Academic literature on the topic 'Contact biotets'

AbstractThe Loe Shilman carbonatite sheet complex comprises an extensive amphibole sovite which is intruded by minor biotite sovite and amphibole ankeritic carbonatite. The carbonatites have fenitized the country rocks to form a metasomatic zone c. 100 m wide of alternating mafic and felsic mica-bearing banded fenites which grade into slates and phyllites. Phlogopite-rich micas occur nearest to the carbonatite contact. The biotites occur in K-feldspar + albite ± Na-amphibole ± aegirine and ± phengite fenites produced by the intrusion of the early amphibole sovite. Aegirine buffered the iron distribution and the biotites became more magnesian. Veins cross-cutting the fenites consist of biotite and/or Ba-bearing K-feldspar, and are interpreted to result from solutions emanating from the biotite sovite. The ankeritic carbonatite is responsible for the formation ofphlogopite in the fenites in a c. 3 m wide zone adjacent to the carbonatite, and evidently are the result of fenitizing fluids rich in Mg. Chemical equations calculated to balance the reactions interpreted to have taken place in the fenites suggest that about 10% of the Al and Si in the protolith was mobilized and moved towards the carbonatites during fenitization, and that the fenitizing solutions were strongly alkaline and oxidizing.

The contact aureole at the eastern margin of the South Mountain Batholith (Halifax Pluton) underlies most of the city of Halifax, Nova Scotia. The Halifax Group in the study area includes two lithological units, the Cunard and Bluestone formations. Before intrusion, both had been affected by greenschist facies regional metamorphism and deformed into northeast–southwest-trending, regional upright folds associated with a strong slaty cleavage. Contact metamorphic isograds trend obliquely across the Halifax peninsula, at a high angle to regional structural trends. At 2.5–3 km from the intrusive contact, sparse cordierite spots mark the outer limit of the contact aureole. The biotite-in isograd is marked by the development of biotite within chlorite + muscovite stacks inherited from regional metamorphism. Pyrrhotite is the dominant sulphide mineral throughout the contact aureole. With increasing metamorphic grade, assemblages in both units are marked by increasing modal abundance of cordierite and biotite, with K-feldspar variably developed within ca. 600 m of the contact. However, there is a marked difference in the distribution and appearance of andalusite between the two units. In aluminous pelites of the Cunard formation, idioblastic chiastolite appears before biotite more than 1500 m from the contact. In the less aluminous Bluestone formation, andalusite is present only within ca. 500 m of the contact, where it forms xenoblastic, spongy crystals. In both units, the assemblage andalusite + biotite + K-feldspar ± cordierite is developed near the contact, with local fibrolite and evidence of incipient partial melting. Petrographic constraints suggest pressure–temperature conditions at the contact of ca. 2.5–3.0 kbar (1 kbar = 100 MPa) at ca. 650 °C.

At Kellys Mountain, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, the late Neoproterozoic Glen Tosh formation (a low-grade metapsammite–metapelite unit of the George River Metamorphic Suite) has been intruded by diorite, granodiorite, and granite plutons, and the diorite hosts a narrow contact metamorphic aureole. New mapping and sampling in the contact aureole reveals that the metasedimentary rocks have reached amphibolite-facies metamorphism resulting in the development of neoformed biotite, muscovite, cordierite, ilmenite, garnet, andalusite, sillimanite, monazite, and spinel within the meta-pelite, a mineral assemblage also found in the Kellys Mountain Gneiss as a result of low-pressure regional metamorphism. Neoformed minerals and the disappearance of foliation defines a contact metamorphic aureole within 300 m of the pluton contacts. Petrographic and microprobe analyses of equilibrium assemblages in metapelitic units of the contact aureole yielded metamorphic pressures of 250 MPa, implying an intrusion depth of ∼9 km, with temperatures ranging from 365 to 590 °C. The presence of earlier-formed andalusite and garnet indicates the rocks may have initially undergone a low-pressure regional metamorphic event prior to contact metamorphism. Monazite in the contact aureole was dated using in-situ U–Pb methods and yielded an age of 480.9 ± 3.7 Ma, interpreted as the time of formation of the contact metamorphic aureole.

In the contact metamorphic aureole of the Duluth Complex, Cu-Ni-PGE mineralization occurs locally up to 100 m from the intrusion-footwall contact (Spruce Road area), whereas elsewhere (Dunka Pit deposit) the footwall granite and metapelite (Serpentine deposit) are barren. This study aimed to understand the effect of temperature and halogen fugacity variations on the presence or absence of mineralization in these footwall units. The mafic mineral assemblages, two-pyroxene, titanium-in-quartz, and biotite-apatite thermometers indicate that temperatures could be as high as 920 °C in the mineralized areas of the footwall, whereas the maximum temperature was lower by about 100 °C in the unmineralized part of the intrusion. Variation of the halogen concentrations and fugacities was monitored with the analysis of halogen concentrations in biotite and apatite. Fluorine and chlorine concentrations in biotite increase as a function of the distance from contact in the mineralized drill core and decrease in the unmineralized zones. Chlorine concentrations in apatite increase parallel with the distance from contact in the mineralized zones, whereas fluorine concentrations show only minor variation. Concentrations of these elements may have had subtle effect on the partial melting in the footwall units and indirectly facilitated the infiltration of the sulfide liquid into the footwall.

The Scott Lake volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit lies near the margin of a large, early kinematic granitoid intrusion in the vicinity of Chibougamau, Quebec. The deposit was contact metamorphosed by the intrusion, and subsequently it was metamorphosed to the greenschist facies during the Kenoran Orogeny. Pyrite, magnetite, and sphalerite are the most abundant metallic minerals, and minor amounts of chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, and loellingite are also present. Both pyrite and magnetite locally occur as porphyroblasts up to several centimetres in diameter. Metamorphic textures developed in the massive sulfide ore appear to have formed during contact metamorphism, and they remained intact through the subsequent regional event. However, silicate minerals (biotite and possibly amphibole) that grew during contact metamorphism were largely retrograded during regional metamorphism. The presence of biotite indicates that contact metamorphism took place at 400°–500 °C. Application of the sphalerite geobarometer gives a pressure of approximately 4.5 kbar (450 MPa), which probably reflects the later regional event.

The Detour Lake deposit is at a faulted contact between mafic volcanic and siliciclastic to volcaniclastic rocks, differing from other orogenic Au deposits in the dominantly greenschist facies Abitibi region, by possessing amphibolite facies assemblages. Consequently, typical indicator minerals for mineralization, like secondary biotite, may not be useful for locating ore zone, due to the challenge of distinguishing hydrothermal versus metamorphic and magmatic phases. Herein, geochemical and 40Ar/39Ar geochronological data are presented for biotite from mineralized and barren (distal) magmatic rocks to characterize potential geochemical and geochronological variations between biotite types. Petrological observations reveal four biotite types: (1) Biotite hosted in mineralized, sulphidized quartz-calcite veins, (2) halo biotite at the margins of the aforementioned veins; (3) host rock biotite defining the foliation within the mafic volcanic rocks of the deposit; and (4) biotite defining the foliation within the barren meta-plutonic host rocks. Chemical analysis reveals a lower Ti- and higher Mg-content of mineralized biotite types, indicative of secondary hydrothermal processes. 40Ar/39Ar ages for all biotite types (2600–2390 Ma) post-date the main syn-deformation mineralization event at Detour Lake (≤2700 Ma). These results suggest chemical variations within biotite are due to a post-mineralization hydrothermal event, thus biotite should be used cautiously as a vector for gold mineralization in amphibolite facies terranes.

AbstractTextures and relict mineralogy in the Dalradian gneisses from the southern contact aureole of the Glen Doll diorite trace the development of three stages of metamorphism through regional and contact metamorphic phases. Regional metamorphic stage I is characterized by the stability of sillimanite+muscovite; recognition of a subsequent regional metamorphic stage II of lower grade is based on textural criteria, the stability of kyanite and staurolite + quartz, and geothermometry/geobarometry. The breakdown of zincian staurolite occurred under the conditions of contact metamorphism (stage III). Textural evidence from the outer part of the contact aureole suggests that zincian staurolite broke down by the following oxidation reaction:zincian staurolite + muscovite + quartz + O2 → andalusite + Zn-rich spinel + magnetite + biotite + H2O.Various stages of completion of this reaction have been observed in different parts of a sample. Predominance of magnetite over Zn-rich spinel (⩽ 14 wt. % ZnO) as a breakdown product can be explained by the initial breakdown of Fe-staurolite component + muscovite + quartz+O2 to form andalusite+biotite+magnetite. These product phases were joined by the Zn-rich spinel when sufficient Zn-staurolite component had concentrated in the unreacted staurolite. Rare local examples where Zn-rich spinel is dominant over magnetite may reflect lower O2 fugacity and/or higher initial Zn contents of the staurolite.

This work sums up results of tests of ecotoxicity that were made on different kind of industrial waste materials like classical ash, fluid and fly ash, slags as well as anorganic composites containing waste materials. Composites might be used for building materials in the future. Ecotoxicological tests were used for evaluation of ecotoxicity, represented by 4 trophic levels, with several bioindicators evaluated at different exposure time periods. The battery of classical tests includes a growth inhibition test of the freshwater alga Raphidocellis subcapitata, an immobilization test of the cladoceran Daphnia magna and freshwater fish Poecilia reticulata and a test of inhibitive effects on the root growth of white mustards Sinapis alba. Tests with enchytraeidae, collembolan and lettuce were chosen from group of contact tests. It was realized confrontation between classical test with seeds of mustard and contact tests with seeds of lettuce. Results of ecotoxicity tests were determination of percentage of mortality, immobilization, stimulation or inhibition of growth for testing organisms. It was made comparison of results individual ecotixicity tests. Results of classical aquatic tests were compared with contact tests realized in artificial ground.

An Lebensmittelverpackungen wird heutzutage durch die zunehmende Nachfrage nach einfach zubereitbaren Fertigprodukten eine Vielzahl von Anforderungen gestellt. Diese Verpackungen sollen das Lebensmittel zum Beispiel vor Licht und Mikroorganismen schützen, weiterhin sollen sie verformbar, temperaturbeständig, mechanisch und chemisch belastbar sein. Sie sollen das Lebensmittel vor Aromaverlust bewahren, einen Gasaustausch ermöglichen und einen konstanten Feuchtigkeitshaushalt erhalten. Für den Verbraucher dagegen sind hauptsächlich das optische Erscheinungsbild und die Qualität des verpackten Lebensmittels von Bedeutung. Um diesen hohen Anforderungen entsprechen zu können, sind moderne Lebensmittel-verpackungen technologisch sehr hochwertige Produkte, die sich durch eine Kombination von unterschiedlichen Materialien auszeichnen. Im vielschichtigen Aufbau der Verpackung liegt gleichzeitig die Migrationsproblematik begründet. Durch den Einsatz von unterschiedlichen monomeren Ausgangsstoffen und resultierenden Reaktionsprodukten besteht ein Migrationspotential, welches von der Verpackung auf das Lebensmittel ausgeht. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die Migration aus verschiedenen Konservendosen und Kunststoffverpackungen, welche zum größten Teil derzeit als Verpackung im Lebensmittelsektor eingesetzt werden, zu untersuchen. Dazu wurden Gesamtmigrate mit unterschiedlichen Simulanzien (für wässrige, alkoholische und fetthaltige Lebensmittel und Milchprodukte) hergestellt. Einen Schwerpunkt stellte dabei die Analytik von speziell in fetthaltige Simulanzien migrierende Substanzen dar, da es sich hierbei um den sogenannten worst case handelt. Zusätzlich wurde versucht die migrierenden Substanzen mittels chromatographischen Methoden zu identifizieren und quantifizieren. Die kommerziell erhältlichen Standardsubstanzen beziehungsweise die isolierten Migrationsprodukte und die Gesamtmigrate wurden in einem Zellkulturtest (Neutralrottest) an humanen Zelllinien (Hep-G2, HT-29) auf ihr zytotoxikologisches Potential untersucht und bewertet. Ein Hauptaugenmerk sollte dabei auf migrierende Substanzen mit einem Molekulargewicht von unter 1000 Da gelegt werden. Moleküle von dieser Größe bilden eine mögliche Gefahr für den menschlichen Organismus, da sie durch den Gastrointestinaltrakt potentiell absorbierbar sind. Im Migrat des untersuchten Epoxyanhydrid-Coating (EP-AH-Coating) wurden die gesetzlich geregelten Substanzen BADGE, BADGE*2H2O und BPA identifiziert und quantifiziert. Deren Anteil an der Toxizität des Gesamtmigrates war mit circa 0,5 % sehr gering. Zur weiteren Aufklärung der Gesamttoxizität wurde das Migrat in vier Fraktionen (< 400 Da, 400-700 Da, 700-1000 Da, > 1000 Da) eingeteilt. Es wurde gezeigt, dass eine Fraktionierung des Migrates keinen Verlust des zytotoxikologischen Potentials auslöste. Weiterhin konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Fraktionen < 400 Da und > 1000 Da keinen zytotoxischen Effekt hervorriefen, im Gegensatz zu den Fraktionen zwischen 400-700 Da und 700-1000 Da. Die Fraktion 400-700 Da besaß das höchste zytotoxikologische Potential. Die Effekte der einzelnen Fraktionen lagen aber unter den bestimmten zytotoxikologischen Effekten im Gesamtmigrat. Bei der Untersuchung der gesammelten Fraktion 400-1000 Da konnte festgestellt werden, dass sich das zytotoxikologische Potential im Gegensatz zum Gesamtmigrat erhöht hat. Dies lässt auf Wechselwirkungen zwischen den Molekülen der einzelnen Fraktionen schließen, wobei offensichtlich die Substanzen < 400 Da und > 1000 Da eine inhibierende Wirkung auslösten. Neben den genannten gesetzlich geregelten Substanzen wurde die Substanz Cyclo-diBADGE als Leitsubstanz für die Fraktion 400-700 Da identifiziert, quantifiziert und im Zelltest untersucht. Durch diese vier (BADGE, BADGE*2H2O, BPA, Cyclo-diBADGE) Substanzen konnten nun 18 % (Hep-G2) bzw. 22 % (HT-29) der Gesamttoxizität des Gesamtmigrates unter der Annahme von additiven Effekten aufgeklärt werden. Für die Ketchupverpackung konnte der Aufbau der einzelnen Schichten aufgeklärt werden. Von der lebensmittelzugewandten Seite wurden 60 % des Gesamtmigrates durch migrierende Kunststoffadditive aufgeklärt und 17 % des Migrates von der Außenseite. Ein Problem stellte dabei das Antioxidans Irgafos 168 dar, welches sich während der Probenvorbereitung und der Probenlagerung zu seinem Oxidationsprodukt umwandelte und somit als Summenparameter bestimmt wurde. Die anderen migrierenden Substanzen lagen nach der Probenvorbereitung und Lagerung der Probe unverändert vor. 97 % der migrierenden Substanzen aus der Innenseite der Verpackung und 38 % aus der Außenseite besaßen ein Molekulargewicht < 1000 Da und waren somit toxikologisch relevant. Im Migrat der lebensmittelzugewandten Seite wurden die Substanzen TBAC, DEHA, DBP, N-Ethyltoluolsulfonamid, Ölsäureamid, Erucamid, Irgafos-168-Äquivalente und Irganox 1076 identifiziert und quantifiziert. Diese Substanzen stellten 58,9 % des Gesamtmigrates dar. Das Migrat der Außenseite konnte nur zu 17,1 % durch die Substanzen TBAC, DEHA, DBS, DBP, N-Ethyltoluolsulfonamid, Ölsäureamid und Erucamid aufgeklärt werden. Von den in den Migraten der Kunststofffolie identifizierten Substanzen konnte nur für TBAC, DBP, N-Ethyltoluolsulfonamid und Ölsäureamid ein IC50-Wert im Neutralrottest ermittelt werden. In Abhängigkeit der untersuchten Zelllinie wurde ebenfalls für die genannten vier Substanzen der Anteil an der Toxizität des Gesamtmigrates unter Annahme, dass additive Effekte vorherrschen abgeschätzt. Dementsprechend konnte für die dem lebensmittelzugewandte Seite 16 % (Hep-G2) bzw. 9 % (HT-29) und für das Migrat der Außenseite 11 % (Hep-G2) bzw. 5 % (HT-29) der Gesamttoxizität aufgeklärt werden
Today many of demands are make on food contact material particularly in the field of convenience food. The packaging should protect the food before light and microorganism; the packaging should be also flexible, temperature and mechanical resistant and chemical inert, but also the nutrient-providing elements of foods ought to be protected. For the consumer are primarily the appearance and the quality of the food from interest. To meet these high requirements modern food contact materials are products of high technological quality. They mostly consist of a combination of variably materials, resulting in a multilayer structure. This composition of the packaging causes not only the desired positive effects, but also the migration risk of substances and substance groups from the packaging material into the food. Analyzing the migrating substances from different cans and plastic packing materials, which for the most part are currently in use in the food industry, was the aim of this work. For this purpose overall migrates were made with different kinds of food simulants (aqueous food (100 % H2O), alcoholic beverages (10% EtOH), diary products (50% EtOH) and fatty food (95% EtOH)). The main focus was set on the analytic of the migrating substances in fatty foods or simulants respectively, which is also called as the worst case. At first the migrating substances were identified and quantified chromatographically. Afterwards the cytotoxic potential of the commercial standard substances and isolated migrating substances were investigated by a cell culture assay (Neutral Red Assay) on human cell cultures (Hep-G2, HT-29). The attention was set on migrating substances with a molecular weight below 1000 Da. These substances are potentially able to be absorb by the gastrointestinal and so they might be a risk for the human health. The legally regulated substances BADGE, BADGE*2H2O and BPA were identified and quantified in the migrate of the investigated epoxy anhydride coating (EP-AH-Coating). Only 0.5 % of the cytotoxicity of the overall migrate could be explained via this three substances. For the further investigation of the cytotoxic effect of the overall migrate, the migrate was divided in four parts with different molecular weights (< 400 Da, 400-700 Da, 700-1000 Da, > 1000 Da). The single fractions were also determined in the neutral red assay for their cytotoxic potential. The fractions < 400 Da and > 1000 Da did not inhibit the cell viability. The fraction with the molecular weight 400-700 Da induced the highest cytotoxic effect on both cell lines. The single cytotoxic effects of the fractions 400-700 Da and 700-1000 Da were lesser than the effect of the overall migrate. But the effect of the fraction 400-1000 Da was higher than the effect of the overall migrate. Obviously there are interactions between the molecules of the single fractions, whereas the substances with a molecular weight < 400 Da and > 1000 Da had an inhibitive effect of the cytotoxic potential of the overall migrate. In the fraction 400-700 Da Cyclo-diBADGE was identified as a marker substance. Cyclo-diBADGE was isolated, quantified and investigated in the neutral red assay. Finally 18 % (Hep-G2) or 22 % (HT-29) of the cytotoxic effect of the overall migrate was estimate under the assumption of additional cytotoxic effects by these four (BADGE, BADGE*2H2O, BPA, Cyclo-diBADGE) substances. The multilayer structure of a second food packaging material for single ketchup portions was clarified. About 60 % of the migrating substances from the food contact side of the lamination were characterized by plastic additives and 17 % of the migrating substances of the non food contact side. 97 % of the migrating substances from the food contact side of the lamination exhibited a molecular weight below 1000 Da and might be a toxicological relevant. TBAC, DEHA, DBP, N-Ethyltoluolsulfonamide, Oleamide, Erucamide, Irgafos-168-äquivalents and Irganox 1076 were identified and quantified in the migrate on the food contact side of the lamination. In the neutral red assay a cytotoxic effect (IC50) was determined for the substances TBAC, DBP, N-Ethyltoluolsulfonamide and Oleamide. Depending on the investigated cell line 16 % (Hep-G2) and 9 % (HT-29) of the migrating substances from the food contact side of the lamination and 11 % (Hep-G2) and 5 % (HT-29) of the migrating substances of the non food contact side explained the cytotoxic effect of the overall migrates respectively

Les matériaux au contact des aliments (MCDA) constituent un enjeu majeur pour les industriels européens de l’alimentation et de l’emballage d’autant que les MCDA doivent être produits selon les bonnes pratiques de fabrication et être en accord avec les règlementations, notamment le règlement cadre européen 1935/2004. Les MCDA constituent une source potentielle de contamination des aliments car ils peuvent transférer des constituants aux aliments par migration. Parmi les MCDA, les matériaux papiers-cartons sont les plus utilisés après les matériaux plastiques et leur taux de recyclage en Europe était de 72% en 2015 et il ne cesse d’augmenter. En plus des substances dites intentionnelles (SI), des substances non intentionnelles (SNI) peuvent migrer du MCDA vers l’aliment ; elles peuvent être des impuretés, des produits de dégradation, des contaminants provenant des matériaux recyclés etc. Actuellement, de nombreuses SNI ne sont pas identifiées. La présence potentielle de SNI et la nature complexe de ces matériaux rendent difficile l’étude des MCDA papiers-cartons recyclés. Ce projet de thèse a pour objectif d’évaluer le danger lié de ces matériaux. Pour cela, des papiers-cartons recyclés ont été prélevés le long d’une chaine de production (du papier-carton à recycler de début de chaine au papier-carton issu du processus de recyclage), extraits dans l’eau puis lyophilisés. Des analyses chimiques ont été réalisées par spectrophotométrie et par des méthodes chromatographiques (HPLC, GC-MS, LC-MS, ICP-MS). Ces analyses ont montré la présence d’un plus grand nombre de substances dans le papier-carton de début de chaine par rapport au papier-carton de fin de chaine de recyclage. Parmi les composants détectés, des substances naturelles ont été identifiées dans les deux extraits étudiés, provenant notamment du bois qui est la matière première utilisée pour la fabrication du papier (polymères de cellulose, d’hémicellulose et de lignine, acides gras, sucres, acides résiniques ou encore des phénols). D’autres substances identifiées comme additifs ou contaminants ont été caractérisées dans les extraits étudiés, dont bisphénols, des molécules appartenant à la famille des phthalates, des amines aromatiques ou encore des hydrocarbures saturés d’huiles minérales. Il est à souligner qu’une grande partie des substances identifiées dans le produit de début de chaine étaient absentes du produit de fin de chaine. En parallèle des analyses chimiques, des biotests ont été réalisés afin d’identifier des mécanismes d’action et des potentiels effets « cocktail ». Grâce à une batterie de biotests, les effets des extraits sur des cibles toxicologiques ont été étudiés sur différentes lignées cellulaires humaines (deux lignées hépatiques HEpG2 et HepaRG, la lignée hERα-HeLa-9903 et la lignée MDA-kb2): cytotoxicité, génotoxicité et potentiel perturbateur endocrinien. A la plus forte concentration testée, seul l’extrait de produit de fin de chaine a entrainé un effet cytotoxique sur la lignée MDA-kb2. Cependant, les mêmes conditions de test ont montré que les produits de départ et de fin de chaine pouvaient entrainer un stress oxydant dans les lignées hépatiques utilisées. L’évaluation de la génotoxicité a montré des effets génotoxiques des deux papiers-cartons étudiés. Cependant, contrairement aux lésions du matériel génétique induites par le produit de départ, les dommages de l’ADN dus au produit de de fin de chaine pourraient ne pas être réparables pas les systèmes de réparation cellulaires et entrainer des mutations chromosomiques. Enfin, l’étude du potentiel perturbateur endocrinien a mis en évidence des activités oestrogéniques et antiandrogéniques dose-dépendantes des extraits étudiés. Ainsi, la mise en corrélation des résultats d’analyses chimiques et toxicologiques permet d’offrir une stratégie pertinente pour l’évaluation du danger lié aux MCDA, afin d’aider les industriels dans l’évaluation du risque des potentiels NIAS présents dans ces matériaux
Food contact materials (FCM) are a major issue of concern for European packaging and food companies as FCM must be produced in accordance with the good manufacturing practices and be in compliance with European Regulation 1935/2004/UE. FCM could be a potential source of food contamination because they could release chemicals by a phenomenon called migration. Among FCM, paperboards are the most common materials after plastics and the recycling rate of paperboards is high and was 72% in Europe in 2015. In addition to started substances also called Intentionally Added Substances (IAS), Non-Intentionally Added Substances (NIAS) such as impurities, degradation products, contaminants from recycled materials etc, are also able to migrate from the FCM to food and many of them are not always fully characterized. Assessing the risk of recycled paperboards FCM is difficult because of NIAS and as recycled paperboards can be complex mixtures of substances. This thesis project uses a methodology combining chemical analysis and in vitro bioassays to evaluate the potential hazard of recycled food contact paperboard extracts. For this study, recycled paperboards have been sampled at different steps a food packaging production chain (the starting paperboard of the beginning of the production chain and the end paperboard issued from the recycling process), extracted with water and the dry matter content was recovered by freeze-drying. Chemical analysis of the extracts was performed by spectrophotometry and by chromatographic methods (HPLC, GC-MS, LC-MS and ICP-MS). Chemical analysis showed the presence of a higher number of substances in the starting paperboard than the end paperboard issued from the recycling process. Among these substances, several natural substances were detected in both extracts such as wood extractives (polymers of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, fatty acids, sugars, resin acids and phenols). Other substances identified as additives and contaminants were characterized in both extracts such as bisphenols, phthalates, aromatic amins or mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons. It is important to precise that a large number of the substances of the starting paperboard were not detected in the end paperboard. In parallel to chemical characterization, bioassays were used as relevant tools to identify mechanisms of action and potential “cocktail effects”. A battery of bioassays has been performed using different human cell lines (two hepatic cell lines HepG2 and HepaRG, the hERα-HeLa-9903 cell line and the MDA-kb2 cell line) to check toxicological endpoints which are relevant to low exposure: cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and potential endocrine disruption. No cytototoxic effects of both extracts were observed on both human hepatic cell lines HepG2 and HepaRG neither on the HeLa 9903 cell line; whereas the end paperboard extract had cytotoxic effects on MDA-kb2 cells at the highest tested concentration. However, in the same conditions, the starting and the recycled end paperboard extracts were able to induce oxidative stress in the used cell lines. The results of the genotoxicity study showed genotoxic effects of the starting paperboard and the end paperboards. The DNA damage induced by the starting paperboard in the used cellular models might be repaired by cell repair systems. In contrast, data of this study suggest that the end paperboard was able to induce DNA damage that might turn into chromosomal mutations. Data of the endocrine disruption potential showed that the tested FCM paperboard extracts induced significant agonist and dose dependent estrogenic and antiandrogenic activities in the used cell lines. The correlation of the results of the in vitro toxicological study and chemical analysis offers a relevant strategy for hazard assessment of FCM in order to help manufacturers to manage the risk of NIAS

L'étude de deux carrières permet de subdiviser les roches y affleurant en trois ensembles : - les granitoïdes intrusifs représentés par des diorites dans le Massif de Burguillos et par des granites dans le Massif de Brovales ; - les roches de type skarn formées par l'effet de métasomatose ; - les roches carbonatées et les cornéennes a silicates calco-magnésiens et ferrifères

碩士
國立中山大學
高階經營碩士班
95
Abstract Bio-technology has been viewed as the “star” industry in the 21st century. To entrepreneurs around the world bio-technology has offered an enormous opportunity for development. Recently partly because of the encouragement of government incentive programme a large number of bio-tech related firms have been established. In Taiwan these firms are associated with several characteristics: small but innovative; high growth; highly active; technology-intensive; high R& D spending; low on manufacturing; lacking attention to intangible asset and so on. By synthesizing the literature review and intensive case studying, this study has concluded that the bio-tech firms in Taiwan have faced a number of key barriers including lacking of capital and capital trapping, lacking confidence and infrastructure, lacking attention to R&D. This study has adopted, in conjunction with those developed by Chen (year) and Tan (year), the Michael Porter’s diamond model to develop its research framework (Porter, year). This study has also utilised the SWOT and the five force model analysis method in its framework. This study has analysed two firms from each of the following industrial sectors: The research framework was proposed in light of intensive literature review. The research framework was examined by the data collected from both primary and secondary research. The main data collection methods employed were personal interviews with experts specialised in bio-technology and some secondary information. The key findings of this study include: (1) Though some traditional bio-tech industrial sectors are already saturated, some bio-technology related sectors are still emerging and developing. (2) It is found that the most important factors influencing CMO is the transaction cost, followed by resource dependence. (3) Transaction cost is negatively related to CMO while resource dependence is positively associated with CMO. The degree of satisfaction of CMO is also positively related to the degree of CMO. (4) Consistent with existing literature.The research concerning CMO needs to be explored from three aspects: economic costing, operational strategy and social costing. (5) Strategic alliance is widely evidenced in the management, for example, in the areas of research and development and marketing. In the future bio-technology firms are suggested to well utilise the capabilities of major research centres in order to overcome the barriers caused by the inadequacy of institutional laws and lacking of research funds. Key word:Biotech, Biotechnolog, Biotechnolog industry, CMO, CRO, SWOT Analysis。

碩士
朝陽科技大學
企業管理系碩士班
94
The Internet has created a new era. The more people use the network, the more enterprises rely on the Internet. Information technology (IT) can better marketing campaign through digitalizing creativities, commodities and service. In addition to that, IT can help businesses to interact with customers by the ways of high efficiency and low cost. The utilization of IT gives the way of improving competition to enterprises. This study is about the utilization and development of digital content marketing campaign. Through integration of technical literatures and actual analysis of cases study, this study concludes six sorts of digital content marketing campaign, which are planning of special website, the search engine marketing, the email marketing, the network advertisement, the network group, and the electronic commercial business. The effective construction was developed as following: to enhance the interaction with consumer effectively, to collect customer data effectively, to promote corporate brand name and image on the website, to increase the benefit of network advertisement and to create great sale achievements. This study was verified by proposition in order to understand the relationship between digital content marketing campaign and benefit result. The research discovered that correlation of interaction was existed between digital content marketing campaign and activity benefit. The conclusion from most adopted viewpoint, methodology and theory were meet each other. Nevertheless, part of digital content marketing campaigns will be different due to the problems of business resources and capabilities. Therefore, digitalization is a tendency to a company. However, only integrating relevant resources, utilizing network technology, transforming industrial knowledge into digitalization and implementing innovative and creative digital content marketing, can substantially improve the competitive ability of business.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
商業自動化與管理研究所
94
In Taiwan, there are many enterprises use Knowledge Management(KM) to provide knowledge service as their business competition tool and to get more profit at present. It means knowledge economy is coming. Recently biotech is booming. More and more companies use domain knowledge as their services. In the meantime, they meet a problem that they need precisely control each project in order to trace the schedule, revenue and cost spending. In cross oversea project, the more complicity multi-projects and the more computerized they need specifically. The Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) is a good way and good concept for the essential solution. We can consider each work item has lots of individual service by ontology idea that is individual. Each service can recombine a new work item or service, when as the organization or work flow changed dynamically. It will be flexible and provides any kinds of services automatically. This study focuses on biotech service industry on Contract Research Organization (CRO) field. Basically this SOA concept is going to develop the computerized service system, each Project Management (PM) has many services to provide to complete all work items. It proves it is feasible after model setup and it is good to help and reference for biotech computerization.

Cahokia’s northern hinterland can be conceptualized as extending north from the central Illinois River valley into the western and upper Great Lakes region. The northern tier of this hinterland can be thought of as a region north of the Apple River area of northwest Illinois and south of a line extending east from the mouth of the St. Croix River to the western shore of Lake Michigan. This area includes a wide range of landscapes, biotas, and cultures and this diversity is mirrored in the Cahokia-related manifestations found throughout the region. This chapter provides a brief comparison of three northern tier sites/complexes including Trempealeau, Fred Edwards, and Aztalan in order to highlight the diversity of Mississippian-related occupations in the area.

Biotech companies have been perceived has the Saint-Graal for economic development since a few years. But the economic downturn and a misunderstanding of the shift in innovation process, from a stage gate process to a user driven process placed, impairs biotech companies. Economic developer, which aims is to foster innovation to induce economic development asked themselves how to help innovation in the biotech sector to reach the market more rapidly and more efficiently. This book chapter present an overview in the innovation shift from the supply side to the demand side and propose a new model of intervention for economic developers in this new context of co-innovation.

ABSTRACT Crater-forming events are generally followed by the development of hydrothermal systems due to the rapid heating of the target rock. Such hydrothermal systems are a feature of nearly all large terrestrial impact structures. For the Siljan impact structure in Sweden, there is evidence for such a fossil hydrothermal system, possibly triggered by the impact event ca. 380 Ma. To investigate the thermal regime of the near-surface hydrothermal activity of the Siljan crater, biotite and amphibole grains extracted from samples collected in a transect across the high-pressure regime recorded by the central uplift, as well as from distal localities outside the central uplift of the crater, were dated using the 40Ar/39Ar laser step-heating technique. Our results show that biotite from inside the central uplift, which was strongly altered to chlorite by low-temperature (200–340 °C) hydrothermal reactions, yields strongly disturbed age spectra. The first and second (low laser power) step ages range from ca. 1300 to 190 Ma. In contrast, biotite from outside the central uplift and amphibole, irrespective of location inside or outside of the central uplift, are much less altered, which is reflected in less disturbed, near-flat age spectra. This result indicates that the hydrothermal temperatures inside the central uplift were >200 °C, sufficient to disturb the K-Ar system of biotite during its chloritization, but too low to affect the amphibole (closure temperature of 480–580 °C). In contrast, the temperature of the hydrothermal system outside of the central uplift was <200 °C, as no significant reset of the K-Ar system can be observed in either biotite or amphibole. Our results are consistent with estimated trapping temperatures from fluid inclusion studies, which show a decrease from 327–342 °C within the central uplift to 40–225 °C toward outside the central uplift. We conclude that the near-surface hydrothermal system in the Siljan impact structure was an impact-triggered system. This system was strongly active, with its highest temperature inside the central uplift and decreasing rapidly toward the outlying part of the crater.

This chapter concerns the subject of research-developmental activity of biotech spin-offs in Poland with particular reference to their strategy, determinants of their development and determinants of their financial standing. In the chapter, the authors analyse the determinants of biotech spin-offs and start-ups development in Poland in the light of the research commercialisation cooperation on the universities-business line. The literature overview contains the definition of a process for the commercialisation of the results of research and development (R&D) activity and components of companies' business models. The chapter defines key activities in the development of business models in the context of the commercialisation process and the life cycle of the company, especially at the start up and early stage. Quality-quantitative analysis includes the business models of seven biotechnology spin-offs traded on the alternative market of the Warsaw Stock Exchange, especially the structure of their intellectual capital, R&D expenses in relation to received subsides and grants, third-party shares in start up equity, and the ability to realise the “Go Global” strategy.

This chapter concerns the subject of research-developmental activity of biotech spin-offs in Poland with particular reference to their strategy, determinants of their development and determinants of their financial standing. In the chapter, the authors analyse the determinants of biotech spin-offs and start-ups development in Poland in the light of the research commercialisation cooperation on the universities-business line. The literature overview contains the definition of a process for the commercialisation of the results of research and development (R&D) activity and components of companies' business models. The chapter defines key activities in the development of business models in the context of the commercialisation process and the life cycle of the company, especially at the start up and early stage. Quality-quantitative analysis includes the business models of seven biotechnology spin-offs traded on the alternative market of the Warsaw Stock Exchange, especially the structure of their intellectual capital, R&D expenses in relation to received subsides and grants, third-party shares in start up equity, and the ability to realise the “Go Global” strategy.

This chapter concerns the subject of research-developmental activity of biotech spin-offs in Poland with particular reference to their strategy, determinants of their development and determinants of their financial standing. In the chapter, the authors analyse the determinants of biotech spin-offs and start-ups development in Poland in the light of the research commercialisation cooperation on the universities-business line. The literature overview contains the definition of a process for the commercialisation of the results of research and development (R&D) activity and components of companies' business models. The chapter defines key activities in the development of business models in the context of the commercialisation process and the life cycle of the company, especially at the start up and early stage. Quality-quantitative analysis includes the business models of seven biotechnology spin-offs traded on the alternative market of the Warsaw Stock Exchange, especially the structure of their intellectual capital, R&D expenses in relation to received subsides and grants, third-party shares in start up equity, and the ability to realise the “Go Global” strategy.

This chapter addresses the question of how the analysis of results retrieved from online bibliographic information systems changed over the last 32 years as digital libraries have evolved. It demonstrates that Digital Libraries of the future will enable knowledge discovery by providing direct access to the semantic content of documents through the implementation of text mining tools. To achieve this research with IR systems and text-mining tools, pipeline pilot (Bandy, et al., 2009), I2E (Vellay, 2009), and BioText will need to be conducted by experts in information retrieval not just subject scientific specialists.

This chapter examines the emergence of Debian, a community software project, from 1997 to 2002, showing how select, skilled programmers emerged as the custodians who guided Debian in the context of its highly distributed and pluralistic structure. These stewards functioned in a somewhat comparable fashion to the open elite in biotechnology, ushering in promising newcomers, policing free riders, and maintaining the norms of the community. In such a manner, this small community of gatekeepers helped mobilize resources and commitment to a model of governance that resembled the invisible college of biotech science described in chapter 13. Through the development of key signing practices, a membership process was monitored by a small number of gatekeepers who maintained the openness of the system.

Fibronectin has been proposed to have an antithrombotic effect, protecting against platelet and fibrinogen consumption after injury. For the supply of platelets the possibility of extending platelet storage is important forthe management of platelet logistics. This study was designed to determine the effect of storage on the contents and levels of fibro-nectin (FN) in whole blood and components suchas packed RBCs, PRPs and platelet concentrates (PC) in two different plastics. For care of critically ill patients the FN present in components often used in large amounts could supplement the use of purified FN as a source of this opsonic protein. FN protein was assayed using an electroimmunoassay as well as a turbidimetric assay for quantitative determination at 2 day intervals during storage of CPDA-1 stabilized red cells at 4° C for 35 days and daily during end-over-end rotational storage of platelets at 22° C in conventional plastic containers (I) and trimellitate plasticised polyvinylchlo-ride bags (II) (F-763 Biotest). Moreover platelet functional tests, fibrinogen, F XIII and F VIII-complex were tested. FN levels in red cell componentsgradually decreased during storage until to 40% of the initial levels. Platelets maintained a concentrationof 404 ±70 ug/dl (I) and 378±66 ug/dl(II). There were no significant differences between the values determined in the two differentbags over the 8-days storage period. This study demonstrate the stabilityof FN protein during storage and formore effective use of limited donor resources the FN content of each of these products should be considered when determing the dose of FN for replacement therapy in critically ill patients with FN depletion following trauma and surgery.

In the orogenic field Japanese islands, there are wide areas of crystalline rocks that inevitably contain groundwater conductive fractures associated with alteration zones. However, little attention has been given to the formation process and possible influence on the radionuclides migration from radioactive waste repository that might be sited within crystalline rock. In particular, the influences of alteration minerals and microfractures, due to chemical sorption and/or physical retardation are required to assess the realistic barrier function. In order to understand the alteration process and the retardation capacity, detailed mineralogical and physico-chemical characterization of altered crystalline rocks have been carried out. Mineralogical analysis reveals that the altered crystalline rocks have been formed through basically two stages of water-rock interaction during and after uplift. Physico-chemical characteristics including laboratory sorption experiments show that altered crystalline rock has a certain volume of accessible porosity, particularly in plagioclase grains, which would influence on nuclide retardation more than the accessible porosity in other minerals present, such as biotite. These results provide confidence that even altered and fractured parts of any crystalline rock that might be encountered in a site for the disposal of high-level radioactive waste may still play a role of barrier function.

Performance degradation and durability of PEM fuel cells depend strongly upon transport and deformation characteristics of their components especially the polymer membrane. Physical properties of the membrane, such as its ionic conductivity and Young’s modulus depend on its water content, which varies significantly with operating conditions and during transients. Recent studies indicate that cyclic transients may induce hygrothermal fatigue that leads to the ultimate failure of the membrane shortening its lifetime, and thus, hindering the reliable use PEM fuel cells for automotive applications. In this work, we present two-dimensional simulations and analysis of coupled deformation and transport in PEM fuel cells. A two-dimensional cross-section of anode and cathode gas diffusion layers, and the membrane sandwiched between them is modeled using Maxwell-Stefan equations in the gas diffusion layers, Biot’s poroelasticity and Darcy’s law for deformation and water transport in the membrane and Ohm’s law for ionic currents in the membrane and electric currents in the gas diffusion electrodes. Steady-state deformation and transport of water in the membrane, transient responses to step changes in load and relative humidity of the anode and cathode are obtained from simulation experiments, which are conducted by means of a commercial finite-element package, COMSOL Multiphysics.

The Port Leyden nelsonite is small magnetite-apatite-ilmenite ore body occurring in Mesoproterozoic metapelitic gneiss on the western margin of the Adirondack Highlands. It is unusual in that no compositionally adequate parent magma (e.g. jotunite or oxide-apatite gabbronorite) has been identified in the area (Darling and Florence, 1995).The nelsonite typically contains elevated levels of Zr (1400 to 2500 ppm) largely present in abundant modal zircon. The Zr abundances are considerably higher than normal levels of Zr solubility in non-peralkaline melts and suggests that some of the zircon modal fraction is inherited (Hanchar and Harrison, 2003).The zircon grains display both euhedral, oscillatory zoned cores (interpreted as igneous) and anhedral, irregular, compositionally homogeneous rims (interpreted as metamorphic or igneous). The oscillatory zoned cores contain small (2-10 micrometer), solid inclusions that have energy-dispersive X-ray spectra (EDS) consistent with quartz, K-feldspar, plagioclase, biotite, and apatite. Remarkably, no low-silica mafic mineral inclusions (e.g. orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, olivine) were observed in zircon.Felsic mineral inclusions in zircon from an igneous rock that has mafic magma affinities provides further evidence that the included cores of zircons in the Port Leyden nelsonite are inherited. This unusual occurrence may be possible considering that the mafic igneous rocks described above are part of the bimodal anorthosite-mangerite-charnockite-granite (AMCG) magmatic complex in the Adirondacks (McLelland et al, 1988). It is conceivable that during magma mixing, zircon from granite or charnockite may have become incorporated into coeval jotunite or oxide-apatite gabbronorite. Subsequently, the latter magma experienced either unmixing (Philpotts, 1967) or crystal settling (Dymek and Owens, 2001) to produce the Port Leyden nelsonite.