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Journal articles on the topic 'Contact measuring methods'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Massaroni, Carlo, Andrea Nicolò, Daniela Lo Presti, Massimo Sacchetti, Sergio Silvestri, and Emiliano Schena. "Contact-Based Methods for Measuring Respiratory Rate." Sensors 19, no. 4 (February 21, 2019): 908. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19040908.

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There is an ever-growing demand for measuring respiratory variables during a variety of applications, including monitoring in clinical and occupational settings, and during sporting activities and exercise. Special attention is devoted to the monitoring of respiratory rate because it is a vital sign, which responds to a variety of stressors. There are different methods for measuring respiratory rate, which can be classed as contact-based or contactless. The present paper provides an overview of the currently available contact-based methods for measuring respiratory rate. For these methods, the sensing element (or part of the instrument containing it) is attached to the subject’s body. Methods based upon the recording of respiratory airflow, sounds, air temperature, air humidity, air components, chest wall movements, and modulation of the cardiac activity are presented. Working principles, metrological characteristics, and applications in the respiratory monitoring field are presented to explore potential development and applicability for each method.
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SATO, Atsushi. "Non-contact Measuring Methods for Areal Surface Texture." Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering 81, no. 10 (2015): 922–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2493/jjspe.81.922.

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3

Yan, Qing Dong, Cheng Liu, and Wei Wei. "Comparative Research on Contact and Non-Contact Measuring Methods of 3D Twisted Blades in a Torque Converter." Advanced Materials Research 139-141 (October 2010): 2102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.139-141.2102.

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The contact and non-contact measuring methods were adopted to measure the twisted blades of the turbine in a casting torque converter. The curves were reconstructed using the B-spline and Bezier curve. Then the blade parameters were extracted based on the conformal transformation. Compared with the original data of the designed blades, measuring results of both methods were effective, while errors existed during both measuring processes including data missing error, measurement error and fitting error. Compared with the contact measuring method, the non-contact measuring method needed improvement because of its larger errors, which is mainly caused by the shrink and distortion of silicone rubber. But non-contact measuring method will be a trend in measurement system because of its own advantages such as expeditiousness, automation and the ability of acquiring relatively comprehensive information.
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Holland, Isabel, Nicole V. DeVille, Matthew H. E. M. Browning, Ryan M. Buehler, Jaime E. Hart, J. Aaron Hipp, Richard Mitchell, et al. "Measuring Nature Contact: A Narrative Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 8 (April 13, 2021): 4092. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084092.

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While many studies suggest evidence for the health benefits of nature, there is currently no standardized method to measure time spent in nature or nature contact, nor agreement on how best to define nature contact in research. The purpose of this review is to summarize how nature contact has been measured in recent health research and provide insight into current metrics of exposure to nature at individual and population scales. The most common methods include surrounding greenness, questionnaires, and global positioning systems (GPS) tracking. Several national-level surveys exist, though these are limited by their cross-sectional design, often measuring only a single component of time spent in nature, and poor links to measures of health. In future research, exposure assessment combining the quantifying (e.g., time spent in nature and frequency of visits to nature) and qualifying (e.g., greenness by the normalized difference of vegetation index (NDVI) and ratings on perception by individuals) aspects of current methods and leveraging innovative methods (e.g., experience sampling methods, ecological momentary assessment) will provide a more comprehensive understanding of the health effects of nature exposure and inform health policy and urban planning.
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Kaťuch, Peter, Miroslav Dovica, Stanislav Slosarč’k, and Jozef Kováč. "Comparision of Contact and Contactless Measuring Methods for Form Evaluation." Procedia Engineering 48 (2012): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.09.514.

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6

Yang, Jun Ru, Zhao Qian Li, and Chuan Zhen Huang. "Overview on Measuring Methods of Bond Strength of Cladding Material." Materials Science Forum 471-472 (December 2004): 630–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.471-472.630.

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Bond strength is a key property to evaluate quality of cladding layer. According to the thickness of the cladding, surface cladding layer can be classified into two categories: thick and thin layer. The later is usually called thin film. Bond strength includes static and dynamic bond strength. As to thick cladding layer, main measuring methods of static bond strength are sticking extension method, interfacial indentation method, shearing method, fracture mechanics method. Contact fatigue method is the main measuring method of dynamic bond strength. As to thin film, main measuring methods of static bond strength are extension method, scratching method, indentation method, scraping method, bulge blister method, laser spallation method and so on. The main measuring methods of dynamic bond strength are facing contact rolling method and ball contact rolling method. The paper made overview on all above methods.
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Domański, Tomasz. "Examples of modern methods of measuring deformations." MATEC Web of Conferences 157 (2018): 05004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815705004.

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The work presents examples of possibilities created by multi-unit 3D correlation system. Experience is the non-contact measurement of displacement and strains of slender compression bars or tensile samples. Experimental research show that as a result of axial compression of slender elements with the length substantially exceeding the cross-sectional dimensions, element destruction occurs at loads less than the respective compressive strength, resulting in deformation of the object. We present the results of numerical analysis, compared with exercise of carrying on a test bench.
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8

Batanov, S. D., O. S. Starostina, and I. A. Baranova. "Non-contact methods of cattle conformation assessment using mobile measuring systems." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 315 (August 23, 2019): 032006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/315/3/032006.

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9

Mordasov, M. M., A. P. Savenkov, and K. E. Chechetov. "Non-contact methods for measuring the surface tension of liquids (review)." Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials 86, no. 4 (April 23, 2020): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2020-86-4-29-38.

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A review of non-contact methods for determining the surface tension of liquids along with analysis of the physical effects underlying them is presented. A review of non-contact methods for determining the surface tension of liquids along with analysis of the physical effects underlying them is presented. The advantages, disadvantages, possible ranges of measurements and scope of non-contact methods are discussed. Passive methods do not require any stimulation of the measurement object whereas active methods, when implemented, affect the liquid under study. Electrical, electromagnetic, acoustic, jet, and mechanical methods used for excitation of capillary waves are described in analysis of the methods based on capillary waves intended to study the properties of surface-active substances. We also considered methods based on the processes occurred in an oscillating or rotating levitating drop of liquid (containerless technology) used to study the properties of melts and methods based on local deformation of the liquid surface by the electric field, acoustic pulse, and gas jet. It is shown that aerodynamic methods based on deformation of the liquid surface under control by a gas stream are the most promising for standard laboratory conditions. It is noted that containerless methods should be used in zero gravity tests, whereas the methods based on capillary waves or deformation of the liquid surface with a focused acoustic pulse appeared useful in testing inviscid liquids. Methods based on electrical deformation of the liquid surface under control are limited with the thickness of the liquid layer, relatively high sensitivity to the density and dielectric constant of the liquid, and some other uncontrolled factors. It was also noted that aerodynamic non-contact method of the surface tension determination is characterized by low sensitivity to the density and viscosity of the controlled liquid. The presented review of non-contact methods of the surface tension determination provides optimal choice of the method most suited for solving specific measurement problems.
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10

Shang, Xiao Mei, Jie Chen, and Zhong Yi Wang. "Stability and Correlation Analysis of Data Obtained by Contact and Non-Contact Measuring Body." Advanced Materials Research 156-157 (October 2010): 600–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.156-157.600.

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Today, high technology is transforming traditional industry. The science, suitable measuring technique and data application method are the basis of large-scale manufacture realizing, which not only meet individual consumer demand, but also are meaningful to raise the economic efficiency and reduce production cycle of custom-made. Custom-made enterprise always has its own contact measuring method and mechanism, which uses uniform size clothing to wear or measurement by manual re-confirm to obtain data.The efficiency of this method is low and its accuracy is poor. But non-contact measuring method has problems in application of equipment and can not completely replace manual operation. How make manual measuring method and laser measuring instruments work together to get data is the demand of practical management and production improvement in enterprise, but there is no data standard between the two methods. This research based on national size standard and professional normative measuring method, and used manual and three-dimensional laser measuring ways to collect sample data in identical situation. Under designed data standard, the research used mathematical statistics to analyse data, and then made comprehensive assessment in aspects of instrumental stability and data correlation. This paper is the case of practical application, among which used to study the tolerance range of the standard data was initial issue (sci-tech novelty report was attached).
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11

Kremieniewski, Marcin. "Porównanie wyników metod pomiaru skuteczności usuwania osadu płuczkowego." Nafta-Gaz 77, no. 1 (January 2021): 34–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18668/ng.2021.01.05.

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The proper cleaning of the annular space before cementing is one of the most important factors affecting the proper sealing of the casing column. Inadequate or incomplete removal of the mud cake or residues of the mud may result in the formation of uncontrolled gas outflows (migration or exhalation) at the contact of the cement sheath with the rock formation and with the surface of run-down casing. It is related to the lack of compatibility in the contact of the mud and the cement. Additionally, the lack of proper cleaning of the annular space will reduce the adhesion value of the cement sheath to the contact surface. The result of the above may be the lack of adequate stabilization of the column of pipes due to its weakened connection in the lower part with the wall, and in the upper part with the previous column of larger diameter pipes. Therefore, to improve both the tightness of the borehole as well as the quality of the cementation condition, laboratory tests of the efficiency of cleaning the annular space are carried out by measuring the efficiency of washing mud removal. So far, measuring the efficiency of mud removal or the effect of washing utilization have been done using a rotary viscometer. During the test, a mud cake is produced on the rotor surface and then removed with washing liquid. Recently, the Oil and Gas Institute – National Research Institute developed a new method for measuring the efficiency of drilling mud removal by using a newly developed drilling fluid flow simulator (Patent P.423842). The device enables the simulation of the drilling fluid flow (drilling fluid, washing fluid, spacer) in the simulated annular space. It is possible to select the parameters of the flow (delivery rate) and the contact time of the liquid with the tested surface. Due to the different measurement principles during the tests with the viscometer and the simulator, it was decided to conduct a comparison and determine the degree of convergence of the discussed methods. The same rinsing liquids were tested to remove the same type of mud, but using different measurement methods. The obtained values of mud removal efficiency were subjected to the correlation analysis, which made it possible to compare the results of the analyzed measurement methods.
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12

MIYAMOTO, KOZO. "Special issue on high accuracy optical and non-contact measuring techniques. Measurement of surfaces with contact and non-contact methods." Journal of the Japan Society of Precision Engineering 51, no. 4 (1985): 674–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2493/jjspe1933.51.674.

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13

Costa, John E., Kurt R. Spicer, Ralph T. Cheng, F. Peter Haeni, Nick B. Melcher, E. Michael Thurman, William J. Plant, and William C. Keller. "measuring stream discharge by non-contact methods: A Proof-of-Concept Experiment." Geophysical Research Letters 27, no. 4 (February 15, 2000): 553–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999gl006087.

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14

Anghelache, G., A.-R. Moisescu, and D. Buretea. "Assessment on the methods of measuring the tyre-road contact patch stresses." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 227 (August 2017): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/227/1/012006.

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15

Tang, Guang Rui, and Ming Jiang. "Analysis and Research on Inspection Methods of Drilling Holes in Power Transmission Line Foundation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 799-800 (October 2015): 1268–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.799-800.1268.

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At present, the quality inspection of drilling holes in power transmission line foundations is mainly completed by manpower with the help of the measuring rope, reinforcing cage, etc. This is a rough measuring method with low accuracy, and even the workers have to enter into deep holes to measure verticality and similar values, which brings danger to personal safety. The measuring equipment and methods for foundation holes have mature application in the industry and civil building sector, which are mainly divided into two categories, contact and non-contact measurements. The inspection methods for drilling holes in power transmission line foundation are to be proposed by referring to inspection means used in the sector.
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16

Nedzelnitsky, Victor, and Randall P. Wagner. "Non-contact methods for measuring front cavity depths of laboratory standard microphones using a depth-measuring microscope." Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology 113, no. 2 (March 2008): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/jres.113.008.

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17

Grzesik, Wit, and Joel Rech. "Methods and devices for measuring metal cutting friction and wear." Mechanik 92, no. 2 (February 11, 2019): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17814/mechanik.2019.2.16.

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This paper presents different constructions of tribometers for determination of friction and tool wear developed in the cutting zone between the cutting tool and the workpiece materials. They are classified as the closed and open tribotesters. Relevant measuring techniques of various process outputs such as cutting forces, tool wear, cutting temperature and heat flux entering the contact surface of the rubbing element are outlined. Some limitations and practical applications are highlighted.
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18

Grochalski, Karol, and Piotr Jabłoński. "Comparison contact and thermal imaging methods measure the temperatures of the turning blades during cutting." Mechanik 90, no. 3 (March 6, 2017): 214–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17814/mechanik.2017.3.41.

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The paper presents a method of measuring the temperature during cutting and its impact on the machining process. The influence of temperature on the intensity of the cutting tool wear cutting and durability. Shows the measuring position, the materials used and the cutting tool. We present the results of the processing parameters, during which the measurements are made. This paper presents methods for measuring the temperature of the blade using a thermocouple and methods of radiation. It lists the advantages and disadvantages of each method.
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19

Lapshinov, Boris A. "Methods of temperature measurement in microwave heating technologies." Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika, no. 6 (2021): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2021-6-20-28.

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In industrial technological processes associated with the heating of the processed material by microwave radiation, it is necessary to measure the temperatures of objects. Methods for measuring temperatures in the fields of technology using microwave heating systems are considered. The main possibilities, disadvantages and limitations of the used contact and non-contact (optical) measurement methods are determined. The requirements for temperature measurement systems under conditions of exposure to strong electromagnetic fields are listed. The possibilities of the spectral pyrometry method are especially noted.
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20

Talens-Bou, Juan, Chris Cooper, and Jo Varley-Campbell. "PP29 Evaluating Supplementary Search Methods: Outcomes To Measure And Why." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 34, S1 (2018): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462318001988.

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Introduction:In a recently published review of supplementary search methods, we proposed that researchers could usefully record time taken to search and present outcome values in similar way to existing studies, to facilitate generalisability of outcomes, where appropriate. We also discuss the idea of linking literature search effectiveness to study value. In this vignette, we discuss which outcomes we believe are important to measure and why. We discuss this in the context of the review of supplementary search methods and using a recently submitted evaluation of contacting study authors for context.Methods:In a recently completed systematic review, we contacted eighty-two study authors to ask three questions. We aimed to measure the following outcomes when contacting study authors: Effectiveness - determined as number of contacts compared to number of replies; Efficiency - i) time to make contact and ii) time between contact and reply. We determined this in hours, minutes and seconds, in line with other studies; Cost - determined by comparing the efficiency of contacting authors with the effectiveness; and Value - determined by reading and comparing the published studies with the replies received to see if any unique data were identified.Results:Effectiveness: thirty-eight answers were received from eighty-two possible contacts. Efficiency: In total, author contact took six hours, fifty-four minutes and twenty-five seconds across thirty-nine weeks. Replies were received across zero to thirty-nine days (median fourteen days). Cost: Cost for staff time was GBP 80.33 (EUR 91.20) or GBP 2.11 (EUR 2.40) per e-mail reply received. Value: We were able to identify value in author replies for each of the questions asked.Conclusions:In a recently published review of supplementary search methods, and a linked evaluation of the effectiveness of contacting study authors, we suggest outcomes that should be measured to determine effectiveness of literature search methods. We conclude that measuring these outcomes demonstrate both effectiveness and value.
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AL-MAKHLAFI, H., M. LAKAMRAJU, N. PODHIPLEUX, B. SINGLA, and J. MCGUlRE. "Measuring Surface Hydrophobicity as Compared to Measuring a Hydrophobic Effect on Adhesion Events." Journal of Food Protection 58, no. 9 (September 1, 1995): 1034–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-58.9.1034.

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Simple contact-angle methods are commonly used to describe surface influences on phenomena including adsorption, adhesion, fouling, and cleaning, However, for the purpose of quantitatively relating surface hydrophobicity to such phenomena, contact-angle analysis may be insufficient. Here we show that even with model hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces, measurement of the effect of surface hydrophobicity on adsorption of the antimicrobial proteins nisin and bacteriophage T4 lysozyme yielded conflicting results, apparently because different mechanisms govern events at the interface, depending on surface hydrophobicity. This finding is explained in terms of the presence of two competing mechanisms for attractive associations at these surfaces: hydrophobic and attractive electrostatic associations.
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22

Calvo, Felix, Alfredo Sanz, Adrian A. Negre, and Roberto Fernandez. "A Survey of Surface Texture Characterization with Two and Three-Dimensional Contact Methods." Key Engineering Materials 615 (June 2014): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.615.3.

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Nowadays there is a huge interest in new and improved three-dimensional techniques of surface finishing degree measuring and behaviour investigation. Several fields of application are mainly dependent of advances in surface metrology, as for instance aerospace and rail transport, telecommunications or micro-technology. All 3D measuring tools must be designed starting from a bi-dimensional basis and keeping a clear knowledge of their operating principle. This is then the key that defines the borders of this works path. Looking at the finishing degree of three differently obtained surfaces, preliminary comparison of results in two and three dimensions will be finally presented. All constraints defined by this problems conditions must be taken in consideration once the results are analysed.
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23

ONDA, Minoru, and Ryuichi HIRAKAWA. "INFLUENCES OF WIND VELOCITY ON MEASURING ACCURACY WITH DIFFERENT NON-CONTACT MEASUREMENT METHODS." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B1 (Hydraulic Engineering) 72, no. 4 (2016): I_901—I_906. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejhe.72.i_901.

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24

Jiang, Jingyu, Lianfa Yang, Jun Wei, Junjie Han, and Jinjie Huang. "Methods for measuring residual contact pressure of hydraulic expansion joints in heat exchangers." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 542 (July 5, 2019): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/542/1/012009.

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25

Klemm, Agnieszka J., Piotr Klemm, Kazimierz Rozniakowski, and Tomasz W. Wojtatowicz. "Non-contact methods of measuring moisture concentration in external layers of building partitions." Building and Environment 37, no. 12 (December 2002): 1233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-1323(01)00123-8.

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Klemm, Agnieszka J., Piotr Klemm, Kazimierz Rozniakowski, and Tomasz W. Wojtatowicz. "Non-contact methods of measuring moisture concentration in external layers of building partitions." Building and Environment 37, no. 12 (December 2002): 1221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-1323(01)00124-x.

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27

Pereverzyev, К. "IMPROVEMENT OF METHODS AND TOOLS FOR OVERHEAD CONTACT LINES DIAGNOSTICS." Municipal economy of cities 1, no. 154 (April 3, 2020): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2020-1-154-28-32.

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This paper describes developments of tools and methods in a wear of contact wire aspect, based on optical diagnostic systems and computer vision. In general, such diagnostic systems contribute towards improved service quality, reduced costs and increased security in railways. The contact wire is an important part of the OCL. It interacts with the pantographs which are mounted on the roof of trains and moving at various speeds. It is subject to abrasion, friction, scraping, corrosion, erosion, vibration, arcing and welding at different degrees of severity depending on the wire and collector strip materials, modes of interaction and the environmental conditions that defines the wear of contact wires. Measuring systems which automatically detect the degree of wire wear are necessary in order to carry out efficient OCL infrastructure management and condition-based maintenance of contact wire. The problem of wear measurement characterized by some important determining factors like lighting conditions, background scenery and the disparity of reflexives properties of the contact wire. Besides, in order to conduct an efficient inspection, the measures have to be carried out in a changing speed of inspection train. Finally, an important issues for designing and developing measurement systems are the number of wire in measurement range. Systems have to be able to measure not less than four contact wires which are simultaneously in a range of vision and the contact wire geometric parameters such as height and displacement (stagger). The measuring systems have to acquire, process and store a considerable amount of data in real time. Due to the amount of information to be processed, a high-performance architecture and effective algorithms are needed for real-time monitoring. The hardware and software modernization of a high-speed laser system for a contact wire parameters measurements are examined. Such modernization is fulfilled mostly by implementing a real-time high-speed compression algorithms and using LED backlighting. The results of the measurement of the contact wire’s wear obtained by a modernized high-speed laser system during an inspection trips on a new modern laboratory-car are given in this article. Keywords:, optical diagnostic systems, LED emitter,overhead contact lines of railways
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28

Gupta, Rahul P., Robin McCarty, Jim Bierschenk, and Jeff Sharp. "Practical electrical contact resistance measurement method for bulk thermoelectric devices." MRS Proceedings 1490 (2013): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2012.1730.

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ABSTRACTAs thermoelectric (TE) element length decreases, the impact of contact resistance on TE device performance grows more significant. In fact, for a TE device containing 100-μm tall Bi2Te3TE elements, the figure of merit ratio (ZTDevice/ZTMaterial) drops from 0.9 to 0.5 as the contact resistivity increases from 5 x 10-07 to 5 x 10-06 Ω-cm2. To understand the effects of contact resistance on bulk TE device performance, a reliable experimental measurement method is needed. There are many popular methods to extract contact resistance such as Transmission Line Measurements (TLM) and Kelvin Cross Bridge Resistor method (KCBR), but they are only well-suited for measuring metal contacts on thin films and do not necessarily translate to measuring contact resistance on bulk thermoelectric materials. The authors present a new measurement technique that precisely measures contact resistance (on the order of 5 x 10-07 Ω-cm2) on bulk thermoelectric materials by processing stacks of bulk, metal-coated TE wafers using TE industry standard processes. One advantage of this technique is that it exploits realistic TE device manufacturing techniques and results in an almost device-like structure, therefore representing a realistic value for electrical contact resistance in a bulk TE device. Contact resistance measurements for metal contacts to n- and p-type Bi2Te3 alloys are presented and an estimate of the accuracy of the measurements is discussed.
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29

Farooqui, Sami A., and Edward P. Morse. "Methods and Artifacts for Comparison of Scanning CMM Performance." Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering 7, no. 1 (January 22, 2007): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2709928.

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Coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) with continuous-contact scanning capabilities are experiencing more and more use in a wide variety of discrete-part manufacturing industries. Many users of these CMMs, if asked, will say that their metrology requirements include high density scans at high speeds with high accuracy. These requirements are in conflict, as there will be some point at which the accuracy of the scanned data begins to decrease with an increase in the scanning speed. This paper addresses the effects of scanning speed on the performance of different CMMs using contact sensors. The use of a family of artifacts is proposed in order to evaluate the relative scanning performance as a function of scanning speed and the direction of the scan within the CMM volume. The artifacts that are developed for these tests have a sinusoidal waveform superimposed on a flat surface. This paper describes a series of experiments that utilize these artifacts and assess the ability of these tests to capture how a scanning CMM will perform when measuring actual parts.
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30

Mareš, Tomáš, Matej Daniel, Aleš Iglič, Veronika Kralj-Iglič, and Miha Fošnarič. "Determination of the Strength of Adhesion between Lipid Vesicles." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/146804.

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A commonly used method to determine the strength of adhesion between adhering lipid vesicles is measuring their effective contact angle from experimental images. The aim of this paper is to estimate the interobserver variations in vesicles effective contact angle measurements and to propose a new method for estimating the strength of membrane vesicle adhesion. Theoretical model shows for the old and for the new measure a monotonic dependence on the strength of adhesion. Results obtained by both measuring techniques show statistically significant correlation and high interobserver reliability for both methods. Therefore the conventional method of measuring the effective contact angle gives qualitatively relevant results as the measure of the lipid vesicle adhesion. However, the new measuring technique provides a lower variation of the measured values than the conventional measures using the effective contact angle. Moreover, obtaining the adhesion angle can be automatized more easily than obtaining the effective contact angle.
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31

A.A., Dedkova, Kireev V. Yu., and Makhiboroda M.A. "Possibilities and limitations of the contact profilometry method for determining the height difference for monitoring topological elements and layer thickness." Nanostructures. Mathematical Physics and Modelling 20, no. 2 (2020): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31145/2224-8412-2020-20--2-23-40.

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The work shows specific examples of the possibilities and limitations of the contact profilometry method for measuring the relief of micro and nanostructures formed on substrates during the production of microelectronic devices. The requirements to the relief parameters of microelectronic structures are formulated, which make it possible to use contact profilometers for their measurement and control. Methods of forming steps for measuring the thickness of films by contact profilometry are described, and their advantages and disadvantages are analyzed. The method of contact profilometry with optical profilometry and atomic force microscopy is compared.
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32

Domanskyi, I. V., and V. O. Vasenko. "Improvement of Video Measuring Systems for Electric Traction Network Diagnostics." Science and Transport Progress. Bulletin of Dnipropetrovsk National University of Railway Transport, no. 1(91) (February 15, 2021): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15802/stp2021/230232.

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Purpose. The purpose of the article is system analysis of the state of electric traction networks, as well as methods of complex diagnostics of the contact network from a moving laboratory car to increase the resolution capability of the systems for monitoring the quality of interaction between the contact network and current collectors. Methodology. The problem was solved by theoretical analysis and experimental studies of the current collection parameters, a generalized model of the device for monitoring the wear of the overhead wire and its functional units in order to determine the factors affecting the control error, as well as the development of methods that reduce the specified error. The apparatus of factor analysis, the theory of optoelectronic circuits and methods of statistical information processing were used. Findings. Innovative approaches and qualitatively new diagnostic tools are proposed that allow expanding the functionality of the laboratory cars for testing the contact network for power supply enterprises of electrified railways, industrial and urban electric transport. Hardware and software have been developed to improve the system for measuring the parameters of the overhead wire and other components of the contact network. Originality. The theoretical maximum permissible, from the point of view of the contact network operation, error in monitoring the wear of the overhead wire and other components of the electric traction network has been determined. A method for increasing the resolution capability of a stereo television system and an adaptive lighting system is proposed. It consists in preliminary image transformation and expansion of the dynamic range of image measurement. The ways of introducing a high-speed real-time compression algorithm and using LED backlighting are proposed. Practical value. The quality of the contact network diagnostics in difficult conditions for video surveillance has been improved. A camera with a built-in image compression module without losing its performance is proposed, which allows capturing and transmitting full-frame images to a computing complex for the application of new diagnostic algorithms for contact network components. The modernized video measuring systems for the wear of the overhead wire for monitoring the grounding of the contact network supports are proposed, as well as elements of track facilities located in the visibility zone of specialized cameras, which ensure the operability of the systems at any time of the day at speeds up to 160 km/h. An air curtain subsystem was implemented to protect the cameras.
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33

Liu, Qi, Ying Zi Yang, and Hong Wei Deng. "Discussion on Measuring Methods of Deformation of Concrete at early Ages." Applied Mechanics and Materials 584-586 (July 2014): 1985–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.584-586.1985.

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The deformation law of concrete at early age not only affects the shrinkage and cracking of concrete structure in construction, but also further influences its mechanical performance, safety and durability. Based on the existing test methods of cementitious material deformation at early age and aimed at the existing problems, this paper puts forward five kinds of technical solutions to improve the measurement method. Try to use the change in light signals, the electrical signals and leverage-buoyancy method to implement the automatic and continuous deformation monitoring of early-age concrete. Lastly the combination of corrugated pipe, tilt flat base and eddy-current transducer was recommended as the optimal non-contact measurement method for monitoring the deformation of early-age concrete.
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Maščeník, Jozef, and Slavko Pavlenko. "Determining the Exact Value of the Shape Deviations of the Experimental Measurements." Applied Mechanics and Materials 624 (August 2014): 339–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.624.339.

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The paper also says about practical measuring geometrical deviations by commonly used tools. Also deals with an analysis of geometric deviations, reasons of their generation and provides their brief description. It points at ways and abilities of measuring shape deviations by means of contact and contactless measuring methods and deals with errors which can affect results of measuring. It evaluates and analyses ability of measuring by various devices. It shows a review of individual measured values and thus provides a view of efficiency, simplicity and accuracy of individual measuring devices and measuring methods.
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35

Maščeník, Jozef, Slavko Pavlenko, and Luba Bicejova. "Component Selected Parametres Geometrical Tolerance Value Experimental Specification." Applied Mechanics and Materials 389 (August 2013): 1096–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.389.1096.

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The submitted paper deals with an analysis of geometric deviations, reasons of their generation and provides their brief description. It points at ways and abilities of measuring shape deviations by means of contact and contactless measuring methods and deals with errors which can affect results of measuring. The papers also says about practical measuring geometrical deviations by commonly used tools. It evaluates and analyses ability of measuring by various devices. It shows a review of individual measured values and thus provides a view of efficiency, simplicity and accuracy of individual measuring methods and measuring devices.
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36

Архипова, Е. А., Е. В. Демидов, М. Н. Дроздов, С. А. Краев, В. И. Шашкин, М. А. Лобаев, А. Л. Вихарев, et al. "Омические контакты к эпитаксиальным структурам CVD-алмаза с дельта-слоями бора." Физика и техника полупроводников 53, no. 10 (2019): 1386. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftp.2019.10.48294.40.

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Various methods of the formation of ohmic contacts to CVD diamond epitaxial structures with boron doped delta layers (δ-layers) are investigated. In the first approach, an additional thin, heavily doped layer was formed on the surface of the diamond film, to which the ohmic contact was formed. Then, the surface p+-layer between the contact pads was etched out, so the current flow in the structure occurred only through the buried δ-layer. In the second approach, doped diamond was selectively grown in contact windows under the mask of metal after preliminary etching the undoped diamond layer (cap) to the δ-layer. In this case, the heavily doped p+-layer will form a contact to the δ-layer. These approaches are differs by conditions of applicability, the complexity of manufacturing technology, the value of contact resistance. So they can be used to solve tasks in which different quality of contacts is required, such as the formation of transistor structures or test cells for measuring electrophysical characteristics.
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37

Ratajczyk, Eugeniusz, Michał Rak, and Tomasz Kowaluk. "The influence of method of point collection on results with the use of a measuring arm." Metrology and Measurement Systems 19, no. 3 (October 1, 2012): 541–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10178-012-0047-2.

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Abstract Comparison studies of different measurement methods using a Coordinate Measuring Arm are presented. Studies were divided into two parts. The first was point measurements of contact and pseudo-scanning contact measurements. The second part consisted of point measurements of contact and non-contact scanning measurements. Contact research (point measurements and the pseudo-scanning) were accomplished with the use of PowerINSPECT software, whereas non-contact with use of Focus Handheld and Focus Inspection software. Handheld Focus was used to collect a point cloud and its processing, while the detection of set elements was made using the second software from the group of Focus. According to the developed procedure for both parts sample elements with known nominal values were measured (available CAD model of object of research). It became the basis for examining whether there are statistically significant differences between results of different methods in both parts. Statistical comparison of measurement methods was carried out using four tests: Comparison of Means, Comparison of Standard Deviations, Comparison of Medians and a Kolmogorov- Smirnov Test.
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38

Ushakov, I. E., and A. A. Vinogradova. "Non-contact methods and means of measuring the oil film thickness on the water surface." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1384 (November 2019): 012066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1384/1/012066.

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39

Meinhardt, B., O. Stachs, J. Stave, R. Beck, and R. Guthoff. "Evaluation of biometric methods for measuring the anterior chamber depth in the non-contact mode." Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 244, no. 5 (September 15, 2005): 559–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00417-005-0103-7.

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40

Xiao, Wu Hua, and Ming Li. "Study on the Fitting Methods of the Polyworks Software." Applied Mechanics and Materials 587-589 (July 2014): 2330–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.587-589.2330.

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Standard is the root of the measurement, But a complete set of measurement specifications has not appeared in the applications of non-contact measuring technology at present.This article talks about the study of the two fitting methods of the Polyworks software, and puts forward when the Polyworks software deals with the circle, slot etc. features,we should choose the fitting method of minimal, and verifys the feasibility of the method through the relevant experiments.
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41

Бегаль, Д. И., М. А. Павлейно, О. М. Павлейно, М. С. Сафонов, and А. А. Статуя. "О границах применимости приближения Хольма--Кольрауша для определения нагрева сильноточных симметричных электрических контактов." Журнал технической физики 89, no. 7 (2019): 1099. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/jtf.2019.07.47806.229-18.

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On the basis of numerical simulation of heating of symmetric contacts by flowing current,were drawn conclusions about the accuracy of determining the temperature by the Holm – Kohlraus method for various methods of cooling the contacts, including with intensive air and liquid cooling. The question of the possibility of using this method for pulsed heating of contacts. It is shown how the accuracy of determining the temperature of the contact pads depends on the choice of locations for measuring the surface temperature and the potential difference.
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42

Skorokhodov, Dmitriy M., Konstantin A. Krasnyashchikh, and Aleksey S. Sviridov. "Use of contactless methods and means for checking the quality of agricultural machinery spare parts." Tekhnicheskiy servis mashin, no. 2 (June 10, 2020): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2618-8287-2020-58-2-141-148.

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Quality control of spare parts of agricultural machinery has now acquired significant relevance, which is due to the presence of a large share of low-quality products on the market. The use of low-quality spare parts increases the risk of failure of the equipment in use, which lead to its downtime and financial losses of the agricultural producer, which is highly undesirable in the modern realities of the domestic agricultural industry. Contactless methods and tools for quality control of spare parts will improve the accuracy and productivity of control. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in developing a device that allows to control the geometric, physical and mechanical parameters of spare parts, the use of which should increase the performance and accuracy of control due to a comprehensive non-contact method of measuring spare parts. (Materials and methods) Authors applied a non-contact triangulation method for controlling geometric parameters and a X-ray fluorescence method for controlling physical and mechanical parameters. (Results and discussion) The article presents the devices that are closest in technical parameters and based on them an automated measuring device using methods and means that allows controlling the geometric, physical and mechanical parameters of the object. The article presents the principle of operation and functions of an automated measuring device. The article describes the factors that affect the control process by an automated measuring device. (Conclusions) It was found that the use of contactless methods and quality control tools for spare parts of agricultural machinery could improve the accuracy and productivity of control and eliminate the influence of human factors on the measurement process. Timely quality control of spare parts of agricultural machinery using an automated measuring device will allow to identify low-quality or counterfeit spare parts before installation on the repaired equipment, which will reduce the risk of failures of agricultural machinery.
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43

El-Wassefy, Noha, Lars Sennerby, Dhoom SIngh Mehta, and Thiago De Santana Santos. "Current literature review on methods for measuring the stability of osseointegrable implants." Brazilian Journal of Implantology and Health Sciences 2, no. 4 (April 27, 2020): 64–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.36557/2674-8169.2020v2n4p64-78.

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“Osseointegration” as formulated by Alberktson is crucial for implant survival and success. Osseointegration is a measure of implant stability. Measuring implant stability helps to arrive at decisions as to loading of an implant, allows choice of protocol on a patient to patient basis and provides better case documentation. A successful implant reflects good bone to implant contact and is determined by implant stability both primary and secondary. Implant stability is achieved at two different stages – primary (immediately after implant placement) and secondary (3-4 months after implant placement). Implant stability has been confirmed to affect the process of osseointegration and therefore is essential to understand the methods to measure implant stability and factors influencing. Various methods are developed to assess implant stability which suggests the prognosis of an implant.
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44

Saketi, Pooya, Juha Hirvonen, Yuli Lai, Christian Ganser, Christian Teichert, Joakim Järnström, Pedro Fardim, and Pasi Kallio. "Automated Drop-on-Fiber contact angle measurement using a microrobotic platform." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 29, no. 2 (May 1, 2014): 225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3183/npprj-2014-29-02-p225-231.

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Abstract Measuring contact angles on single fibers enables the separation of structural factors from surface chemistry factors. Current Drop-on-Fiber (DOF) contact angle measurement methods for natural fibers generally, and for pulp/paper fibers specifically, present a number of challenges. These are manipulation and mounting of the microscale fibers, straightening natural fibers to produce repeatable axisymmetric droplet conformation, measuring the droplet volume excluding the fiber volume and also human errors due to manually performed tasks. This paper presents a novel method to measure contact angles in DOF systems and overcome the above mentioned challenges using microrobots. The proposed microrobotic platform is capable of handling natural and synthetic fibrous materials in microscale, and dispensing probe liquid droplets down to 12 nl. It measures contact angle values using computer vision and a droplet-profiledetection algorithm. It reports the contact angle values as a function of volume of the droplet. The paper validates the capabilities of the proposed platform by applying three commonly used probe liquids: deionized water, ethylene glycol and diiodomethane for measuring contact angles on glass and pulp fibers. Finally, the results are compared with a picoliter contact angle measurement approach.
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45

Skibicki, Jacek. "Experimental verification of visual method for measuring displacements of contact line elements." MATEC Web of Conferences 180 (2018): 04003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201818004003.

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The increase of rail vehicles speed, as well as the increase of their power, puts high demands on the power delivery system for traction vehicles The most critical point in the vehicle's power supply circuit is the contact between the current collector and contact wires. Ensuring a reliable co-operation of the current collector and contact line, requires technical development of the contact line and current collector construction, as well as improvement of diagnostic systems of these components. This is translated into the need to develop new measurement methods, which allow for more complete definition of the parameters of these elements of traction vehicle power supply system. Each new measurement method requires verification, performed by calibrating or comparing the results with another measurement method which has already been tested. The article presents results of experimental verification of a visual method for measuring the displacement of contact wires, with a proven method based on short range laser rangefinders and calliper as reference measurement.
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46

Mahboubkhah, Mehran, Mohammad Aliakbari, and Colin Burvill. "An investigation on measurement accuracy of digitizing methods in turbine blade reverse engineering." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 232, no. 9 (October 24, 2016): 1653–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405416673681.

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Measurement and quality control of turbine blades is critical to the successful operation of power plants. It has a key role in manufacturing and reverse engineering. Novel technologies continue to be developed to measure parts with complex geometries, such as turbine blades. Digitizing techniques, using both contact and noncontact methods, are used. Selecting the most appropriate digitizing method for a turbine blade requires consideration of the measuring performance of the alternative methods, including criteria such as accuracy, speed and cost. This study seeks to evaluate the practical accuracy and efficiency of various contact and noncontact digitizing methods through measurement and associated quality control of a complex part, that is, a turbine blade airfoil. Four popular technologies, using distinct underlying measurement methods, were chosen to measure a Frame 5 gas turbine blade, namely, a touch trigger probe mounted on a Zeiss coordinate measuring machine, a touch scanning probe and a spot laser probe separately mounted on Renishaw coordinate measuring machine and a linear laser system from ZScanner. The measured point cloud resulting from each method was then used to reconstruct three-dimensional computer-aided design models of the blade. The accuracy of each measuring system was evaluated against the original blade. The evaluation incorporated a comparative study of design parameters derived from the point cloud and reconstructed surfaces associated with each measurement method. The maximum error of point clouds were −123, 2530 and 2173 µm for the ZScanner linear laser, Renishaw spot laser and Renishaw touch scan, respectively. These measured errors indicated higher accuracy from linear laser method than spot laser scanning and touch scanning methods. Furthermore, the achieved standard deviations of 42, 170 and 269 µm for point clouds of ZScanner linear laser, Renishaw spot laser and Renishaw touch scan, respectively, showed that the manufacturer reported that information cannot be always reliable.
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47

Voicu, Adrian Catalin, and Gheorghe I. Gheorghe. "Complex 3D Measuring by Multiple Laser Scanning of Automotive Parts." Advanced Materials Research 837 (November 2013): 511–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.837.511.

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For over 20 years the term"three-dimensional scan"(3D) showed the world the possibilities of virtual design, simulation, or reverse engineering. 3D scanning is also known as 3D digitizing, the name coming from the fact that this is a process that uses a contact or non-contact digitizing probe to capture the objects form and recreate them in a virtual workspace through a very dense network of points (xyz) as a 3D graph representation. Until recently, digitization was limited by the speed of the scan head and the correct choice of the probing system, type of scanned piece and budget for the purchase or develops the scanning system. With the evolution of technology appeared a number of new techniques that tend to improve the properties of classical methods. Even if intended for copying or geometrical control, or rather virtual geometric modelling or product realization, there are two groups of technologies: with contact (classical methods with probes) or without contact (laser, optical or combination). Most automotive manufacturers currently use 3D scan metrology based on optical or laser systems to validate products quality. The pieces are initially measured by 3D scanning then they are compared with the designed model (CAD file) using a specialized software. By this comparison producer can interfere very quickly in the manufacturing process to remove the cause of defects, this technique being called Reverse Engineering (RE). There are many variables that affect accuracy of laser scanning and therefore the quality of information: reflectance of surface, colour object, recesses, openings narrow and sharp edges can be difficult to scan. This accuracy may vary from micron to millimetre and the acquisitions size from a few points to several thousand points per second. The overall accuracy of a 3D acquisition system depends above all on the sensors precision and on the acquisition device (acquisition with contact) or acquisition structure (acquisition without contact). In a perfect world or in an integrated production environment, 3D measuring systems should be able to measure all the necessary parameters in a single step without errors, and to render the results in the same way to the manufacturing networks equipped with computers, in formats useful for machines control and processes management.
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48

Moya, Ana, Anton Guimerà, Irene Sánchez, Vladimir Laukin, Raúl Martín, Fernando Ussa, Elena Laukhina, et al. "Discrete Portable Measuring Device for Monitoring Noninvasive Intraocular Pressure with a Nano-Structured Sensing Contact Lens Prototype." International Journal of E-Health and Medical Communications 2, no. 4 (October 2011): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jehmc.2011100101.

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A new portable measuring device for monitoring intraocular pressure with a non invasive system using a prototype of contact lens has been developed. The contact lens is based on a new organic flexible highly piezo-resisitive film sensor that is glued to the central hole of a lens. The measuring system is wire connected to the contact lens and incorporates user interface methods and a Bluetooth link for bi-directional wireless data transfer. The key design aspects of such architecture are discussed in this paper. The system is designed with an architecture that can be integrated in the future in order to be placed in the contact lens. The discrete system is used to validate the electronic measurement operation and the contact lens sensor (CLS). The measurement instrument can calibrate the differences of the nominal value of the sensor and measure resistances variations that are related to pressure variations. The measuring system and the contact lens sensor were tested with an eye phantom and with enucleated pig eyes by applying pressure changes between 7 to 32 mmHg recording the electrical changes with the portable device.
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Zhao, Leilei, Hutian Feng, and Qianfeng Rong. "A novel non-contact measuring system for the thread profile of a ball screw." Mechanical Sciences 9, no. 1 (January 9, 2018): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ms-9-15-2018.

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Abstract. In order to meet the demand of high position accuracy, many methods have been developed for measuring the thread profile features of ball screws. However, most of these efforts are limited to measuring a small number of ball screw features and therefore less efficient. In this study, an automatic, non-contact measuring system for the thread profile of a ball screw was developed. It is capable of measuring most common features of the ball screw thread profile and can measure ball screws of different sizes and lengths. The main part of the system is the light curtain which has a high-resolution line-scan CCD camera to measure the projected outer contour of the target. Data points from the thread profile of a ball screw were collected by the measuring system and data pre-processing was performed. Then, the proposed method was used to calculate the most important geometric parameters and errors of the thread profile. The accuracy of the measuring system was verified by testing and evaluating four sets of ball screws from different manufacturers.
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Mooneghi, Sara Asghari, Siamak Saharkhiz, and S. Mohammad Hosseini Varkiani. "Surface Roughness Evaluation of Textile Fabrics: A Literature Review." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 9, no. 2 (June 2014): 155892501400900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155892501400900201.

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Surface roughness is an important and effective factor in predicting tactile properties of fabrics. The definition of surface roughness and its different evaluating methods are divided into two main groups, subjective and objective, are reviewed. The latter consists of contact and non-contact methods. The evaluation in subjective and objective techniques is done by trained people as a measuring device and an apparatus, respectively.
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