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Journal articles on the topic 'Contact between parent and child'
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1
Giordano, Simona. "The Fifth Commandment." International Journal of Children’s Rights 23, no. 1 (March 28, 2015): 27–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718182-02301004.
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Having contact with each other is one of the most fundamental aspects of the parental-filial relationship. When it comes to this very fundamental aspect of the relationship, an incongruence is apparent: parents have aprima facieright to have contact with their children; children do not have a corresponding right to have contact with their parents. A parent, at least in England, can disconnect entirely from the life of his/her children. This paper argues that this may make certain forms of child neglectde factolawful. This paper also draws a parallel between parental denial of contact and parental child abduction, and argues that there are important similarities between the two, so far overlooked by the literature on child maltreatment. This paper concludes that if parents have a right to have contact with their children, then in principle children should also have a right to have contact with their parents.
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Zalewska, Anna. "Dispute over contact with a child as the result of unresolved divorce-related conflicts." Problemy Opiekuńczo-Wychowawcze 598, no. 3 (March 31, 2021): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.8176.
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Parting and divorce are situations that are not only the result of conflicts, but also their causes, especially if they concern parents of minor children. A problem then arises regarding the establishment of contact between the secondary parent and the child, which may be difficult if the disputes that led to the separation remain unresolved or other court cases are pending at the same time. The parties, during or after divorce, often submit a request to the court to regulate the frequency and form of meetings between the secondary parent and the child, which seems to be the main issue of misunderstandings. After a deeper analysis of the relationship between former partners, it turns out, that the lack of ability to establish contact with the child is the result of the accumulation of other disputes and unresolved misunderstandings. The presented fragments of qualitative analyzes of psychological and pedagogical opinions prepared by the Opinion Team of Forensic Specialists, illustrating the assumption that the dispute over contact may be related to other conflicts between former spouses, are part of a qualitative project focused around divorce-related conflicts. The aim of the research is to identify the effects of strong conflict between parents and the lack of communication between them after divorce for family relationships and the child functioning.
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McDarby, Meghan, Elissa K. Kozlov, and Brian Carpenter. "FREQUENCY OF CONTACT AMONG FAMILY MEMBERS AND END-OF-LIFE CARE PLANNING." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S669—S670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.2476.
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Abstract The purpose of the current analysis was to examine how contact between adult children and their older parents may relate to having end-of-life care conversations. We analyzed responses from adult children (n = 66) of 36 older adults (65+) who participated in an intervention to improve family communication. Children reported the frequency of their in-person and phone contact with parents. They also completed the Conversations about Care Arrangements Scale (alpha = 0.95), 8 items that measure the extent to which adult children have discussed plans about future care with their parents (1=have not talked at all, 5=talked extensively). We calculated a composite from all 8 items (potential range 5-40). Participants reported that they had, on average, not talked extensively with their parent about plans for future care (M = 18.7, SD = 8.22). Overall, 42.4% of children reported that they visited their parent one time or less per year. Children reported speaking on the phone with their parent an average of 4.74 times per week (SD = 6.80, range = 0-30) and initiating an average of 2.59 of those calls (SD = 3.82, range = 1-20). Frequency of weekly phone conversations between child and parent was significantly associated with having talked more extensively about future care plans (r = 0.25, p < 0.05), as was frequency of phone calls initiated by the adult child (r = 0.29, p < 0.05). Frequency of in-person visits to parents was not significantly associated with conversations. Infrequent contact may limit opportunities for care conversations.
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Jadach, Katarzyna, and Magdalena Sadowska. "Psychologiczne i prawne aspekty kontaktów osadzonych ojców z dziećmi." Nowa Kodyfikacja Prawa Karnego 53 (February 1, 2020): 109–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2084-5065.53.7.
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Psychological and legal aspects of contacts between incarcerated fathers and their childrenThe institution of parent–child contact is a parental right, characterized by a variety of forms of its implementation. It is to be, in addition to constitutional provisions, a normative guarantee for the protection of family ties and family life, regardless of the nature of the relationship between the child’s parents, their parental attributes, and their place of residence. One of the circumstances that can affect the quality of contacts in a special way is the fact that a parent is detained in prison. Therefore, the question arises as to the shape of the provisions of the executive criminal law and the actual activities undertaken in the penitentiary, aimed at protecting such family relations.
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Havermans, Nele, An Katrien Sodermans, and Koen Matthijs. "Residential Arrangements and Children’s School Engagement." Youth & Society 49, no. 8 (April 17, 2015): 1104–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0044118x15581167.
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The increase in shared residential arrangements is driven by the belief that it is in the best interest of the child. The maintenance of contact between child and parents can mitigate negative consequences of separation. However, selection mechanisms may account for a positive relationship between shared residential arrangements and child outcomes. This study examines the association between children’s residential arrangements and their school engagement, focusing on the parent–child relationship as a mediator and selection mechanisms. Structural equation models are performed on a sample of 973 secondary school pupils with separated parents from the Leuven Adolescents and Families Study (LAFS; 2008-2011). The results suggest that more parental time is related with a better parent–child relationship, and this leads indirectly to higher school engagement. However, shared residence may also have negative consequences for children and is certainly not the only residential arrangement in which children have a good relationship with both parents.
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Terry, Sarah, Molly Cox, Alexandra Linley, Jilian O’Neill, and Laura Dreer. "2466." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 1, S1 (September 2017): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2017.281.
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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: To characterize parent communication frequency and content between systems of care (medical, school, and sports/recreation) of concussed youth who are in prolonged recovery. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: In this ongoing study, 16 concussed youth (average age=14.9 years, SD=1.5; 31.2% female and 68.8% male) and their parent study partner (average age=44.3 years, SD=4.3; 87.3% female and 12.5% male) have been enrolled to date from sports medicine clinics. Demographic information was obtained during the initial clinic intake session. Weekly phone calls were also conducted with the parent and child until the child was considered asymptomatic (ie, reporting no symptoms on the SCAT3), to collect data on communication with the school, sport/recreation, and medical systems throughout the recovery process. For the purpose of this study, we evaluated communication patterns of those parents who had a child in prolonged recovery (ie, symptomatic 14 d or more post-concussion injury). Communication variables included frequency (ie, number of times a parent contacted or attempted to contact a system of care) and content or topic discussed during the contact event. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Of the 16 enrolled participants to date, 68.8% (n=11) experienced concussion related symptoms 14 days postinjury (M=22.2, SD=4.6) at the time of their 2 week follow-up call and were thus considered to be in prolonged recovery. Of those 11, 81.8% (n=9) of parents reported communicating with the school system at some point between the initial clinic intake session and the 2 week follow-up phone call. The frequency of communication for this period ranged between 0 and 10 instances of contact (M=2.5, SD=2.9). Of the 11 prolonged cases, 8 participants were members of sports teams. Sixty-three percent (n=5) of those parents with a child on a sports team communicated with a coach while none of the parents contacted a team athletic trainer. The frequency of communication with the coach ranged from 0 to 8 (M=1.5, SD=2.5) over the course of 2 weeks from enrollment. With regards to the medical system, the majority of parents (72.7%, n=8) communicated at least once with a medical professional during the same time period. The frequency of communication with the medical system ranged from 0 to 8 (M=2.2, SD=2.6) points of contact. Themes that arose for communicating with the school system included informing school personnel of academic accommodations prescribed by the physician, explaining absences, and concerns about missed academic work and grades. The content of communication with the sports system (ie, coach) pertained to return-to-play issues as well as progress updates on recovery. Themes for communication with the medical system were centered on scheduling appointments, attending follow-up medical appointments, and starting return-to-play protocols. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Parents of concussed youth who were still in prolonged recovery, for the most part, appear engaged in communicating with multiple systems of care. However, a subset of parents did not participate in contact with these systems. Further discussion of these findings will highlight areas for improvement in concussion management as well as strategies parents can utilize to advocate for their child in terms of return-to-learn and recovery.
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ROSENFELD, ALVIN, ROBERT BAILEY, BRYNA SIEGEL, and GWYN BAILEY. "Determining Incestuous Contact between Parent and Child: Frequency of Children Touching Parents' Genitals in a Nonclinical Population." Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry 25, no. 4 (July 1986): 481–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-7138(10)60005-2.
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Banks, Nick. "Parent and Child Contact in Social Work Disrupted Unions: Social and Psychological Implications." Adoption & Fostering 19, no. 3 (October 1995): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030857599501900309.
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The Children Act 1989 recognises and encourages continuing contact between children and their birth families. But are contact arrangements being used as a covert means of assessment rather than to support parents and children in maintaining their emotional bonds? Nick Banks examines the social and psychological implications of contact between children and their birth parents, focusing particularly on the needs of black children in contact planning considerations.
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Beckmeyer, Jonathon J., Melinda Stafford Markham, and Jessica Troilo. "Postdivorce Coparenting Relationships and Parent–Youth Relationships: Are Repartnership and Parent–Youth Contact Moderators?" Journal of Family Issues 40, no. 5 (December 26, 2018): 613–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x18821395.
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Using data from 392 divorced mothers and fathers, living in the United States, with a child between 10 and 18 years old, we first identified three types of postdivorce coparenting relationships ( cooperative, moderately engaged, and conflictual and disengaged) based on coparenting communication, cooperation, and conflict. We then tested if three aspects of parent–youth relationships differed between those groups. Parental warmth and support, parental knowledge, and inconsistent discipline did not differ based on the type of postdivorce coparenting relationship participants had with their ex-spouses. Finally, we tested if repartnership (i.e., being remarried or cohabiting with a new partner) or parent–youth contact moderated the associations between postdivorce coparenting and parent–youth relationships. There was one significant moderation effect. When parent–youth contact was monthly or less, parental knowledge appears lower in the conflictual and disengaged cluster compared with the other two clusters.
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Rajska, Dagmara,. "Parent-Child Relationship Cases Before the ECtHR." SocioEconomic Challenges 4, no. 1 (2020): 36–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/sec.4(1).36-64.2020.
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This paper summarizes the arguments and counterarguments within the scientific discussion on the issue of choosing between Article 6 (Right to a fair trial) or/and Article 8 (Right to family life) of the European Convention on Human Rights (hereafter ‘ECHR’) when being applied by the European Court of Human Rights (hereafter ‘ECtHR’) in parent-child relationship cases. The main purpose of this research is to understand these provisions and their interplay. There is no particular systematization of literary sources and approaches for solving this problem because it is new. The analysis of applications lodged before the ECtHR indicates that the applicants usually raise both provisions for the reason of procedural safety. What is the response of the ECtHR? The investigation in this paper concerning the topic ‘what is protected by which provision, and is there any pattern in the application of Articles 6 and 8 in cases involving both provisions?’ is carried out in the following logical sequence: Relevant legal framework (Section 2); Research interest and question (Section 3); Research methodology (Section 4); Parental authority, custody, and access/contact, regarding cases respectively involving Articles 6 and 8 ECHR (Section 5). The methodological tool of the research method was the ECtHR Hudoc database. The object of the research is the ECtHR, because, namely, this institution interprets Article 6 and Article 8 of the ECHR. The paper presents the results of an empirical analysis of 212 judgments delivered by the ECtHR during the last twenty years. These showed that, with regard to the interplay between Articles 6 and 8 ECHR, there are some trends in its case-law which give guidance to the applicants, the judges and other practitioners concerned, as well as to scholars. The results of the research can be useful in efficiently analyzing, applying, defending, and adjudicating these rights. Keywords: right to a fair trial, right to family life, parental authority, parental care, access/contact, European Convention on Human Rights.
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Cashmore, Judy, Patrick Parkinson, and Alan Taylor. "Overnight Stays and Children's Relationships With Resident and Nonresident Parents After Divorce." Journal of Family Issues 29, no. 6 (November 7, 2007): 707–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x07308042.
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This study focuses on adolescents' overnight contact with their nonresident parents. Sixty young people ages 12 to 19 and their resident parents were interviewed as part of a nationally representative study in Australia. The likelihood of overnight stays was lower when there was conflict and lack of trust between the parents. Adolescents who stayed overnight with their nonresident parents reported greater closeness and better quality relationships with their nonresident parents than did those who had daytime-only contact, an association that remained significant after taking account of the overall frequency of contact and the level of conflict between the parents (as reported by the resident parent and the child). The findings suggest that overnight stays may both reflect and change the nature of the relationship between children and their nonresident parents, with no apparent downside in this regard for the relationship between children and their resident parents.
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Alvarez, Evelyn N., Megan C. Pike, and Hilary Godwin. "Children’s and parents’ views on hospital contact isolation: A qualitative study to highlight children’s perspectives." Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 25, no. 2 (April 16, 2019): 401–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359104519838016.
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Background: To date, there has been a paucity of studies conducted on the experiences of children under hospital contact isolation precautions. Furthermore, the studies that have examined children’s experiences at the hospital typically reflect the perspectives of their parents, and few have directly involved interviews with children themselves, and even fewer with children in isolation. Methods: To address this gap, we conducted semi-structured, open-ended interviews with hospitalized children to assess their experiences of being placed in isolation. Where possible, the children’s parents also completed written surveys to assess parental perspectives on their child’s experiences. Results: Two important findings of the study were the children’s resilience during a difficult time and children’s varying awareness of the pathophysiology of infections as it relates to isolation precautions. Examination of the parent–child dyads elucidated some discordance between parents’ and children’s perspectives on how children experienced their isolation, on what the children’s preferred activities were while in isolation, and how much children understood about the reasons they were in isolation. Conclusion: This study supports earlier studies that suggest that the benefits of isolation procedures may be outweighed by how negatively isolation is experienced by patients, particularly when the patients are children. It also highlights the need for child-friendly isolation signs. Because parental and child perceptions differed in cases where data from both were available, this study suggests larger studies on children’s perspectives and/or on parent–child dyads are needed.
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Novikova, Kseniya Vladimirovna. "Art therapy techniques in psychological correction of child-parent relations in substitute families raising children with disabilities." Психолог, no. 6 (June 2020): 10–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8701.2020.6.34487.
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The subject of this research is the child-parent relations in substitute families raising children with disabilities. The goal is to determine the areas of possible application of art therapy techniques in psychological correction of child-parent relations in substitute families raising children with disabilities. The theoretical-methodological framework contains subject-activity and systemic approaches, as well as provisions on the structure and functions of child-parent relations, views on child-parent relations of N. Y. Sinyagina; the concept of systemic art therapy by A. I. Kopytin. In the course of this study, the author applies the methods of testing, interview, psychological experiment, and observation. The theoretical importance of this work consists in systematization of theoretical provisions on the problem and substantiation of possibilities of application of art therapy techniques in psychological correction of child-parent relations in substitute families raising children with disabilities. The acquired results obtained can be valuable for psychologists dealing with foster families that raise children with disabilities, which defines the practical significance of this research. The scientific novelty lies in development of the program of art therapy classes for correction of child-parent relations in substitute families raising children with disabilities. The research results may significantly contribute to the extension of representations on capabilities of psychological correction of child-parent relations in substitute families raising children with disabilities via implementation of art therapy techniques. The author indicates the improvement in child-parent relations: alleviation of child’s the sense of deprivation; better emotional contact between parent and child; emotional closeness; increase of the authoritative strategy of family upbringing; higher level of parents’ acceptance; optimization of parenting
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Singer, Jacqueline, and David Brodzinsky. "Virtual parent-child visitation in support of family reunification in the time of COVID-19." Developmental Child Welfare 2, no. 3 (September 2020): 153–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2516103220960154.
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When children are removed from their birth parents and placed in foster care, child welfare policy and practice prioritizes family reunification in permanency planning. Of the many services offered to families in support of reunification, parent-child visitation is one of the most important. The purposes of visitation are to maintain and support the parent-child relationship, facilitate improved parenting skills, and offer social workers opportunities to gauge the family’s progress in meeting reunification goals. Whether supervised or unsupervised, parent-child visitations most often involve face-to-face contact between family members. During periods of sheltering in place in response to COVID-19, however, face-to-face visits have been largely curtailed. In their place, child welfare agencies have begun using virtual visitation through various technology platforms such as smartphones, FaceTime, Zoom, WhatsApp, Facebook Messenger and Skype, often facilitated by foster parents. A number of questions have arisen, however, about the effectiveness of virtual visitations and how best to use them as a means of supporting reunification goals. In the present article, we examine existing data on how children respond to virtual communication with parents and extended family and what practical issues and training needs are encountered when implementing virtual visits in juvenile dependency cases.
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Paige, Janice, and Jennifer Thornton. "Healing from Intrafamilial Child Sexual Abuse: The Role of Relational Processes between Survivor and Offender." Children Australia 40, no. 3 (July 23, 2015): 242–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cha.2015.21.
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The research aim was to discover the circumstances, if any, in which contact with the parent who had abused them, could help survivors of intrafamilial child sexual abuse (ICSA) to recover from the inherent relational trauma. Thirty-five (31 female and 4 male) participants were recruited from across Australia and New Zealand to speak about their experience of post-abuse contact. The research methodology was primarily qualitative, and analysed in a contextual framework. In the Pre-Contact stage, themes such as the need for empowerment versus the fear of the response, linked to motivations for and against contact. Emotional reactions, and issues of acknowledgment and apology were core themes in the Contact stage. Post-contact themes related to evaluation of the overall experience. The majority of participants believed that their contact experience had helped more than hindered their recovery. Participants articulated the need for more public education about the complexity of ICSA, more options for dealing with the crime, and access to non-judgmental professional help for all the family at disclosure. The emergent themes provide a valuable guide for future research, policy and practice and perhaps most importantly, insight into the needs of victims and their recovery processes.
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Egan, Anne. "Access and the non-custodial parent in the Republic of Ireland." Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 62, no. 2 (March 10, 2020): 199–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.53386/nilq.v62i2.416.
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Maintaining a relationship between parents and children following the breakdown of a marriage or relationship can be fraught with difficulties, particularly where acrimony exists between parents. This article explores the right of a non-custodial parent to have access to their child under Irish law and discusses the results of an interview-based study undertaken by the author using qualitative research methods. The interviewees in the study included practitioners as well as separated, divorced and unmarried fathers and mothers who outlined their views on access and the study found that the majority of non-custodial parents had some level of access to their child. The article further outlines the author’s experience of successfully applying to attend family court as a bona fide researcher and discusses some of the results of observations in those courts which reinforced the results of the interview-based study. Article 9(3) of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) states that in the event of separation of parents, it is the right of the child to maintain personal relations and contact with both parents. Article 7(1) of the Convention further supports the right of a child to be cared for by his or her parents. These articles have proved useful for fathers’ rights campaigners who advocate that they should have more contact with their children post-separation. The Convention, however, while ratified by Ireland, has not yet been incorporated into Irish law. The article concludes by examining whether the incorporation of the Convention would advance the rights of Irish children to maintain a relationship with their parents, unless such a relationship would be contrary to the children’s best interests. In light of this, this article examines the proposed wording of the Constitutional Referendum on Children which was published in early 2010 and assesses what impact the passing of such a referendum would have on children’s rights in Ireland.
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Tanskanen, Antti O. "Intergenerational relations and child development in England." Anthropological Review 80, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/anre-2017-0007.
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Abstract Evolutionary studies have shown that in many traditional populations the beneficial effects of grandparental presence for grandchildren may vary according to the sex and lineage of the grandparents, as well as by the sex of the grandchild. However, few studies have investigated the relevance of these factors in modern developed societies. The present investigation uses the Millennium Cohort Study (n = 4,636 children) to analyse the association between grandparental investment and child development in contemporary England. Grandparental investment is measured by parent-grandparent contact frequencies at the child’s age of 3 and child development by “early learning goals” over the first year of primary school assessed with the Foundation Stage Profile (FSP). Children whose mothers reported contacts with maternal grandparents receive higher FSP scores compared to those with no contact at all. In addition, children whose fathers reported daily contacts with paternal grandfathers have lower FSP scores than other children. The study provides evidence of the relevance of grandparental investment on grandchild development also in developed societies. The results are discussed with reference to the grandmother hypothesis, sex-specific reproductive strategies and sex chromosome hypothesis.
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Proulx, Christine M., and Heather M. Helms. "Mothers' and Fathers' Perceptions of Change and Continuity in Their Relationships With Young Adult Sons and Daughters." Journal of Family Issues 29, no. 2 (August 1, 2007): 234–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x07307855.
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Guided by contemporary feminist revisions of individual theories on adolescent development, interviews with 142 parent dyads were conducted to better understand the variation in mothers' and fathers' perceptions of changes and continuities in their relationships with their firstborn young adult sons and daughters. A between-families content analysis of parents' responses revealed that the most salient issues were firstborns' independence, contact and time spent together, and role patterns. Several gendered patterns emerged, suggesting that mothers and fathers might differentially relate to their daughters and sons. However, a within-family analysis of parental dyads' responses challenges previously held beliefs about gender differences and suggests few gendered differences emerge when considering responses from both parents within the same family. Implications for future research on parent—child relationships are discussed.
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Hillcoat-Nallétamby, Sarah, and A. Dharmalingam. "Mid-Life Parental Support for Adult Children in New Zealand." Journal of Sociology 39, no. 3 (September 2003): 271–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00048690030393004.
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Research often focuses on exchanges of help between mature adult children and ageing parents, but not between young adults and parents. As transitions to adulthood become more complex, and mid-life is increasingly associated with competing roles, this article examines factors influencing the likelihood that a mid-life parent continues to support an adult child who has left home. Empirical analysis uses data from New Zealand's 1997 `Transactions in the Mid-life Family' survey. Parents continue to support their child, but the factors influencing the flow of help vary by type of help. A child's, but not a parent's age, and the gender of both, have a significant influence on the provision of help, and although infrequent contact and long distances make exchanges more difficult, they do not completely inhibit them.
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FORS, STEFAN, and CARIN LENNARTSSON. "Social mobility, geographical proximity and intergenerational family contact in Sweden." Ageing and Society 28, no. 2 (February 2008): 253–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x07006617.
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ABSTRACTThis study examined intergenerational family contact. Three questions were considered: Is there a relationship between parent's class, child's class and family contact? Can class-related differences in family contact be explained by differences in geographical distance between parent and child? Is intergenerational family contact affected by children's social mobility? The questions were explored using data from a nationally-representative level of living survey. The results from logistic regressions showed that parent's class as well as the child's class were associated with intergenerational geographical distance and family contact more often than once a week. Those in or retired from non-manual occupations were less likely than manual workers to live close and to have family contact more than once a week. We found no evidence that a change in class position, upward nor downward, had any effect on family contacts. Rather, class-stable non-manual families socialise less frequently than other families, even when they live relatively close. The results therefore suggest that familial class-cohesiveness is a stronger determinant of inter-generational family contacts than social mobility. Future research should address the complex connection between social mobility and other forms of relations and transfers between generations.
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van Manen, Michael. "Carrying." Qualitative Health Research 22, no. 2 (August 26, 2011): 199–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049732311420447.
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Some hospital practices that are routine for hospital staff may carry unintended significance for patients and their families. The transfer of neonatal infants between hospitals and hospital environments is one such practice that may be covered by perfectly acceptable rules and regulations but that, at times, gives rise to unsuspected anxieties, pain, and worries in the parent. In this phenomenological study, I explored meaning aspects of the phenomenon transfer to reveal a lived experience of carrying—a carrying across from here to there; a carrying between changing places; a carrying contact of parent–child in-touchness that is enabled or compromised in this experience; a carrying with care; and a carrying as a search for place as home. The concluding recommendations speak to the need for understanding the experiences of hospitalized babies’ parents, and speak to the tactful sensitivities required of the health care team during the transfer of child and family.
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Sloan, Brian. "POST-ADOPTION CONTACT REFORM: COMPOUNDING THE STATE-ORDERED TERMINATION OF PARENTHOOD?" Cambridge Law Journal 73, no. 2 (May 23, 2014): 378–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197314000439.
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AbstractThe Children and Families Act 2014 pursues the twin policies of increasing the number of children adopted out of compulsory state care and reducing the scope for court-ordered contact between such children and their birth families. Building upon previous work by Dr. Kirsty Hughes and me, this paper critically evaluates these reforms to post-adoption contact in view of the fact that adoption terminates the legal relationship of parent and child. Aspects of the analysis include the impact of the proposals on “open adoption” and child welfare in the light of the available empirical evidence, and their compatibility with both the European Convention on Human Rights and the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.
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Bastaits, Kim, Dimitri Mortelmans, and Inge Pasteels. "Sporen van ouderverstoting in het SiV‐onderzoek." Relaties en Nieuwe Gezinnen 6, no. 3 (September 30, 2016): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/reng.v6i3.18261.
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Inzicht in ouders en kinderen die geen contact meer hebben na scheiding blijft onderbelicht in het huidige familieonderzoek. Een erg specifieke vorm van een gebrek aan contact is ouderverstoting. Hoewel enkele studies dit thema al belicht hebben, blijft dit onderzoek schaars en kent het methodologisch beperkingen. Met deze studie willen we dan ook bijdragen aan onderzoek naar ouderverstoting en vertrekken we vanuit de grootschalige multi‐actorstudie ‘Scheiding in Vlaanderen – SiV’. Twee onderzoeksvragen worden beantwoord: (1) “Wat is de prevalentie van het vermoeden van ouderverstoting na scheiding in Vlaanderen?” en (2) “Hangt het vermoeden van ouderverstoting samen met een specifiek scheidingsproces?”.Daartoe analyseren we gegevens van zowel ouders (n = 1172) als kinderen (n = 499). Als eerste worden bivariate analyses uitgevoerd om de prevalentie van een vermoeden van ouderverstoting na te gaan bij zowel ouders als kinderen. Daarna wordt een multiple correspondentie‐analyse gebruikt om inzicht te verwerven in de eventuele samenhang van een vermoeden van ouderverstoting met het scheidingsproces. Hoewel een vermoeden van ouderverstoting niet vaak voorkomt, rapporteren zowel ouders als kinderen dat dit vaker voorkomt bij vaders dan bij moeders. Kinderen rapporteren wel hogere percentages dan ouders. Daarnaast blijkt ook dat een vermoeden van ouderverstoting vaker voorkomt bij een problematisch scheidingsproces.
Abstract :
Previous research on parent‐child relationships after divorce mainly concentrated on parents and children who still have contact. Nevertheless, few studies have focused on the non‐contact between parents (mostly fathers) and children after divorce. A very specific form of non‐contact is parental alienation, on which research is very scarce and limited to small samples. So, with this study, we will investigate parental alienation after divorce for a large, multi‐actor sample from the “Divorce in Flanders”‐project. Two research questions will be answered: (1) “What is the prevalence of parental alienation towards mothers as well as towards fathers after divorce?” & (2) “How are characteristics of the divorce process related to parental alienation?”. We integrate two perspectives in this paper by analyzing a parent‐dataset (n = 1172) as well as a child‐dataset (n= 499). First, we establish the prevalence of parental alienation with bivariate analyses. Second, multiple correspondence analyses are used to gain insight in the association between the divorce process and parental alienation. Results indicate that parental alienation affects a small group of families and father alienation is more common than mother alienation. Moreover child reports are higher than parent reports. Regarding the association between parental alienation and the divorce process, it is found that parental alienation is more common amongst problematic divorce processes.
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Uceda, Paola R., Lauren A. Sanzone, Ceib L. Phillips, and Michael W. Roberts. "Fluoride Exposure, Caregiver Education, and Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth (dmft) in 2-5 year-old English or Spanish Speaking Children." Open Dentistry Journal 7, no. 1 (December 13, 2013): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874210601307010175.
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Dental caries is a multifactorial disease that includes behavioral and cultural components. The study’s purpose was to determine the caries experienced (as measured by dmft) in a group of 2-5 y/o children, assess their family and home environment including consumption of fluoridated drinking water, use of a fluoride containing dentifrice, and level of caregiver formal education.Parents of children referred for dental treatment under general anesthesia and who either spoke and read English or Spanish were recruited and consent obtained. Selected information on the family home, parental education and selected fluoride contact data was obtained. An oral clinical examination of the child assisted by intraoral radiographs was completed and the number of decayed, missing, filled primary teeth (dmft) recorded for each child. Bitewings were obtained if posterior or anterior teeth contacts were closed but only periapical radiographs were obtained if contacts were open. Children of English speaking caregivers had statistically more dmft after controlling for the effect of the child’s age and years of parental education (p=0.04). English speaking families had lived in their current home longer and the parent had more formal education than did the Spanish speaking parent. When available, the English children drank municipal tap water more often than did the Spanish children. Spanish speaking parents often chose bottled drinking water. No difference between the two groups was found in the use of tap water for cooking or the use of fluoridated dentifrice.In conclusion, increased parent education, language spoken by the parents and time living in the current home were not associated with lower dmft. Drinking fluoridated drinking water did not affect the dmft. However, using fluoridated water when available to cook and using fluoride containing dentifrice by both groups may have been mutually beneficial.
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Bywater, Tracey, Judy Hutchings, David Daley, Chris Whitaker, Seow Tien Yeo, Karen Jones, Catrin Eames, and Rhiannon Tudor Edwards. "Long-term effectiveness of a parenting intervention for children at risk of developing conduct disorder." British Journal of Psychiatry 195, no. 4 (October 2009): 318–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.108.056531.
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BackgroundThe typical pattern for intervention outcome studies for conduct problems has been for effect sizes to dissipate over time with decreasing effects across subsequent follow-ups.AimsTo establish whether the short-term positive effects of a parenting programme are sustained longer term. To observe trends, and costs, in health and social service use after intervention.MethodParents with children aged 36–59 months at risk of developing conduct disorder (n = 104) received intervention between baseline and first follow-up (6 months after baseline n = 86) in 11 Sure Start areas in North Wales. Follow-ups two (n = 82) and three (n = 79) occurred 12 and 18 months after baseline. Child problem behaviour and parenting skills were assessed via parent self-report and direct observation in the home.ResultsThe significant parent-reported improvements in primary measures of child behaviour, parent behaviour, parental stress and depression gained at follow-up one were maintained to follow-up three, as were improved observed child and parent behaviours. Overall, 63% of children made a minimum significant change (0.3 standard deviations) on the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory problem scale between baseline and follow-up (using intention-to-treat data), 54% made a large change (0.8 standard deviations) and 39% made a very large change (1.5 standard deviations). Child contact with health and social services had reduced at follow-up three.ConclusionsEarly parent-based intervention reduced child antisocial behaviour and benefits were maintained, with reduced reliance on health and social service provision, over time.
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Posserud, Maj-Britt, and Astri J. Lundervold. "Mental Health Services Use Predicted by Number of Mental Health Problems and Gender in a Total Population Study." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/247283.
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We examined the relationship between service use and the number of problem areas as reported by parents and teachers on questionnaires among children aged 7–9 years old in the Bergen Child Study, a total population study including more than 9000 children. A problem area was counted as present if the child scored above the 95th percentile on parent and/or teacher questionnaire. A total number of 13 problem areas were included. Odd ratios (ORs) for contact with child and adolescent mental health services (CAMH), school psychology services (SPS), health visiting nurse/physician, and school support were calculated with gender as covariate. The number of symptom areas was highly predictive of service use, showing a dose-response relationship for all services. Children scoring on ≥4 problem areas had a more than hundredfold risk of being in contact with CAMH services compared to children without problems. The mean number of problem areas for children in CAMH and SPS was 6.1 and 4.4 respectively, strongly supporting the ESSENCE model predicting multisymptomatology in children in specialized services. Even after controlling for number of problem areas, boys were twice as likely as girls to be in contact with CAMH, replicating previous findings of female gender being a strong barrier to mental health services.
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Hieida, Chie, Kasumi Abe, Takayuki Nagai, and Takashi Omori. "Walking Hand-in-Hand Helps Relationship Building Between Child and Robot." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 32, no. 1 (February 20, 2020): 8–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2020.p0008.
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It is well known that, in human communication, physical contact, such as holding hands, has the effect of relieving stress and providing a sense of intimacy. In this study, we verified whether walking hand-in-hand has a positive effect on relationship building between children and robots. Specifically, an interaction experiment was performed in which a child and a robot play one-on-one for approximately 30 min with 37 children aged 5–6 years. The robot is teleoperated by a nursery teacher in this experiment. The children are divided into two groups: the experimental group, in which children walk hand-in-hand during their first encounter with the robot, and the control group, in which children do not have any physical contact with the robot. The change in the interaction is analyzed while taking into consideration the distance between the child and the robot, eye contact rate, and a questionnaire completed by the parents and children. The results reveal that the children in the experimental group interacted significantly with the robot. Moreover, the parents of the children in the experimental group tended to feel that their children appeared to experience intimacy with the robot. These results suggest that walking hand-in-hand has a positive effect on child-robot relationship building.
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Wang, Haowei, Kyungmin Kim, Jeffrey Burr, and Bei Wu. "Psychological Pathways Linking Parent-Child Relationships to Subjective and Objective Sleep Among Older Adults." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1926.
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Abstract This study investigated whether older adults’ relationships with their children were associated with their self-reported subjective sleep quality and actigraphy-measured objective sleep characteristics, as well as whether depressive symptoms and loneliness mediated the association between these parent-child relationships and sleep. Data were taken from the second wave of the National Social life, Health, and Aging Project, in which 569 respondents (age 57-85) participated in the sleep module, along with the social network module that provided relationship information for participants and their children. Results from structural equation modeling showed that (1) parents’ closeness with children was associated with better objective sleep (i.e., fragmentation of sleep and percent sleep), (2) more frequent contact with children was related to better subjective sleep quality, (3) depressive symptoms and loneliness were associated with worse subjective sleep quality, and (4) less closeness with children were related to worse subjective sleep quality via older adults’ depressive symptoms. Part of a symposium sponsored by the Sleep, Circadian Rhythms and Aging Interest Group.
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Bogoliubova-Kuznetsova, D. "Theraplay in the Work with Child with ASD." Autism and Developmental Disorders 17, no. 4 (2019): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/autdd.2019170403.
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Theraplay is method of parent-child relations therapy, based on the Attachment theory. This is a structured gaming proactive approach in which the therapist organizes the parent-child relations in the way to compensate for the deficits existing in both and thereby contribute to the development of more harmonious attachment relationships. For structure observation and treatment planning, the interaction between a child and an adult evaluated by a professional according to four criteria: structure, involvement, care and challenge. The optimal combination and nature of these measurements in the interaction of the parent and the child should lead to a harmonization of the child's attachment pattern. Theraplay approach can be used in the work with children with increased anxiety, impaired behavior, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorders. The presented case of applying Theraplay in the Center for Curative Pedagogics with a dyad mother and son with an autism spectrum disorder illustrates the method and its results. In the presented case, indicators in the parameters of involvement and care improved significantly, as mother and son began to enter easily into emotional contact with each other; Mom’s understanding of her son’s emotional needs improved, which allowed them to be satisfied. The parameter of the challenge after therapy has also undergone positive changes: in the performance of complex task the child receives active emotional support from her mother and after completion, she receives vivid praise and recognition of her achievement.
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Ionio, Chiara, Giulia Ciuffo, and Marta Landoni. "Parent–Infant Skin-to-Skin Contact and Stress Regulation: A Systematic Review of the Literature." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9 (April 28, 2021): 4695. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094695.
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Several studies have focused on neonatal maternal separation (MS) to investigate behavioural and neuroendocrine reactions to lack of contact, but only a few have focused on early separation in the first days or weeks after birth. This literature review investigates the vital importance of contact and touch by exploring how skin-to-skin contact (SSC) regulates stress in the mother–infant relationship. Various databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect were searched for literature published between 2015 and 2020. From 1141 articles, 22 were declared eligible. The reviewed articles showed how SSC regulates child stress by biological indicators such as the autonomic nervous system (ANS), heart rate variability (HRV), cortisol, and oxytocin. This research concludes the importance of SSC for stress regulation, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. With no research to date indicating a possible risk of neonatal COVID-19 transmission following SSC, SSC should continue to be practiced for all women, as recommended by the WHO.
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Winkler, Christiana, Barbara Wirleitner, Ernst R. Werner, and Dietmar Fuchs. "Urinary Neopterin Concentrations in Healthy Individuals with Household Contact." Pteridines 14, no. 1 (February 2003): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pteridines.2003.14.1.34.
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Abstract Increased neopterin concentrations in serum and urine indicate activation of cell-mediated immunity. In this study, urinary neopterin concentrations of a family consisting of 1 child (aged 5 years), her parents, and her grandparents were determined over a one year period and the course of neopterin levels was compared. Urine specimens were taken every second week during 1 year beginning in June. All 5 individuals lived in the same house, child and her parents separated by one floor from the grandparents. Neopterin concentrations were determined by high Performance liquid chromatography. In adults, neopterin concentrations were very stable throughout the year and peak increases occurred only rarely. In contrast, 5 sharp peaks of urinary neopterin concentrations were observed in the child, all occurring during the period when she was attending the kindergarten. Comparing the course of neopterin concentrations between the persons tested, several corresponding elevations of urinary neopterin were detected in the child and her relatives. The best association was detected between the child and her father (3 peaks of neopterin concentrations were observed, 1 of which coinciding with a peak in the child and two peaks with two weeks delay in the father). Between the child and her mother 1 corresponding neopterin peak was observed. One highly increased urinary neopterin concentration was observed in the grandmother which corresponded to a peak in the child with two weeks delay, a similar Observation was made between the child and her grandfather. In summary, high degree of correspondence in neopterin peaks was detected between child and adults. The data render it likely that the child was transmitting infectious diseases which she acquired at the kindergarten to her relatives, and the data are in line with the assumption that a dose family contact between individuals increases the risk of infectious disease transmission via household contact.
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Ermolova, Ekaterina, and Olga Shamshikova. "Types of parent-child relationship and indicators of neuropsychological development of preschool children." Mental Health: Global Challenges Journal 3, no. 1 (October 22, 2020): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.32437/mhgcj.v3i1.94.
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Introduction: During the last 20 years, in Russia and in many EU countries, there has been significant change in the global social and cultural situation. Individualistic tendencies rose sharply and there is a widespread destruction of the sense of belonging. In this regard, the type of parent-child relationship is changing, which is one of the key dimension of the neuropsychological development of children. There is a logical question for psychologists, teachers and parents, what types of parent-child relationships are constructive, that is, they favor normal neuropsychological development of children of preschool age (6-7 years).
Purpose: The purpose of the present work is to investigate correlation between types of parent-child relationships and indicators of neuropsychological development of children, as well as identifying constructive types of parent-child relationships for the normal neuropsychological development of children.
Methodology: The study was conducted within the framework of the basic screening program (pre-school stage). The Order of the Ministry of health of the Russian Federation of 03.07.2000 № 241 On approval of the Medical card of the child for educational institutions (together with the Instruction on the procedure of an accounting form № 026/u-2000 (The Medical card of the child for educational institutions of preschool, primary, basic, secondary (complete) general education, primary and secondary vocational education, orphanages and boarding schools). Determination of the correspondence of neuropsychological development to the child's age was carried out according to the following indicators: thinking and speech; attention and memory; positive emotions and social contacts; sensorimotor development. Types of parental relationship was studied using the methodology of the Questionnaire “Parental relationship” (QPR), A.Y. Varga, V.V. Stolin. The sample was formed from 94 respondents who were screened in the framework of the basic screening program (preschool stage) at the health Center of the MC “Gubernia” in Novosibirsk. The study of determination of the type of parent-child relationship of 47 respondents (mothers) was conducted and the neuropsychic development of 47 children of preschool age in the families (6-7 years) was evaluated.
Results and Discussion: The data obtained indicate that different types of parent-child relationship such as “Cooperation” and “Symbiosis” positively interrelated with different indicators (attention and memory; the development of positive emotions and the presence of significant experiences in children) of the child's neuropsychological development. Such types of parent-child relationship as “Infantilism” and “Acceptance-rejection” negatively interrelated with such indicators of child's neuropsychological development as attention and memory; thinking, speech and positive emotions and social contacts.
Conclusion: Children in groups with a more “constructive” parental relationship type have higher cognitive scores and fewer behavioral problems. The materials of the study can be used by child psychologists in the evaluation of neuropsychological development of the child. The Bank of diagnostic techniques that quickly allow diagnosing the state of neuropsychic development of the child in relation to the type of parental relations and thereby increasing the effectiveness of its correction through work with parents is of practical importance
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McGee, Robin A., and David A. Wolfe. "Psychological maltreatment: Toward an operational definition." Development and Psychopathology 3, no. 1 (January 1991): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579400005034.
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AbstractDespite consensus on the existence and importance of psychological maltreatment, there is far less agreement on how it should be defined. This article reviews the current definitions, proposes a theoretical clarification of the concept, and describes its relevance for the field of developmental psychopathology. We conceptualize psychological maltreatment as the interaction between maltreating parent behaviors and the special vulnerabilities of a child, particularly his or her developmental level. Also, we restrict the definition of psychological maltreatment to verbal and nonverbal parent communication; parental acts that involve physical or sexual contact are excluded. This effort strives to minimize the redundancy with the definitions of other forms of maltreatment and facilitate research into the effects of all forms of victimization.
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Lutkevich-Rucinska, A. "LEGAL RELATIONS BETWEEN PARENTS AND CHILDREN IN POLISH FAMILY LAW (SELECTED ISSUES)." Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)), no. 1 (April 7, 2021): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2021.77.1.101-111.
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The paper deals with selected issues of Polish family law, concerning legal relations between parents and children. The Author presents basic provisions which refer to parental authority over the child, indicating in particular components of parental authority, the statutory directives determining the manner of it’s exercise and the legal grounds for limitation, deprivation or suspension of parental authority by a court judgment. In the paper the Author also presents the most important issues relating to legal regulations of contact of parents with the child and mutual maintenance obligations between parents and children.
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Kim, sang bum, and Young ok Nam. "Moderating Effects of Parent-Child Communication and Contact with Delinquent Peers on the Relationship between Sensation Seeking and Sexual Delinquency in Adolescents." Journal of Adolescent welfare 17, no. 4 (December 31, 2015): 263–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.19034/kayw.2015.17.4.12.
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Liu, Sam, Isabela Gouveia Marques, Megan A. Perdew, Karen Strange, Teresa Hartrick, Joy Weismiller, Geoff D. C. Ball, Louise C. Mâsse, Ryan Rhodes, and Patti-Jean Naylor. "Family-based, healthy living intervention for children with overweight and obesity and their families: a ‘real world’ trial protocol using a randomised wait list control design." BMJ Open 9, no. 10 (October 2019): e027183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027183.
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IntroductionFamily-based behavioural weight management interventions are efficacious and widely used to address childhood obesity. Curriculum and strategies vary extensively and scale-up often depends on ensuring that the intervention fits the adoption context.Aims and objectivesTo evaluate the impact and implementation of a ‘made in British Columbia’ (BC) family-based early intervention programme (EIP) for 8–12 years old with overweight and obesity and their families.Methods and analysisA randomised waitlist-control trial will assess a 10-week interactive, family-based lifestyle intervention followed by four maintenance sessions, in BC, Canada. We aim to enrol 186 families. The blended intervention includes at least 26 contact hours between participants and programme providers, including interactive activities and educational materials through weekly 90-min group sessions, an online family portal, and self-directed family activities. Curricular content includes information and activities related to healthy eating, physical activity (PA), positive mental health, parenting practices and sleep hygiene. The waitlist control group will receive a modified programme with the same 10-week sessions in the family portal, and four group sessions. Families participate in data collection at baseline, postintervention (week 10) and follow-up (week 18). The primary outcome is to assess changes in child body mass index z-score at 10 weeks between the groups. Secondary outcomes include changes at 10 weeks between the groups in child and parent PA behaviour and skills, healthy eating behaviour, and mental health. Process evaluation will address reach, implementation and maintenance (baseline, 10-week and 18-week) using recruitment tracking forms, parent questionnaire, programme attendance tracking forms, leader feedback surveys, parents and children satisfaction surveys and postprogramme interviews with facilitators, stakeholders and parents. Intention-to-treat analyses will be conducted. Process evaluation will be analysed thematically.Ethics and disseminationStudy procedures were designed to address research and community needs and will follow ethical standards.Trial registration numberNCT03643341.
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Bainham, Andrew. "TAKING CHILDREN ABROAD: HUMAN RIGHTS, WELFARE AND THE COURTS." Cambridge Law Journal 60, no. 3 (November 21, 2001): 441–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197301371192.
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One of the more drastic results of marital breakdown can occur where a mother decides to leave the country permanently and relocate with a child. Such cases can pose an acute dilemma where, as in Payne v. Payne [2001] 1 F.L.R. 1052, the father has enjoyed substantial contact with the child which is bound to be severely curtailed (if not entirely destroyed) by the mother’s relocation on the other side of the world. Here the mother, a New Zealander, had been ordered by a New Zealand court to return the child to England, following her “wrongful retention” there, under the Hague Convention which governs international child abduction. In the present proceedings she sought leave to return home to her original family with her four-year-old daughter. The father had substantial staying contact, which was sufficiently extensive that it might almost be termed “time-sharing”, and he countered with an application for a residence order. It was not in dispute that the child had an exceptionally good relationship with the father and with the paternal relatives in Newmarket. The mother, who by this time had grown to loathe her home in London, was adamant that she could only provide the child with a happy and secure upbringing if allowed to return to New Zealand. The father unsuccessfully opposed her application in the Cambridge County Court but appealed on the basis that the settled principle applied by the courts was in breach of the European Convention on Human Rights and in conflict with the Children Act 1989. The essence of the argument was that the Convention enshrined a right of contact between parent and child as an aspect of respect for family life under Article 8 and that the Children Act also required much greater significance to be attached to the preservation of such contact.
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Hodgson, Lynne Gershenson. "Adult Grandchildren and Their Grandparents: The Enduring Bond." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 34, no. 3 (April 1992): 209–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/pu9m-96xd-cfyq-a8uk.
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This article presents findings from a national survey of 208 adult grandchildren concerning relationships with their “closest” grandparent. Levels of contact and perceptions of closeness are two indices used to evaluate the strength of the bonds between the cross-generations. The evidence suggests that along these two dimensions, grandchild/grandparent relationships are significant and meaningful. Although there is diversity among the respondents, interaction levels are high for the majority of the sample. Additionally, most respondents report that their relationships with their grandparents are close and enduring. A comparison of ranked means suggests that several factors are related to the strength of the grandchild/grandparent bonds: age, lineage, geographical proximity, the child/parent relationship, and the parent/grandparent relationship. This research provides a new understanding of a significant family role, that of adult grandchild.
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Lowenstein, Ludwig F. "Child Contact Disputes Between Parents and Allegations of Sex Abuse: What Does the Research Say?" Journal of Divorce & Remarriage 53, no. 3 (April 2012): 194–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2012.663267.
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Jansen, Suzanne LG, Annette AJ van der Putten, and Carla Vlaskamp. "Parents’ experiences of collaborating with professionals in the support of their child with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities." Journal of Intellectual Disabilities 21, no. 1 (April 7, 2016): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1744629516641843.
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Background: There is little data on the collaboration between parents and professionals in the support of persons with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities. Since communication is essential to collaboration, this study analysed the frequency, means, and personal experiences of communication between parents and professionals. Method: A multiple case study ( n = 4) was conducted. Observations were logged for every contact between professionals and parents during 12 months. Results: The mean number of contacts a month ranged from 1.9 to 16.7 across the cases. Most of the contacts were with the child’s direct support persons (85.2%) and exchanging information (35.5%) was the most common function. Issues concerning health (28.4%) were the most common subjects discussed. The majority of the mothers’ experiences were positive. Conclusion: Direct support persons play a crucial role; they need to be aware of this role and to be trained to fulfill their role to acknowledge parents as partners.
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Kazimierski, Grzegorz. "GLOSS TO THE DECISION OF THE SUPREME COURT OF 5 SEPTEMBER 2019, I KZP 7/19." Probacja 2 (December 3, 2020): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.4893.
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Both parents, if they have full parental rights, are persons “obliged to exercise care and responsibility over a minor under 15 years of age” within the meaning of Article 211 of the Criminal Code (CC). Conversely, the parents (or one of them at least) are capable of committing the off ence set out in Article 211 of the CC if their parental rights are terminated, limited or suspended. If a provisional decision of a court, issued in the course of divorce, separation or annulment of marriage proceedings, orders the limitation (termination, suspension) of parental rights of one of the parents, such a decision should, as a rule, be interpreted literally. As such, a parent who no longer enjoys full parental rights under such decision can potentially commit the off ence set out in Article 211 of the CC. Nevertheless, not every court decision which provisionally determines the extent of contacts between a child and a parent, is tantamount to limiting parental rights. Indeed, under Article 107 of the Family and Guardianship Code it is possible to determine such contacts, including severe limitations for the father or the mother in this respect, while leaving both parents’ full parental rights intact.
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Ramalingam, Sandeep, Catriona Graham, Katherine Oatey, Phillip Rayson, Andrew Stoddart, Aziz Sheikh, and Steve Cunningham. "Study protocol of the Edinburgh and Lothian Virus Intervention Study in Kids: a randomised controlled trial of hypertonic saline nose drops in children with upper respiratory tract infections (ELVIS Kids)." BMJ Open 11, no. 5 (May 2021): e049964. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049964.
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IntroductionEdinburgh and Lothians’ Viral Intervention Study Kids is a parallel, open-label, randomised controlled trial of hypertonic saline (HS) nose drops (~2.6% sodium chloride) vs standard care in children <7 years of age with symptoms of an upper respiratory tract infection (URTI).Methods and analysisChildren are recruited prior to URTI or within 48 hours of developing URTI symptoms by advertising in areas such as local schools/nurseries, health centres/hospitals, recreational facilities, public events, workplaces, local/social media. Willing parents/guardians, of children <7 years of age will be asked to contact the research team at their local site. Children will be randomised to either a control arm (standard symptomatic care), or intervention arm (three drops/nostril of HS, at least four times a day, until 24 hours after asymptomatic or a maximum of 28 days). All participants are requested to provide a nasal swab at the start of the study (intervention arm: before HS drops) and then daily for four more days. Parent/guardian complete a validated daily diary, an end of illness diary, a satisfaction questionnaire and a wheeze questionnaire (day 28). The parent/guardian of a child in the intervention arm is taught to prepare HS nose drops. Parent/guardian of children asymptomatic at recruitment are requested to inform the research team within 48 hours of their child developing an URTI and follow the instructions already provided. The day 28 questionnaire determines if the child experienced a wheeze following illness. Participation in the study ends on day 28.Ethics and disseminationThe study has been approved by the West of Scotland Research Ethics Service (18/WS/0080). It is cosponsored by Academic and Clinical Central Office for Research and Development—a partnership between the University of Edinburgh and National Health Service Lothian Health Board. The findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications, conference presentations and via the study website.Trial registration numberNCT03463694.
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Bekink, Mildred. ""Child Divorce": A Break from Parental Responsibilities and Rights Due to the Traditional Socio-Cultural Practices and Beliefs of the Parents." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 15, no. 1 (May 22, 2017): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2012/v15i1a2461.
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In a recent ground-breaking case the South African courts were for the first time requested to use their discretion to interfere in the parent-child relationship due to the traditional socio-cultural beliefs of the parents. In what has been described as "every parent's nightmare; the fancy of many teenagers", a 16 year-old schoolgirl from Milerton in the Western Cape asked to be "freed" from her parents to live semi-independently from them because of her unhappiness with the conservative manner in which her parents treated her. After considering the matter the judge assigned to the case granted her request to live semi-independently with a school friend and her family (called by the judge the host family) until she reaches the age of 18 (her majority). Her parents were accorded permission to have limited contact with her. This case represents an example of the difficulties involved when balancing the rights of a teenager against those of the parents in matters of socio-cultural practice and belief. In a multi-cultural society such as South Africa the case raises numerous serious questions for other families. For instance, what standards will a court use to determine if parents are too conservative in bringing up their children and what factors will be taken into account? How much freedom and autonomy should children be given? How will courts prevent children from misusing the system just to get what their friends have, and - the ultimate question - are the rights of children superior to the traditional rights of parents in matters of socio-cultural practice, with specific reference to their upbringing? In this context it is the aim of this contribution to focus primarily on the questions asked above. Possible solutions for striking a balance between the rights of children and their parents are explored. The submission is made that the best interests principle is still the most important factor to be taken into account when balancing or weighing competing rights and interests concerning children. The principle of the best interests of the child, the founding principle of children's rights, however, is anchored in the family, and any break between the two should be carefully considered. It is concluded that in an attempt to resolve disputes between parents and their children the relevant provisions of the Constitution and the Children's Act must be considered and must be balanced and tested in relation to each other for constitutional consistency and compliance. It is also submitted that caution should be taken by the legislative framework not to encourage children to break the parent-child relationship on a mere whim, as an overemphasis of children's rights might result in the dilution of the sense of the value of the family in society.
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DOUSSARD–ROOSEVELT, JANE A., CLAUDIA M. JOE, OLGA V. BAZHENOVA, and STEPHEN W. PORGES. "Mother–child interaction in autistic and nonautistic children: Characteristics of maternal approach behaviors and child social responses." Development and Psychopathology 15, no. 2 (June 2003): 277–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579403000154.
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The nature of mother–child interaction in autism and the maternal approach characteristics that elicit social response in children with autism were examined in two studies. Mother–child play sessions of 24 preschool children with autism and 24 typically developing preschoolers were compared in Study 1, and play sessions of 9 mothers with their autistic child and with their nonautistic child were compared in Study 2. Mother–child interactions were coded using the Approach Withdrawal Interaction Coding System to quantify maternal approach behaviors and child responses. Results of Study 1 indicate that, although the quantity of approaches did not differ between mothers with their autistic children and mothers with their nonautistic children, there were qualitative differences. Mothers used more physical contact, more high-intensity behaviors, and fewer social verbal approaches with autistic children. Results of Study 2 replicated these findings with mothers showing a similar pattern of approach toward their autistic children but not their nonautistic children. Although autistic children displayed lower contingency to maternal approaches in general, they showed greater responsiveness to approaches involving increased physical proximity and/or containing nonverbal object use. Mothers socially engaged both autistic and nonautistic children. The implications for parent training and intervention are discussed.
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Georgiades, Katholiki, Laura Duncan, Li Wang, Jinette Comeau, and Michael H. Boyle. "Six-Month Prevalence of Mental Disorders and Service Contacts among Children and Youth in Ontario: Evidence from the 2014 Ontario Child Health Study." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 64, no. 4 (April 2019): 246–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0706743719830024.
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Objectives: To present the 6-month prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of mental disorders and mental health–related service contacts in a sample of children (4 to 11 years) and youth (12 to 17 years) in Ontario. Methods: The 2014 Ontario Child Health Study is a provincially representative survey of 6537 families with children aged 4 to 17 years in Ontario. DSM-IV-TR mental disorders were assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents (MINI-KID) and included mood (major depressive episode), anxiety (generalized anxiety, separation anxiety, social phobia, specific phobia), and behaviour disorders (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, oppositional-defiant disorder, conduct disorder).The MINI-KID was administered independently to the primary caregiver and youth aged 12 to 17 years in the family’s home. Results: Past 6-month prevalence of any mental disorder ranged from 18.2% to 21.8% depending on age and informant. Behaviour disorders were the most common among children, and anxiety disorders were the most common among youth. Among children and youth with a parent-identified mental disorder, 25.6% of children and 33.7% of youth had contact with a mental health provider. However, 60% had contact with one or more of the providers or service settings assessed, most often through schools. Conclusions: Between 18% and 22% of children and youth in Ontario met criteria for a mental disorder but less than one-third had contact with a mental health provider. These findings provide support for strengthening prevention and early intervention efforts and enhancing service capacity to meet the mental health needs of children and youth in Ontario.
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Embong, Hashim, Chiew Yuen Ting, Muhamad Supi Ramli, and Husyairi Harunarashid. "Heightened anxiety state among parents of sick children attending emergency department using State-Trait Anxiety Inventory." Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine 27, no. 2 (October 23, 2018): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1024907918807384.
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Background: The anxiety and stress level of both parent and child seeking treatment at the emergency department is assumed to be high. However, it is rarely quantified as to ascertain any need for intervention. Objective: The study seeks to quantify anxiety of parents accompanying sick children presenting acutely to the emergency department and to explore possible pre-visit factors that may contribute to anxiety. Methods: A 12-month cross-sectional study was conducted at the Emergency Department, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre. All parents accompanying a child presenting to the study location, fitting the inclusion and exclusion criteria, were invited to participate. Parents required to fill a self-administered questionnaire on anxiety, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and any related factors that can influence anxiety. Results: A total of 233 subjects were recruited. The mean state anxiety score was 53.48 ± 11.36, compared to the mean score for trait anxiety of 39.85 ± 7.66, suggesting a heightened state of anxiety. Majority of subjects (65.7%) had reported clinically detected anxiety as defined by state anxiety score above 49. There was no significant association between parental anxiety level with pre-visit factors: children’s age, duration of illness, the presence of co-morbidities, time of presentation, prior medical contact and primary care referral. The child’s state of illness was the dominant psychosocial factor associated with parental anxiety reported by the subjects. Conclusion: Parental anxiety upon arrival appeared to be significantly higher than expected, suggesting intervention may be needed.
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Harris, Rita, and Caroline Lindsey. "How Professionals Think about Contact between Children and their Birth Parents." Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 7, no. 2 (April 2002): 147–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359104502007002004.
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Kim, Joohyun, and Joohong Min. "DAILY INTERACTIONS WITH THE VERY OLD PARENTS AND OLD CHILDREN: CONCORDANCE IN REPORTS AND RELATIONSHIP TYPE." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S942. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.3425.
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Abstract Objectives: Studies have been increased on daily lives of older adults; however, little is known about daily interactions between parents and children, especially both are in their later lives. Utilizing parent-child dyadic data, this study aims to investigate the joint daily interactions of the very old parents and their old children with focus on the relationship type and differences in parent’s and child’s report. Methods: A sample of 105 parents (aged ≥ 80) and 105 children (aged ≥ 65) were interviewed to assess frequency on daily interactions (e.g., contact by phone or email, talking, eating and going out together). Structural Equation Modeling was used to examine differences in amounts of daily interactions by relationship type (e.g., mother-daughter, mother-son and mother-in-law – daughter-in-law). Results: Both parents and children reported high level of daily interactions; however, frequency of watching TV and going out together were relatively lower, compared to other forms of daily interactions. Parents and children showed high concordance in reports; 84% of dyads had the same reports in interactions (absolute mean discrepancy score < 0.1). Mother-daughter relationship reported significantly higher frequency on daily interactions, comparted to mother-son relationship. No significant differences were found between the mother-daughter dyads and the mother-in-law and daughter-in-law dyads. Discussion: Findings suggest that very old parents and old children tend to have high levels of daily interactions, with high concordance in reports. It also highlights its importance of considering relationship type in the dynamic of daily lives and experiences between very old parents and old children.
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Kerr, Bradley, Jon D. D'Angelo, Ali Diaz-Caballero, and Megan A. Moreno. "College Student Problematic Internet Use and Digital Communication Medium Used With Parents: Cross-Sectional Study." JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting 3, no. 1 (April 23, 2020): e17165. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/17165.
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Background Problematic internet use (PIU) is associated with mental health concerns such as depression and affects more than 12% of young adults. Few studies have explored potential influences of parent–college student digital communication on college students’ risk of PIU. Objective This study sought to understand the relationship between parent–college student digital communication frequency via phone calls, text messages, and Facebook contacts and PIU among college students. Methods Incoming first-year students were randomly selected from registrar lists of a midwestern and northwestern university for a 5-year longitudinal study. Data from interviews conducted in summer 2014 were used. Measures included participants’ daily Facebook visits, communication frequency with parents via phone call and text message, and 3 variables related to Facebook connection status and communication: (1) parent–college student Facebook friendship status, (2) college student blocking personal Facebook content from parent, and (3) Facebook communication frequency. PIU risk was assessed using the Problematic and Risky Internet Use Screening Scale. Analysis included participants who reported visiting Facebook at least once per day. Multiple linear regression was used, followed by a post hoc mediation with Hayes process macro to further investigate predictive relationships among significant variables. Results A total of 151 participants reported daily Facebook use and were included in analyses. Among these participants, 59.6% (90/151) were female, 62.3% (94/151) were from the midwestern university, and 78.8% (119/151) were white. Mean Facebook visits per day was 4.3 (SD 3.34). There was a collective significant effect between participant daily Facebook visits, college student–parent phone calls, texts, and all 3 Facebook connection variables (F6,144=2.60, P=.02, R2=.10). Phone calls, text messages, and Facebook contacts were not associated with PIU risk. However, two individual items were significant predictors for PIU: participant daily Facebook visits were positively associated with increased PIU risk (b=0.04, P=.006) and being friends with a parent on Facebook was negatively associated with PIU risk (b=–0.66, P=.008). Participant daily Facebook visits were not a significant mediator of the relationship between college student–parent Facebook friendship and PIU risk (b=–0.04; 95% CI –0.11 to 0.04). Conclusions This study did not find support for a relationship between parent–college student digital communication frequency and PIU among college students. Instead, results suggested Facebook friendship may be a protective factor. Future studies should examine how a parent-child Facebook friendship might protect against PIU among children at varying developmental stages.
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Linde-Krieger, Linnea, and Tuppett M. Yates. "Mothers’ History of Child Sexual Abuse and Child Behavior Problems: The Mediating Role of Mothers’ Helpless State of Mind." Child Maltreatment 23, no. 4 (May 14, 2018): 376–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077559518775536.
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This investigation evaluated a theoretically specified model of associations among mothers’ history of child sexual abuse (CSA), a helpless state of mind (SOM) with regard to the mother–child relationship, and increased behavior problems in the next generation. Moreover, we evaluated the moderating influence of child gender on predicted relations between mothers’ CSA severity and helpless SOM (i.e., moderated mediation). Participants were 225 biological mother–preschooler dyads (48% female; 46.4% Latinx) drawn from an ongoing, longitudinal study of representation and regulation in child development. Mothers’ history of CSA was assessed when their children were 4 years old and emerged as a prominent risk factor in this diverse, high-risk community sample with 40% of mothers reporting contact-based sexual abuse prior to age 18. Mediation analyses revealed a significant indirect pathway from a continuous rating of mothers’ CSA severity to increased externalizing behavior problems from ages 4 to 8 in the next generation via mothers’ helpless SOM at age 6. Further, this indirect path was significant for mother–daughter dyads, but not for mother–son dyads. This investigation contributes to the neophyte literature on intergenerational CSA effects by revealing the impact of a mother’s CSA history on her SOM regarding the mother–child relationship, particularly when parenting daughters. Clinical interventions that enhance survivors’ awareness of and reflection on their SOM regarding the parent–child relationship may attenuate intergenerational CSA effects on child adaptation.