meter plan which was attributed to elimination of estimated bills and users embracing electricity conservative strategies. More so, about 82% of the participants expressed their preference for prepayment electricity plan over old metering system. The implications of the finding is that the distribution companies should make more prepaid meters available as there is willingness on the part of electricity subscribers to buy into the metering plan.
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Iqbal, Zafar, and Rizwana Siddiqui. "Impact of Fiscal Adjustment on Income Distribution in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 38, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v38i1pp.1-24.
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This study provides a quantitative assessment of selected fiscal adjustment policies on income distribution in Pakistan. Using a latest social accounting matrix for the year 1989-90 and the static fixed-price model, various simulation exercises have been performed. The results show that reduction in subsidies has more adverse impact •on the incomes of the richest rural and urban households, implying that the richest people In the country are the greater beneficiaries of subsidies provided by the government. The evidence also suggests that a contraction in government current spending appears to have a negative impact on the incomes of all urban and rural household groups but the largest reduction appears in the income of the richest rural, followed by the poorest urban. The simulation results indicate that a decline in public expenditure on education and health affects the poorest urban and poorest rural more than the relatively better-off urban and rural income groups. Further, the estimates of Gini-coefficients show that reduction in consumption subsidies improves income distribution in both rural and urban areas of Pakistan. Conversely, reduction in subsidies on production worsens income distribution both in urban and rural areas, while reducing overall government current expenditure leads to deterioration of income distribution in urban areas but improves it in rural areas marginally. Similarly, reduction in government expenditure on education and health adversely affects income distribution in both urban and rural areas of Pakistan.
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GULYAEVA, Tat'yana I., and Elena V. TAKMAKOVA. "Assessing the living standards of the population of Russia's regions based on a cluster analysis." Economic Analysis: Theory and Practice 20, no. 5 (May 28, 2021): 810–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ea.20.5.810.
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Subject. We consider the distribution of Russian regions by the standard of living of the population. Objectives. The study aims at clustering the subjects of the Russian Federation by standard of living indicator, and describing the specifics of the clusters. Methods. We apply the cluster analysis with the help of the STATISTICA 12 software package. The clustering of Russian regions by selected indicator of living standards rests on the k-means clustering method. Results. The study identifies five clusters of regions, i.e. those with low, below-average, medium, above-average, and high living standards. The clustering is based on certain indicators of living standards, like per capita monetary income, nominal average monthly wage, average size of pension awarded, minimum wage, life expectancy at birth, the Gini coefficient, consumption expenditure per household member on average, the share of expenditures on food in the structure of consumer expenditure, and others. Conclusions. Based on the cluster analysis of living standards of Russian regions, we identify five clusters, to which it is appropriate to apply a differentiated State policy for regulating the household income.
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Su, Peng, Xiaochun Jiang, Chengbo Yang, Ting Wang, and Xing Feng. "Insufficient Consumption Demand of Chinese Urban Residents: An Explanation of the Consumption Structure Effect from Income Distribution Change." Sustainability 11, no. 4 (February 14, 2019): 984. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11040984.
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China’s consumption rate has continued to decline since 2000, which has retarded the sustainable growth of China’s economy. The dramatic changes in China’s income distribution have been very significant social characteristics, and they are also a very important factor for consumption. Therefore, this study analyzes the problem of insufficient domestic demand from the perspective of the effects of the income distribution changes on the consumption structure. The Almost Ideal Demand System model is improved by relaxing its assumption that expenditure equals income and giving it a dynamic form that includes the three characteristics of the income distribution evolution (the mean, variance, and residual effects) and measuring these. The results show that the mean effect is the largest one, and it basically determines the size and direction of the total effect. The variance effect is much smaller, but it may have some positive effects on the individual markets. The residual effect is the smallest and has a certain randomness. The income gap is not the main cause of the insufficient domestic demand. It is more likely to be caused by the decline of the mean effect, and the main driver of this is the irrationality of the supply side and excessive housing prices.
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Das, Pinaki, and Sk Md Abul Basar. "Are the Non-poor Households Nutritionally Secure? An Assessment from NSSO Unit Level Data in India Between 2004–2005 and 2011–2012." Indian Journal of Human Development 14, no. 2 (August 2020): 182–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973703020953504.
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This article analyses the status of nutrition in relation to the status of poverty among the socio-economic groups in both rural as well as in urban India. It also examines the role of public distribution system (PDS) along with other socio-economic factors in the reduction of nutrition insecurity of poor as well as non-poor households on the basis of National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) unit level data of Consumer Expenditure Survey of the latest rounds. It was found that the incidence of poverty as well as nutrition insecurity has declined significantly in the country during the years 2004–2005 and 2011–2012. However, as much as 24.4 per cent non-poor households in 2011–2012 remained nutritionally insecure. They were higher among the non-poor upper caste households and in the urban areas. The latter spent more on food items, evident in the growth rate of monthly per capita food consumption expenditure (MPFCE). But higher nutrition insecurity because of lower value of calorie accompanied diversification of consumption pattern among these households in favour of protein and fat items. Notwithstanding this trend, level of education, food consumption expenditure, PDS benefits and cultivable land have favourable impact on the nutritional status of non-poor households.
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Gans, Joshua, Andrew Leigh, Martin Schmalz, and Adam Triggs. "Inequality and market concentration, when shareholding is more skewed than consumption." Oxford Review of Economic Policy 35, no. 3 (2019): 550–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grz011.
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AbstractEconomic theory suggests that monopoly prices hurt consumers but benefit shareholders. But in a world where individuals or households can be both consumers and shareholders, the impact of market power on inequality depends in part on the relative distribution of consumption and corporate equity ownership across individuals or households. The paper calculates this distribution for the United States, using data from the Survey of Consumer Finances and the Consumer Expenditure Survey, spanning nearly three decades from 1989 to 2016. In 2016, the top 20 per cent consumed approximately as much as the bottom 60 per cent, but had 15 times as much corporate equity. Because ownership is more skewed than consumption, increased mark-ups increase inequality. Moreover, over time, corporate equity has become even more skewed relative to consumption.
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Li, Mengke, Yongkui Shi, and Bobin Zhu. "Research on Multi-Center Mixed Fleet Distribution Path Considering Dynamic Energy Consumption Integrated Reverse Logistics." Sustainability 14, no. 11 (May 28, 2022): 6613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14116613.
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The fleet operation model in which electric vehicles coexist with traditional vehicles is becoming increasingly popular. Because electric vehicles have certain disadvantages and usage limitations, the multi-center management of the distribution of mixed fleets is very complex. There is no research on the multi-center mixed vehicle routing problem based on the integration of reverse logistics and dynamic energy consumption. In response to this challenge, this study proposes a solution to the multi-center mixed vehicle routing problem considering dynamic energy consumption and integrated reverse logistics. Specifically, three studies were carried out: (1) Considering the influencing factors of the operating cost system of the mixed fleet, a system dynamics model was constructed. (2) On the basis of considering delaying the aging of electric vehicle batteries, a new charging station insertion strategy was designed. (3) Based on a novel charging station insertion strategy, a fast non-dominated sorting multi-objective genetic algorithm with an elite strategy was designed to solve this problem. We designed 15 groups of examples to prove the effectiveness of the model and algorithm. The experimental results show that 46.67% of the cases have more than 60% customer satisfaction. The average expenditure cost of 15 groups of cases is CNY 2018.33, which can improve the average customer satisfaction by 22.94%. This method helps companies to formulate transportation plans according to the actual situation, including providing a cost model that considers multiple influencing factors and improving the average customer satisfaction while reducing the total cost expenditure. We believe that the results of this research can provide methods and ideas for logistics companies with multiple distribution centers to formulate large-scale distribution plans.
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Gürer, Eren, and Alfons Weichenrieder. "Pro-rich inflation in Europe: Implications for the measurement of inequality." German Economic Review 21, no. 1 (April 28, 2020): 107–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ger-2018-0146.
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AbstractThis paper studies the distributional consequences of a systematic variation in expenditure shares and prices. Using European Union Household Budget Surveys and Harmonized Index of Consumer Prices data, we construct household-specific price indices and reveal the existence of a pro-rich inflation in Europe. Over the period 2001–15, the consumption bundles of the poorest deciles in 25 European countries have, on average, become 11.2 percentage points more expensive than those of the richest deciles. We find that ignoring the differential inflation across the distribution underestimates the change in the Gini (based on consumption expenditure) by almost up to 0.04 points. Cross-country heterogeneity in this change is large enough to alter the inequality ranking of numerous countries. The average inflation effect we detect is almost as large as the change in the standard Gini measure over the period of interest.
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Martín-Legendre, Juan Ignacio, Pablo Castellanos-García, and José Manuel Sánchez-Santos. "Wealth and consumption inequality: an interquantile analysis." Applied Economic Analysis 28, no. 83 (July 8, 2020): 133–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aea-04-2020-0026.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the changes in wealth and consumption inequality in Spain and estimate the consumption effects of housing and financial wealth. Design/methodology/approach The estimations are made using micro-data from the Spanish Survey of Household Finances (2002–2014) applying cross-section, panel and interquartile techniques. Findings The findings of this paper suggest that there was an increase in wealth inequality during the period under analysis and a reduction in consumption inequality. Also, the authors find a significant positive effect of wealth on consumer expenditure. Disaggregating by asset type, the value of the main residence is the category with the highest estimated effect on consumption, whereas the remaining types of assets, although still positive and generally significant, have more modest effects on consumption. However, the estimated coefficients and their significance can change substantially depending on the phase of the economic cycle and the position of the household in the income distribution. Originality/value These results provide new empirical evidence on the effects of household wealth changes on their consumption behavior, the differences depending on the household's position in the distribution and the fluctuations of these estimated coefficients throughout a period of profound economic upheavals.
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DANILUSHKIN, Alexander I., and Ivan A. DANILUSHKIN. "OPTIMIZATION OF ELECTROTECHNICAL POWER CONSUMPTION OF GAS COOLING SYSTEM COMPLEX." Urban construction and architecture 8, no. 1 (March 15, 2018): 124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2018.01.21.
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The problem of the optimal load distribution between electric drives of fans in a multi-section gas cooling unit is considered based on the minimum energy expenditure for cooling. The optimization problem is solved on the basis of the obtained analytical model for the gas temperature at the outlet of the cooling unit. The model takes into account the mutual infl uence of the operating modes of all fans of the installation. A technique for solving the problem of optimal load sharing between electric drives of fans for a linearized process model is developed using the procedure of integer programming. The optimization technique takes into account the individual characteristics of the devices.
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Prante, Franz. "Macroeconomic effects of personal and functional income inequality: Theory and empirical evidence for the US and Germany." Panoeconomicus 65, no. 3 (2018): 289–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan1803289p.
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This paper presents a simple post-Kaleckian model of distribution and growth that incorporates personal income inequality and interdependent social norms. The model shows in an easily accessible manner that macroeconomic effects of changes in personal and functional income distribution can potentially reinforce or dampen each other. The resulting variety of demand and growth regimes is due to different distributional effects on consumption demand. Therefore, the second part of the paper investigates the empirical relevance of the additional demand regimes by estimating aggregate consumption functions with variables for personal and functional income distribution for the United States and Germany. We find similar effects of functional income distribution for both countries. However, for the US, we find positive long-run effects of personal income inequality on consumption. The effect is strongest for the top 10% income share and the Gini index and less strong for the top 5% and 1% income shares. While this is evidence for relative consumption patterns, it also supports the view that the ?super rich? are a relatively distant class for most people - questioning the notion of expenditure cascades from the very top to the very bottom. In contrast, for Germany we fail to find compelling evidence for effects of personal income distribution.
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TAUJANSKAITĖ, Kamilė, Eugenijus MILČIUS, and Nomeda DOBROVOLSKIENĖ. "USE OF QUANTITATIVE CRITERIA IN THE MANAGEMENT OF PERSONAL CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES." Journal of Business Economics and Management 18, no. 3 (May 22, 2017): 468–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2017.1327456.
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Various non-economic factors, like social, cultural, psychologic and others strongly affect the decision-making related to the management of personal consumption expenditure (PCE) in households and often compromise its efficiency. PCE management tools and methods currently used by households are not helpful either as rational distribution of funds among the purchases is usually out of their scope. Therefore, rational use of resources still remains a challenging task for many households. The goal of this study is to analyse the PCE management process in households and the obstacles preventing its efficiency. Methods used in the article comprise: comparative and critical analysis methods; vector analysis tools. The paper identifies shortcomings of currently used PCE management methods and tools and introduces a system of quantitative criteria enabling objective evaluation of consumption alternatives. The use of quantitative criteria limits the influence of subjective, non-economic factors on consumption-related resource management in households and can positively affect its efficiency. The criteria are justified theoretically and the benefits from their use demonstrated with some practical evidence.
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Demidova, Olga, Elena Kayasheva, and Artem Demyanenko. "Government Spending on Healthcare and Economic Growth in Russia: A Regional Aspect." Spatial Economics 17, no. 1 (2021): 97–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.14530/se.2021.1.097-122.
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The aim of this paper was to investigate the influence of an increase in government healthcare expenditures on regional economic growth in Russia. Studies have shown that an increase in healthcare expenditures stimulate an increase in GDP through several channels. Firstly, it improves the quality of labor force, which can lead to an increase in labor productivity. Secondly, an increase in productivity and size of labor force lead to consumption expansion and then to firms’ income growth, so there is a multiplication effect. Including the assumption that the relationship between healthcare expenditure and economic growth may be non-linear we formed the hypothesis of the existence of the average optimal share of healthcare expenditure in GRP that maximizes average regional economic growth rate. In this research it was suggested that an increase in healthcare expenditures besides the direct effect on economic growth of a particular region also affects economic growth of neighboring regions. The possible explanation of this is the positive impact of healthcare services received in the neighboring regions on nearby territories, joint national healthcare projects, and distribution of scientific knowledge. Using the spatial Durbin model focusing on regional data of 2005–2017, it was shown that the average optimal share of healthcare expenditures equals to 5,9% of GRP with an inclusion of spatial effects and 7,6% without them, outlining the importance of including interconnection variables between Russian regions into the model. The regional statistics analysis showed the failure to reach the recommended share by most Russian regions, which can be viewed as a possibility for economic growth stimulation in case of the increase in governmental spending on healthcare in the future
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Hasan, Maha Yousif, and Dheyaa Jasim Kadhim. "A new smart approach of an efficient energy consumption management by using a machine-learning technique." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 25, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v25.i1.pp68-78.
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Many consumers of electric power have excesses in their electric power consumptions that exceed the permissible limit by the electrical power distribution stations, and then we proposed a validation approach that works intelligently by applying machine learning (ML) technology to teach electrical consumers how to properly consume without wasting energy expended. The validation approach is one of a large combination of intelligent processes related to energy consumption which is called the efficient energy consumption management (EECM) approaches, and it connected with the internet of things (IoT) technology to be linked to Google Firebase Cloud where a utility center used to check whether the consumption of the efficient energy is satisfied. It divides the measured data for actual power (A_p ) of the electrical model into two portions: the training portion is selected for different maximum actual powers, and the validation portion is determined based on the minimum output power consumption and then used for comparison with the actual required input power. Simulation results show the energy expenditure problem can be solved with good accuracy in energy consumption by reducing the maximum rate (A_p ) in a given time (24) hours for a single house, as well as electricity’s bill cost, is reduced.
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Ojogho, O., and S. O. Imade. "Stochastic dominance rankings of consumption expenditure amongst arable crop farming households in Delta State, Nigeria." Journal of Agricultural Research and Development 20, no. 1 (October 6, 2021): 51–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jard.v20i1.6.
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Finessing the question on household settlement choice is to enquire the income/consumption expenditure distribution that either makes her better-off or worse-off. Using 430 household-level micro-data from a three-stage sampling procedure, the study ranked consumption expenditure by household attributes in Delta state, Nigeria on axiomatic poverty measure. Results showed that household heads in the widowed and 0<𝑎𝑔𝑒≤20 years categories in Delta-North first-order stochastically dominated Delta-South (𝑁≻𝑠=1𝑆), 20<𝑎𝑔𝑒≤40 years household heads in 𝑆≻𝑠=1𝐶 and 𝑁≻𝑠=1𝐶, household heads in the widowed, vocational education holder and 0<𝑎𝑔𝑒≤20 years, 20<𝑎𝑔𝑒≤40 years and 𝑎𝑔𝑒>60 years categories in 𝑁≻𝑠=1𝐶, while household heads in the vocational education holder, 0<𝑎𝑔𝑒≤20 years, 20<𝑎𝑔𝑒≤40 years and 𝑎𝑔𝑒>60 years categories in 𝑆≻𝑠=1𝐶. Household heads in the female, single, medium household-size, tertiary education holder and 0<𝑎𝑔𝑒≤20 years categories in 𝑁≻𝑠=2𝑆 and 𝑁≻𝑠=3𝑆. Household heads in the single, medium-size, 20<𝑎𝑔𝑒≤40 years and tertiary education holder categories in 𝑁≻𝑠=2𝐶 and 𝑁≻𝑠=3𝐶. Household heads in the separated spouse and small household-size categories in 𝐶≻𝑠=2𝑁 and 𝐶≻𝑠=3𝑁 while household heads that are in the single category in 𝐶≻𝑠=2𝑆 and 𝐶≻𝑠=3𝑆. There is, generally, no stochastic dominance between pairwise comparisons by district in the state, in terms of consumption expenditure, except by other household attributes.
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Zhang, J., L. Shorr, M. Yoshiyama, H. Merkle, M. Garwood, D. C. Homans, R. J. Bache, K. Ugurbil, and A. H. From. "Hyperperfusion and cardioplegia effects on myocardial high-energy phosphate distribution and energy expenditure." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 267, no. 3 (September 1, 1994): H894—H904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1994.267.3.h894.
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This study examines the hypothesis that high-energy phosphate (HEP) compound levels in unstimulated in vivo myocardium are defined by 1) the level of perfusion and 2) non-perfusion-dependent metabolic characteristics. This hypothesis was tested by determining 1) the effects of pharmacological hyperperfusion of functioning myocardium on transmural HEP compound distribution, contractile function, and myocardial oxygen consumption rate (MVO2) as well as 2) the effect of KCl cardioplegia on transmural myocardial HEP compound distribution. Creatine phosphate (CP) and ATP were measured across the anterior left ventricular wall using spatially localized 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). At baseline, the CP-to-ATP (CP/ATP) ratio was significantly lower in the subendocardium than in the subepicardium. This transmural HEP gradient was abolished by hyperperfusion without significant effects on contractile function or MVO2. Similarly, KCl arrest significantly increased CP and CP/ATP in all myocardial layers, and the transmural gradient of CP/ATP was abolished again. These studies indicate that in present experimental model 1) myocardial performance is not constrained by inadequate perfusion in any myocardial layer although modest oxygen limitation affects the kinetics of oxidative phosphorylation in the inner myocardial layers and 2) in all myocardial layers, submaximal activation of intermediary metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation reactions results in lower steady-state CP and higher ADP levels relative to their respective values when energy expenditure is markedly reduced by KCl arrest.
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Antamoshkina, Elena. "The Rating Assessment of Food Security of the Southern Federal District Regions." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 3. Ekonomika. Ekologija, no. 2 (July 2019): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu3.2019.2.4.
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The article proposes the methodological tool and comprehensive indicator for assessing the food security of the regions. The index of food security is determined on the basis of the systematic groups of indicators. In the distribution of food products, the following indicators are analyzed: the indexes of food prices, the magnitude of the change in real incomes of the population, the population with incomes below the subsistence minimum. Among the indicators in the distribution of food products the volume of food consumption in accordance with rational consumption rates, the share of food expenditure in the structure of household consumption expenditures are considered. In the field of production the indexes of production of various types of agricultural products in the region are considered. The ranking of the Southern Federal District (SFD) regions by selected groups of indicators made it possible to determine the leaders in food security among the regions. In 2017, Krasnodar Krai, the Republic of Adygea and Rostov Region were among these regions. On the basis of the analysis performed, the authors established risks and threats in food supply of the SFD regions: imbalance of the consumer ration; decrease in real incomes and purchasing power of population; a high proportion of the population with incomes below the subsistence minimum in the region. The practical significance of the proposed approach lies in the possibility of justifying the choice of priority measures to optimize agrarian policy, taking into account the need to maintain an acceptable level of food provision in the regions of Russia.
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Majumder, Sani, Izabela Nielsen, Susanta Maity, and Subrata Saha. "Effect of Product Distribution Structures and Government Subsidy Measures on Product Quality and Consumption under Competition." Sustainability 14, no. 6 (March 19, 2022): 3624. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14063624.
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To improve social welfare and the sustainable development index, many governments introduce subsidies to manufacturers. Motivated by a subsidy program, we present a parsimonious analysis to determine the impact of subsidies when two competing manufacturers use different distribution structures under competition to sell their products in a three-echelon distribution setting. The objective is to understand better how distribution structures and social welfare measures affect the government’s decision to subsidize. We consider four different distribution structures where the government can provide subsidies to both the manufacturers or one of them. From the perspective of the social welfare optimization goal, we consider two well-established measures to analyze whether those measures impacted the overall dynamics. The two key areas: (i) the effect of distribution structures and (ii) decisions under different social welfare measures are not discussed comprehensively yet. We found that distribution structure significantly impacted product qualities, prices, and amount of government expenditure. The government may need to pay more subsidies in a distribution structure with a two-manufacturers-two-distributors-two-retailers distribution setting, where customers can receive a higher-quality product and pay a higher price. Our analysis reveals that the government’s social welfare goal can change the dynamics. Among four distribution structures, none can simultaneously ensure higher quality, product consumption, supply chain profits, and lower prices. The results provide insights for developing practical government subsidy program goals under competition.
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Vickner, Steven S. "On Estimating the Impact of the Deepwater Horizon Tragedy on the U.S. Frozen Seafood Market: A Conditional Almost Ideal Demand System Approach." Sustainability 12, no. 10 (May 20, 2020): 4191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104191.
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The present study addresses the impact of the Deepwater Horizon event on the U.S. frozen fish and shellfish markets. Given a demand system approach, trends in consumption were carefully measured and tested while controlling for own price, cross price, and conditional expenditure effects as well as autocorrelation. Consumption trends beginning the first week of the data set were unaltered by the event. Moreover, the effect of the event was not statistically significant in either demand system. The aggregate national data for the grocery store distribution channel, which includes mostly imported seafood and some domestic aquaculture-sourced seafood, likely contributes to these findings of lack of avoidance behavior.
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Jung, Yong-Duck. "Public Choice Versus the Dual State: A Comparative Analysis of the Distribution of Functions between Central and Local Governments in Japan and Korea." Korean Journal of Policy Studies 17, no. 1 (August 31, 2002): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps17102.
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This paper analyzes and compares the distribution of the state functions between the central and local governments of Japan and Korea in the 1980s and the 1990s. The public choice and the dual state models are applied. The former explains the functional allocation between different tiers of government in terms of the self-interested behavior of related rational actors, while the latter explains it in terms of the structural solving of the different and contradictory roles of the modern capitalist states. The Japanese data prove the relevance of the public choice model: e.e., the expenditure for allocational policy was conducted mainly by local governments, while redistributive policy was conducted by the central government. The Korean data show the opposite case, which does not fit into the propositions of the public choice model. Instead, the Korean data proves the relevance of the dual state model: i.e., the expenditure for social consumption was conducted mainly by second-tier local government, while those for social expenses and social investment were conducted mainly by the central and first-tier local governments. The Japanese case did not support the dual state thesis: i.e., more than 60% of Japan's social consumption spending was conducted by the central government. The differences between Japan and Korea can be explained by the different paths of institutionalization of local autonomy in the two countries.
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Halim, Hartanto, Pudji Astuty, and Musa Hubeis. "Effect of inflation, consumption credit on purchase power of the community." International research journal of management, IT and social sciences 9, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 226–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/irjmis.v9n2.2049.
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The people's purchasing power as seen through per capita expenditure adjusted for the province of West Java during the last 4 years 2017-2020, tends to increase and in the last year the purchasing power of the people of West Java has decreased due to the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of inflation and consumption credit on people's purchasing power in the province of West Java. The results of the study show that inflation and the distribution of banking consumption credit simultaneously have a significant effect on people's purchasing power. Partially, inflation has a negative and significant effect on people's purchasing power, while banking consumption credit has a positive and significant impact on people's purchasing power, economic growth, income per capita and other unknown variables.
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Bellampalli, Praveen Naik, and Roopesh Kaushik. "Identification of the Determinants of Rural Workforce Migration: A Study of Construction Segments in Udupi District, Karnataka, India." Review of Development and Change 25, no. 2 (December 2020): 256–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972266120980187.
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The article critically examines the migration process and the manner in which it affects the livelihood of migrants. Based on a survey in Udupi district of Karnataka, it identifies the status of migrant labourers in the construction sector. It presents evidence on labour market segmentation and the resulting unequal wage distribution between migrants in this segment. Migrants, at their destination, have poor living and working conditions, lack entitlements, have low level of consumption and endure hardship. Migrant households reported higher expenditure on food and non-food consumption and temporary residential housing. Children of migrants have limited access to education in the destination place. The article maps informal practices that violate the legal provisions for these work segments.
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Denisova, Irina, and Nikita Varioshkin. "The impact of foreign trade shocks on well-being of Russian households: Microsimulation approach." Applied Econometrics 68, no. 4 (2022): 73–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1993-7601-2022-68-73-92.
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In recent years, there have been significant fluctuations in world prices for essential goods, many of which have a significant share in the consumption basket of households. In this study, we analyze how fluctuations in world wheat prices affect the well‐being of Russian households. We provide estimates of average welfare losses and of welfare losses in different parts of welfare distribution. We also identify which socio‐demographic groups bear the brunt of such price shocks. For evaluation, a micro‐ simulation approach to model the expenditure part of household budgets is used. The empirical basis is the data of the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS) for 2020. When modeling a 50% rise in prices for bread, flour and pasta, the average losses amounted to 2.9% of total household expenditures, the largest losses, 5.5% of total expenditures, fall on households in the first decile. Those living in rural areas or urban‐type settlements, as well as households headed by a female pensioner, suffer losses at the level of 3% of total household expenses. Families with children are not among the most vulnerable groups with rising prices for bread, flour and pasta.
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Wahida, Andi, Ida Rosada, and Mais Ilsan. "KONSTRIBUSI PENDAPATAN WANITA TERHADAP KETAHANAN PANGAN RUMAH TANGGA PADA AGROEKOSISTEM SAWAH TADAH HUJAN DI KECAMATAN MA’RANG KABUPATEN PANGKEP." AGROTEK: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pertanian 3, no. 2 (February 19, 2020): 168–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.33096/agrotek.v3i2.83.
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Food security is an integrated system consisting of various subsystem. The main subsystem are food availability, food distribution and food consumption. The realization of good security is a synergy of the interactions of the three subsystem. The purpose of this study was to identify female household socioeconomic factors in rainfed lowland agroecosystems in Ma’rang sub-district, Pangkep district, review and analyze the contribution of women’s income to household income, analyze the level of share of women’s household food expenditure in rainfed lowland areas, analyze the level of female household food security in rainfed lowland agroecosystems. This research was conducted in July to September 2018. Sampling was carried out in census, namely 22 households. The results of the study showed that the contribution of women’s income to household income was still very low at 15% of total household income, women’s household food security in rainfed lowland areas is seen from the side of food expenditure, namely 63,64 percent of the share of food expenditure is in the category of food security (≤ 60%) and as much as 36,36 percent of the share of food expenditure in the category is not food resistant (≥ 60 %), and the level of household food security is in the category of food security.
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Haggarty, P., J. J. Robinson, J. Ashton, E. Milne, C. L. Adam, C. E. Kyle, S. L. Christie, and A. J. Midwood. "Estimation of energy expenditure in free-living red deer (Cervus elaphus) with the doubly-labelled water method." British Journal of Nutrition 80, no. 3 (September 1998): 263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114598001317.
Full textAbstract:
Energy expenditure was estimated using the doubly-labelled water (DLW) method in summer in five free-living adult, non-pregnant, non-lactating, red deer (Cervus elaphus) hinds (weight 107.3 (se 0.9) kg; age 6 (se 1) years) on lowland pasture under typical farming conditions. Climatic conditions were monitored throughout the experiment. Errors due to 2H losses in CH4 and faeces were calculated from previous estimates of stoichiometries. CH4 production, fractionated water loss, urinary N and O2 consumption were estimated using an iterative approach. The water flux (rH2O) in these animals consuming only fresh grass was 12 (se 0.5) kg/d, the CO2 production (rCO2) was 1271 (se 4.0) litres/d and the mean energy expenditure was 25 (se 0.8) MJ/d. There were no significant differences in the isotope distribution spaces and flux rates, rH2O, rCO2 or energy expenditure using the multi-point or two-point approaches to calculation. The DLW-derived energy expenditure of 25 MJ/d is approximately 20% higher than the recommended intake of 21 MJ/d for adult hinds kept outdoors (Adam, 1986) and, at 757 kJ/kg0.75 per d, one third higher than the value of 570 kJ/kg0.75 per d for stags penned indoors (Key et al. 1984).