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Journal articles on the topic 'Contact engineering'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 September 2023

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1

Banerjee, Sneha, and Peng Zhang. "Review of recent studies on nanoscale electrical junctions and contacts: Quantum tunneling, current crowding, and interface engineering." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A 40, no. 3 (May 2022): 030802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/6.0001724.

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The study of charge carrier transport at nanoscale electrical contacts is crucial for the development of next-generation electronics. This paper reviews recent modeling efforts on quantum tunneling, current crowding, and contact resistance across electrical interfaces with nanometer scale dimensions. A generalized self-consistent model for quantum tunneling induced electron transport in metal–insulator–metal (MIM) junctions is summarized. Rectification of a dissimilar MIM junction is reviewed. A modified two-dimensional (2D) transmission line model is used to investigate the effects of spatially varying specific contact resistivity along the contact length. The model is applied to various types of electrical contacts, including ohmic contacts, MIM junction based tunneling contacts, and 2D-material-based Schottky contacts. Roughness engineering is recently proposed to offer a possible paradigm for reducing the contact resistance of 2D-material-based electrical contacts. Contact interface engineering, which can mitigate current crowding near electrical contacts by spatially designing the interface layer thickness or properties, without requiring an additional material or component, is briefly reviewed. Tunneling engineering is suggested to eliminate severe current crowding in highly conductive ohmic contacts by introducing a thin tunneling layer or gap between the contact members. Unsolved problems and challenges are also discussed.

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2

Shi, Xi, and Andreas A. Polycarpou. "Measurement and Modeling of Normal Contact Stiffness and Contact Damping at the Meso Scale." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 127, no. 1 (February 1, 2005): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1857920.

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Modeling of contact interfaces that inherently include roughness such as joints, clamping devices, and robotic contacts, is very important in many engineering applications. Accurate modeling of such devices requires knowledge of contact parameters such as contact stiffness and contact damping, which are not readily available. In this paper, an experimental method based on contact resonance is developed to extract the contact parameters of realistic rough surfaces under lightly loaded conditions. Both Hertzian spherical contacts and flat rough surfaces in contact under normal loads of up to 1000 mN were studied. Due to roughness, measured contact stiffness values are significantly lower than theoretical values predicted from smooth surfaces in contact. Also, the measured values favorably compare with theoretical values based on both Hertzian and rough contact surfaces. Contact damping ratio values were found to decrease with increasing contact load for both Hertzian and flat surfaces. Furthermore, Hertzian contacts have larger damping compared to rough flat surfaces, which also agrees with the literature. The presence of minute amount of lubricant and wear debris at the interface was also investigated. It was found that both lubricant and wear debris decrease the contact stiffness significantly though only the lubricant significantly increases the damping.

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3

Asada, S., Koji Hashimoto, Yutaka S. Sato, Kenji Fukuda, and M. Ueki. "Rolling Contact Fatigue of Engineering Ceramics." Solid State Phenomena 25-26 (January 1992): 627–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.25-26.627.

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4

Helm, Francesca, and Tejane Dabre. "Engineering a ‘contact zone’ through translanguaging." Language and Intercultural Communication 18, no. 1 (November 20, 2017): 144–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14708477.2017.1400509.

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5

Zhang, Peng, Yiwei Zhang, Yi Wei, Huaning Jiang, Xingguo Wang, and Yongji Gong. "Contact engineering for two-dimensional semiconductors." Journal of Semiconductors 41, no. 7 (July 2020): 071901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-4926/41/7/071901.

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6

Hussain, Muhammad, Hossain Fahad, and Ramy Qaisi. "Contact engineering for nano-scale CMOS." physica status solidi (a) 209, no. 10 (September 10, 2012): 1954–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssa.201200343.

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7

Passi, Vikram, Amit Gahoi, Enrique G. Marin, Teresa Cusati, Alessandro Fortunelli, Giuseppe Iannaccone, Gianluca Fiori, and Max C. Lemme. "Ultralow Specific Contact Resistivity in Metal–Graphene Junctions via Contact Engineering." Advanced Materials Interfaces 6, no. 1 (November 26, 2018): 1801285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/admi.201801285.

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8

Hu, Jianqiao, Fuhai Gao, Xiaoming Liu, and Yueguang Wei. "An elasto-plastic contact model for conformal contacts between cylinders." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 234, no. 12 (December 22, 2019): 1837–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650119896461.

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In this paper, we present a new model for the elasto-plastic conformal contact between cylinders. By using finite element simulation, it is observed that the transition of elasto-plastic contact in conformal case is different from the transition in Hertz contact. The plastic contact of conformal case can be physically represented by the plastic-Winkler model. The new model provides an explicit solution for the normal force–displacement relation of elasto-plastic conformal contact. Compared to other elastic contact models of conformal contact, the advantages of our model are: (1) it can be used for high load contact and (2) plasticity is taken into account by using the plastic-Winkler model. Our model, therefore, is capable of dealing with realistic engineering problem with high load and plasticity.

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9

Amini Sarabi, Mohammad, and Parisa Hosseini Tehrani. "A New Combined Model for considering the Plasticity Effects in Contacting Asperities." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (November 18, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4640204.

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Wheel-rail contact in railway engineering is an important topic. Due to different materials and surface roughness of wheel and rail, the contact characteristics can alter significantly. This article aims to investigate the effects of surface roughness and asperities on the contact parameters such as contact area, contact force, and contact stiffness. The lateral contacts between asperities are assumed to be the general contact condition. Azimuthal and contact angles distributions are assumed to be spherical harmonic distribution. This assumption is compatible with the asperity distribution on the wheel and the rail surfaces. Besides, a new combined model is developed to cover the stick-slip and the plasticity effects in contacting asperities. The results of the presented model offer very good estimations for the asperities contact characteristics, especially at the small-contact area and separation where high-contact pressure and plastic deformation usually exist.

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10

Richstein, Benjamin, Lena Hellmich, and Joachim Knoch. "Silicon Nitride Interface Engineering for Fermi Level Depinning and Realization of Dopant-Free MOSFETs." Micro 1, no. 2 (November 21, 2021): 228–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/micro1020017.

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Problems with doping in nanoscale devices or low temperature applications are widely known. Our approach to replace the degenerate doping in source/drain (S/D)-contacts is silicon nitride interface engineering. We measured Schottky diodes and MOSFETs with very thin silicon nitride layers in between silicon and metal. Al/SiN/p-Si diodes show Fermi level depinning with increasing SiN thickness. The diode fabricated with rapid thermal nitridation at 900 ∘C reaches the theoretical value of the Schottky barrier to the conduction band ΦSB,n=0.2 eV. As a result, the contact resistivity decreases and the ambipolar behavior can be suppressed. Schottky barrier MOSFETs with depinned S/D-contacts consisting of a thin silicon nitride layer and contact metals with different work functions are fabricated to demonstrate unipolar behavior. We presented n-type behavior with Al and p-type behavior with Co on samples which only distinguish by the contact metal. Thus, the thermally grown SiN layers are a useful method suppress Fermi level pinning and enable reconfigurable contacts by choosing an appropriate metal.

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11

Seik Oh, M. Bryant, and Young Yune. "Steady State Contact Pressures in Electrical Contacts." IEEE Transactions on Components, Hybrids, and Manufacturing Technology 11, no. 1 (March 1988): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tchmt.1988.1134874.

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12

Zheng, Yue, Jing Gao, Cheng Han, and Wei Chen. "Ohmic Contact Engineering for Two-Dimensional Materials." Cell Reports Physical Science 2, no. 1 (January 2021): 100298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrp.2020.100298.

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13

Schulman, Daniel S., Andrew J. Arnold, and Saptarshi Das. "Contact engineering for 2D materials and devices." Chemical Society Reviews 47, no. 9 (2018): 3037–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cs00828g.

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Over the past decade, the field of two-dimensional (2D) layered materials has surged, promising a new platform for studying diverse physical phenomena that are scientifically intriguing and technologically relevant.

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14

Sheng, Daichao, Peter Wriggers, and Scott W. Sloan. "Application of Frictional Contact in Geotechnical Engineering." International Journal of Geomechanics 7, no. 3 (May 2007): 176–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1532-3641(2007)7:3(176).

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15

Fischer-Cripps,, AC, and KL Johnson,. "Introduction to Contact Mechanics. Mechanical Engineering Series." Applied Mechanics Reviews 55, no. 3 (May 1, 2002): B51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1470678.

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16

Tosone, Carlo. "A contact problem of the structural engineering." Journal of Interdisciplinary Mathematics 5, no. 2 (January 2002): 97–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09720502.2002.10700309.

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17

Liu, Chuan, Yong Xu, and Yong-Young Noh. "Contact engineering in organic field-effect transistors." Materials Today 18, no. 2 (March 2015): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2014.08.037.

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18

Koruga, Đuro, Dragomir Stamenković, Ivan Djuricic, Ivana Mileusnic, Jovana Šakota, Božica Bojović, and Zorana Golubovoć. "Nanophotonic Rigid Contact Lenses: Engineering and Characterization." Advanced Materials Research 633 (January 2013): 239–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.633.239.

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Contact lenses are a common optical aid to provide help with refractive anomalies of the human eye. Construction of contact lenses is a complex engineering task as it requires knowledge of optics, materials science, production and characterization methods for product quality. Besides correcting refractive anomalies, by using contact lenses it is possible to change the characteristics of light through the manipulation of material structure properties. Nanomaterials, such as fullerene C60, are candidates for the medium that interacts with light, thus changing its properties. During material syntheses for contact lenses, fullerenes are added to the base material and optical characteristics of the new nanophotonic material are compared with the base material. The engineering, manufacture and characterization of both a commercial and a new nanophotonic contact lens is presented in this paper. The interaction of water with both base and nanophotonic contact lens materials is described. Using experimental techniques, the phenomena of an exclusion zone (EZ) is also identified.

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19

Bruel, Charles, Salomé Queffeulou, Theron Darlow, Nick Virgilio, Jason R. Tavares, and Gregory S. Patience. "Experimental methods in chemical engineering: Contact angles." Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 97, no. 4 (March 13, 2019): 832–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjce.23408.

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20

Wu, Tong, and Jing Guo. "Multiscale modeling of semimetal contact to two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide semiconductor." Applied Physics Letters 121, no. 2 (July 11, 2022): 023507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0097213.

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A multiscale simulation approach is developed to simulate the contact transport properties between semimetal and a monolayer two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) semiconductor. The results elucidate the mechanisms for low contact resistance between semimetal and TMDC semiconductor contacts from a quantum transport perspective. The simulation results compare favorably with recent experiments. Furthermore, the results show that the contact resistance of a bismuth-MoS2 contact can be further reduced by engineering the dielectric environment and doping the TMDC material to [Formula: see text]. The quantum transport simulation indicates the possibility to achieve an ultrashort contact transfer length of ∼1 nm, which can allow aggressive scaling of the contact size.

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21

Fernandez Rico, J. E., A. Hernandez Battez, and D. Garcia Cuervo. "Rolling contact fatigue in lubricated contacts." Tribology International 36, no. 1 (January 2003): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-679x(02)00097-x.

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22

Lv, Yang, Yi Lin Zhou, and Wei Kong. "The Effects of One Sided Gold Finish on the Reliability of Electrical Contacts under Fretting Conditions." Advanced Materials Research 118-120 (June 2010): 468–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.118-120.468.

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The electric contact is one of the most primary elements to affect the reliability of the electric systems. Gold finish can maintain high contact reliability but increase the manufacture cost. In this paper, the effects of one sided gold plated contacts with various thickness of gold finish on the contact reliability were investigated. The failure mechanism of the one sided gold plated contacts under fretting conditions was analyzed. The contact life and the optimum thickness of the one sided gold finish under fretting conditions was achieved and compared. The effect of the curvature of the probes on the contact life was also discussed.

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23

Karpenko, Yu A., and Adnan Akay. "A Numerical Method for Analysis of Extended Rough Wavy Surfaces in Contact." Journal of Tribology 124, no. 4 (September 24, 2002): 668–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1467082.

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Topographies of engineering surfaces normally have both random and periodic components, designated as surface roughness and waviness. True contacts between two such surfaces develop between the peaks, or asperities, on each surface. The waviness of the surfaces determines the spatial distribution of true contacts over the interface such that true contacts on wavy surfaces occur at and near the wave crests. This paper presents a computational method for analysis of contact between two rough wavy surfaces for which the nominal contact area may be arbitrarily large. The model used here combines local deflection of a contact point due only to the force acting on it with the non-local deflection of the same point due to forces at all other points of the surfaces. Using a three-stage loop similar to multi-level substructuring in finite element analysis and a nested iterative approach, the proposed method calculates the true contact area for a large number of asperity contacts, O103. Results of calculations show how contact parameters change with external load and also demonstrate the validity of the method.

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24

Wittmaack, Martin, Markus André, and Katharina Schmitz. "Untersuchung des Einflusses der Oberflächentopografie auf EHD-Kontakte mittels FE-Simulation." Tribologie und Schmierungstechnik 70, no. 3 (August 14, 2023): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24053/tus-2023-0012.

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Surface topography has a strong influence on friction in lubricated sealing contacts. In this context, FE contact simulations of measured representative surface sections are presented and compared with the wellknown Greenwood-Williamson contact model. Based on the FE simulation, the flow factors for the deformed gap topography are determined. This enables the consideration of real surface topography in EHD simulations of engineering parts.

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25

Zhang, Siyuan, Son T. Le, Curt A. Richter, and Christina A. Hacker. "Improved contacts to p-type MoS2 transistors by charge-transfer doping and contact engineering." Applied Physics Letters 115, no. 7 (August 12, 2019): 073106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5100154.

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26

Dwyer-Joyce, R. S. "The Application of Ultrasonic NDT Techniques in Tribology." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 219, no. 5 (May 1, 2005): 347–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/135065005x9763.

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The use of ultrasonic reflection is emerging as a technique for studying tribological contacts. Ultrasonic waves can be transmitted non-destructively through machine components and their behaviour at an interface describes the characteristics of that contact. This paper is a review of the current state of understanding of the mechanisms of ultrasonic reflection at interfaces, and how this has been used to investigate the processes of dry rough surface contact and lubricated contact. The review extends to cover how ultrasound has been used to study the tribological function of certain engineering machine elements.

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27

Gu, Hao, and Kang Liu. "Influence of Soil Heterogeneity on the Contact Problems in Geotechnical Engineering." Applied Sciences 11, no. 9 (May 7, 2021): 4240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11094240.

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Contact problems are widely encountered in geotechnical engineering, such as the contact between soils and concrete used in earth and rockfill dams, tunnels and coastal levees. Due to the unknown contact region and contact forces, the contact problems have strong boundary nonlinearity. In addition, soils have been recognized as heterogeneous materials in geotechnical engineering. The existence of the soil heterogeneity increases the nonlinearity of the contact problems. Currently, the contact problems are mostly analysed without considering the soil heterogeneity, which may not reflect the contact behavior well. In order to investigate the influence of soil heterogeneity on the contact problems, in this paper, a simple plane-strain contact problem is analysed as an example. In this example, Young’s modulus is taken to be a spatially variable. The local average subdivision (LAS) is used to model the heterogeneity of Young’s modulus. The penalty method is utilised to determine the contact behavior. By the first use of linking the penalty method with the LAS, the proposed approach can be used to analyse the contact problems considering soil heterogeneity. The results show that the influence of soil heterogeneity on the elastic contact problems is significant. The contact forces of the heterogeneous case present apparent variation compared to the results of the homogeneous case. The distribution of the contact force at a specific point is also normal when Young’s modulus is normally distributed, moreover, the coefficient of variation (COV) and the horizontal scale of fluctuation of Young’s modulus affect the extent of variation of the normal contact forces. The standard deviation of the normal contact force increases with the increase of the COV and decreases with the increase of the horizontal scale of fluctuation of Young’s modulus. From the analyses, to better predict the deformation/stress in the contact problems, heterogeneity needs to be considered.

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28

Hermann, Johannes, Daniel Bischoff, Phillip Grob, Robert Janowski, Dariusch Hekmat, Dierk Niessing, Martin Zacharias, and Dirk Weuster-Botz. "Controlling Protein Crystallization by Free Energy Guided Design of Interactions at Crystal Contacts." Crystals 11, no. 6 (May 24, 2021): 588. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11060588.

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Protein crystallization can function as an effective method for protein purification or formulation. Such an application requires a comprehensive understanding of the intermolecular protein–protein interactions that drive and stabilize protein crystal formation to ensure a reproducible process. Using alcohol dehydrogenase from Lactobacillus brevis (LbADH) as a model system, we probed in our combined experimental and computational study the effect of residue substitutions at the protein crystal contacts on the crystallizability and the contact stability. Increased or decreased contact stability was calculated using molecular dynamics (MD) free energy simulations and showed excellent qualitative correlation with experimentally determined increased or decreased crystallizability. The MD simulations allowed us to trace back the changes to their physical origins at the atomic level. Engineered charge–charge interactions as well as engineered hydrophobic effects could be characterized and were found to improve crystallizability. For example, the simulations revealed a redesigning of a water mediated electrostatic interaction (“wet contact”) into a water depleted hydrophobic effect (“dry contact”) and the optimization of a weak hydrogen bonding contact towards a strong one. These findings explained the experimentally found improved crystallizability. Our study emphasizes that it is difficult to derive simple rules for engineering crystallizability but that free energy simulations could be a very useful tool for understanding the contribution of crystal contacts for stability and furthermore could help guide protein engineering strategies to enhance crystallization for technical purposes.

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29

Tóth, Dániel. "Engineering Application of Reverse Engineering Technology." Design of Machines and Structures 12, no. 2 (2022): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.32972/dms.2022.021.

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Scanners operating on the optical principle are devices for recording the physical geometry of bodies suitable for non-contact measurement which work in the visible light range. These use the difference in contrasts and the strength of the reflected light for the measurement, by using the classic triangulation principle. This article focuses on reverse engineering technologies and optical scanning process.

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30

Biboulet, N., A. A. Lubrecht, and L. Houpert. "Contact pressure in indented elastohydrodynamic lubrication contacts." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 222, no. 3 (March 2008): 415–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/13506501jet324.

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31

Ren, Wanbin, Yu Chen, Zhaobin Wang, Shengjun Xue, and Xu Zhang. "Electrical Contact Resistance of Coated Spherical Contacts." IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 63, no. 11 (November 2016): 4373–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ted.2016.2612545.

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32

Norberg, G., S. Dejanovic, and H. Hesselbom. "Contact resistance of thin metal film contacts." IEEE Transactions on Components and Packaging Technologies 29, no. 2 (June 2006): 371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcapt.2006.875891.

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33

Olver, A. V., and D. Dini. "Roughness in lubricated rolling contact: The dry contact limit." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 221, no. 7 (July 1, 2007): 787–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/13506501jet318.

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A difficulty with the standard fast Fourier transform (FFT) perturbation model of roughness in lubricated rolling contacts is that it does not necessarily converge towards the elastic case as the film thickness is reduced; rather it leads to a situation in which all the roughness is completely flattened. This is rarely the case for real engineering surfaces. Here, it is shown that this difficulty can be avoided by carrying out a Fourier transform of the elastostatically flattened roughness and using the resulting (complex) amplitude as the low-film thickness limit of each Fourier component in the elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) analysis. Results give a plausible convergence to the elastostatic solution, which is nevertheless consistent with the expected near-full-film EHL behaviour and which becomes identical to the earlier model for roughness that, statically, can be fully flattened. As expected, hydrodynamic action persists at the finest scale, even for very thin films.

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34

ASADA, Shuji, Kanao FUKUDA, and Masanori UEKI. "Surface Damage of Engineering Ceramics in Rolling Contact." Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan 105, no. 1219 (1997): 238–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2109/jcersj.105.238.

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35

Boehm, B. "Software engineering is a value-based contact sport." IEEE Software 19, no. 5 (September 2002): 95–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ms.2002.1032863.

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36

Young, K. K., P. E. Riley, W. Uesato, T. J. Whetten, H. K. Hu, G. W. Ray, S. Peng, and K. Y. Chiu. "Advanced 'contact engineering' for submicron VLSI multilevel metallization." IEEE Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing 6, no. 1 (1993): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/66.210655.

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37

Mleczko, Michal J., Andrew C. Yu, Christopher M. Smyth, Victoria Chen, Yong Cheol Shin, Sukti Chatterjee, Yi-Chia Tsai, Yoshio Nishi, Robert M. Wallace, and Eric Pop. "Contact Engineering High-Performance n-Type MoTe2 Transistors." Nano Letters 19, no. 9 (July 17, 2019): 6352–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02497.

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38

Qin, Fanglu, Yunxia Hu, PingAn Hu, and Wei Feng. "Contact engineering high-performance ambipolar multilayer tellurium transistors." Nanotechnology 31, no. 11 (December 23, 2019): 115204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ab5bec.

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39

Porter, Richard L., and Hugh Fuller. "A New “Contact-Based” First Year Engineering Course*." Journal of Engineering Education 87, no. 4 (October 1998): 399–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2168-9830.1998.tb00371.x.

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40

Brockman, I., C. Sieber, and R. Mroczkowski. "A Limited Study of the Effects of Contact Normal Force, Contact Geometry, and Wipe Distance on the Contact Resistance of Gold-Plated Contacts." IEEE Transactions on Components, Hybrids, and Manufacturing Technology 11, no. 4 (December 1988): 393–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tchmt.1988.1134958.

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41

Liu, Xuefei, Zhaofu Zhang, Zijiang Luo, Bing Lv, and Zhao Ding. "Tunable Electronic Properties of Graphene/g-AlN Heterostructure: The Effect of Vacancy and Strain Engineering." Nanomaterials 9, no. 12 (November 23, 2019): 1674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9121674.

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The structural and electronic properties of graphene/graphene-like Aluminum Nitrides monolayer (Gr/g-AlN) heterojunction with and without vacancies are systematically investigated by first-principles calculation. The results prove that Gr/g-AlN with nitrogen-vacancy (Gr/g-AlN-VN) is energy favorable with the smallest sublayer distance and binding energy. Gr/g-AlN-VN is nonmagnetic, like that in the pristine Gr/g-AlN structure, but it is different from the situation of g-AlN-VN, where a magnetic moment of 1 μB is observed. The metallic graphene acts as an electron acceptor in the Gr/g-AlN-VN and donor in Gr/g-AlN and Gr/g-AlN-VAl contacts. Schottky barrier height Φ B , n by traditional (hybrid) functional of Gr/g-AlN, Gr/g-AlN-VAl, and Gr/g-AlN-VN are calculated as 2.35 (3.69), 2.77 (3.23), and 1.10 (0.98) eV, respectively, showing that vacancies can effectively modulate the Schottky barrier height. Additionally, the biaxial strain engineering is conducted to modulate the heterojunction contact properties. The pristine Gr/g-AlN, which is a p-type Schottky contact under strain-free condition, would transform to an n-type contact when 10% compressive strain is applied. Ohmic contact is formed under a larger tensile strain. Furthermore, 7.5% tensile strain would tune the Gr/g-AlN-VN from n-type to p-type contact. These plentiful tunable natures would provide valuable guidance in fabricating nanoelectronics devices based on Gr/g-AlN heterojunctions.

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42

Loewenthal, S. H. "Spin Analysis of Concentrated Traction Contacts." Journal of Mechanisms, Transmissions, and Automation in Design 108, no. 1 (March 1, 1986): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3260788.

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Spin, the result of a mismatch in contact radii on either side of the point of rolling, has a detrimental effect on traction contact performance. It occurs in concentrated contacts having conical or contoured rolling elements, such as those in traction drives or angular contact bearings, and is responsible for an increase in contact heating and power loss. This investigation examines the kinematics of spin-producing contact geometries and the subsequent effect on traction and power loss. The influence of lubricant traction characteristics and contact geometries that minimize spin are also addressed.

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43

Sivitski, Alina, and Priit Põdra. "Contact Stiffness Parameters for Finite Element Modeling of Contact." Key Engineering Materials 799 (April 2019): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.799.211.

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Contact modeling could be widely used for different machine elements normal contact pressure calculations and wear simulations. However, classical contact models as for example Hertz contact models have many assumptions (contact bodies are elastic, the contact between bodies is ellipse-shaped, contact is frictionless and non-conforming). In conditions, when analytical calculations cannot be performed and experimental research is economically inexpedient, numerical methods have been applied for solving such engineering tasks. Contact stiffness parameters appear to be one of the most influential factors during finite element modeling of contact. Contact stiffness factors are usually selected according to finite element analysis software recommendations. More precise analysis of contact stiffness parameters is often required for finite element modeling of contact.

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Liu, Wei Feng, Yan Min Zhang, Ke Xing Song, Pei Feng Zhao, and Li Zhang. "Finite Element Analysis and Optimization for the High Voltage Disconnector Self-Elastic Contact Base on ANSYS Workbench." Materials Science Forum 704-705 (December 2011): 510–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.704-705.510.

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Developing a reliable engineering product requires huge amount of resources and knowledge. Often a huge amount of resources were wasted in trying to test products and understanding its reliability performances. Consequently, it takes obvious advantages of resources to develop a reliable engineering product using convenient and fast process in the fierce industrial competition. This paper optimized the structure of high voltage disconnector self-elastic contacts based on ANSYS Workbench. The parts are made of Cu-Cr alloy, the physical property is decided by the content of alloys, and the mechanical property is mainly decided by physical dimensions of self-elastic contacts which include section thickness, corner radius and middle groove width. The traditional design method for self-elastic contacts is tryout design which wastes huge amount of resources and knowledge and it is comparatively uneconomical. Using ANSYS workbench, the finite element model of the self-elastic contact was established, and the finite element analysis was carried out. Design spaces and sensitivity of the response variables, which were related to strength, stiffness and mass, were synthetically analyzed based on design of experiment and physical dimensions of self-elastic contact were optimized by the Optimizer DesignXplorer. After optimization, the self-elastic contact meets service conditions accurately, and the service life is evidently prolonged. Optimization results show that this structure optimization method based on ANSYS workbench is effective in the contact structure design and the capabilities to optimize multi-objective conﬂicting goals are highlighted. Keywords: Self-elastic contact; FEA; Optimization; ANSYS Workbench

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Rangel-Kuoppa, Victor-Tapio, Sami Suihkonen, Markku Sopanen, and Harri Lipsanen. "Metal Contacts on InN: Proposal for Schottky Contact." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 45, no. 1A (January 10, 2006): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.45.36.

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Kwok, Kin On, Ben Cowling, Vivian Wei, Steven Riley, and Jonathan M. Read. "Temporal variation of human encounters and the number of locations in which they occur: a longitudinal study of Hong Kong residents." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 15, no. 138 (January 2018): 20170838. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2017.0838.

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Patterns of social contact between individuals are important for the transmission of many pathogens and shaping patterns of immunity at the population scale. To refine our understanding of how human social behaviour may change over time, we conducted a longitudinal study of Hong Kong residents. We recorded the social contact patterns for 1450 individuals, up to four times each between May 2012 and September 2013. We found individuals made contact with an average of 12.5 people within 2.9 geographical locations, and spent an average estimated total duration of 9.1 h in contact with others during a day. Distributions of the number of contacts and locations in which contacts were made were not significantly different between study waves. Encounters were assortative by age, and the age mixing pattern was broadly consistent across study waves. Fitting regression models, we examined the association of contact rates (number of contacts, total duration of contact, number of locations) with covariates and calculated the inter- and intra-participant variation in contact rates. Participant age was significantly associated with the number of contacts made, the total duration of contact and the number of locations in which contact occurred, with children and parental-age adults having the highest rates of contact. The number of contacts and contact duration increased with the number of contact locations. Intra-individual variation in contact rate was consistently greater than inter-individual variation. Despite substantial individual-level variation, remarkable consistency was observed in contact mixing at the population scale. This suggests that aggregate measures of mixing behaviour derived from cross-sectional information may be appropriate for population-scale modelling purposes, and that if more detailed models of social interactions are required for improved public health modelling, further studies are needed to understand the social processes driving intra-individual variation.

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Kong, Hai-Yan, and Ji-Huan He. "A novel friction law." Thermal Science 16, no. 5 (2012): 1529–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci1205529k.

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Frictional force is a vitally important factor in the application of engineering either in macroscopic contacts or in micro/nanoscale contacts. Understanding of the influencing factors about frictional force is essential for the design of miniaturized devices and the use of minimal friction force. In the paper, dimensional analysis is used to analysis factors relative to frictional force. We show that the frictional force scales with where A is the contact area and N is the normal contact force. An experiment is carried out to verify the new friction law.

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Stumpfová, Alena. "Allergic contact dermatitis versus irritant contact dermatitis." Dermatologie pro praxi 17, no. 1 (March 28, 2023): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.36290/der.2023.009.

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Aichi, Hisashi, Hanji Satone, and Iwao Miyachi. "Contact resistance of neighboring multiple contact." IEEJ Transactions on Power and Energy 105, no. 10 (1985): 821–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejpes1972.105.821.

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Chen, Shen Li, and Min Hua Lee. "ESD and LU Immunities of LV nMOSFETs by the Drain-Contact Variations." Advanced Materials Research 798-799 (September 2013): 608–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.798-799.608.

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The non-uniform turned-on issue of a multi-finger GGnMOS is deeply affect the ESD robustness. This paper introduces a drain-side engineering: by removing the drain contacts to increase the Ron value of a GGnMOS. However, after the actual systematic testing, it can be concluded that removing the drain contacts will obviously decrease the ESD capability and this way is not good for the ESD ability. The It2 value in the Type-1.1 DUT becomes only 56% of the reference group (Ref. DUT). The It2 value will increase as along with the contact number to increase. Meanwhile, the layout pattern of the contacts concentrated around the both ends will have a higher It2 value, i.e., (It2)type2 > (It2)type1, the increasing percentage of It2 values of Type-2 as compared with Type-1 can be up to 8.63%. So, a drain-contact arrangement will strongly affect the device ESD ability.

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