Relevant bibliographies by topics / Contact Mechanics

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Contact Mechanics'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 5 April 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Contact Mechanics"

1

Johnson, K. L., and L. M. Keer. "Contact Mechanics." Journal of Tribology 108, no. 4 (October 1, 1986): 659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3261297.

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Barber, J. R., and M. Ciavarella. "Contact mechanics." International Journal of Solids and Structures 37, no. 1-2 (January 2000): 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7683(99)00075-x.

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Briscoe, B. J. "Contact mechanics." Tribology International 19, no. 2 (April 1986): 109–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-679x(86)90085-x.

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Liu, Haichao, Haibo Zhang, and Xiaoyu Ding. "Advances in Contact Mechanics." Lubricants 12, no. 5 (May 16, 2024): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12050179.

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Harmon, David, Etienne Vouga, Breannan Smith, Rasmus Tamstorf, and Eitan Grinspun. "Asynchronous contact mechanics." Communications of the ACM 55, no. 4 (April 2012): 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2133806.2133828.

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Wriggers, Peter. "Computational contact mechanics." Computational Mechanics 49, no. 6 (May 24, 2012): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00466-012-0730-x.

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Harmon, David, Etienne Vouga, Breannan Smith, Rasmus Tamstorf, and Eitan Grinspun. "Asynchronous contact mechanics." ACM Transactions on Graphics 28, no. 3 (July 27, 2009): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1531326.1531393.

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Wriggers, P. "Computational Contact Mechanics." Computational Mechanics 32, no. 1-2 (September 1, 2003): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00466-003-0472-x.

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Bravetti, Alessandro, Hans Cruz, and Diego Tapias. "Contact Hamiltonian mechanics." Annals of Physics 376 (January 2017): 17–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aop.2016.11.003.

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Fischer-Cripps,, AC, and KL Johnson,. "Introduction to Contact Mechanics. Mechanical Engineering Series." Applied Mechanics Reviews 55, no. 3 (May 1, 2002): B51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1470678.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Contact Mechanics"

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Parel, Kurien Stephen. "An analysis of contact stiffness and frictional receding contacts." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3c29863a-b0cf-4870-851d-261be72f457f.

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The tangential contact stiffness for ground Ti-6Al-4V surfaces is measured to linearly decrease with the application of tangential load. At the beginning of the application of tangential load, for ground surfaces, the ratio of the tangential contact stiffness to the normal contact stiffness is seen to be approximately half the Mindlin ratio. This is consistent with many other published experimental studies. Measurements of normal contact stiffness for ground surfaces conform to a model that posits a linear relationship between normal contact stiffness and normal load. An equivalent surface roughness parameter is defined for two surfaces in contact; and the normal contact stiffness for ground surfaces is observed to be inversely proportional to this parameter. Single asperity models were constructed to simulate the effect of different frictional laws and plasticity on the tangential displacement of an asperity contact. Further, multi-asperity modelling showed the effect of different normal load distributions on the tangential behaviour of interfaces. In addition, normal contact stiffness was modelled for a grid of asperities taking into account asperity interactions. A receding contact problem for which the required form of the distributed dislocations is bounded-bounded was solved. Then, a fundamental 2D frictional receding contact problem involving a homogeneous linear elastic infinite layer pressed by a line load onto a half-plane of the same material was analysed. This was done by the insertion of preformed distributed dislocations (or eigenstrains), which take into account the correct form of the separation of the interface at points away from the area of loading, along with corrective bounded-bounded distributions. The general method of solution was further refined and adapted to solve three other receding contact problems. The solutions demonstrated the robustness and applicability of this new procedure.
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Ma, Lifeng. "Contact mechanics for coated systems." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.409112.

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Lundvall, Olle. "Contact mechanics and noise in gears /." Linköping : Univ, 2004. http://www.bibl.liu.se/liupubl/disp/disp2004/tek862s.pdf.

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Pitteroff, Roland. "Contact mechanics of the bowed string." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387739.

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Siles, Brügge Oscar. "Contact mechanics at the molecular scale." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/18786/.

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A better understanding of the adhesive interactions between surfaces at the molecular scale is of growing importance as miniaturization efforts continue. To this end, Lifshitz theory of continuum mechanics was used to calculate the interaction energies between hydrocarbon surfaces in over 200 liquids, and compared to those obtained from the Hunter model of hydrogen bond solvation thermodynamics. In alkanes, amines, and primary alcohols, both theories yielded comparable results. However, in cases where the refractive index between interacting phases diverges greatly, a large disparity between the Lifshitz work of adhesion and Hunter free energy of complexation was found. In addition to some of the liquids showing differing results between the two theories, binary mixtures of benzyl alcohol and methanol were also identified for further experimental analysis. Slight modifications were applied to Lifshitz to allow for predictions of polar surfaces, and these too were compared to those provided by the Hunter model. Using force spectroscopy and friction force microscopy the tribological properties of hydrocarbon self-assembled monolayers, in the liquids identified previously, were investigated. While interactions in non-polar liquids were well described by both Lifshitz theory and the Hunter model, the former was found to consistently underestimate the work of adhesion in polar liquids, especially in water (Wad > 40 mJ/m2). In contrast, good agreement was generally obtained between the Hunter model and the experimentally obtained interaction energies. This was also true for binary mixtures of benzyl alcohol and methanol, where Lifshitz theory was completely unable to predict the form of the interaction. Friction-load plots were also obtained for the same systems of non-polar surfaces, and the form of their relation in different media was found to be dependent on the previously obtained adhesive energies. At interaction energies below 6 mJ/m2 linear friction-load relationships were observed, while yielding sublinear plots at work of adhesion values above this, corroborating the idea that friction can be considered to consist of load- and area-dependent terms. Mechanochemical removal of NPEOC photoprotecting groups from surfaces with adsorbed OEG-NPEOC-APTES monolayers using an AFM probe was also performed, with feature sizes up to 20 nm being achieved. The dependence on the width and depth of the patterned features on the applied load was investigated, with a positive relation being found for both, up to a critical load; no such change was observed with increasing write speeds. Changing the tip chemistry and environment (i.e. via immersion in different liquids) yielded no change in the size and quality of the patterns obtained, suggesting the lithographic process relies solely on the physical interaction between tip and sample surface. Modification of the surface through derivatization using TFAA and GFP indicates that only the NPEOC protecting group is being removed. Density functional theory was employed to investigate possible reaction pathways of the usual photodeprotection pathway of NPEOC-APTES, and how the mechanical interaction of the tip with the surface may promote one of these to occur without a high energy photon. It was discovered that a compression of the NPEOC leads to a shift in the UV/Vis absorbance spectrum towards higher wavelengths, and it is suggested that the mechanochemical deprotection of OEG-NPEOC-APTES SAMs occurs via this mechanism.
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King, Christopher David S. M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "A coupled contact-mechanics computational model for studying deformable human-artifact contact." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/118672.

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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2018.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 199-205).
Gas-pressurized spacesuits are necessary for human spaceflight, most notably for extravehicular activity (EVA). Legacy EVA suits have been primarily rigid, and operation in such suits can result in significant metabolic expense, or even injury, for the wearer. To reduce these effects, modern spacesuits are more flexible, through the incorporation of more softgood materials and specially designed joint interfaces such as hip bearings. However, modeling the effects of human-suit interaction for these softgood materials is challenging due to the highly deformable nature of the suit coupled with the deformable nature of the human. To enable improved analysis and design of modern spacesuits, a computational model that can resolve the structural deformations of the suit and human resulting from contact interactions is developed. This thesis details the development and validation of a coupled contact-mechanics solver architecture for use in studying the effects of human-artifact interaction, particularly with respect to pressurized softgood exosuit design. To resolve contact and structural mechanics interactions for a deformable human and artifact, a finite element model is developed. First, the SUMMIT computational framework is employed for resolving the structural deformations of the system, and is coupled to an explicit contact mechanics scheme. The explicit contact scheme is implemented so as to resolve both external- and self-contact problems. Next, the model architecture is integrated to enable parallelization of both the structural deformation and contact systems, and computational scaling investigated. A computational trade study is performed to benchmark the coupled contact-mechanics method against a simpler rigid body model employing a penalty method. Following this, the model is validated against experimental data for various artifact contact problems. The explicit coupled contact-mechanics model is found to effectively capture contact interactions of the experimental data, with improved fidelity for deformable contact interactions. With careful tuning of the system properties, the coupled contact-mechanics model enables an architecture for an integrated human-suit analysis and design model.
by Christopher David King.
S.M.
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Almqvist, Andreas. "Rough surface elastohydrodynamic lubrication and contact mechanics." Licentiate thesis, Luleå, 2004. http://epubl.luth.se/1402-1757/2004/035.

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Walls, Kenneth Cline. "Multi-material contact for computational structural mechanics." Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2008. https://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2008m/walls.pdf.

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Liu, Shubin Carleton University Dissertation Engineering Aerospace. "Boundary element analysis in contact fracture mechanics." Ottawa, 1994.

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Christensen, Peter W. "Computational nonsmooth mechanics : contact, friction and plasticity /." Linköping : Department of mechanical engineering, 2000. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40921031z.

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Books on the topic "Contact Mechanics"

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Raous, M., M. Jean, and J. J. Moreau, eds. Contact Mechanics. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1983-6.

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Martins, João A. C., and Manuel D. P. Monteiro Marques. Contact Mechanics. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1154-8.

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Barber, J. R. Contact Mechanics. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70939-0.

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Johnson, K. L. Contact mechanics. Cambridge: CUP, 1985.

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L, Johnson K. Contact mechanics. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

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L, Johnson K. Contact mechanics. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press, 1985.

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Raous, M. Contact Mechanics. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995.

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M, Raous, Jean M, Moreau J. J. 1923-, and Contact Mechanics International Symposium (2nd : 1994 : Carry-le-Rouet, France), eds. Contact mechanics. New York: Plenum Press, 1995.

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Wriggers, Peter, and Tod A. Laursen, eds. Computational Contact Mechanics. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-77298-0.

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Konyukhov, Alexander, and Karl Schweizerhof. Computational Contact Mechanics. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31531-2.

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Book chapters on the topic "Contact Mechanics"

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Ambrosio, Jorge A. C. "Contact Mechanics." In Crashworthiness, 175–88. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-2572-4_14.

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Fischer-Cripps, Anthony C. "Contact Mechanics." In Nanoindentation, 1–19. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-22462-6_1.

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Fischer-Cripps, Anthony C. "Contact Mechanics." In Nanoindentation, 1–20. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5943-3_1.

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Fischer-Cripps, Anthony C. "Contact Mechanics." In Nanoindentation, 1–19. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9872-9_1.

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Thornton, Colin. "Contact Mechanics." In Granular Dynamics, Contact Mechanics and Particle System Simulations, 27–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18711-2_3.

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Jackson, Robert L., Hamed Ghaednia, Hyeon Lee, Amir Rostami, and Xianzhang Wang. "Contact Mechanics." In Tribology for Scientists and Engineers, 93–140. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1945-7_3.

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Drosopoulos, Georgios A., and Georgios E. Stavroulakis. "Contact mechanics." In Nonlinear Mechanics for Composite Heterogeneous Structures, 111–28. New York: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003017240-4.

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Haslinger, J. "Shape Optimization of Elasto-Plastic Bodies in Contact." In Contact Mechanics, 1–11. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1983-6_1.

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Alart, Pierre, Frédéric Lebon, François Quittau, and Karine Rey. "Frictional Contact Problem in Elastostatics: Revisiting the Uniqueness Condition." In Contact Mechanics, 63–70. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1983-6_10.

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Andersson, Lars-Erik, and Anders Klarbring. "An Existence Result for a Class of Limit State Problems." In Contact Mechanics, 71–78. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1983-6_11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Contact Mechanics"

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Harmon, David, Etienne Vouga, Breannan Smith, Rasmus Tamstorf, and Eitan Grinspun. "Asynchronous contact mechanics." In ACM SIGGRAPH 2009 papers. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1576246.1531393.

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Chang, Shih-Hsiang, Thomas N. Farris, and Srinivasan Chandrasekar. "Contact Mechanics of Superfinishing." In ASME 1998 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1998-1027.

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Abstract Superfinishing is an abrasive finishing process in which a smooth work surface is produced by simultaneously loading a bonded abrasive stone against a rotating workpiece surface and oscillating (reciprocating) the stone at high frequencies. The surface topography of a 600 grit aluminum oxide stone used for superfinishing is quantitatively described using scanning phase-shift interferometry. A bounded three-parameter lognormal distribution is found to provide a more accurate representation of cutting edge height distribution than a bounded normal distribution, especially in fitting the upper tail end of data. Moreover, the stone surface characteristics are nearly constant throughout stone life suggesting that superfinishing is a self-dressing process. This stone surface geometry is used to develop a contact mechanics model of the superfinishing process. The model estimates the number of cutting edges involved in material removal, the load distribution on these edges, and the resulting surface roughness of the super-finished surface. The effect of contact pressure on these estimated values has been studied. Only a very small percentage (less than 0.16%) of the cutting edges, which are comprised of the large cutting edges occurring in the tail end of distribution, are actively engaged in material removal. Further, the arithmetic average surface roughness, Ra, is found to be related to the average depth of penetration while the peak-to-valley surface roughness, Rt or Rtm, is related to the maximum depth of penetration. The prediction of surface roughness of this model is found to agree very well with experimental results for superfinishing of hardened steel surfaces.
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Boutaghou, Z. "Contact mechanics on supersmooth media." In IEEE International Magnetics Conference. IEEE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/intmag.1999.837391.

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Boroumand, P. "A thermalized nonlinear constitutive model based on contact mechanics." In CONTACT AND SURFACE 2015. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/secm150111.

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Ivanova, Tat'yana, Vyacheslav Dement'ev, and Oleg Zaharov. "MECHANICS OF CONTACT IN THE GRINDING OF STEELS." In PROBLEMS OF APPLIED MECHANICS. Bryansk State Technical University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/conferencearticle_5fd1ed0465daa0.18824427.

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The article is devoted to the consideration of the issues of contact interaction of a diamond grinding tool with the surface of the part. According to the research results, the actual contact areas were obtained, taking into account the sum of the actual contact areas of the touching bodies, through which the pressing force of the grinding wheel to the treated surface is transmitted, with elastic, plastic and elastic-plastic contacts. The obtained analytical dependences for calculating the geometric parameters of the contact of a diamond face tool with the workpiece surface being machined, allowing to describe, predict and control the power and resistance characteristics of the process on the processing conditions
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Liu, Kuo-Kang, and Kai-Tak Wan. "Contact Mechanics of Cell-Substrate Adhesion." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-2635.

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Abstract A thin-walled membranous capsule is adhered onto a rigid substrate by surface forces. In the presence of excessive osmotic pressure, the capsule will detach from the substrate due to membrane stretching. A simple energy balance is proposed to describe the adhesion mechanics.
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Ni, Xiang, Laxmikant V. Kale, and Rasmus Tamstorf. "Scalable Asynchronous Contact Mechanics Using Charm++." In 2015 IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ipdps.2015.45.

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Neu, R. W., J. J. Dawkins, and M. Zhang. "Applications of Crystal Plasticity in Contact Mechanics." In STLE/ASME 2008 International Joint Tribology Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijtc2008-71123.

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The microstructures of structural metals and alloys are highly heterogeneous due to their crystalline structure often coupled with multiple phases and inclusions, yet most contact mechanics models assume the material is homogeneous and usually isotropic. This is a severe limitation if one desires to quantify the influence of different microstructure attributes on the mechanical behavior. This limitation is overcome through the finite element method using crystal plasticity models. Examples of normal, sliding, and fretting contacts are presented.
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Durand, J., H. Proudhon, and G. Cailletaud. "CONTACT BETWEEN ROUGH SURFACES : CRYSTAL PLASTICITY INFLUENCE ON THE CONTACT TIGHTNESS ESTIMATION." In 10th World Congress on Computational Mechanics. São Paulo: Editora Edgard Blücher, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/meceng-wccm2012-18121.

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Durand, J., H. Proudhon, and G. Cailletaud. "CONTACT BETWEEN ROUGH SURFACES : CRYSTAL PLASTICITY INFLUENCE ON THE CONTACT TIGHTNESS ESTIMATION." In 10th World Congress on Computational Mechanics. São Paulo: Editora Edgard Blücher, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/meceng-wccm2012-18221.

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Reports on the topic "Contact Mechanics"

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Guduru, Pradeep R. Biologically Inspired Nano-Contact Mechanics. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada503356.

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Tupek, Michael, and Brandon Talamini. Optimization-based algorithms for nonlinear mechanics and frictional contact. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1820695.

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Erdogan, Fazil. Fracture Mechanics and Contact Problems in Materials Involving Graded Coatings and Interfacial Zones. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada387409.

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Copps, Kevin D., and Brian R. Carnes. Thermal contact algorithms in SIERRA mechanics : mathematical background, numerical verification, and evaluation of performance. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/942196.

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Lever, James, Susan Taylor, Arnold Song, Zoe Courville, Ross Lieblappen, and Jason Weale. The mechanics of snow friction as revealed by micro-scale interface observations. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42761.

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The mechanics of snow friction are central to competitive skiing, safe winter driving and efficient polar sleds. For nearly 80 years, prevailing theory has postulated that self-lubrication accounts for low kinetic friction on snow: dry-contact sliding warms snow grains to the melting point, and further sliding produces meltwater layers that lubricate the interface. We sought to verify that self-lubrication occurs at the grain scale and to quantify the evolution of real contact area to aid modeling. We used high-resolution (15 μm) infrared thermography to observe the warming of stationary snow under a rotating polyethylene slider. Surprisingly, we did not observe melting at contacting snow grains despite low friction values. In some cases, slider shear failed inter-granular bonds and produced widespread snow movement with no persistent contacts to melt (μ < 0.03). When the snow grains did not move and persistent contacts evolved, the slider abraded rather than melted the grains at low resistance (μ < 0.05). Optical microscopy revealed that the abraded particles deposited in air pockets between grains and thereby carried heat away from the interface, a process not included in current models. Overall, our results challenge whether self-lubrication is indeed the dominant mechanism underlying low snow kinetic friction.
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Lever, James, Emily Asenath-Smith, Susan Taylor, and Austin Lines. Assessing the mechanisms thought to govern ice and snow friction and their interplay with substrate brittle behavior. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/1168142742.

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Sliding friction on ice and snow is characteristically low at temperatures common on Earth’s surface. This slipperiness underlies efficient sleds, winter sports, and the need for specialized tires. Friction can also play micro-mechanical role affecting ice compressive and crushing strengths. Researchers have proposed several mechanisms thought to govern ice and snow friction, but directly validating the underlying mechanics has been difficult. This may be changing, as instruments capable of micro-scale measurements and imaging are now being brought to bear on friction studies. Nevertheless, given the broad regimes of practical interest (interaction length, temperature, speed, pressure, slider properties, etc.), it may be unrealistic to expect that a single mechanism accounts for why ice and snow are slippery. Because bulk ice, and the ice grains that constitute snow, are solids near their melting point at terrestrial temperatures, most research has focused on whether a lubricating water film forms at the interface with a slider. However, ice is extremely brittle, and dry-contact abrasion and wear at the front of sliders could prevent or delay a transition to lubricated contact. Also, water is a poor lubricant, and lubricating films thick enough to separate surface asperities may not form for many systems of interest. This article aims to assess our knowledge of the mechanics underlying ice and snow friction.
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Tordesillas, Antoinette. A Large Deformation Finite Element Analysis of Soil-Tire Interaction Based on the Contact Mechanics Theory of Rolling and/or Sliding Bodies. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada384198.

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Griffin, Jerry H., and D. Ewins. Workshop on Benchmark Experiments in Contact Mechanics as Applied to Gas Turbine Engines Held in West Palm Beach on 12-13 May 2002. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada408767.

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Lever, James, Austin Lines, Susan Taylor, Garrett Hoch, Emily Asenath-Smith, and Devinder Sodhi. Revisiting mechanics of ice–skate friction : from experiments at a skating rink to a unified hypothesis. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42642.

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The mechanics underlying ice–skate friction remain uncertain despite over a century of study. In the 1930s, the theory of self-lubrication from frictional heat supplanted an earlier hypothesis that pressure melting governed skate friction. More recently, researchers have suggested that a layer of abraded wear particles or the presence of quasi-liquid molecular layers on the surface of ice could account for its slipperiness. Here, we assess the dominant hypotheses proposed to govern ice– skate friction and describe experiments conducted in an indoor skating rink aimed to provide observations to test these hypotheses. Our results indicate that the brittle failure of ice under rapid compression plays a strong role. Our observations did not confirm the presence of full contact water films and are more consistent with the presence of lubricating ice-rich slurries at discontinuous high-pressure zones (HPZs). The presence of ice-rich slurries supporting skates through HPZs merges pressure-melting, abrasion and lubricating films as a unified hypothesis for why skates are so slippery across broad ranges of speeds, temperatures and normal loads. We suggest tribometer experiments to overcome the difficulties of investigating these processes during actual skating trials.
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10

Kirk. L51737 Development of Modeling Procedures for Branch Welds. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), November 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010122.

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Abstract:
One major difficulty in developing fitness-for-purpose based flaw acceptance criteria for pipeline branch connections is the calculation of the stress distributions in the vicinity of the welds. Even with the latest computer-aided modelling technologies, finite element modeling of branch connections using three-dimensional (3-D) solid elements is the only way to accurately determine the stress distributions local to the weld toes of branch connections. This report describes work to access the applicability of linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) principles to a saddle-pad reinforced branch connection modelled using 3-D elements, The effort concentrated on determining the amount and location of plastic zones resulting from different combinations of service loadings. Loadings considered include pressurization to 72% of the specified minimum yield strength with the addition of main pipe end tension or compression. The effect of contact and different material models were also quantified.
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