Journal articles: 'Contact temperature measurements'

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HØRVEN, I., and C. T. LARSEN. "CONTACT PROBE FOR CORNEAL TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS." Acta Ophthalmologica 53, no. 6 (May 27, 2009): 856–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.1975.tb00403.x.

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Kvapil, Jiří, Michal Pohanka, and Jaroslav Horský. "Estimation of the thermal contact conductance from unsteady temperature measurements." Materiali in tehnologije 49, no. 2 (April 15, 2015): 219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17222/mit.2013.238.

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Jang, Fong-Lin, and Chyun-Chau Lin. "SYNCHRONOUS MEASUREMENTS OF FINGER SURFACE TEMPERATURE FROM THREE DIFFERENT KINDS OF TEMPERATURE SENSORS." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 37, no. 3 (September 2013): 1035–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2013-0089.

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The aim of this study was to explore new valid sensors for temperature biofeedback. Three kinds of temperature sensors (thermography imaging, thermistor, and infrared thermopile) were employed to record participants’ finger surface temperatures simultaneously. The skin temperature readings resulted in strong correlations between sensors. These results suggested that contact and non-contact temperature sensors all had good synchronous temperature covariance in measuring finger surface temperature.

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Pfänder, Markus, Eckhard Lüpfert, and Peter Heller. "Pyrometric Temperature Measurements on Solar Thermal High Temperature Receivers." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 128, no. 3 (April 6, 2006): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2210499.

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The knowledge of the absorber surface temperature distribution is essential for efficient operation and further development of solar thermal high temperature receivers. However, the concentrated solar radiation makes it difficult to determine the temperature on irradiated surfaces. Contact thermometry is not appropriate and pyrometric measurements are distorted by the reflected solar radiation. The measurement in solar-blind spectral ranges offers a possible solution by eliminating the reflected solar radiation from the measurement signal. The paper shows that besides the incoming solar radiation and the absorber emittance, the bi-directional reflection properties and the temperature of the object are determining for the required selectivity of the spectral filter. Atmospheric absorption affects the solar blind pyrometric measurements in absorption bands of CO2 and water vapor. The deviation of temperature measurement due to atmospheric absorption is quantified and the possibilities and limitations of accounting for the atmospheric absorption with models based on radiation transfer calculations are discussed.

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Kaplas, Tommi, Vytautas Jakstas, Andrius Biciunas, Algimantas Luksa, Arunas Setkus, Gediminas Niaura, and Irmantas Kasalynas. "Effect of High-Temperature Annealing on Graphene with Nickel Contacts." Condensed Matter 4, no. 1 (February 6, 2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/condmat4010021.

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Graphene has shown great potential for ultra-high frequency electronics. However, using graphene in electronic devices creates a requirement for electrodes with low contact resistance. Thermal annealing is sometimes used to improve the performance of contact electrodes. However, high-temperature annealing may introduce additional doping or defects to graphene. Moreover, an extensive increase in temperature may damage electrodes by destroying the metal–graphene contact. In this work, we studied the effect of high-temperature annealing on graphene and nickel–graphene contacts. Annealing was done in the temperature range of 200–800 °C and the effect of the annealing temperature was observed by two and four-point probe resistance measurements and by Raman spectroscopy. We observed that the annealing of a graphene sample above 300 °C increased the level of doping, but did not always improve electrical contacts. Above 600 °C, the nickel–graphene contact started to degrade, while graphene survived even higher process temperatures.

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Kennedy, F. E., S. C. Cullen, and J. M. Leroy. "Contact Temperature and Its Effects in an Oscillatory Sliding Contact." Journal of Tribology 111, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3261880.

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The relationship between contact temperature, friction coefficient, and wear rate was studied here for the case of dry sliding between pin and flat in small amplitude oscillatory motion. In the first part of the study, infrared radiation pyrometry and finite element analysis techniques were used to measure and model surface temperatures in an oscillatory contact. Good agreement was achieved between model predictions and experimental measurements. The model was then applied to an oscillating contact between an ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene pin and a rough stainless steel flat. Temperature predictions for that case were correlated with measured friction coefficients and wear rates. It was found that the polyethylene wear rate decreased as the contact temperature increased. The uniformity and thickness of the transfer films which formed on both counterface and polymer pin were found to be affected by contact temperature. Transfer film behavior was deemed responsible for the influence of contact temperature on wear rate.

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Broué, Adrien, Jérémie Dhennin, Pierre-Louis Charvet, Patrick Pons, Nourredine Ben Jemaa, Peter Heeb, Fabio Coccetti, and Robert Plana. "Comparative study of RF MEMS micro-contact materials." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 4, no. 4 (February 22, 2012): 413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078711001140.

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A systematic comparison between several pairs of contact materials based on an innovative methodology early developed at NOVA MEMS is hereby presented. The technique exploits a commercial nanoindenter coupled with electrical measurements, and test vehicles specially designed to investigate the underlying physics driving the surface-related failure modes. The study provides a comprehensive understanding of micro-contact behavior with respect to the impact of low-to-medium levels of electrical current. The decrease of the contact resistance, when the contact force increases, is measured for contact pairs of soft material (Au/Au contact), harder materials (Ru/Ru and Rh/Rh contacts), and mixed configuration (Au/Ru and Au/Ni contacts). The contact temperatures have been calculated and compared with the theoretical values of softening temperature for each couple of contact materials. No softening behavior has been observed for mixed contact at the theoretical softening temperature of both materials. The enhanced resilience of the bimetallic contacts Au/Ru and Au/Ni is demonstrated.

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Smedfors, Katarina, Luigia Lanni, Mikael Östling, and Carl Mikael Zetterling. "Characterization of Ohmic Ni/Ti/Al and Ni Contacts to 4H-SiC from -40°C to 500°C." Materials Science Forum 778-780 (February 2014): 681–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.778-780.681.

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Extreme temperature measurements of Ni/Ti/Al contacts to p-type SiC (Na= 1∙1018cm-3), with a specific contact resistivity ρc= 6.75∙10-4Ωcm2at 25 °C, showed a five time increase of the specific contact resistivity at -40 °C (ρc= 3.16∙10-3Ωcm2), and a reduction by almost a factor 10 at 500 °C (ρc= 7.49∙10-5Ωcm2). The same response of ρcto temperature was seen for contacts on lower doped epitaxial layer. Also N-type nickel contacts improved with higher operational temperature but with a considerably smaller variation over the same temperature interval. No degradation of the performance was seen to either the Ni/Ti/Al or the Ni contacts due to the high temperature measurements.

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Gulino, R., S. Bair, W. O. Winer, and B. Bhushan. "Temperature Measurement of Microscopic Areas Within a Simulated Head/Tape Interface Using Infrared Radiometric Technique." Journal of Tribology 108, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3261139.

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This study concerns the infrared measurement of steady-state and transient temperatures of microscopic areas within the contact region formed by a magnetic tape passing over a simulated recording head. This research demonstrates that the tape surface temperature can be measured within specific limits of response time and sensitivity. Due to its high tranmissivity in the relevant infrared band, sapphire was chosen as the material to be used in the fabrication of a simulated recording head. A Barnes RM2A infrared microscope was the principle radiometer used, while a best effort was made in scanning with an AGA Thermovision 750. The friction force versus load characteristics of the head-magnetic tape interface were also observed. The high speed measurements were divided into two regimes; non-contact hydrodynamic film region, and tape-head contact regime. The temperature measurements displayed a strong correlation with the measured friction force versus load curve. Almost no temperature rise was found in the noncontact hydrodynamic film region while a temperature rise of a few degrees Celsius was found when there was tape-head contact. The results with the AGA Thermovision 750 were consistent with the measurements obtained with the Barnes RM2A.

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Castro, Pablo, Ramón Lecuna, Mario Manana, Maria Jose Martin, and Dolores del Campo. "Infrared Temperature Measurement Sensors of Overhead Power Conductors." Sensors 20, no. 24 (December 12, 2020): 7126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20247126.

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Efficiency in power lines operation is becoming more crucial as the electrification increases and more renewable energies are connected into the grid. New methods and sensors are being added to create smart grids to face these challenges and conductor temperature sensors are one of them. Contact temperature sensors have several problems regarding safety and electronic damage due to the electromagnetic fields induced on the conductors. The goal of this paper is to describe an infrared temperature measurement sensor and to compare contact and non-contact temperature measurements to estimate the temperature of power lines. Measurements were done for almost a year, storing around 150,000 measures of contact and infrared thermometers for many different weather and load conditions. The results conclude that the infrared system can be successfully used to control the temperature of the overhead conductor within a range of less than 4 ∘C difference with respect to contact temperature methods for the 88% of the samples and less than 6 ∘C for the 99%.

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Bunker, K. W., S. China, C. Mazzoleni, A. Kostinski, and W. Cantrell. "Measurements of ice nucleation by mineral dusts in the contact mode." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 12, no. 8 (August 14, 2012): 20291–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-20291-2012.

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Abstract. Formation of ice in Earth's atmosphere at temperatures above approximately −20 °C is one of the outstanding problems in cloud physics. Contact nucleation has been suggested as a possible mechanism for freezing at relatively high temperatures; some laboratory experiments have shown contact freezing activity at temperatures as high as −4 °C. We have investigated Arizona Test Dust and kaolinite as contact nuclei as a function of size and temperature and find that the fraction of submicron particles that are active as contact ice nuclei is less than 10−3 for −18 °C and greater. We also find that the different dusts are quite distinct in their effectiveness as contact nuclei; Arizona Test Dust catalyzed freezing in the contact mode at all mobility diameters we tested at −18 °C whereas kaolinite triggered freezing only for mobility diameters of 1000 and 500 nm at that temperature.

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Pérez-Tomás, Amador, A. Fontserè, Marcel Placidi, N. Baron, Sébastien Chenot, Yvon Cordier, J. C. Moreno, Peter M. Gammon, and Michael R. Jennings. "Ohmic Contact Resistance to GaN Devices Dependence with on Temperature for GaN Devices T." Materials Science Forum 679-680 (March 2011): 816–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.679-680.816.

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The temperature dependence of Ohmic contacts to GaN devices is investigated in this paper via by measuring TLM contact resistances TLM vs Tas a function of temperature. measurements. In particular, the two types of Ohmic contacts are considered: (1) Contacts to highly doped implanted regions (such as the MOSFET drain/source contacts or the back contact of Schottky diodes) and (2) contacts to the 2 dimensional electron gas (2DEG) of an AlGaN/GaN heterojunction.

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Fieberg, C., and R. Kneer. "Determination of thermal contact resistance from transient temperature measurements." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 51, no. 5-6 (March 2008): 1017–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2007.05.004.

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Attal, Stéphane, and Clément Pellegrini. "Stochastic Master Equations in Thermal Environment." Open Systems & Information Dynamics 17, no. 04 (December 2010): 389–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1230161210000242.

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We derive stochastic master equations which describe the evolution of open quantum systems in contact with a heat bath and undergoing indirect measurements. These equations are obtained as a limit of a quantum repeated measurement model where we consider a small system in contact with an infinite chain at positive temperature. It is well-known that at zero temperature one obtains stochastic differential equations of jump-diffusion type. We show that only pure diffusion type equations are relevant at strictly positive temperatures.

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O'Donnell Meininger, T., and J. S. Selker. "Bed conduction impact on fiber optic distributed temperature sensing water temperature measurements." Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems 4, no. 1 (February 2, 2015): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gi-4-19-2015.

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Abstract. Error in distributed temperature sensing (DTS) water temperature measurements may be introduced by contact of the fiber optic cable sensor with bed materials (e.g., seafloor, lakebed, streambed). Heat conduction from the bed materials can affect cable temperature and the resulting DTS measurements. In the Middle Fork John Day River, apparent water temperature measurements were influenced by cable sensor contact with aquatic vegetation and fine sediment bed materials. Affected cable segments measured a diurnal temperature range reduced by 10% and lagged by 20–40 min relative to that of ambient stream temperature. The diurnal temperature range deeper within the vegetation–sediment bed material was reduced 70% and lagged 240 min relative to ambient stream temperature. These site-specific results illustrate the potential magnitude of bed-conduction impacts with buried DTS measurements. Researchers who deploy DTS for water temperature monitoring should understand the importance of the environment into which the cable is placed on the range and phase of temperature measurements.

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Nagareddy, V. Karthik, Sandra C. Hernández, Virginia D. Wheeler, Luke O. Nyakiti, Rachael L. Myers-Ward, Charles R. Eddy, Jonathan P. Goss, et al. "High Temperature Stability of Oxygen Functionalized Epitaxial Graphene/Metal Contact Interfaces." Materials Science Forum 740-742 (January 2013): 145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.740-742.145.

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The electrical characteristics of oxygen functionalized epitaxial graphene and Ti/Au metal contact interfaces were systematically investigated as a function of temperature. As the temperature was increased from 300 K to 673 K, the contact resistance and the sheet resistance decreased by 75% and 33%, respectively. The resistance of oxygen functionalized graphene vs temperature exhibited Arrhenius type behavior with activation energy of 38 meV. The results showed no hysteresis effects in resistance measurements over the temperatures studied here, suggesting the contact interfaces remain stable at high temperatures.

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Moscatelli, Francesco, Andrea Scorzoni, Antonella Poggi, Mariaconcetta Canino, and Roberta Nipoti. "Ni-Silicide Contacts to 6H-SiC: Contact Resistivity and Barrier Height on Ion Implanted n-Type and Barrier Height on p-Type Epilayer." Materials Science Forum 483-485 (May 2005): 737–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.483-485.737.

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Recently Ni/SiC contacts have been studied in order to achieve very low contact resistivity (rc) values on n-type SiC. In this work contact resistivity values of Ni-silicide contacts to n-type ion implanted 6H-SiC are analyzed aiming at extracting the Schottky Barrier Height (SBH). The n-type ion implanted 6H-SiC specimens were annealed at 1300, 1500, 1650°C for 20 min in a high purity Ar ambient. The rc values have been extracted from Transmission Line Method (TLM) measurements in the range of temperatures 25-290°C. The rc values are in the range 1-5×10-5 Wcm2 depending on the annealing temperature. The SBH fBn has been extracted by exploiting the dependence of the contact resistivity on the temperature. By using the field emission model, the value obtained for fBn on our samples is in the range 1.1-1.3 eV depending on the annealing temperature. The SBH on p-type 6H-SiC has been evaluated on Schottky diodes by means of both IV and C-V measurements. A value of qfBp= (1.75±0.05) eV has been obtained on p-type SiC through the C-V method. The average SBH extracted from I-V data collected at room temperature is (1.19±0.03) eV and this value increases as a function of the temperature until (1.50±0.01) eV at 290°C. Differences between values of SBH extracted from I−V and from C−V measurements are explained in terms of inhomogeneous barrier height

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Kuchuk, A., V. Kladko, Z. Adamus, M. Wzorek, M. Borysiewicz, P. Borowicz, A. Barcz, K. Golaszewska, and A. Piotrowska. "Influence of Carbon Layer on the Properties of Ni-Based Ohmic Contact to n-Type 4H-SiC." ISRN Electronics 2013 (February 28, 2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/271658.

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Nickel-based contacts with additional interfacial layer of carbon, deposited on n-type 4H-SiC, were annealed at temperatures ranging from 600 to 1000°C and the evolution of the electrical and structural properties were analyzed by I-V measurements, SIMS, TEM, and Raman spectroscopy. Ohmic contact is formed after annealing at 800°C and minimal specific contact resistance of about 2.0×10-4 Ω cm2 has been achieved after annealing at 1000°C. The interfacial carbon is amorphous in as-deposited state and rapidly diffuses and dissolves in nickel forming graphitized carbon. This process activates interfacial reaction between Ni and SiC at lower temperature than usual and causes the formation of ohmic contact at relatively low temperature. However, our results show that the specific contact resistance as well as interface quality of contacts was not improved, if additional layer of carbon is placed between Ni and SiC.

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Bottasso, F., G. P. Giuliani, and M. Nahmias. "Wear Measurements on Rubber Compounds." Tire Science and Technology 15, no. 2 (April 1, 1987): 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2148785.

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Abstract A test procedure is described which permits isolation of controllable variables such as the formula, the curing cycle, and the curing temperature on the intrinsic wear rate of tire tread compounds under low-severity conditions of use. The specimen, in the form of a rubber roller, rotates in contact with a solid wheel. Both a vertical load and a braking torque may be applied to obtain pressures and slippage in the contact area that are typical for pneumatic tires in service. The specimen has a central core, made of a suitable compound, and a thin outer layer made of the compound to be tested. This keeps the contact area and the specimen temperature constant so that they do not affect measurements of intrinsic wear rate of the compound. Some effects of temperature on intrinsic wear rate are discussed.

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Schuh, Christopher A., Corinne E. Packard, and Alan C. Lund. "Nanoindentation and contact-mode imaging at high temperatures." Journal of Materials Research 21, no. 3 (March 1, 2006): 725–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2006.0080.

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Technical issues surrounding the use of nanoindentation at elevated temperatures are discussed, including heat management, thermal equilibration, instrumental drift, and temperature-induced changes to the shape and properties of the indenter tip. After characterizing and managing these complexities, quantitative mechanical property measurements are performed on a specimen of standard fused silica at temperatures up to 405 °C. The extracted values of hardness and Young's modulus are validated against independent experimental data from conventional mechanical tests, and accuracy comparable to that obtained in standard room-temperature nanoindentation is demonstrated. In situ contact-mode images of the surface at temperature are also presented.

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Kulkarni, G., J. Fan, J. M. Comstock, X. Liu, and M. Ovchinnikov. "Laboratory measurements and model sensitivity studies of dust deposition ice nucleation." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12, no. 16 (August 16, 2012): 7295–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-7295-2012.

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Abstract. We investigated the ice nucleating properties of mineral dust particles to understand the sensitivity of simulated cloud properties to two different representations of contact angle in the Classical Nucleation Theory (CNT). These contact angle representations are based on two sets of laboratory deposition ice nucleation measurements: Arizona Test Dust (ATD) particles of 100, 300 and 500 nm sizes were tested at three different temperatures (−25, −30 and −35 °C), and 400 nm ATD and kaolinite dust species were tested at two different temperatures (−30 and −35 °C). These measurements were used to derive the onset relative humidity with respect to ice (RHice) required to activate 1% of dust particles as ice nuclei, from which the onset single contact angles were then calculated based on CNT. For the probability density function (PDF) representation, parameters of the log-normal contact angle distribution were determined by fitting CNT-predicted activated fraction to the measurements at different RHice. Results show that onset single contact angles vary from ~18 to 24 degrees, while the PDF parameters are sensitive to the measurement conditions (i.e. temperature and dust size). Cloud modeling simulations were performed to understand the sensitivity of cloud properties (i.e. ice number concentration, ice water content, and cloud initiation times) to the representation of contact angle and PDF distribution parameters. The model simulations show that cloud properties are sensitive to onset single contact angles and PDF distribution parameters. The comparison of our experimental results with other studies shows that under similar measurement conditions the onset single contact angles are consistent within ±2.0 degrees, while our derived PDF parameters have larger discrepancies.

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Kleemola, J., and A. Lehtovaara. "Evaluation of lubrication conditions in gear contacts using contact resistance and bulk temperature measurements." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 224, no. 4 (January 15, 2010): 367–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/13506501jet675.

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Flach, G. P., and M. N. O¨zis¸ik. "Inverse Heat Conduction Problem of Periodically Contacting Surfaces." Journal of Heat Transfer 110, no. 4a (November 1, 1988): 821–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3250580.

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An inverse heat conduction method for determining the periodically time-varying contact conductance between two periodically contacting surfaces is presented. The technique is based on solving two single-region inverse problems for the contact surface temperature and heat flux of each solid. The time variation of contact surface temperature is represented with a versatile periodic B-spline basis. The dimension of the B-spline basis is statistically optimized and confidence bounds are derived for the estimated contact conductance. Typical results based on both simulated and actual measurements are given and a parametric study is made to illustrate the general effects of measurement location, number of measurements, etc., on the accuracy of the results.

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Furmanova, N. I., O. Yu Farafonov, O. Yu Malyi, and О. О. Pirozhenko. "Approaches to improve the accuracy of measurement of human body temperature by contactless IR thermometers." Electrical Engineering and Power Engineering, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15588/1607-6761-2021-1-6.

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Purpose: analyze existing approaches to measuring human body temperature, propose approaches to improve measurement accuracy. Methodology. analytical, experimental. Findings. The article considers approaches to improving the accuracy of measuring body temperature with non-contact infrared thermometers. The parameters of infrared temperature meters are analyzed. The composition of the system for collecting statistical information on the influence of environmental factors on the accuracy of measurements is proposed. Research software is offered. Measurement statistics are given. Ways to increase the accuracy of measurements with non-contact infrared thermometers are indicated. Mathematical and physical support of non-contact temperature measurement is offered, the analysis of parameters of infrared body temperature meters is carried out, the system for receiving the statistical information for revealing of factors of influence is developed, the analysis of results is carried out. Originality. An updated formula for determining body temperature is proposed, which contains the following parameters: specific constant for a particular device, which depends on the optical focusing system and the absorbing material; the degree of radiation of the object, which depends on the material of the object whose temperature is measured; the absolute temperature of the object being measured; absolute ambient temperature; reflected radiation from the environment; absolute temperature of the pyrometer sensor housing.. Practical value. The paper offers recommendations that can significantly increase the accuracy of measurements in the design of systems containing infrared thermometers.

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Avanesyan, Sergey M., and Richard F. Haglund. "Non-contact subsurface temperature measurements following mid-infrared laser irradiation." Applied Physics A 112, no. 1 (September 18, 2012): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00339-012-7222-x.

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Volkov, Roman S., Ivan S. Voytkov, and Pavel A. Strizhak. "Temperature Fields of the Droplets and Gases Mixture." Applied Sciences 10, no. 7 (March 25, 2020): 2212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10072212.

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In this research, we obtain gas–vapor mixture temperature fields generated by blending droplets and high-temperature combustion products. Similar experiments are conducted for droplet injection into heated air flow. This kind of measurement is essential for high-temperature and high-speed processes in contact heat exchangers or in liquid treatment chambers, as well as in firefighting systems. Experiments are conducted using an optical system based on Laser-Induced Phosphorescence as well as two types of thermocouples with a similar measurement range but different response times (0.1–3 s) and accuracy (1–5 °C). In our experiments, we inject droplets into the heated air flow (first scheme) and into the flow of high-temperature combustion products (second scheme). We concentrate on the unsteady inhomogeneous temperature fields of the gas–vapor mixture produced by blending the above-mentioned flows and monitoring the lifetime of the relatively low gas temperature after droplets passes through the observation area. The scientific novelty of this research comes from the first ever comparison of the temperature measurements of a gas–vapor–droplet mixture obtained by contact and non-contact systems. The advantages and limitations of the contact and non-contact techniques are defined for the measurement of gas–vapor mixture temperature.

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Hwang, Jihong, Sridhar Kompella, Srinivasan Chandrasekar, and Thomas N. Farris. "Measurement of Temperature Field in Surface Grinding Using Infra-Red (IR) Imaging System." Journal of Tribology 125, no. 2 (March 19, 2003): 377–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1537748.

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An experimental technique is described for measuring the temperature field in a workpiece during surface grinding. The technique involves measurement of the radiation emitted by a side of the workpiece immediately adjoining the wheel-workpiece contact region using a Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) based Infra-Red imaging system. By using an appropriate calibration procedure, measured radiation values are converted to temperatures. Novel aspects of the experimental technique are full-field measurement of temperature at high spatial and temporal resolution, high sensitivity and non-intrusive measurement. The repeatability of temperature measurement is found to be very good. The experiments have provided an accurate estimate of the surface and sub-surface temperatures in the workpiece. Furthermore, by grinding along a taper with a continuously increasing depth of cut, the effect of material removal rate on temperature field has been characterized. Measurements of the temperature field in taper grinding have been found to correlate well with those made in conventional constant depth grinding thereby, establishing taper grinding as a viable, accelerated test for studying grinding temperatures. Full-field measurements of workpiece temperature should facilitate study of thermal damage and multi-scale validation of thermal models in grinding.

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von Hauff, Elizabeth, Nicolas Spethmann, and Jürgen Parisi. "A Gated Four Probe Technique for Field Effect Measurements on Disordered Organic Semiconductors." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 63, no. 9 (September 1, 2008): 591–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2008-0910.

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A gated four probe measurement technique to isolate contact resistances in field effect measurementson disordered organic semiconductors was investigated. Organic field effect transistors (OFETs) were prepared with two additional electrodes in the contact geometry protruding into the source-drain channel to monitor the variation in potential across the channel. Two high impedance electrometers were used to determine the potential at the contacts. This technique allows to directly determine the magnitude of the parasitic contact resistances between metal contact and organic semiconductor from the drop in potential at the contact regions. The effects of contact resistances, which can falsify measurements on bulk transport parameters such as the field effect mobility, can be then eliminated during material characterization. Additionally, the temperature and electric field dependence of the contact resistances offers valuable information about the charge injection and extraction processes between metal and organic semiconductor. The effects of the four probe geometry, specifically the effect of the channel electrodes on the current-voltage characteristics, of hole transport in a polythiophene (P3HT) OFET with Au contacts were investigated and found not to influence device performance, except at currents « 1 nA. The IV characteristics were shown to follow the expected FET behaviour. From the variation in potential along the channel it was found that contact resistances at the source contact (charge injecting contact) are minimal while contact resistances at thedrain contact (charge extracting contact) are significant, resulting in a much lower effective sourcedrain voltage than that applied to the device.

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Ionov, Anton, Boris Ionov, Nadezhda Chernysheva, and Egor Plotkin. "An Approach to On-Line Uncertainty Evaluation in Non-Contact Temperature Measurements." Key Engineering Materials 613 (May 2014): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.613.173.

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The article is devoted to the suggested technique of on-line uncertainty calculation in non-contact temperature measurements, which can be used as a basic algorithm for smart measuring systems, e.g. intelligent radiation thermometers. As the initial data for uncertainty evaluation we use a priori information about heat detector characteristics, calibration curves along with their related uncertainties, estimated ambient temperature and external information of correction factor that should be inputted in a probabilistic form. We suggest utilizing models based on a characteristic function, in order to evaluate the combined uncertainty. In our opinion, the discussed principles are applicable for lots of other areas of measurement, especially, where it is critical to improve effectiveness of subsequent decision-making.

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ZIPF, MATTHIAS, JOCHEN MANARA, THOMAS STARK, MARIACARLA ARDUINI, HANS-PETER EBERT, and JÜRGEN HARTMANN. "Identification of wavelength regions for non-contact temperature measurement of combustion gases at high temperatures and high pressures." High Temperatures-High Pressures 49, no. 3 (2020): 241–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.32908/hthp.v49.805.

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Stationary gas turbines are still an important part of today’s power supply. With increasing temperature of the hot combustion gas inside a gas turbine, the efficiency factor of the turbine increases. For this reason, it is intended to operate turbines at the highest possible gas temperature. Therefore, in the combustion chamber and especially at the position of the first stage guide vanes the gas temperature needs to be measured reliably. To determine the gas temperature, one promising approach is the application of a non-contact measurement method using a radiation thermometer. A radiation thermometer can measure the gas temperature remotely from outside of the harsh environment. At ZAE Bayern, a high temperature and high-pressure gas cell has been developed for this purpose in order to investigate gases and gas mixtures under defined conditions at high pressures and high temperatures. This gas cell can be placed in a FTIR-spectrometer in order to characterize the infrared-optical properties of the gases. In this work the measurement setup is introduced and gas mixtures, which are relevant for gas turbine applications are analyzed thoroughly. The derived results are presented and discussed in detail. To identify suitable wavelength regions for non-contact gas temperature measurements, first tests have been performed. Based on these tests, an appropriate wavelength region could be chosen, where future gas temperature measurements can be carried out.

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Tauchert, T. R., D. C. Leigh, and M. A. Tracy. "Measurements of Thermal Contact Resistance for Steel Layered Vessels." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 110, no. 3 (August 1, 1988): 335–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3265608.

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An experimental procedure for measuring the thermal contact resistance of layered specimens under normal stress is described. Results for as-rolled SA-516-70 steel layers are used to establish a functional relationship between contact resistance and stress. The relationship is employed in a finite element formulation in order to predict transient temperature distributions. Agreement between the finite element results and the experimentally determined temperature profiles is good.

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Mykhaylyk, Vitaliy, Hans Kraus, Yaroslav Zhydachevskyy, Volodymyr Tsiumra, Andriy Luchechko, Armin Wagner, and Andrzej Suchocki. "Multimodal Non-Contact Luminescence Thermometry with Cr-Doped Oxides." Sensors 20, no. 18 (September 15, 2020): 5259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20185259.

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Luminescence methods for non-contact temperature monitoring have evolved through improvements of hardware and sensor materials. Future advances in this field rely on the development of multimodal sensing capabilities of temperature probes and extend the temperature range across which they operate. The family of Cr-doped oxides appears particularly promising and we review their luminescence characteristics in light of their application in non-contact measurements of temperature over the 5–300 K range. Multimodal sensing utilizes the intensity ratio of emission lines, their wavelength shift, and the scintillation decay time constant. We carried out systematic studies of the temperature-induced changes in the luminescence of the Cr3+-doped oxides Al2O3, Ga2O3, Y3Al5O12, and YAlO3. The mechanism responsible for the temperature-dependent luminescence characteristic is discussed in terms of relevant models. It is shown that the thermally-induced processes of particle exchange, governing the dynamics of Cr3+ ion excited state populations, require low activation energy. This then translates into tangible changes of a luminescence parameter with temperature. We compare different schemes of temperature sensing and demonstrate that Ga2O3-Cr is a promising material for non-contact measurements at cryogenic temperatures. A temperature resolution better than ±1 K can be achieved by monitoring the luminescence intensity ratio (40–140 K) and decay time constant (80–300 K range).

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Baumann, H. "Measuring Surface Temperatures between Rolling Steel Cylinders Using Double-Layer Transducers." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 201, no. 4 (July 1987): 263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1987_201_119_02.

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The signals of the thin-film transducers previously used for the measurement of temperature distributions in elastohydrodynamic contacts have been influenced by the high pressures occurring. At pure rolling conditions when the temperature increase is small, the error caused by pressure reaches nearly the order of magnitude of the temperature signal to be recorded. Using double-layer transducers of a novel type, a reduction of this error of over 90 per cent can be achieved. In this paper temperature measurements at pure rolling conditions are described. It has been shown that a distinct temperature spike occurs at the constriction at the trailing edge of the elastohydrodynamic contact.

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Zainuriah, Hassan, F. K. Yam, Z. J. Yap, Azlan Abdul Aziz, and Kamarulazizi Ibrahim. "Characteristics of Ni-Based Bi-Layer Contacts on GaN." Materials Science Forum 480-481 (March 2005): 525–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.480-481.525.

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GaN-based materials have been the subject of intensive research recently for blue and ultraviolet light emission and high temperature/high power electronic devices. Ohmic contacts with low contact resistance are essential in improving the electrical and optical performances of the devices. A wide variety of contact metallizations have been reported for p-GaN, including the standard Ni/Au as well as Ni. Different surface pretreatments have been investigated to lower the contact resistivity. To employ metal layers as a reliable ohmic contact on GaN, it is essential to understand the thermal stability of metal-GaN contact in addition to developing low resistance ohmic system. In this paper, we report on the characteristics of Ni/Ag bi-layer contacts on p-type GaN. The structural and electrical stability of the contacts at various annealing temperatures (480°C – 780°C)were investigated. Changes in the surface morphology of the contacts on annealing were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Specific contact resistivity and barrier height, determined using transmission line method (TLM) and current-voltage (I-V) measurements were calculated.

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Mokhtar, M. O. A., and A. A. Abdel Ghany. "Elastohydrodynamic Behavior of Rolling Elliptical Contacts: Part I: Pressure and Temperature Distributions." Journal of Tribology 107, no. 3 (July 1, 1985): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3261071.

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A two disk machine with a spherical disk mating a plain cylindrical one has been constructed to operate at different elliptical contact situations under various loads and rolling to sliding speeds. The disks axes can skew relative to each other so that various elliptical contacts could be tested. By the aid of specially modified evaporated transducers (Manganin band for pressure measurements and platinum band for temperature measurements), the elastohydrodynamic (EHD) pressure and temperature distributions could be accurately traced. Results, herein presented, confirmed that within the contact zone, the pressure distribution exhibits an almost Hertzian shape but with a second pressure peak (spike) near the trailing (exit) end of the oil film. The temperature has proven to display a distribution analogous to that described by the generated EHD pressure.

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Thompson, Margarita P., Andrew R. Drews, Changhe Huang, and Gregory W. Auner. "Temperature Effect on the Quality of A1N thin Films." MRS Internet Journal of Nitride Semiconductor Research 4, S1 (1999): 142–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s1092578300002362.

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AlN thin films were deposited at various substrate temperatures via Plasma Source Molecular Beam Epitaxy. The films were grown on 6H-SiC (0001) substrates. Reflection High Energy Electron Diffraction and Atomic Force Microscopy showed a dramatic change in the surface morphology of the film grown at 640°C. This is attributed to a change in the growth mechanism from pseudomorphic at lower temperatures to three-dimensional at higher than 640°C temperatures. Photoreflectance measurements showed an absorption shift toward 200 nm as the deposition temperature increases which is attributed to the change in the growth mechanism at higher temperatures. X-Ray Diffraction was unable to conclusively determine the AlN (0002) peak due to a significant diffuse intensity from the SiC (0002) peak. A MIS structure was created by depositing Pt contacts on the film grown at 500°C. I-V measurements showed that the Pt/AlN contact is Schottky.

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Kulkarni, G., J. Fan, J. M. Comstock, X. Liu, and M. Ovchinnikov. "Laboratory measurements and model sensitivity studies of dust deposition ice nucleation." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 12, no. 1 (January 25, 2012): 2483–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-2483-2012.

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Abstract. We investigated the ice nucleating properties of mineral dust particles to understand the sensitivity of modeled cloud properties to different representations of contact angle in the Classical Nucleation Theory (CNT): onset single angle and probability density function (PDF) distribution approaches. These contact angle representations are based on two sets of laboratory deposition ice nucleation measurements: Arizona Test Dust (ATD) particles of 100, 300, and 500 nm sizes were tested at three different temperatures (−25, −30 and −35 °C), and 400 nm ATD and Kaolinite dust species were tested at two different temperatures (−30 and −35 °C). These measurements were used to derive the onset relative humidity with respect to ice (RHice) required to activate 1% of dust particles as ice nuclei, from which the onset single contact angles were then calculated based on the CNT. For the PDF representation, parameters of the log-normal contact angle distribution (mean and standard deviation) were determined by fitting the CNT-predicted activated fraction to the measurements at different RHice. Results show that onset single contact angles are not much different between experiments, while the PDF parameters are sensitive to those environmental conditions (i.e., temperature and dust size). The cloud resolving model simulations show that cloud properties (i.e. ice number concentration, ice water content, and cloud initiation times) are sensitive to onset single contact angles and PDF distribution parameters, particularly to the mean value. The comparison of our experimental results with other studies shows that under similar measurement conditions the onset single contact angles are consistent within &pm;2.0°, while our derived PDF parameters have discrepancies.

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Qi, Pengyuan, Gang Wang, Zhen Gao, Xianghua Liu, and Weijie Liu. "Measurements of Temperature Distribution for High Temperature Steel Plates Based on Digital Image Correlation." Materials 12, no. 20 (October 12, 2019): 3322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12203322.

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Temperature distribution is an important process parameter of steel plates during electromagnetic induction heating treatment. This study uses the digital image correlation method to develop an effective non-contact temperature measurement that allows obtaining valuable information about the temperature value of a high temperature steel plate specimen and analyzing its temperature distribution. A principle of thermal radiation temperature measurement based on the color chagre couled device (CCD) technology was introduced. The image processing system encapsulates the image update module, form mode module, image event module and temperature analysis module. The error analysis and temperature calibration were carried out to make sure the error deviation of the measurement system was within a small range. The temperature distribution of B1500HS at high temperature was analyzed by the designed measurement system which was in good agreement with the result from Raynger 3i Plus temperature gun, indicating that the measurement system based on image processing basically meets the requirements of temperature distribution measurement of a high temperature steel plate, and provides an important reference for a high temperature steel plate in non-contact temperature distribution measurement.

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Lachenmeier, Dirk, and Walter Lachenmeier. "Injury Threshold of Oral Contact with Hot Foods and Method for Its Sensory Evaluation." Safety 4, no. 3 (September 6, 2018): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/safety4030038.

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Epidemiological studies indicate an increased risk of esophageal cancer from the consumption of very hot foods and beverages. The contact time and the contact temperature are decisive for the risk of injury. However, measuring the contact temperature is not easy in practice. In the present study, a numerical simulation based on the solution of the heat conduction equation was initially used to investigate whether and for what period of time a constant contact temperature is to be expected under oral conditions. For small food samples (e.g., cooked potatoes) in contact with the tongue, the simulation results in constant contact temperatures of up to 10 s before cooling depending on thickness. Hot beverages, which spread as a thin film and thereby increase their surface area, can therefore be consumed at higher temperatures than solid foods. Furthermore, orientating measurements with a “measuring spoon” determined the contact temperature of 46.5 °C considered to be just comfortable for any period >10 s and about 48 °C for periods of less than 10 s The course of the contact temperatures determined in the experiment over time allows the corresponding threshold values of consumption temperatures for various hot foods to be calculated. In view of the fact that the contact temperature is obviously the determining factor for the risk of injury from burns in the oral cavity in addition to the contact time, it makes sense to reference threshold values to the contact temperature rather than to the surface or consumption temperature of a food product, which is current customary practice. If this contact temperature is defined as a threshold value, the surface or consumption temperature for any other food can be calculated.

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Haupt, Steven G., David R. Riley, Jianai Zhao, and John T. McDevitt. "Contact resistance measurements recorded at conductive polymer/high-temperature superconductor interfaces." Journal of Physical Chemistry 97, no. 30 (July 1993): 7796–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100132a002.

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George, J., A. Bensafi, A. M. Schmitt, D. Black, S. Dahan, F. Loche, and J. M. Lagarde. "Validation of a non-contact technique for local skin temperature measurements." Skin Research and Technology 14, no. 4 (November 2008): 381–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0846.2008.00309.x.

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Costa, P. A., M. S. Bessa, J. S. Schutz, C. L. S. Azeredo, R. S. França, K. N. Quelhas, and I. Malinovski. "Traceability transfer in high accuracy contact temperature measurements for length interferometry." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 575 (January 6, 2015): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/575/1/012025.

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Paradis, Paul-François, and Won-Kyu Rhim. "Non-contact measurements of thermophysical properties of titanium at high temperature." Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics 32, no. 1 (January 2000): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcht.1999.0576.

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Milicevic, Miroslav, Marko Jovanovic, Tatjana Stojanovic, and Valentina Nejkovic. "Review of non-contact temperature measurements theory and several available techniques." Termotehnika 42, no. 1 (2016): 113–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/termoteh1601113m.

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Stephan, Karl D., and John A. Pearce. "Microwave Radiometry for Continuous Non-Contact Temperature Measurements During Microwave Heating." Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy 40, no. 1 (January 2005): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08327823.2005.11688524.

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Kanakov, V. A., and A. G. Kislyakov. "Human-body temperature measurements using contact radiometer with built-in calibrators." Radiophysics and Quantum Electronics 42, no. 2 (February 1999): 150–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02677554.

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Bartoszuk, Marian. "THERMOVISION MEASUREMENTS OF THE TEMPERATURE IN THE CUTTING ZONE FOR TURNING AISI 321 STEEL." Technical Sciences 1, no. 23 (June 4, 2020): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/ts.5177.

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The article presents the methodology of conducting research on temperature distribution in the cutting zone for orthogonal turning without the use of a cooling liquid. AISI 321 austenitic steel was chosen as the workpiece material to be tested, while TNMA160408 carbide inserts, with a flat rake face made of H10F carbide, were chosen as the cutting edges. The research used infrared imaging, which still poses many research problems. The author's own method of calibration of the measurement chain is also presented. In addition, the most common causes of inaccuracies in thermovision measurements of cutting temperatures are discussed. The obtained temperature distribution maps were related to the average contact temperature determined by the method of natural thermocouple – chips/rake face.

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Crofton, John, John R. Williams, A. V. Adedeji, James D. Scofield, S. Dhar, Leonard C. Feldman, and M. J. Bozack. "Ohmic Contacts to P-Type Epitexial and Imlanted 4H-SiC." Materials Science Forum 527-529 (October 2006): 895–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.527-529.895.

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Nickel ohmic contacts to p-type epitaxial and heavily implanted 4H-SiC are described. Room and elevated temperature results are presented. Elevated temperature measurements of specific contact resistance are compared to theoretical calculations. The calculations require the acceptor doping concentration and the contact’s barrier height. Epitaxial material has a known acceptor value thereby allowing the barrier height to be deduced by requiring agreement between the calculated and measured values of the contact resistance. Calculations of the contact resistance for implanted material use the barrier height from the epitaxial results along with a variable activated acceptor doping concentration which is adjusted to give agreement with measured room temperature specific contact resistances. Specific contact resistances as low as 7x10-6 ohm-cm2 fabricated on the Si face have been obtained to epitaxial 4H p-type material whereas contacts to implanted material result in much larger contact resistance values of 4x10-5 ohm-cm2. These results, when compared to theoretical calculations, indicate that activated acceptor doping concentrations in heavily implanted material are on the order of 2% of the implant concentration.

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Jang, Fong Lin, and Chyun Chau Lin. "Relationships and Comparisons of Finger Surface Temperature Measurements from Three Different Kinds of Temperature Sensors." Applied Mechanics and Materials 284-287 (January 2013): 1559–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.284-287.1559.

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Temperature biofeedback has been used in behavioral medicine for more than three decades. Traditional temperature biofeedback uses the contact sensor of a thermistor to measure one’s finger surface temperature. The goal of this study is to discover new valid sensors for temperature biofeedback. Sixteen healthy young adult volunteers (23.1±2.0 years old) practiced cognitive imagery muscle relaxation with three kinds of temperature sensors (thermography imaging, thermistor, and infrared thermopile) to measure their finger surfaces simultaneously. The temperature readings from different sensors were synchronically videotaped and converged to video files for analyses. The data were selected every half a minute from a fixed section of the muscle relaxation procedure to show the outline of the temperature variation. Twenty-eight means of skin temperature measurements from each sensor resulted in overall correlation coefficients of R=0.98 (p<0.001) between the thermistor and thermography imaging sensors, R=0.95 (p<0.001) between thermography imaging and infrared thermopile sensors, and R=0.96 (p<0.001) between thermistor and infrared thermopile sensors. These results suggest that contact and non-contact temperature sensors could demonstrate good synchronous temperature covariance in measuring finger surface temperature. This study also proposes specific setups for instrumentation of finger surface temperature monitoring.

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Беляев, А. Е., Н. С. Болтовец, В. П. Кладько, Н. В. Сафрюк-Романенко, A. И. Любченко, В. М. Шеремет, В. В. Шинкаренко, et al. "Особенности температурной зависимости удельного контактного сопротивления диффузионных кремниевых структур Au-Ti-Pd-n-=SUP=-+-=/SUP=--n-Si." Журнал технической физики 53, no. 4 (2019): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftp.2019.04.47445.9012.

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AbstractThe temperature dependences of the specific contact resistance of silicon ρ_ c with a doping step are measured experimentally and described theoretically. The measurements are performed in the temperature range from 4.2 to 380 K. It is established that the contacts of the studied Au–Ti–Pd– n ^+– n -Si structures are ohmic. It is shown that minimal ρ_ c is implemented at T = 75 K. Its value rises both with a decrease in temperature (due to the freezing effect) and with an increase in temperature (due to the electron-enriched layer at the boundary with the bulk material). It is established that the bulk electron concentration strongly decreases in the near-contact region in a layer with a thickness on the order of one micron due to the compensation of silicon by deep acceptors appearing because of the formation of a rather high vacancy concentration during stress relaxation and the appearance of a high dislocation density, as well as due to their diffusion from the contact after heating to 450°C. The data on the occurrence of vacancy-type defects are confirmed by X-ray measurements. The dislocation density in the studied structures is also estimated from X-ray measurements.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Contact temperature measurements'

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