Academic literature on the topic 'Container gardening'

The COVID-19 pandemic augmented with the threats brought by climate change resulted in a ballooning number of poor across the globe. Hence, making it challenging to achieve the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations. This paper aims to identify long-term solutions to address the posing threats brought by the crisis that will lead to the eradication of poverty. Urban Container Gardening is one of the most efficient and attainable ways of solving hunger and reducing waste. It will also be a good source of income since agricultural harvests are largely consumed daily as people are becoming more health conscious. However, this paper concludes that the current urban container gardening system is not sustainable due to the lack of support from the government. This paper also examines the role of the government in facilitating a free market for all, where people are allowed to offer and sell their harvests. Finally, this study presumes the importance of mandatory savings and insurance for the vendors to transform their lives from poverty to financial security.

Container gardening is seen as a long-term endeavor that promotes economic, environmental, and social well-being as well as physical, mental, and social health. Despite government efforts, the public does not actively engage in urban agriculture activities, and it is challenging to retain participants' interests. This study aimed to design a container gardening program that can be implemented as a banner program for BTVTED students. This descriptive study involved fifty (50) respondents from selected areas who fit under the inclusion criteria and were randomly chosen to answer the acceptability survey regarding the use of container gardening. The data and research findings were conducted through the use of the mean and the standard deviation, discovered that number of participants mostly engaged are females and the level of acceptability for container program as a way of food augmentation with regards to the economy has the highest value, which means that the respondents agreed it can produce foods from own crops, it can also generate income and supply food and subsistence of family. The researchers recommended that local governments might be able to encourage the growth of container gardening engagement in several activities, such as a campaign to educate participants and non-participants about the advantages of container gardening in the future.

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is one of the most popular vegetables grown in U.S. home gardens. The objectives of this study were to identify suitable cultivars and proper plant density for use with container-grown cucumber. Additional objectives were to determine the value of field trials for predicting cucumber performance in containers, and to evaluate different plant types (dwarf vs. tall, gynoecious vs. monoecious, pickling vs. slicing) for container use. Fourteen cultivars and breeding lines were tested at three densities in two seasons using a randomized complete-block design with six replications. Pickling cucumbers were M 21, M 27, NC-74, `NC-Danbury', `NC-Dixon', `Sumter', `Vlaspik', and `Picklebush'. Slicing cucumbers were `Bush Whopper II', `Spacemaster 80', `Bush Champion', `Marketmore 76', `Dasher II', and `Cherokee 7'. Plant densities were one, two, or three plants per container. For both the spring and summer container trials, there were corresponding field trials run at the same time for comparison. Best performance was obtained using three plants per container, or 4 L of soil volume per plant. There was a strong, significant correlation between patio and field trials, permitting gardeners to choose cucumber cultivars with high yield, high quality, and disease resistance using data from field trials. Pickling-type cucumbers have thinner skin than slicing-type cucumbers that were bred for shipping. Gynoecious types must be planted with monoecious cultivars to assure fruit set. Monoecious types can self-pollinate, and have the additional advantage of longer harvest period. Thus, home gardeners may want dwarf, monoecious, pickling types for best performance in containers. The best cultivar of that type was `NC-Danbury'.

Container gardens are used in cities around the world where access to soil at ground level is limited. They represent artificial ecosystems but often provide the only vegetation in some highly urbanized locations, and have been used in vertical and horizontal forms of living architecture. Although there are many container gardens in urban areas, container gardening as a component of more broadly considered green infrastructure seems to be unappreciated. The aim of this review is to elucidate potential ecosystem services provided by container gardening. The ultimate goal of this review is to recognize the value of container gardens in order to promote them as part of green infrastructure in urban areas. The ecosystem services which container gardens provide were sorted into the following categories (1) Provisioning (food production and security); (2) Regulating (stormwater management, improvement of air quality, energy savings and thermal comfort); (3) Habitat/Supporting (plant biodiversity and creation of animal habitats); (4) Cultural (aesthetic and improvement of visible green ratio, communication and environmental education, material reuse). Container gardens deserve serious attention as a form of urban greening that can provide many direct and indirect benefits to people living in cities. Moreover, it is important for citizens, local authorities and academics to be aware of the ecosystem services associated with container gardening to promote further development of its potential.

This study aimed to investigate the potential of container gardening to increase the yield of selected high-value crops and address food security amidst climate change. Specifically, the research focused on the production of grafted tomatoes onto eggplant, potatoes, and carrots using various soil media combinations and fertilizer applications. An experimental research methodology employing a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was used. The study was conducted in Purok 3 Malinawon, Mawab, Davao de Oro, Philippines, spanning 165 days from September 29, 2023, to April 10, 2024. Five treatments with two replicates each were applied, involving different combinations of garden soil, vermicast, organic, and inorganic fertilizers. Data on the number and weight of harvested fruits and tubers were analyzed using ANOVA to compare production outputs across treatments. The findings indicated that the combination of 50% garden soil and 50% vermicast with inorganic fertilizers (Treatment 4) yielded the highest production for both grafted tomatoes and carrots. Specifically, Treatment 4 resulted in the highest number and weight of fruits for grafted tomatoes and the highest number and weight of tubers for carrots. However, no tuber development was observed for potatoes under any treatment, highlighting the need for optimized growing conditions for this crop in container gardening. However, while container gardening showed significant potential for improving the yield of grafted tomatoes and carrots, the economic viability requires scaling up the number of containers used per cycle. Based on sample cost and income calculation, to recover production costs and ensure profitability, planting bags should be more than 5 for eggplant, 6 for tomato, and 3 for carrots per planting cycle in 4-5 months. Therefore, the more bags planted using treatment 4, the greater the potential to enhance productivity and generate more income. Overall, this study offers significant perspectives on using container gardening as an alternate farming method.

Numerous compact tomato cultivars are available for home gardening. However, evaluations under different environmental conditions are limited. The aim of this study was to characterize the growth and productivity of 20 compact tomato cultivars grown indoors under environmental conditions that resembled a residential space (11 mol·m−2·d−1 of white light, constant 22 °C, and moderate relative humidity) or in a greenhouse with sunlight only. Plants in the greenhouse were generally larger and yielded more fruit than those grown indoors, likely due to the various differences in environmental conditions and corresponding effects of water and nutrient availability. Considering growth and yield variables, all cultivars evaluated in this study are recommended for outdoor gardening. However, ‘Little Bing’, ‘Sweet SturdyTM F1—Grace’, ‘Sweet SturdyTM F1—Jimmy’, ‘Sweet SturdyTM F1—Jo’, and ‘Tarzan F1′ are likely too large to be grown in most space-limited indoor environments. Furthermore, ‘Little Bing’, ‘Rosy Finch’, ‘Sweet ‘n’ Neat Yellow’, and ‘Yellow Canary’ were affected by intumescence when grown indoors, which could negatively affect gardening experiences until recommendations to mitigate this disorder become available. Results from this study provide baseline information for the use of compact tomato cultivars for container gardening indoors and under sunlight.

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is one of the most popular vegetable crops grown in U.S. home and urban gardens. The objectives of this study were to identify cultivars and planting densities for high yield of container-grown cucumbers. Additional objectives were to determine the value of field trials for predicting cucumber performance in containers and to evaluate different plant types (dwarf-determinate vs. tall-indeterminate, gynoecious vs. monoecious, pickling vs. slicing) for container use and disease severity across cultivars. Fourteen cultivars and breeding lines were tested at three planting densities in two seasons for yield, quality, and disease resistance in field and patio trials. Significant differences were detected for seasons, cultivars, and densities. Yields were highest in the spring season compared with the summer season, and the best performance was obtained using three plants per 12 L container. There was a high correlation between patio and field trials, allowing extension specialists to recommend cucumber cultivars with high yield, high quality, and disease resistance based on field trial data. Home gardeners who want space-saving, high-yielding cucumbers with tender skin should consider a dwarf-determinate, pickling type that is monoecious. With monoecious type, no pollenizer is needed, and the harvest will be spread over more weeks than would be for gynoecious types.

Food insecurity is a growing problem across the United States (Coleman-Jensen et al., 2017). Food insecurity means not only lacking in food quantity, but also lacking in quality food containing vital nutrients. Areas where food insecurity exists often are categorized as food deserts: lacking access to fresh, healthy, and affordable food. Inconvenient access contributes to food insecurity because groceries are purchased primarily at convenience stores or small general markets where inventory items are high in sugar and simple carbohydrates versus fresh produce, which is more costly (Moshefegh, 2007).

Home gardening has historically been a subsistence or supplemental form of food procurement worldwide and promoted as a food security project in times of economic hardship. Qualitative research was used to investigate container gardening's potential to provide the impetus for further agricultural activities within low-income, low-food-access, rural Appalachian Virginia, thereby impacting community food security, food choices of individuals, and the local food system. Ethnography and phenomenology methodologies were used through the lens of community-engaged research, and the lived experiences of participants were recognized as valid representations of food insecurity. Semi-structured interviews with fourteen participating households revealed program involvement was deeply connected to previous food production experiences and fueled by existing interest in home gardening. Containers were valued as providing alternative modes to continue a meaningful practice, specifically mitigating challenges of limited mobility for the elderly. As rural areas are experiencing an outmigration of young people and struggling social services, container gardening could be utilized as a low-cost culturally appropriate mental- and nutritional-health service for the rural elderly. Similar initiatives should begin with appreciative inquiry into existing perceptions, values, assets, and potentials within a target community. Through preliminary investigation, needs and barriers can be acknowledged and community-identified solutions can be implemented through culturally sensitive program development. With the existing impetus for home gardening in the region, program expansion could potentially impact food security and the local food system. Overall, this case study serves to further endorse a public effort to support home food production in rural areas of the United States.
Master of Science

Studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of pre-irrigation media moisture deficit, irrigation application rate, and intermittent irrigation on irrigation efficiency [(amount applied - amount leached) amount applied' 100] of spray stake-irrigated, container-grown plants. In the first experiment, pine bark-filled containers were irrigated to replace moisture deficits of 600, 1200, or 1800 ml. Deficits were returned in single, continuous applications at application rates of 148, 220, and 270 ml/min. Application rate did not affect irrigation efficiency. Efficiency decreased with increased medium moisture deficit. In the second experiment, containers, at 600 ml media moisture deficits, were irrigated with 400 or 600 ml (65% and 100% water replacement, respectively). Irrigation volumes were returned in a single, continuous application or in 100ml applications with 30 min intervals between irrigations (intermittent). Irrigation efficiency was greater with intermittent irrigation, 95 % and 84 % for 400 and 600 ml replacement, respectively, than with continuous irrigation, 84% and 67% for 400 and 600 ml replacement, respectively. When applied intermittently, most water loss from containers occurred after 400 ml were applied. In the third experiment, containers were irrigated with 600 ml (100% water replacement) in 50, 100, or 150 ml applications with 20, 40, or 60 min intelVals between applications. A control was included in which 600 ml was applied in a single, continuous application. Irrigation efficiency increased with decreasing application volume and increasing length of interval between applications. The greatest efficiency (86%) was produced with an irrigation regimen of 50 ml applications with at least 40 min between applications. The control treatment (continuous) produced an irrigation efficiency of 62%. When applied intermittently, most water loss from containers occurred after a total of 300 ml were applied.

Master of Science

The overall objective of this study was to determine the influence of intermittent water application via overhead irrigation on water and N leaching, substrate water distribution, and plant growth in a pine bark substrate. Intermittent irrigation was defined as the application of a plants' daily water allotment in multiple applications with prescribed intervals between applications. Specifically, experiments were conducted to determine: 1) the influence of water application rate and pre-irrigation substrate moisture content on water application efficiency, 2) the influence of the number of intermittent applications and interval duration between applications on application efficiency, 3) substrate water distribution after intermittent irrigation, 4) efficiency of intermittent irrigation in unamended and sand-amended pine bark, and 5) influence of intermittent irrigation on plant growth. In all experiments, Marigold (Tagetes erecta L. 'Apollo') was grown in unamended or sand-amended pine bark in 3.8-liter containers. After saturation, bark was allowed to dry via evapotranspiration to targeted moisture deficits after which irrigation treatments were applied via a simulated overhead irrigation system. In experiments evaluating intermittent irrigation, water was applied intermittently (multiple applications with intervals between applications) or continuously (single application). After 1 h drainage, collected leachate was measured and analyzed (in two experiments) for electrical conductivity, N0₃-N and NH₄-N and water application efficiency (percentage of applied water that is retained in the substrate) determined. There was an inverse linear relationship between water application rate and efficiency. Leachate N (total) increased linearly as application rate increased. Efficiency increased curvilinearly and leachate N (total and concentration) increased linearly as pre-irrigation substrate moisture content decreased. Efficiency of intermittent irrigation was greater than continuous irrigation over a range of pre-irrigation substrate moisture contents, and in both unamended and sand-amended pine bark. Intermittent efficiency increased linearly as interval duration between applications increased. Efficiency of five 60 ml applications was greater than three 100 ml applications. Gravimetric moisture content of the bottom third of the substrate was greater with intermittent than continuous irrigation. Intermittent efficiency was greater in pine bark than in sand-amended pine bark when the water deficit from container capacity was the same for both substrates. Repeated intermittent irrigations resulted in less water and N leaching compared to continuous irrigation. Intermittent irrigation did not result in substrate nutrient accumulation and had no adverse effect on plant growth. Fresh and dry root weights and shoot and root N concentrations were greater with intermittent irrigation than continuous irrigation.
Ph. D.

Маковійчук, О. Я. Удосконалення технологій вирощування садивного матеріалу Сосни звичайної в ДП «Ріпкирайагролісгосп» / О. Я. Маковійчук; керівник роботи Селінний М. М.; Національний університет «Чернігівська політехніка», кафедра аграрних технологій та лісового господарства. – Чернігів, 2020. – 68 с.
У розділі 1 описані теоретичні положення про особливості вирощування садивного матеріалу деревних видів. У 2 розділі наведена характеристика природно-кліматичних умов та лісового фонду ДП «Ріпкирайагролісгосп». Вплив умов вирощування на ріст і розвиток сіянців сосни звичайної та викладення результатів дослідження наведена у 3 розділі. У 4 розділі представлені охорона праці при виконанні лісогосподарських робіт.
Section 1 describes the theoretical provisions regarding the characteristics of tree planting stock growing. Chapter 2 describes the characteristics of the natural and climatic conditions and the forest fund of the state enterprise SE "Ripkirayagrolisgosp". The effect of growing conditions on the growth and development of pine seedlings is common and the results of the study are presented in Chapter 3. Section 4 presents the protection of labor during forestry operations

Lachenalia cv. Ronina, a new flower bulb variety developed by the ARC-Roodeplaat Vegetable and Ornamental Plant Institute, has excellent characteristics as a flowering pot plant, but information on cultivation practices is limited. Temperature is the most important environmental factor regulating the growth cycle of this flower bulb, therefore three temperature regimes, representing a cool, moderate and warm winter climate, were chosen to manipulate floral development. During this study the bulb structure, development and growth were determined during the bulb preparation phase (year 1) and subsequently the morphology of the bulb was evaluated during the pot plant phase (year 2). Regarding the bulb structure and development, cultivar Ronina has a typical rhythmic, sympodial, modular growth. Bulb growth and module formation is affected by temperature. The low (L TR) and moderate (MTR) temperature regime, which represent the cool and moderate winter climate in South Africa were found to be the best temperature regimes for bulb production. The high (HTR) temperature regime caused bulbs to develop faster, but flower abortion occurred. At the end of the bulb preparation phase, daughter bulbs were observed in the axils of the leaf bases in bulbs of all three temperature regime treatments. Additional inflorescences from underdeveloped growth modules were detected in the axils of the inner leaf bases of bulbs of the high temperature regime. The bulbs as well as the roots are the main sinks for the carbohydrates, whereas the inflorescence and especially the leaves are the main source for soluble sugars. Due to the more stable temperature that was applied in the growth cabinets, the flowering date of bulbs in all three treatments flowered two months earlier than plants growing in the open. During this production phase, simultaneous flowering occurred more within bulbs that were subjected to the LTR during the bulb preparation phase. These bulbs also produced broader leaves with more spots on and better quality inflorescences with a longer keeping ability than those of the higher temperature regimes. A correlation was found between the leaf number and the number of inflorescences of plants in the pot plant phase, grown from LTR treated bulbs. The bulb fresh mass/size at the end of the bulb preparation phase cannot be used as a reliable criterion to predict the quality of the pot plant. By examining the bulb structure at the end of the bulb preparation phase, the quality of the pot plant can be predicted.
Thesis (PhD Agric (Horticultural Science))--University of Pretoria, 2007.
Plant Production and Soil Science
unrestricted

Thesis (M. A. Agriculture (Plant Protection)) -- University of Limpopo, 2019
The influence of cultural practices can be modified by environmental conditions such as container-type or positioning. The objective of the study was to determine whether container-type and positioning would have an influence on the growth of tomato plants and suppression of Meloidogyne javanica exposed to biomuti (Trial 1) and Afrikelp (Trial 2). Different container-types were filled with approximately 10.4 L growing mixture comprising steam-pasteurised sandy loam soil and Hygromix-T at 3:1 (v/v) ratio. The containers were established in microplots at 0.6 m × 0.6 m spacing, with treatments being brown pot-below; brown pot-above, black pot-below, black pot-above, plastic bag-above and plastic bag-below. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cv. 'Floradade' seedlings were each transplanted and irrigated with 500 ml chlorine-free tapwater every other day. Seven days after transplanting, each plant was inoculated with 2000 eggs and second-stage juveniles (J2) of M. javanica. Biomuti and Afrikelp, obtained from the Agricultural Research Council (ARC) Vegetable, Ornamentals and Plants (VOP), were applied in separate trials weekly at 2.5%. At 56 days after inoculation, plant growth including selected nutrient elements and nematode variables were measured. Data were subjected to analysis of variance, with separation of means achieved using Fisher’s Least Significant Difference test at the probability level of 5%. In the biomuti trial, container-type and positioning had a significant effect on plant height, fruit number, dry root mass, dry shoot mass and fruit mass, contributing 82, 48, 44, 85 and 89% in total treatment variation (TTV) of the respective variables. Relative to brown pot-below; black pot above, plastic bag-above and brown pot-above reduced plant variables, whereas treatment effects were not significant on nematode variables. In the Afrikelp trial, trends where similar to those in biomuti, treatments had highly significant effects on xvi plant height, dry root mass, dry shoot mass and gall rating, contributing 91, 88, 66 and 60% in TTV of the respective variables. Relative to brown pot-below; black pot above, plastic bag-above and brown pot-above reduced the plant variables, but had no significant effects on nematode variables. Generally, plastic bags and polyethylene pots below-ground improved most plant growth variables when compared to those in containers positioned above-ground.

Peat extraction for horticultural production poses a threat to wetland ecosystems. The rapid growth rate of the horticulture industry has prompted an ongoing search for sustainable alternative growth media components to replace peat. The alternative components need to provide properties (physical and chemical) similar to or better than peat and provide conditions that will enhance ideal growth and yield of potted plants. Potted Dendranthema x grandiflorum is one of the most important pot plants cultivated worldwide in the floriculture industry. There is a global research effort to replace peat with a sustainable alternative growth media for potted plants; however, so far, no study has been conducted in South Africa that used similar treatments on potted Dendranthema x grandiflorum. The aim of this study was to determine a suitable alternative growth media to replace peat as a growth media for cultivation of potted D. x grandiflorum. A greenhouse experiment was conducted at the University of South Africa’s Horticulture centre in Florida, Johannesburg for 89 days. Eight growth media (100 % peat (T1) (control), 100 % bagasse (T2), 50:50 % v/v bagasse:peat (T3), 75:25 % v/v bagasse:peat (T4), 25:75 % v/v bagasse:peat (T5), composted bagasse (T6), Coir (T7), and pine bark (T8)) as treatments and one hybrid (Mount® Runca) of D. x grandiflorum were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. In this study, nutrient uptake, chlorophyll content, growth, and yield parameters were measured for potted D. x grandiflorum grown in all eight growth media. The results show that treatments had different chemical and physical properties compared to peat. The pH of 100 % bagasse and coir were within the ideal range recommended for growth media. The EC results indicated that after the experiment, other treatments were within the defined range except for composted bagasse due to high concentration of soluble salts. The BD of control and composted bagasse were similar and may have resulted in the low root response. The concentration of total N was high in the shoots of plants cultivated in 100 % peat with a subsequent increased fresh and dry shoots weight. The highest significant chlorophyll content was present in plants cultivated in composted bagasse, which contained high total N and, Fe and Zn concentrations in shoots. Taken together, the results showed that composted bagasse was the best alternative to replace peat for cultivation of potted D. x grandiflorum.
Turfonttrekking vir tuinboukundige produksie hou ʼn bedreiging vir moerasland-ekostelsels in. Die vinnige groeitempo van die tuinboubedryf het gelei tot ʼn voortdurende soektog na volhoubare groeimediakomponente om turf te vervang. Die alternatiewe komponente moet (fisiese en chemiese) eienskappe kan bied wat soortgelyk aan, of beter as dié van turf is, en moet toestande gee wat die ideale groei en opbrengs van potplante verbeter. Potplant- Dendranthema x grandiflorum is een van die belangrikste potplante wêreldwyd wat in die blomboerderybedryf aangeplant word. Daar word wêreldwyd navorsing gedoen om turf met ʼn volhoubare groeimedium vir potplante te vervang; sover is daar egter nog nie in Suid-Afrika ʼn studie gedoen wat soortgelyke behandelings vir potplante- Dendranthema x grandiflorum gebruik nie. Die doel van hierdie studie was om ʼn gepaste alternatiewe groeimedium te bepaal om turf as ʼn groeimedium te vervang vir die aanplanting van D. x grandiflorum-potplante. ʼn Kweekhuis-eksperiment is by die Universiteit van Suid-Afrika se Tuinbousentrum in Florida, Johannesburg uitgevoer vir 89 dae. Agt groeimedia (100% turf (T1) (beheer), 100% bagasse (T2), 50:50% v/v bagasse:turf (T3), 75:25% v/v bagasse:turf (T4), 25:75 % v/v bagasse:turf (T5), bagasse wat tot kompos verwerk is (T6), klapperhaar (T7), en dennebas (T8)) as behandelings en een hibried (Mount® Runca) van D. x grandiflorum is in ʼn verewekansigde, volledige blokontwerp met vier repliserings gerangskik. In hierdie studie is voedingstofopname-, chlorofilinhoud-, groei- en opbrengs-parameters gemeet vir potgroei van D. x grandiflorum in al agt groeimedia. Die resultate toon dat die behandelings verskillende chemiese en fisiese eienskappe in vergelyking met turf het. Die pH van 100% bagasse en klapperhaar val binne die ideale reikwydte wat vir groeimedia aanbeveel word. Volgens die EG (elektriese geleiding)-resultate was ander behandelings binne die gedefinieerde reikwydte – behalwe vir bagasse wat tot kompos verwerk is – vanweë die hoë konsentrasie oplosbare soute. Die BD van beheer en bagasse wat tot kompos verwerk is, was soortgelyk en kon die lae wortelrespons veroorsaak het. Die konsentrasie totale N was hoog in die lote van plante wat in 100% turf aangeplant is, met ʼn gevolglike verhoging in die gewig van vars en droë lote. Die hoogste beduidende chlorofilinhoud was teenwoordig in plante wat gekweek is in bagasse wat tot kompos verwerk is, en wat hoë totale konsentrasies van N, Fe en Zn in die lote bevat het. Alles in ag genome het die resultate getoon dat bagasse wat tot kompos verwerk is, die beste alternatief is om turf te vervang in die kweking van D. x grandiflorum in potte.
Go ntsha borubu mo kumong ya mokgwa wa temo go na le matshosetsi mo matshelong a diphologolo le ditlhare tsa lefatshe le le kolobileng. Kelo ya kgodiso e e bonako ya intaseteri ya matshelo a diphologolo le ditlhare e susumetsa patlo e e tswelelang ya dikarolo tsa mekgwa ya kgodiso ya thefosano e e tswelelang ya go emela go ntsha borubu. Dikarolo tse dingwe di tlhoka go neela dipharologantsho (sebopego le khemikale) tse di tshwanang le kgotsa botoka mo go ntsheng borubu le go neela mabaka a a ka tsholetsang kgodiso e e ikaeletsweng, mme ya ntsha dijalo tse di ka fa dipitseng. Dendranthema x grandiflorum e e ka fa dipitseng ke thefosano nngwe ya dijalo tsa ka fa dipitseng tse di botlhokwa thata tse di jadilweng mo lefatsheng ka bophara mo intasetering ya mokgwa wa temo ya dithunya. Go na le boiteko jwa patlisiso ya bogotlhe ya go emela go ntsha borubu ka mokgwa wa kgodiso wa thefosano o mongwe o o tswelelang wa dijalo tsa ka fa dipitseng; le gale, go le kalo, ga go na thuto e e setseng e dirilwe mo Aforikaborwa e e dirisang ditshwaro tse di tshwanang mo go Dendranthema x grandiflorum e e mo dipitseng. Maikaelelo a thuto eno e ne e le go tlhomamisa mekgwa ya grandiflorum e e mo dipitseng. Maikaelelo a thuto eno e ne e le go tlhomamisa mekgwa ya kgodiso ya thefosano e mengwe e e tshwanelang go emela go ntsha borubu jaaka mekgwa ya kgodiso ya go jala D. x grandiflorum ka mo dipitseng. Tekelelo ya ntlo e tala e ne ya dirwa kwa lefelong la Mokgwa wa matshelo a diphologolo le ditlhare ya Yunibesiti ya Aforikaborwa kwa Florida, Johannesburg mo matsatsing a le 89. Mekgwa ya kgodiso e merobedi (100 % ya go ntsha borubu (T1) (taolo), 100 % bagasse (T2), 50:50 % v/v bagasse: go ntsha borubu (T3), 75:25 % v/v bagasse: go ntsha borubu (T4), 25:75 % v/v bagasse: go ntsha borubu (T5), bagasse e e bodisitsweng (T6), Coir (T7), le kutu ya phaene (T8)) jaaka ditshwaro le lotswakwa lo lo longwe (Mount® Runca) ya D. x grandiflorum di ne di beilwe ka moakanyetso wa boloko e e feletseng ka kakaretso ka ditshwano di le nne. Mo thutong eno, go tsaya kotlo, diteng tsa setalafatsi, kgodiso le diparametara tse di ntshitsweng di ne tsa lekanyediwa mo go D. x grandiflorum e e mo dipitseng e e jadilweng mo mekgweng ya dikgodiso tse di robedi tse tsotlhe. Dipheto di bontsha gore ditshwaro di na le dikarolo tsa dikhemikale le dibopego tse di farologaneng fa di tshwantshanngwa le go ntsha borubu. Bagasse ya pH ya 100 % le coir di ne di le magareng ga paka ya botlhokwa ya kgodiso e e atlenegisitsweng mo mekgweng ya kgodiso. Dipheto tsa EC di bontsha gore morago ga tekelelo, ditshwaro tse dingwe di ne di le magareng ga paka e e tlhalositsweng kwa ntle ga bagasse e e bodisitsweng kwa kokoanong e e kwa godimo ya matswai a a tlhaolositsweng. BD ya taolo le bagasse e e bodisitsweng, mme go ka bo go dirile gore go nne le tsibogelo ya medi e e kwa tlase. Kokoano ya N yotlhe e ne e le kwa godimo mo matlhogeding a dijalo tse di jadilweng ka go ntsha borubu jwa 100 % ka koketso e e latelang ya bokete jwa matlhogedi a mantshwa le a a omileng. Diteng tsa setalafatsi se se botlhokwa se se kwa godimodimo di ne di le teng mo dijalong tse di jadilweng ka bagasse e e bodisitsweng, e e nang le kokoano ya bogotlhe jo bo kwa godimo jwa N, Fe le Zn mo matlhogeding. Di tserwe mmogo, dipheto di bontsha gore bagasse e e bodileng jaaka sengwe se se gaisang go emela go ntsha borubu mo jalong ya D. x grandiflorum ka mo dipitseng.
School of Environmental Sciences
M. Sc. (Ornamental Horticulture)

The art and science of integrating plants with the urban environment is known as urban horticulture. In developing nations, urban gardening already makes a major contribution to food security and nutrition. Around the world, a lot of urban areas are attempting to improve sustainability through encouraging urban farming and increasing urban greenery. New approaches like home gardening, vertical gardening, hydroponics, aeroponics, aquaponics, indoor gardening, container gardening and rooftop gardening can improve existing urban cropping systems like home gardening, community gardens, edible landscapes, and indoor planting systems. These energy-efficient, environmentally friendly, and food-secure modern methods ensure that urban neighborhoods always have access to fresh produce. More food security might be attained in future cities through the use of urban horticulture. Nonetheless, both urban and rural agriculture require attention if global food security is to be achieved.

This chapter highlights the point of gardening, which repairs that part of the brain which words and thinking are constantly threatening to destroy. It stresses how vegetable gardening naturally redoubles self-approval due to producing food, which is one of the few worthwhile human activities. By growing what is eaten, a person keeps in touch with economic realities that lie deeper than money. The chapter explains that vegetable gardening contains a strong element of submerged sensuousness as home-grown stuff tastes better than the plastic shrouded organisms that pass themselves off as vegetables in supermarkets. Most of the rich experiences obtainable from the vegetable garden are untainted by any thought of actual consumption.

Gourds are distinct both in that their autumn harvest "contains" the summer months and in that their use for domestic ornamentation carries them "through to the holidays and beyond." Bailey notes that the primary interest in gardening gourds and the development of their fruits belongs to "the gardener and the horticulturist."

The influence of the type of plantings and design features of flower modules on the biological characteristics and decorativeness of the most common annual flower crops is studied. A reliable influence of environmental factors, genotype of the studied plants on the studied characteristics and decorative planting was observed. The growth and development of plants in various types of planting: flower modules, balcony boxes, hanging baskets, raised flower beds framed by retaining walls and open ground flower beds under conditions of private landholding are analyzed. For gardening containers and raised flower beds in private and small gardens, 13 promising annual flower crops are recommended.

Although men’s magazines of the time appear to focus on a single subject, many, include articles on a range of subjects. One of the earliest, Hobbies, includes pieces on football, stamp collecting or gardening alongside those on making picture frames or pipe racks. Later magazines had a sharper focus, as revealed in titles such as Practical Motorist, Practical and Amateur Wireless and Popular Flying. Many described tasks of maintenance and construction with complex diagrams, yet still gave instructions in continuous prose, not simple lists. In this, they lagged behind women’s magazines. Like them, though, they carried pages of readers’ tips, suggesting the importance of being part of a group. They also focus on activities done in or around the home, again resembling magazines for women. Other magazines contained first-hand war recollections, often with maps and drawings by the authors, as important ways of sharing events familiar to many.

Herbs have traditionally been use the main kind of medication. Medicinal plants have therapeutic properties because they contain a variety of complex chemicals with varying chemical compositions.Globally, the study of medicinalherbs has recently generated significant interest.The promising potential of medicinal herbs are extensively employed in many conventional, complementary, and alternative modalities for the treatment of human illnesses has been established by a substantial body of proof.Drugs derived from plants generally have lower adverse effects, are easier to obtain, and are well tolerated.The ability of medicinal plants to treat disease is caused by a number of phytoconstituents. Therefore, the initial screening tests are helpful in identifying bioactive principles and may facilitate the identification and creation of novel medications.One of the larger and most well-known genera of herbs and shrubs in the Acanthaceae family is Barleria.Fast-growing ornamental shrub Barleria cristata, a member of the Acanthaceae family, is frequently grown in gardening for its colorful flowers.Barleria cristata also known as Philippine violets is native to Southeast Asia and India, has a large presence in Central and South India. It is known as Kala Bansa and is an herbal remedy. It blooms as a shrub 60-100 cmtall. Leaf surfaces are darkest green in colour on the top and pastel greeninsh colour on the bottom. They are elliptic to narrowly ovate. The funnel-shaped, pink or violet flowers are around 5 cm long. The fruits are ellipsoid capsules that are roughly 1.5 cm tall. The phytochemical tests demonstrate the occurrence of steroid hormones, glycosides, alkaloids, tannins, phenolic chemicals, flavonoids, carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids. The plants contain highest amount of ascorbic acid than vitamins. The results of TLC analysis of methanolic extract point to the presence of a high level of phytoconstituents. This plant's leaf extract was analysed using GCMS. This study identified the 15 chemicals. The plant has been used ethnopharmacologically for illnesses such as tuberculosis, hepatic obstruction, diabetes, fever, snake bite, anaemia, toothache, and lungs ailments. The plant's antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-diabetic, and anti-fungal, anticancer, antiherlipidemic, and thrombolytic properties were also studied. The objective of the aforementioned review was to provide a scholarly overview of Barleria Cristata, focusing on its ethnobotanical features, geographical range, medicinal uses, phytochemical composition, and pharmacological properties, as well as conducting a critical analysis of research gaps and identifying future research prospects pertaining to this plant species. This information may be useful for future studies aimed at enhancing human health care.

This paper substantiates the relevance of using a mix of shrubs and resistant perennials, in particular, cereals and drought-resistant ground cover plants in modern urban flower decoration. An analysis was made of the modern floral decoration of urban social facilities in Voronezh and a search for the current assortment of perennials for mixborders and container compositions. When selecting the assortment, the authors were guided by the ecological requirements of plants and the main purpose of flower beds - to create color dominants of landscape compositions. Particular attention in the work is paid to container gardening. Some of the compositions have already been tested in practice last season on the example of the campus of the Voronezh State Forestry University named after G.F. Morozov. After a year, some adjustments were made to the range of plants. There is an opportunity to extend this experience to other social facilities of the city.

Apple tree is a common crop in Russia. The fruits contain sugars, vitamins, organic acids, and tannins. Apples can be stored for a long time without loss of taste; they are suitable for eating all year round due to the presence of summer, autumn and winter varieties. In modern conditions, effective gardening is unthinkable without the use of intensive resource-saving technologies and varieties. Intensive garden technology includes a set of interrelated operations, the basis of which is: a variety, certified planting material and technical means for its cultivation. One of the ways to intensify gardening is to use low-growing rootstocks, on which trees form low, low-volume crowns. Intensive gardens most fully realize the productivity potential of fruit trees. To conduct research at CJSC Agrofirma im. 15 years of October" selected apple tree varieties that differ in ripening period: Ligol (control) grafted onto a zoned rootstock B-9 and introduced varieties: Honeycrisp, Ligol Red, Empire, Piros, Gloster, Red Pinova, King Roat and Arnica, grafted onto a clonal rootstock M-9. The garden was planted in 2018 according to a 4x1m tree planting scheme with grassed row spacing The growth and development indicators of apple trees changed depending on the varietal characteristics: the diameter of the trunk, depending on the biological characteristics, varied from 3.5 cm in the King Roat variety to 5.5 cm in the Gloucester and Arnica varieties. The length of annual shoots varied from 30 cm in the King Roat variety to 60 cm in the Red Pinova variety. The minimum crown diameter was observed in the King Roat variety (1.0 m), the maximum in the Ligol (k), Ligol Red, Piros and Gloster varieties and was equal to 1.8 m. The largest leaf blade area was in the Gloster variety, and the smallest in the Gloster variety King Roath. The largest fruit weight is in the Ligol (300g), Ligol Red (265g) and Gloster (265g) varieties, and the smallest in the Arnica Red Pinova and Empire varieties (150-165g). The yield of apple varieties in 2022 ranged from 9.6 t/ha for the King Roat variety to 28.5 t/ha for the Red Pinova variety; the yield in 2023 varied from 28 t/ha for the King Roat variety to 64.9 t/ha for Red Pinova.

In the Netherlands, the city of Utrecht is leading in providing adequate accommodation through mixed housing projects for ‘regular’ tenants and people previously living in homeless services or protected housing facilities. ‘New’ homeless persons also obtain the possibility for making a new start, instead of having to depend on shelters first. The concept of mixed housing, not to be confused with mixed income housing, relates in our definition to small and medium-sized (up to 500 residents) housing projects that are home to different groups of people who intentionally live next to each other, connect and engage in joint activities.In this paper, we examine three projects, with mainly self-contained dwellings: ‘Groene Sticht’ (since 2003), a small neighbourhood with 69 regular tenants and home-owners, and 35 ex-homeless persons; ‘Parana’ (2014), a purpose build complex with 24 regular and 44 (ex-)homeless individuals/families; ‘Majella Wonen’ (2016), older basic, post-war dwellings with 39 regular tenants and 35 homeless persons/families. These price-winning projects, co-created by a homeless service, social integration services and a social housing provider are built on an innovative concept of social management, with a high level of self-organisation. All residents are fully eligible members of the residents-committees and take responsibility for activities such as festivities, gardening, and the selection of new tenants. If necessary, ex-homeless inhabitants receive individualised support.We discuss structures and mechanisms that help homeless people feel at home amidst their (new) neighbours and foster their social integration. In addition, we identify several tensions that hamper integration and analyse the ways in which both residents and professionals try to tackle these obstacles.We collected data (2016 -2018) through the participatory meetings of a Community of Practice on Mixed housing, the study of documents, in-depth interviews with inhabitants of the housing complexes, focus group-sessions with professionals and interviews with local stakeholders.Based on this research we will apply for follow up funding. Through national funds and/or European funds.

Composting is one of the ecological methods of processing biodegradable waste via its transforming into a non-polluting product called compost, with high nutritional value for plants, which can be used for improving the physical and chemical properties of soils. Composting can be used in parallel or instead of the incineration and controlled storage techniques. The advantages of this method include: reduction of the waste volume, turning the waste into a product which is useful for the Republic of Moldova – compost for agriculture, horticulture and gardening. Microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) have the leading role in the process of composting biodegradable waste. The involved bacteria and fungi can be classified into mesophiles and thermophiles. The mesophilic microorganisms (those that grow best at temperatures between 25-450C) are dominant in the composting mass in the initial phase of the process when temperatures are relatively low. They use available oxygen to convert carbon from compostable materials into energy, thus producing CO2, H2O and heat as a result of metabolic processes. When the temperature approaches 450C, the mesophilic microorganisms die or become inactive, waiting for the preferable conditions. The thermophilic microorganisms are active at temperatures between 45-700C, when they rapidly multiply replacing the mesophiles in most sections of the compost pile. They usually appear after 5-10 days of composting and generate a much higher heat than the mesophylls. The temperatures reached with their help are high enough to inactivate most pathogens and weed seeds. The thermophilic bacteria continue to break down materials as long as there are nutrients and energy sources. When these sources diminish, the thermophiles die and the temperature in the piles begins to decrease. At this point, the mesophilic bacteria resume their activity in the decomposition process until all available sources of nutrients and energy are exhausted. Bacteria are the first to colonize the compost pile and they break down primary proteins and carbohydrates faster than the other types of organisms. Among them there are Bacillus mesentericus, Bacillus vulgatus, Bactehum vulgarae, Bacterium fluorescens, Micrococcus sulfureus, Micrococcus luteus, Streptococcus yogenes etc., nitrifying bacteria, myxobacteria and pathogenic bacteria. The bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most common microorganism in the composting process. Fungi have an important role in composting too, but only when the pile starts to dry, because they can survive the environments with low humidity more easily than bacteria. Some types of fungi may require a smaller amount of nitrogen compared to bacteria, being thus able to break down cellulosic materials that bacteria cannot break down. Among the important fungal species, a lot of attention was given to the ones belonging to the genera Aspergillus. Among other important species are: Mucor, Chaetocladium, Thamnidium, Microacus, Absidia, Helicostylum, Chaetomium, Circinella, Motierella etc. The factors that influence the composting process must be kept under control, namely: the composition of the residues, the moisture content of the waste, the oxygen concentration, the temperature. Among the auxiliary factors that influence the composting process, we can mention the homogeneity of the mixture; waste granulation; the way of placing the ground waste in piles or in fermentation containers. The composting can be effectively used for neutralization of household waste, since it is much cheaper than storage in controlled ecological deposits or incineration. More than that, the use of composts in the agriculture can cause a 15% yield increase.