Academic literature on the topic 'Container seedling'
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Journal articles on the topic "Container seedling"
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Marohnic, Jennifer, and Robert L. Geneve. "Container Volume and Height Affect Shoot and Root Development in Marigold Seedlings." HortScience 30, no. 4 (1995): 868B—868. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.868b.
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Marigold seedlings were grown in four containers that differed in both volume and shape. Seedlings grown in 1.5-gal containers showed the greatest potential for shoot and root development 20 days after sowing. These seedlings had greater leaf area, shoot and root dry weight, and total root number and length compared to seedlings grown in 406 plug trays, 72-cell packs, or 6-inch containers. There was a positive correlation (r2 = 0.81) between cell volume and seedling growth as well as a positive correlation (r2 = 0.89) between container height with seedling growth. An attempt was made to separate the impact of container volume vs. container height on seedling growth. Containers were designed using acrylics to vary the container height while keeping the volume constant at 1500 cm3. There was a positive correlation (r2 = 0.87) between shoot and root dry weight with container height. The data suggest that both container volume and height contribute to overall seedling growth in marigold, but when container volume is not limiting, container height has a large impact on seedling development.
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Montagnoli, Antonio, Donato Chiatante, Anastazija Dimitrova, Mattia Terzaghi, Jeremiah R. Pinto, and R. Kasten Dumroese. "Early pine root anatomy and primary and lateral root formation are affected by container size: implications in dry-summer climates." REFORESTA, no. 12 (January 5, 2022): 20–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21750/refor.12.04.96.
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Although the presence of root anatomical structures of young Pinus ponderosa seedlings grown in containers of contrasting volume (164 vs. 7000 cm3) was similar, seedlings reared 60 days in the large container had more vascular cambium although the xylem thickness was similar. In addition, seedlings in large containers had nearly twice as many resin ducts within the vascular cambium as their cohorts in small containers. Taproot length closely matched container depth. Though lateral root emission rates were similar between container sizes, large container seedlings had more than 2X the number of lateral roots as those from small containers. These differences in morphophysiological characteristics may be important to seedling establishment on sites that experience dry summer conditions, or for seedlings destined to drier, harsher sites. Further work to elucidate the ramifications of these morphophysiological differences on seedling establishment is warranted.
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Hanson, P. J., R. K. Dixon, and R. E. Dickson. "Effect of Container Size and Shape on the Growth of Northern Red Oak Seedlings." HortScience 22, no. 6 (1987): 1293–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.22.6.1293.
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Abstract Northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) seedlings were grown in six container configurations differing in diameter, length, and volume. More shoot and lateral root dry weight was produced in a cylindrical polyvinylchloride (PVC) container 15.4 × 36 cm containing 6333 cm3 of potting medium than in containers with less medium volume. Seedling growth did not increase in a 15.4 × 110 cm container even though the potting medium volume was increased. Of all container variables measured, the ratio of potting medium surface area to potting medium depth (SA:D) showed the best correlation to seedling dry weight accumulation. Water or nutrient deficiencies could not be eliminated as factors contributing to differences in seedling growth.
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Lazdiņa, Dagnija, Antra Umbraško, Viktorija Vendiņa, et al. "Technology for Fagus sylvatica seedling production - a case study." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1474, no. 1 (2025): 012012. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1474/1/012012.
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Abstract The European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) is increasingly valued in Central and Northern Europe due to climate change. This study assesses the impact of container size on F. sylvatica seedling quality, focusing on growth metrics like height, stem diameter, root-to-shoot ratio in a controlled nursery setting. Using a randomized design, seedlings in various container sizes were evaluated, revealing that larger containers supported stronger root development and balanced growth, whereas smaller containers limited root expansion, impacting long-term potential. Statistical analyses confirmed significant effects of container size on growth indicators, providing insights for nursery practices. Container size, especially dept, significantly improve the quality of seedlings - best results reached by containers HV400, 56% of vigorous healthy seedlings no any damages and no dried seedlings. Future research should examine field performance post-transplantation to validate these results under natural conditions.
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Akter, N., MM Haque, MR Islam, and KM Alam. "Seed Quality of Stored Soybean (Glycine max L.) as Influenced by Storage Containers and Storage Periods." Agriculturists 12, no. 1 (2014): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v12i1.19585.
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An experiment was conducted at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur during April 2013 to June 2013 to study the effect of three storage containers (tin container, polythene bag and cloth bag); and five storage periods (0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 days) on the seed quality of soybean. The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications. The soybean seeds stored in tin container showed maximum germination capacity with high germination index, highest seedling growth, seedling dry weight per plant and vigour index. The seeds stored in cloth bag had the lowest seed quality during the testing period. The highest 1000-seed weight, moisture content, electrical conductivity, abnormal seedlings and number of dead seeds were recorded in cloth bag; where the equivalent lowest values were recorded in tin container. The moisture content, 1000-seed weight, electrical conductivity, number of abnormal seedlings and dead seeds were increased with the longer period of storage. In addition, germination index, seedling growth, dry weight per plant of soybean seedling, and vigor index decreased with the increase in storage period. Among the three containers, tin container was the best and the cloth bag was the worst storage container for soybean seed storage for long period. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v12i1.19585 The Agriculturists 2014; 12(1) 85-95
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Kormanek, Mariusz, Stanisław Małek, and Sylwester Tabor. "Resistance to Pulling Seedlings Out of the Nursery Container." Forests 15, no. 12 (2024): 2157. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15122157.
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An important issue in container nurseries is the production of seedlings of appropriate quality. These seedlings must meet specific biometric parameters and possess traits that ensure their suitability for later use in forest cultivation. One such traitis the ease of pulling the seedling out of the container cell, characterized by the pulling resistance. This resistance depends on many factors, including theseedling parameters, substrate, and container. In this work, a prototype measuring station was used to record seedling pull-out resistance as a function of their vertical displacement. Tests were conducted on 30 seedlings of each species: pine, beech, and oak. These were grown in polystyrene containers with cell volumes of 150 cm3 for pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and 300 cm3 for beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and oak (Quercus robur L.). Significant differences were observed in seedling extraction resistance between species, as well as between resistances associated with containers of different cell volumes. The maximum pull-out resistance of pine seedlingswas the lowest at 12.4 ± 8.58 N, followed by 22.5 ± 1.87 N for beech, and 33.5 ± 18.08 N for oak (extraction speed of 2.5 cm·s−1).Similarly, the total energy required to extract pine seedlings was 0.358 ± 0.196 J, compared to 0.502 ± 0.316 J for beech and 1.479 ± 0.774 J for oak. The pattern of pull-out resistance regardingvertical displacement was consistent across all species. A correlation was found between the maximum pull-out resistance and the total energy required to extract the seedlings, along with biometric parameters such as root collar diameter, shoot height, dry mass of seedling parts, root volume, the extent of root ball overgrowth, and the volumetric density of the substrate within the cell.These relationships should be considered when designing devices for the automatic extraction of seedlings from polystyrene containers.
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Dixon, R. K., G. T. Behrns, H. E. Garrett, G. S. Cox, and I. L. Sander. "Synthesis of Ectomycorrhizae on Container-Grown Oak Seedlings." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 9, no. 2 (1985): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/9.2.95.
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Abstract Growth and ectomycorrhizal development of container-grown black (Quercus velutina) and white (Q. alba) oak seedlings innoculated with Pisolithus tinctorius were studied in relation to growth-medium moisture, temperature, fertility, and fungal inoculum density. Daily watering of seedling growth medium suppressed ectomycorrhizal development. Colonization of seedling root systems by P. tinctorius increased with increasing growth medium temperature up to 87°F. Weekly fertilization of seedlings with a 375 ppm NPK solution did not adversely affect ectomycorrhizal development, while a 750 ppm NPK solution depressed infection. Ectomycorrhizal colonization success was partially influenced by fungal inoculum density. Results indicate the need to alter seedling cultural practices when producing ectomycorrhizal oaks in an artificial growth medium in containers.1
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Howell, Kirk D., and Timothy B. Harrington. "Nursery Practices Influence Seedling Morphology, Field Performance, and Cost Efficiency of Containerized Cherrybark Oak." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 28, no. 3 (2004): 152–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/28.3.152.
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Abstract To quantify effects of nursery practices on seedling cost and performance, cherrybark oaks (Quercus pagoda L.) were grown in three container sizes (170, 650, or 1,250 cm3) with or without fertilization and then planted Dec. 1995 at a site near Milledgeville, GA, with or without removal of container soil. Initial size, biomass, and leaf area of seedlings grown in medium and large containers were up to twice those grown in small containers, and they were greater with versus without fertilization. Price efficiency (stem volume divided by estimated nursery price of 1,000 seedlings) was greatest for medium and large containers with soil removed and hypothetically reused. Differences in stem diameter and height due to container size and fertilization continued to diverge through the fifth year after planting. Fifth-year yield (stem volume × proportionate survival of 1,000 planted seedlings) increased 104, 56, and 31% with increasing container size and with fertilization and soil removal, respectively. Cost efficiency (fifth-year yield divided by costs compounded 5 years at 5% interest) was greatest for medium and large containers with soil removed. Joint comparisons of nursery costs, planting costs, and field performance for different seedling stock types provide an objective approach for prioritizing cultural treatments in forestry. South. J. Appl. For. 28(3):152–162.
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Popović, Vladan, Aleksandar Lučić, and Ljubinko Rakonjac. "Effect of container type on growth and development of Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) seedlings in the nursery." Sustainable Forestry: Collection, no. 69-70 (2014): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/sustfor1469033p.
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In this paper are presented the research results of effect of the container type on growth and morphological parameters of Pedunculate oak seedlings. In the experiment were used three types of containers Bosnaplast 18, Bosnaplast 12 and HIKO V265. Seed collection was performed in the Pedunculate oak seed stand registration number RS-2-2-qro-12-197 which is managing by FE Kragujevac in autumn 2012 and seed sowing in containers was done in spring 2013 in the seedling nursery of Institute of Forestry in Belgrade. The analysis of one-year-old seedlings was performed in autumn 2013. The parameters that were measured are height and root collar diameter. Seedlings produced in containers Bosnaplast 18 with cell volume of 220 cm3 and HIKO V265 with cell volume of 265 cm3 have larger dimensions and they are more quality than seedlings produced in containers type Bosnaplast 12 that have cell volume of 120 cm3 . Researches have shown that container volume has positive effect on morphological characteristics of Pedunculate oak seedlings in conditions of seedling nursery.
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Haase, Diane L., Karma Bouzza, Lucy Emerton, et al. "The High Cost of the Low-Cost Polybag System: A Review of Nursery Seedling Production Systems." Land 10, no. 8 (2021): 826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10080826.
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An important strategy for meeting global landscape restoration goals is nursery production of high-quality seedlings. Growing seedlings with attributes that promote post-planting survival and growth can be dramatically influenced by the nursery container system. In many countries, nurseries produce seedlings in polybags filled with excavated soil. These seedlings often develop deformed roots with limited fibrosity which can lead to poor survival and growth after outplanting. Polybags are initially inexpensive but using these single-use plastic containers accrues expenses that are often untracked. Comparisons among nursery production systems must account for factors such as container longevity, labor efficiency, and seedling field performance. A more holistic approach to account for environmental, economic, social, logistic, and cultural elements in the cost–benefit equation that influences nursery production systems is needed. Converting to a modern container system requires concomitant adjustments in nursery scheduling and culturing matched to the new stock type. Doing so provides an opportunity to align nursery production techniques and resulting seedling attributes with anticipated field conditions. This article describes and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of nursery production systems and provides recommendations and case studies to aid nurseries in improving seedling quality toward meeting restoration goals in a cost-effective and timely manner.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Container seedling"
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Holm, Boris. "Effekter av superabsorbent på granplantors överlevnad och tillväxt." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för skog och träteknik (SOT), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-33386.
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Denna studie beskriver effekterna beträffande överlevnad och tillväxt hos gran (Picea abeis L. Karst) vid tillsats av superabsorbent Luquasorb 1280R i samband med plantering under olika betingelser. Plantor i form av täckrot och barrot studerades. Tillsats av superabsorbent visade sig ha en positiv inverkan på de studerade parametrarna i jämförelse med referensmaterial utan tillsats av superabsorbent. Detta visade sig särskilt vid extremförsök under tak utan tillgång till vattentillförsel under försöksperioden, förutom vattentillsats i samband med plantering.<br>This study describes the effects concerning survival and growth of Norway spruce seedelings (Picea abeis L. Karst) by addition of superabsorbent Luquasorb 1280R in connection with planting under differnt conditions. Container seedlings and bare-root seedlings were studied. The addition of superabsorbent showed a positive influence regarding the studied parameters in comparision with reference material without the addition of superabsorbent. This was most obvious at the the extreme test under roof without access to additional water during the test period, except water added in connection with planting.
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Oliveira, Dariane Priscila Franco de [UNESP]. "Análise técnica e econômica do uso de recipiente degradável na produção de mudas de Eucalyptus urophylla x E. grandis." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/148713.
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Previous issue date: 2016-09-06<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)<br>Tão elementar quanto produzir mudas de qualidade para o campo, é produzi-las de forma eficiente e ambientalmente correta. Com o surgimento de novas tecnologias no setor de produção de mudas é possível evitar recipientes de polietileno derivados do petróleo substituindo-os por materiais degradáveis, aliados ao uso racional da água. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a viabilidade técnica e econômica de mudas de Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla (E. urograndis) produzidas em recipiente degradável em comparação ao recipiente de polietileno sob três manejos hídricos. O enraizamento das estacas do híbrido E. urograndis em ambos os recipientes foi realizado no viveiro da empresa Eucatex, município de Bofete – SP. Em seguida, as mudas foram conduzidas ao viveiro do Departamento de Ciência Florestal da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas de Botucatu – SP, onde os manejos hídricos foram aplicados. Posteriormente, as mudas foram plantadas na área experimental da empresa Eucatex, município de Itatinga – SP. A pesquisa constituiu-se de dois experimentos, variando somente o ciclo de produção, sendo estes de 60 e 90 dias. Durante a fase de viveiro o delineamento foi inteiramente ao acaso e na de campo o delineamento foi de blocos casualizados. Os experimentos ocorreram em esquema fatorial 3x2 referentes a dois tipos de recipientes (degradável e polietileno) e três lâminas diárias de água (10, 12 e 14 mm). A análise do desenvolvimento das mudas foi composta de avaliações morfológicas (altura da parte aérea, diâmetro de colo, massa seca radicular, massa seca aérea, massa seca total e área foliar), e fisiológicas (transpiração). A análise econômica contemplou os custos de produção, ponderando todos os insumos utilizados, custo de capital, depreciação da infraestrutura e dos equipamentos utilizados e o ciclo de produção. No campo foram feitas quatro medições mensais de altura e diâmetro e medições fisiológicas após 10 meses de plantio. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e nos casos em que houve diferença significativa foi realizado o teste de Tukey (p < 0,05). No ciclo de 60 dias, as mudas produzidas em ambos os recipientes apresentaram valores de diâmetro e altura satisfatórios para o plantio. Considerando o ciclo de 60 dias, a lâmina de 10 mm foi a mais adequada para ambos os recipientes. Para o ciclo de 90 dias, a lâmina de 10 mm foi mais adequada para as mudas do recipiente degradável e a lâmina de 12 mm para as mudas do recipiente de polietileno. O desenvolvimento no campo das plantas produzidas em ambas as embalagens mostrou-se satisfatório. Segundo as análises de investimentos, a produção de mudas de Eucaluyptus urograndis não se mostrou viável economicamente em nenhum dos sistemas de produção.<br>So elementary as produce appropriate seedlings to field, it is produce them efficiently and environmentally correct. The emergence of new technologies in seedling production sector can avoid polyethylene containers oil derivatives replacing them with degradable materials, associated with the appropriate and rational use of water. The purpose of this study was to assess the technical and economic viability of the degradable container (Ellepot®) comparing it with the polyethylene container, in the production of seedlings of the species Eucalyptus grandis seedlings x E. urophylla (E. urograndis), under three water management. The rooting of the stakes hybrid E. urograndis in both containers was conducted at Eucatex company’s nursery, in Bofete – SP. Then, the seedlings were taken to the nursery of the Department of Forest Science in the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences in Botucatu - SP, where water managements were applied. Thereafter, the seedlings were planted in the experimental area of Eucatex in Itatinga - SP. The research consisted of two experiments, varying only the production cycle, which are 60 and 90 days. During the nursery stage, the design was completely at random and in the field the design was randomized block. The experiments were set up in a 2x3 factorial, corresponding to two containers (polyethylene and degradable), and three daily irrigation blades (10, 12 and 14 mm). Technical analysis consisted of morphological and physiological evaluations and initial development of seedlings in field. The economic analysis included production costs, considering all the inputs used, capital cost, depreciation of the infrastructure and of the equipment used and the production cycle. The data were subjected to analysis of variance, and where significant differences existed, a Tukey test was performed (p < 0.05). In the cycle of 60 days, the seedlings produced, in both containers presented, diameter and height values suitable for planting. In this cycle, the blade 10 mm was optimal for both containers. In the cycle of 90 days, the blade 10 mm was most suitable for the seedlings of the degradable container and 12mm blade to the seedlings of the polyethylene container. The development in field of plants produced in both containers was satisfactory. According to the investment analysis, the production Eucaluyptus urograndis seedlings was not economically viable in any of the production systems.
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Wickman, Marise. "The practical application of two dormancy induction trials on douglas-fir and western hemlock container seedlings." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/24429.
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Two dormancy induction trials were conducted in a private container nursery in Saanichton, British Columbia. The first study examined the effects of photoperiod induced dormancy on morphology, root growth and field performance of fall planted western hemlock (Tsuga heterophyl_1ji (Raf.)Sarg.) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menzi_esv[ (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings. Various periods of eight hour days, ranging from two to eight weeks, were applied throughout July and August 1983. Outplanting was done in late September. Survival and growth were assessed one year later.
The second project investigated the effectiveness of short days, varying levels of moisture stress and a combination of both as dormancy induction techniques for Douglas-fir seedlings. The short day treatment was four weeks of eight hour days. Four levels of predawn moisture stress were: -5, -10, -15 and -25 bars. These classes respectively corresponded to control, light, medium and severe moisture stress levels. Short days and moisture stress were also combined whereby the four week period of short days followed the moisture stress treatments. These induction treatments were applied in July and August 1984. All seedlings were lifted in January 1985 and placed into cold storage for five weeks until March 1985. Morphology, root growth capacity, frost hardiness and dormancy intensity were assessed in January. Root growth capacity and dormancy intensity were again measured in March.
In Study I, short days quickly initiated homogeneous budset in both species in approximately three weeks. The average height increment after treatment initiation was 3.7 cm in Douglas-fir and 4.2 cm in western hemlock. Short days reduced shoot dry weight and height. Caliper and root dry weight were unaffected. In September a surge in root growth occurred in hemlock seedlings treated with six or eight weeks of short days. The importance of early budset to allow increased root growth prior to a fall lift was demonstrated. Root growth capacity was similar among all treatments for both species.
The planting survival of western hemlock seedlings increased with increasing weeks of short days. Control plants had 76% survival while the eight week regime had 91%. Survival was similar for all treated Douglas-fir seedlings. It ranged from 89% in the two week interval to 98% in the four week regime. One year height increment was significantly greater in the six and eight week short day treatments for both species. For hemlock, it ranged from 6.1 cm in the control plants to 10.4 cm in the six week trees. Douglas-fir height increment ranged from 6.4 cm for the control interval to 8.6 cm in the eight week regime.
The six and eight week photoregimes produced the best quality hemlock seedlings for this study. Four weeks of short days appeared adequate for Douglas-fir.
In Study II short days effectively initiated and maintained budset in Douglas-fir seedlings in four weeks. After six weeks from treatment initiation, a light to severe moisture stress was as effective in controlling height growth. A natural photoperiod with no moisture stress was least effective. In a comparison of all treatment combinations, only the control plants under a natural photoperiod were significantly larger in all morphological properties. Short days, moisture stress or a combination of both had similar effects on reducing height, caliper, shoot dry weight and root dry weight.
Unstressed seedlings in a natural daylength had the highest value of root growth capacity. All other treatment combinations had significantly lower root growth capacity. Only the severe stress under a natural photoperiod significantly reduced root growth capacity compared to any other
treatment. Short days accelerated bud burst in the January and March dormancy intensity tests. Frost hardiness was similar among all treatments.
Selection of a regime which controlled height growth while maintaining seedling quality was not clearcut. A short photoperiod with no moisture stress was most effective in initiating budset. However, few morphological and physiological differences were evident between short day plants and light and medium stressed seedlings.<br>Forestry, Faculty of<br>Graduate
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Newby, Adam Franklin. "Liverwort control in container-grown nursery crops." Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Summer/Theses/NEWBY_ADAM_48.pdf.
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Richardson, Ben M. "Effective non-traditional weed control in container-grown nursery crops." Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Fall/Theses/RICHARDSON_BEN_3.pdf.
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Abuelgasim, Zeinab H. "The propagation and production of western soapberry." Thesis, Kansas State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/9815.
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Маковійчук, О. Я. "Удосконалення технологій вирощування садивного матеріалу Сосни звичайної в ДП «Ріпкирайагролісгосп»". Thesis, Чернігів, 2020. http://ir.stu.cn.ua/123456789/20247.
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Маковійчук, О. Я. Удосконалення технологій вирощування садивного матеріалу Сосни звичайної в ДП «Ріпкирайагролісгосп» / О. Я. Маковійчук; керівник роботи Селінний М. М.; Національний університет «Чернігівська політехніка», кафедра аграрних технологій та лісового господарства. – Чернігів, 2020. – 68 с.<br>У розділі 1 описані теоретичні положення про особливості вирощування
садивного матеріалу деревних видів.
У 2 розділі наведена характеристика природно-кліматичних умов та лісового
фонду ДП «Ріпкирайагролісгосп».
Вплив умов вирощування на ріст і розвиток сіянців сосни звичайної та
викладення результатів дослідження наведена у 3 розділі. У 4 розділі
представлені охорона праці при виконанні лісогосподарських робіт.<br>Section 1 describes the theoretical provisions regarding the characteristics of
tree planting stock growing.
Chapter 2 describes the characteristics of the natural and climatic conditions
and the forest fund of the state enterprise SE "Ripkirayagrolisgosp".
The effect of growing conditions on the growth and development of pine
seedlings is common and the results of the study are presented in Chapter 3. Section
4 presents the protection of labor during forestry operations
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Wong, Wai-ting, and 黃煒婷. "Propagating native tree seedlings for forest rehabilitation in Hong Kong, China." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B37670578.
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Leda, Carol E. "Iron and manganese requirements of containerized plants growing in pine bark." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/91043.
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Three species of woody plants, Ilex crenata 'Helleri', Juniperus chinensis procumbens 'Nana', and Ligustrum lucidum, were grown in one-liter containers filled with pine bark to determine Fe and Mn requirements with regard to rate and ratio. FeEDTA and MnEDTA were applied at either a 2:1 or 1:2 ratio of Fe:Mn at 5 concentrations each, 3 times per week with each irrigation. Medium solutions were collected every 21 days on one species and analyzed for Fe and Mn levels. Dry weight and tissue Fe and Mn levels were determined for all three species. Neither rate nor ratio of applied Fe and Mn had an effect on shoot dry weights. Control treatments, in general, had the lowest medium solution and tissue levels of Fe and Mn, however, there was no difference in dry weights between control and treatment plants. These results suggest that pine bark supplies adequate levels of Fe and Mn for growth under the conditions of this study.
In a second study, three sources of Fe and Mn were applied to Tagetes erecta 'Inca' growing in 500 cc plastic pots containing sieved pine bark at 3 lime rates: 0, 3, and 6 kg m⁻³. Sources of Fe and Mn were pre-plant Micromax, liquid sulfate salts, and liquid chelates applied in the irrigation water. No difference in growth between micronutrient sources was detected, however, growth was greater at the 3 and 6 kg m⁻³ lime rates. Levels of Fe and Mn in medium solution and tissue decreased with increasing lime rate, with availability of Fe and Mn greatest with chelate as the source, regardless of lime rate. A similar study was conducted with a control and liquid sulfate treatment. There was no difference in dry weight between the sulfate treatment and the control, except at 0 kg m⁻³ lime where the control plants were larger. Again, lime additions increased growth, and Fe and Mn availability in medium solution and tissue levels decreased. These results suggest that if Fe and Mn additions are needed, all sources provide adequate Fe and Mn for growth.<br>M.S.
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Dong, Hanmin. "Container nursery methods for producing seedlings of chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.) and oriental arborvitae (Thuja orientalis (L.) Franco)." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25732.
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An experiment was conducted to determine the suitability of nine types of plastic or paper containers for raising planting stock of Chinese pine (Pinus tabul aeformis Carr.) and oriental arborvitae (Thuja orientalis (L.) Franco). Plants were grown on the campus of the University of British Columbia, initially, in an unheated plastic shelter and later in a shade house. Height, root-collar diameter and dry weight measurements were taken 22 weeks after germination. Results showed that dry matter production per unit area increased as container spacing decreased. However, the dry weight of individual plants increased with increase in both the volume and spacing of containers. Shoot/root and height/root-collar diameter ratios decreased with increase in container spacing.
A controlled experiment, in which plant density was varied independently of container volume, showed that with closer seedling density shoot height increased, but root-collar diameter decreased. In P. tabul aeformi s but not T. orientalis, there was a significant negative relationship between seedling density and whole plant dry weight.
A controlled experiment in which container volume was varied independently of plant spacing showed a significant positive relationship between container volume and total plant dry weight in both species.
Comparison of three mineral nutrient regimes indicated that elevation of phosphorus level at the beginning and end of the growing season did not increase seedling dry matter production. Growth was better when nitrogen was supplied at 100 ppm, than at 250 ppm.
Lateral roots of both species were prevented from growing down or around the container wall by painting the inside of the containers with acrylic latex paint containing cupric carbonate. The chemically-inhibited roots were able to resume elongating after the seedlings were transplanted from the containers. Thus, after transplanting, the primary lateral roots of the chemically root-pruned plants extended straight out from the tap root. In contrast, the primary roots of plants from unpainted containers grew mainly from the lower end of the root plug where they were air-pruned after growing down the container wall.
In trials with kraft paper containers, the paper disintegrated before the end of the growing season. Thus roots of adjacent seedlings became intermeshed and were difficult to separate. This was prevented either by using polyethylene coated kraft paper, pr by impregnating the paper with copper sulfide. Lateral roots of seedlings raised in copper sulfide impregnated paper containers were pruned as efficiently as those of seedlings grown in copper-painted plasic containers, yet retained the capacity to resume elongation after transplanting.<br>Forestry, Faculty of<br>Graduate
Books on the topic "Container seedling"
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Canada. Canadian Forestry Service. Great Lakes Forest Research Centre. Containerized seedling production statistics for Ontario, 1982. Canadian Forestry Service., 1985.
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Miller, Joan H. Organic & compost-based growing media for tree seedling nurseries. World Bank, 1995.
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Colombo, S. J. Containerized tree seedling research and development in Ontario, 1984-1985. Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Canadian Forestry Service, 1988.
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Peterson, Michael James. Sanitation of styroblocks to control algae and seedling root rot fungi. Forestry Canada, 1990.
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James, Robert L. Studies of Fusarium associated with containerized conifer seedling diseases. USDA Forest Service, Northern Region, 1985.
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Simpson, D. G. Long-nights and moisture stress affect Douglas-fir seedling growth, cold hardiness, dormancy and root growth potential. Forestry Canada, 1991.
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James, Robert L. Containerized western larch seedling mortality, USDA Forest Service Nursery, Couer D'Alene, Idaho. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Region, 1987.
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O'Reilly, Conor J. Bud and shoot development in different seedling types of western hemlock during nursery growth. Forestry Canada, 1989.
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James, Robert L. Containerized Engelmann spruce seedling diseases at the USDA Forest Service Nursery, Coeur d'Alene, Idaho. USDA Forest Service, Northern Region, 1985.
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Peterson, Michael James. Grey mould control by seedling canopy humidity reduction through under-bench ventiliation and styroblock aeration. Forestry Canada, 1989.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Container seedling"
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Brissette, John C., James P. Barnett, and Thomas D. Landis. "Container Seedlings." In Forest Regeneration Manual. Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3800-0_7.
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Stowers, Mark D., and Jane E. Smith. "Inoculation and production of container-grown red alder seedlings." In Frankia and Actinorhizal Plants. Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5147-1_14.
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Berry, Alison M., and John G. Torrey. "Seed germination, seedling inoculation and establishment of Alnus spp. in containers in greenhouse trials." In Frankia and Actinorhizal Plants. Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5147-1_15.
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Ribeiro, H., D. Ribeiro, E. Vasconcelos, F. Cabral, V. Louro, and J. Q. dos Santos. "Evaluation of a sewage sludge based compost for the production of container tree seedlings." In Improved Crop Quality by Nutrient Management. Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-585-37449-9_41.
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Kärkkäinen, Katri, Sonja T. Kujala, Rosario Garcia-Gil, et al. "Genetic Effects." In Managing Forest Ecosystems. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-70484-0_7.
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Abstract Genetic effects of continuous cover forestry (CCF) are not well known. We need more research, especially on the genetics of spruce-dominated CCF sites. Levels of relatedness are of interest, as are estimates of safe limits for the intensity and duration of CCF practices that secure genetic potential for good growth and quality. With even-aged forestry, genetically improved regeneration material can be used to mitigate climate change-related risks through breeding and deployment recommendations. In CCF, currently based on natural regeneration, we assume that enough seedlings establish, and that sites contain enough genetic variation to enable natural selection and evolutionary processes. Based on research in other regions, the number of reproducing trees must be kept large to avoid excessive levels of relatedness and inbreeding and to maintain sufficient levels of genetic diversity. In some well-documented long-term experiments in other regions, intensive high-grading has led to slower growth rates, which could partly be due to genetic degradation of the stand. If contemporary recommendations for selection cutting are followed, negative genetic effects should be unlikely.
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Eerden, E. Van, and J. W. Gates. "Seedling Production and Processing: Container." In Regenerating British Columbia’s Forests. University of British Columbia Press, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.59962/9780774856720-022.
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Farhana, Nikhat, Ripudaman M. Singh, Mohammed Gulzar Ahmed, et al. "Seed Biology and Phytochemistry for Sustainable Future." In Seed Biology Updates [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106208.
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The ranking of seeds represents remarkable transition phase for photosynthasis and sexual reproduction, this phase is complex & successful method for sexual reproduction in vascular plants. As we know that seed containe the genetic repository of past & potential for its perpetuation in the future. The dormancy in seeds induced by desciccation & the hormone abscisic acid (ABA) till the condition in growth become favorable. The well developed seeds eliminates requirement of water during sexual reproduction & allows fertilization events to occur over long distances. Germination of seeds in particular situation and season is determines the interaction between dormancy and relating factors like phytochemical development to give healthy bioactives, which strongly influence on the termination of dormancy or initiatin of germination and seedling in many plant species like photo-hormons, light, temperature, water, neutrients and mechanical cuse. Seeds of particular plants needs difreent pretreatment to give vigor seedlings even in production so far. The entiteled chapter represents amulgumation of agriculturists and life scientists. Recent significant progress has been endorsed in seed physiology to solve the practical issues constantly associated with the seeds. The aim & objective of this articale is to enlighten the reader, not only about the different aspects of the seed physiology it also includes the development of bioactive (secondary metabolites) in the healthy seeds. This resorce of pice will help researcher to sencitize about the type of healthy bioactive available in the shalls of seedlings. This could be the reason to isolate the biomolecules from a well evaluate seeds, seed evalution not only the sorce to get healthy crops in agricultural scince it also helps so for a phytochemist to get theuraputicaly active biomolecules, without destroying the nature, which could be the value added thought to combat with the burning issues associated with the existing situation (COVID Omicron, viral infection and all kinds of disorder associated with the immune system). Henceforth, endorsed personage to give real-time attention to plant propagation, particularly for indigenous tree species and seedling multiplication should be regarded as a primary need to make not only a sustainable environment but also become a treasure to fulfill the needs of industry application in the field of agriculture plus R & D.
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Evans, Julian, and John W. Turnbull. "Forest nurseries." In Plantation Forestry in the Tropics. Oxford University PressOxford, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198529941.003.0010.
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Abstract Each year many millions of tree seedlings are raised in nurseries for use in plantations throughout the world. In the tropics there is a great variety of forest nurseries. Size alone ranges from a villager’s own plot of perhaps only 50 or 100 seedlings in an assortment of containers, to large, highly organized, nurseries covering several hectares and producing several million plants annually. The use of nursery raised plants is generally the most efficient and effective way of establishing a plantation, although direct seeding is practised successfully by aircraft in inaccessible areas and where a protective tree cover is more important than wood production.
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dos Santos, Daniela Batista, José Luís Trevizan Chiomento, and Edson Campanhola Bortoluzzi. "Gourd (Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl) seedling production and transplanting in different containers." In Themes focused on interdisciplinarity and sustainable development worldwide. Seven Events, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/tfisdwv1-116.
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Asadi Aghbolaghi, Masoumeh, Mohammad Sedghi, Ghasem Parmoon, and Beata Dedicova. "Pumpkin Seeds Germination and Seedling Growth Under Abiotic Stress." In Studies on Cucurbitaceae [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1001863.
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Cucurbita pepo L. is one of the most important crops that belong to the Cucurbitaceae family, an herbaceous, perennial, and polymorphic vegetable that grows also in tropical conditions. Pumpkin fruit contains large amounts of vitamins, minerals, and biologically active substances. The pumpkin seed oil contains high amounts of unsaturated fatty acids and is effective in treating different health conditions. Nevertheless, on the other hand, there have been reports that pumpkin tends to collect small amounts of nitrate or heavy metals. Therefore, our study aimed to investigate the effect of organic matter (humic acid) on the germination and activity of antioxidant enzymes, glycosylate cycle enzymes, and utilization of lipid and protein reserves of pumpkin seeds under cadmium stress conditions.
Conference papers on the topic "Container seedling"
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Cao, Bing, Jianan Hou, and Lihua Song. "Study on substrates selection for container seedling breeding of Platycladus orientalis." In 2011 International Conference on New Technology of Agricultural Engineering (ICAE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icae.2011.5943854.
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GRYBAUSKIENE, Vilda, and Gitana VYČIENĖ. "EVAPOTRANSPIRATION-BASED IRRIGATION SCHEDULING FOR PICEA ABIES (SPRUCE) SEEDLINGS." In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.062.
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The water balance of agro ecological systems is a key parameter for most physical and physiological processes with the system soil–crop–climate. Therefore it is of great importance to calculate the water budget parameters in the required scale. The field study was conducted in the period of 2002–2005. Seedlings were planted in Irrigation engineering department experimental fields at the Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Seedlings were grown under standard nursery cultural practices until being transplanted into new fields in mid April 2002 and 2004. The research site contains evaporators and 8 lysimeters in which spruce seedlings were grown and studied. Lysimeters amount 42 m2 and 30 m2. At 2002, field No.1 was irrigated 8 times, irrigation norm was 250 m3 ha-1 and seedling got 2000 m3 ha-1 water. Field No.2 was irrigated 6 times, irrigation norm – 1500 m3 ha-1. In 2003 fields No. 1 and No. 2 were irrigated 4 times and seedlings got 1000 m3 ha-1 water. At 2004, field No.1 was irrigated 8 times, irrigation norm was 250 m3 ha-1 and seedling got 2000 m3 ha-1 water. Field No.2 was irrigated 6 irrigation norm – 1500 m3 ha-1. The total evapotranspiration of the first year seedlings planted in the field No.1 in 2004 made up 323 mm. The total evapotranspiration of the seedlings growing in variant No. 2 was 307 mm in 2004 and it is by 16 mm less as compared to variant No.1.
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Malysheva, V. I. "AMOUNT OF REFORESTATION WORK BY CONTAINER-GROWN SEEDLINGS IN VORONEZH REGION." In Мониторинг и биоразнообразие естественных, искусственных и лесомелиоративных систем. Воронежский государственный лесотехнический университет им. Г.Ф. Морозова, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.58168/mbnars2022_96-100.
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Мухортов, Д. И., and А. В. Антропова. "GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONTAINERIZED SEEDLINGS OF SCOTS PINE USING THE SUBSTRATES OF VARIOUS BULK DENSITY." In Лесные экосистемы в условиях изменения климата: биологическая продуктивность и дистанционный мониторинг. Crossref, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.25686/2675.2019.5.58815.
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В статье изложены результаты работ по изучению агрофизических свойств различных корнезакрывающих субстратов, проанализировано их влияние на рост и развитие сеянцев сосны обыкновенной, выращиваемой в контейнерах в качестве посадочного материала для лесовосстановительных работ. Лесовосстановление посадочным материалом с закрытой корневой системой имеет ряд преимуществ по сравнению с традиционными технологиями. Однако данная технология требует решения некоторых задач с целью оптимизации процессов выращивания сеянцев. Одним из проблемных моментов является выбор оптимальных по своим как агрохимическим, так и агрофизическим свойствам субстратов. В настоящее время большое внимание уделяется химической составляющей корнезакрывающих субстратов, когда агрофизические свойства учитываются в меньшей степени, но именно эти свойства субстратов изначально определяют характер развития корневой системы сеянцев, а следовательно, и всей вегетативной части растения. Химическая составляющая может меняться в процессе выращивания посадочного материала путем внесения удобрений. Агрофизические же свойства поменять в процессе выращивания невозможно без непосредственного вмешательства, что негативно скажется на самом росте растений, поэтому следует изначально придерживаться рекомендуемых агрофизических свойств субстрата, которые позволят получить высококачественный посадочный материал. Наши исследования направлены на определение влияния плотности сложения субстрата на развитие сеянцев сосны обыкновенной. Для этого были изучены варианты субстратов на основе верхового торфа, в которых выращены сеянцы сосны обыкновенной. Плотность сложения определялась с помощью оборудования Стереопикнметр . По результатам исследований можно сделать вывод, что наиболее оптимальные показатели плотности сложения субстрата в контейнерах, которые дали наилучшие результаты по биометрическим параметрам самих сеянцев, находятся в диапазоне 0,10-0,17 г/см3 . The article describes the research results into agrophysical properties of various root covering substrates, their influence on the growth and development of the containerized Scots pine seedlings as a planting stock for reforestation. This method has a number of advantages in comparison with the traditional planting method. However, it requires overcoming certain problems in order to optimize the processes of seedlings growing. One of the problems is the choice of substrate optimal in agrochemical and agrophysical properties. Nowadays, the chemical components of root covering substrates are of vital importance unlike the agrophysical properties, which are considered to a lesser extent. However, these are the agrophysical properties of substrates, which determine the development of seedling root system and, therefore, all the vegetative part of a plant. The chemical component can change while growing the planting stock by means of fertilizers application. The agrophysical properties cant be changed without the immediate intervention that will negatively affect the growth of plants. Therefore, it is necessary to adhere to the initially recommended ag- 43 rophysical properties of substrate, which will make it possible to grow a high-quality planting stock. The research aims to define the influence of bulk density of substrate on the development of Scots pine seedlings. For this purpose different substrates based on bog peat have been examined, the seedlings of Scots pine have been grown in these substrates. Bulk density of substrates was calculated with Stereopeakmeter. The carried out research has proved that the most optimal indicators of bulk density of substrate in containers that showed the best results on biometric parameters of seedlings were varying between 0.10 and 0.17 g/cm.
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Qiuxia Chen, Jian Zheng, Jinwang Wang, Xin Wei, and Luyi Ma. "The quality and physiological characteristics on Cyclobalanopsis Glauca container seedlings of different substrate." In 2011 International Conference on Remote Sensing, Environment and Transportation Engineering (RSETE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rsete.2011.5964877.
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Chen, Qiuxia, Jinwang Wang, Jian Zheng, et al. "Notice of Retraction: Effects of Shading on Pigment and Chlorophyll Fluorescence of Cyclobalanopsis glauca Container Seedlings." In 2011 5th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2011.5781568.
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German, Julio C. Herrera, Mark A. J. Peralta Aleman, Smith Vera Reyes, and Sixto R. Prado Gardini. "Design and Implementation of a Robotic System for Effective Transplantation of Seedlings Contained in Multicell Trays." In 2021 IEEE 3rd Eurasia Conference on IOT, Communication and Engineering (ECICE). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ecice52819.2021.9645599.
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Herrera German, Julio C., and Sixto R. Prado Gardini. "Development of an Automatic Electromechanical Device for the Stable Movement of Seedlings Contained in Multicell Trays." In 2021 IEEE 3rd Eurasia Conference on IOT, Communication and Engineering (ECICE). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ecice52819.2021.9645732.
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.A. ALASSADY, R., Zainab J. AL-MOUSSWI, and Ziena M. ABDUL-QADER. "DETERMINING THE MOST APPROPRIATE HARVEST DATE FOR CELERY, PARSLEY AND CHAMOMILE. IT CONTAINS OF VOLATILE OIL AND TOTAL PHENOLS." In IV.International Scientific Congress of Pure,Appliedand Technological Sciences. Rimar Academy, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/minarcongress4-21.
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This Experiment was carried out in the fields of College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad during the autumn season 2014-2015 . Plants seeds (celery, parsley and Chamomile) planted in dishes, Seedlings transferred after month when seeds germination .The seedlings were planted in the field on lines between 75 cm and 40 cm between one plant and another . This experiment was carried out using the design RCBD on three replicates. The first factor represents different plants, While The second factor represents harvest dates .The results were showed that The harvest of leaves celery at three o'clock in the afternoon gave the highest percentage of volatile oil and penol, which was 0.75 ml / 100 g and 5 mg/100g. Parsley gave highest level of volatile oil at 6 pm, which was 0.5 ml / 100 g, While the harvest time at three in the morning produced the highest percentage of phenols, which reached 3.7 mg/100g. The amount of volatile oil in the flowers of chamomile plant increased when harvesting at 12 AM, which gave the highest amount of 0.063 ml / 100 g compared to the date of harvest at three in the afternoon, which produced the lowest amount of volatile oil amounted to 0.026 ml / 100 g. and harvest time at 9 pm in the content of total phenols
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Гладкая, Алла, та Тудор Настас. "Исследование фитостимулирующих свойств растительных экстрактов". У International Scientific Symposium "Plant Protection – Achievements and Prospects". Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/9789975347204.10.
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We have investigated the phytostimulating properties of Rheum officinale Baill. (Polygonaceae) root and leaves water-ethanol extracts and Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Meleaceae) seed oil extract, which contain a wide range of bioactive substances. Experiments to determine the effect of treatment with extracts of Cucumis sativus seedlings were carried out in laboratory conditions. The composition V6 (1%R + 0,5%L) showed the maximum phytostimulating effect, which increased the plant height by 34,5%, and the number of flowers by 89,6%.
Reports on the topic "Container seedling"
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Barnett, James P., and John C. Brissette. Producing southern pine seedlings in containers. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/so-gtr-59.
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Barnett, James P., Mark J. Hainds, and George A. Hernandez. Interim Guidelines for Growing Longleaf Seedlings in Containers. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/srs-gtr-60.
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Barnett, James P., Mark J. Hainds, and George A. Hernandez. Interim Guidelines for Growing Longleaf Seedlings in Containers. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/srs-gtr-60.
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Barnett, James P., and John M. McGilvray. Practical guidelines for producing longleaf pine seedlings in containers. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/srs-gtr-014.
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Barnett, James P., and John M. McGilvray. Practical guidelines for producing longleaf pine seedlings in containers. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/srs-gtr-14.
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Ward, Kimiora. Sierra Nevada Network high elevation white pine monitoring: 2021 annual report. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2302327.
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Five-needle white pines (Family Pinaceae, Genus Pinus, Subgenus Strobus), and in particular whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis), limber pine (P. flexilis), and foxtail pine (P. balfouriana) are foundation species in upper subalpine and treeline forests of several National Park Service Pacific West Region parks, including Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks (SEKI) and Yosemite National Park (YOSE). The Sierra Nevada Network Inventory & Monitoring Program, in collaboration with the Klamath Network, Upper Columbia Basin Network, and Mojave Desert Network have implemented a joint long-term monitoring protocol to assess the current status and future trends in high elevation white pine communities. Key demographic parameters within white pine forest communities will be estimated by monitoring individual trees within permanent plots through time. This report documents the results of the 2021 field season, which was the eighth year of monitoring in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks (SEKI) and Yosemite National Park (YOSE). The 2021 goal was to complete the third full re-measure of the second of three rotating panels (Panel 2) for each species-park population: YOSE-whitebark pine, SEKI-whitebark pine, and SEKI-foxtail pine. Each panel consists of 12 permanent 50 x 50 m (2,500 m2) plots that were randomly selected for each of the three populations. The full sampling array thus includes a total of 36 whitebark pine plots in YOSE, 36 whitebark pine plots in SEKI, and 36 foxtail pine plots in SEKI. Data from plot surveys will be used to characterize white pine forest community dynamics in SEKI and YOSE, including changes in tree species composition, forest structure, forest health, and demographics. The first full measure of all Panel 2 plots was completed over two years in 2013-2014, then a full remeasure of both parks? whitebark pine Panel 2 was conducted in 2016, with 10 of 12 SEKI-foxtail plots sampled that year. A third remeasure of all Panel 2 plots was not possible in 2021 because a smaller crew size was necessary during the COVID-19 pandemic. In total, the crew visited 37 sites, and sampled 31, during the 2021 field season. One plot in the YOSE whitebark pine frame was uninstalled before reading and one plot in the SEKI whitebark pine frame was uninstalled after reading, both for safety concerns. Four plots were not visited due to lack of capacity with the reduced crew size: one in each of the YOSE and SEKI whitebark frames, and three in the SEKI foxtail frame. A plot from Panel 3 in each of the parks? whitebark frames was measured, for a total of 11 plots measured in each whitebark pine frame. Nine plots were measured in the SEKI foxtail pine frame. Within the 31 plots completed, a total of 5,728 trees was measured. Species composition, forest structure, and factors affecting tree health and reproduction, including incidence and severity of white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola) infection, mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) infestation, dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium spp.) infection, canopy kill, female cone production and regeneration were recorded. During the 2021 field season, crews continued to count the total number of mature cones per tree for whitebark and foxtail pine, use crown condition codes to assess crown health, and tag individual seedlings to be tracked through time. All three of these procedures started in 2017 and are to be evaluated by each of the three participating networks over several years, to determine whether they should become permanent changes to the monitoring protocol. In YOSE, 11 whitebark pine plots were re-measured, from Panels 2 and 3. A total of 2,810 trees were sampled, which included 586 live whitebark pine trees and 2,097 other live conifers. An additional 127 trees (including 17 whitebark pine) were recorded as dead. The forest crew noted little sign of white pine blister rust (WPBR) in Yosemite in 2021, and just a single inactive canker was observed on one whitebark pine in Panel 3, Plot 42, near Dana Meadows. This infection was new to plot 42, and it expands the total number of plots where white pine blister rust has been documented in Yosemite to six. The crew also noted little mountain pine beetle activity, documenting beetle galleries on 15 lodgepole pines in three Panel 2 plots. Dwarf mistletoe was not observed. The average number of live whitebark pine trees per plot was 53 (SD = 56). This was a low cone crop year for whitebark pine, with two percent of live whitebark pine trees producing female cones. Cone bearing trees averaged 2 (SD = 1) cones per tree. Whitebark pine seedling density averaged 90 (SD = 157) seedlings per hectare. The largest number of whitebark pine seedlings found in a plot was four, and three of the eleven plots contained whitebark seedlings. In SEKI, 10 of 12 Panel 2, and one Panel 3, whitebark pine plots were re-measured. Within these plots, 1,246 live whitebark pine, 30 live foxtail pine, and 861 other live conifers were sampled. WPBR was infrequently documented in the SEKI whitebark frame as well, with indicators of infection in Plot 31 near Window Creek and Plot 44 near Upper State Lake. These were the first infections documented in these plots, bringing the number of plots where WPBR has been documented in the SEKI whitebark panel to nine. Although WPBR was documented in Plot 27 near Charlotte Dome in 2016, it was not documented this year because putative cankers showing three signs of infection in 2016 showed only two or fewer signs in 2021. Mountain pine beetle activity was observed in one live lodgepole pine and two recently dead whitebark pine, within three plots in the SEKI whitebark sample frame. An exception to the low levels of mountain pine beetle activity was outside Plot 31 in the Window Creek area, where the forest crew noted many recently dead whitebark pine with signs of beetle activity. Dwarf mistletoe was not encountered. The average number of live whitebark pine trees per plot was 113 (SD = 86). Less than one percent of live whitebark pine trees produced female cones, each producing on average 2 (SD = 1) cones. Whitebark seedling regeneration averaged 303 (SD = 319) seedlings per hectare. The largest number of whitebark seedlings found in a plot was eight, and eight of the 11 plots contained whitebark seedlings. Nine of the 12 SEKI foxtail Panel 3 plots were remeasured. Within these plots, 413 live foxtail pine, 67 live whitebark pine, and 402 other live conifers were sampled. Ninety-two dead or recently dead trees were also documented, 65 of which were foxtail pine. No signs of blister rust infection, mistletoe, or mountain pine beetle were observed in the foxtail plots sampled. The average number of foxtail pine trees per plot was 46 (SD = 33). Fifty-four percent of the foxtail pine trees produced female cones, averaging 14 (SD =15) cones/tree. Only one foxtail pine seedling was recorded within the 9 foxtail pine plots, resulting in an estimated 14 (SD = 41) seedlings per hectare. Eight whitebark pine seedlings were also found within two plots.
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Ward, Kimiora. Sierra Nevada Network white pine monitoring: 2022 annual report. National Park Service, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2301003.
Full textAbstract:
Five-needle white pines (Family Pinaceae, Genus Pinus, Subgenus Strobus), and in particular whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis), limber pine (P. flexilis), and foxtail pine (P. balfouriana) are foundation species in upper subalpine and treeline forests of several National Park Service Pacific West Region parks, including Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks (SEKI) and Yosemite National Park (YOSE). The Sierra Nevada Network Inventory & Monitoring Program, in collaboration with the Klamath Network, Upper Columbia Basin Network, and Mojave Desert Network have implemented a joint long-term monitoring protocol to assess the current status and future trends in high elevation white pine communities. Key demographic parameters within white pine forest communities will be estimated by monitoring individual trees within permanent plots through time. This report documents the results of the 2022 field season, which was the ninth year of monitoring in SEKI and YOSE. The 2021 goal was to complete the first full measure of the third of three rotating panels (Panel 3) for each species-park population: YOSE-whitebark pine, SEKI-whitebark pine, and SEKI-foxtail pine. Each panel consists of 12 permanent 50 x 50 m (2,500 m2) plots that were randomly selected for each of the three populations. The full sampling array thus includes a total of 36 whitebark pine plots in YOSE, 36 whitebark pine plots in SEKI, and 36 foxtail pine plots in SEKI. Data from plot surveys will be used to characterize white pine forest community dynamics in SEKI and YOSE, including changes in tree species composition, forest structure, forest health, and demographics. Partial measures of Panel 3 were completed in 2017 (11 plots) in Yosemite whitebark pine, in 2017 (9 plots) in SEKI whitebark pine, and in 2014 (7 plots) and 2017-2018 (8, 1 plots) in foxtail pine. In 2022, the first full measure of all Panel 3 plots (and 2nd or 3rd remeasure of most plots) was successfully completed, and installation was completed on four of these plots in SEKI whitebark pine and two in foxtail pine. In total, the crew visited 36 sites during the 2022 field season, all from Panel 3. Within the 36 completed Panel 1 plots, a total of 6,398 trees were measured. Species composition, forest structure, and factors affecting tree health and reproduction including incidence and severity of white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola) infection, mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) infestation, dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium spp.) infection, canopy kill, and female cone production were recorded. During the 2022 field season crews continued to count the total number of mature cones per tree for whitebark and foxtail pine, use crown condition codes to assess crown health, and tag individual seedlings to be tracked through time. All three of these procedures started in 2017 and are to be evaluated by each of the three participating networks over several years, to determine whether they should become permanent changes to the monitoring protocol. In YOSE, all 12 Panel 3 whitebark pine plots were measured. A total of 2,720 trees were sampled, which included 977 live whitebark pine trees and 1,605 other live conifers. An additional 135 trees (including 26 whitebark) were recorded as dead. The average number of live whitebark pine trees per plot was 81 (SD = 94). White pine blister rust (WPBR) aecia were observed on five whitebark pine in one plot in YOSE in 2022, and no trees in any plot had inactive cankers showing three or more indicators of WPBR. WPBR had previously been documented in this plot, so the number of plots where rust has ever been observed in Yosemite remains unchanged at six. However, an infection documented in plot 42 in 2021 was not observed again when the plot was resampled in 2022, so it is possible this number should be five. Mountain pine beetle activity was observed on one live whitebark pine and three live and one dead lodgepole pine in YOSE in 2022. Despite documentation of many stands impacted by beetle attack in the field crew notes, the quantified rate of MPB attack was lower than in 2021. Twenty-one percent of live whitebark pine trees produced female cones. Cone-bearing trees averaged 7 (SD = 10) cones/tree. Whitebark pine seedling density averaged 80 (SD = 152) seedlings per hectare. The largest number of whitebark pine seedlings found in a plot was 51 and five of the twelve plots contained whitebark seedlings. All 12 Panel 3 SEKI whitebark pine plots were measured in 2022, and installation was completed on four of these, so this Panel is now fully installed. Within these plots, 2,179 live whitebark pine, 10 live foxtail pine, and 297 other live conifers were sampled (including 5 live western white pine). The average number of live whitebark pine trees per plot was 181 (SD = 125). Although the crew observed white pine blister rust in seven SEKI whitebark Panel 3 plots, no active cankers (aecia) were observed, and no trees displayed 3 of 5 indicators, so no infections were quantified. Mountain pine beetle activity was observed in 18 live and 23 dead whitebark pine and 1 live and one dead lodgepole pine within three plots in SEKI. Dwarf mistletoe was not encountered. Seven percent of live whitebark pine trees produced female cones. Cone-bearing trees averaged 3.7 (SD = 3.6) cones/tree. Whitebark seedling regeneration averaged 700 (SD = 752) seedlings per hectare. The largest number of whitebark seedlings found in a plot was 19, and two of the 12 plots did not contain any whitebark seedlings. In the foxtail pine Panel 3, all 12 plots were measured in 2022, and installation was completed on two of these, so installation of the panel is now complete. Within these plots we measured 309 live foxtail pine, 302 live whitebark pine, and 380 other live conifers, including four live western white pine. An additional 112 dead or recently dead trees and 22 unidentified snags were also measured, 19 of which were foxtail pine. The average number of foxtail pine trees per plot was 26 (SD = 26). No signs of blister rust infection or mistletoe were observed on foxtail pine. Mountain pine beetle activity was observed on one dead foxtail pine, one live whitebark pine, and seven live and one dead lodgepole pines within four plots. Sixty-two percent of the foxtail pine trees produced female cones. Cone-bearing trees averaged 33 (SD = 53) cones/tree. Seven foxtail pine seedlings were recorded within five plots, resulting in an estimated 72 (SD = 98) seedlings per hectare. Eight whitebark pine seedlings and three lodgepole pine seedlings were also found within three additional plots.
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Chamovitz, Daniel, and Albrecht Von Arnim. Translational regulation and light signal transduction in plants: the link between eIF3 and the COP9 signalosome. United States Department of Agriculture, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7696515.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The COP9 signalosome (CSN) is an eight-subunit protein complex that is highly conserved among eukaryotes. Genetic analysis of the signalosome in the plant model species Arabidopsis thaliana has shown that the signalosome is a repressor of light dependent seedling development as mutant Arabidopsis seedlings that lack this complex develop in complete darkness as if exposed to light. These mutant plants die following the seedling stage, even when exposed to light, indicating that the COP9 signalosome also has a central role in the regulation of normal photomorphogenic development. The biochemical mode of action of the signalosome and its position in eukaryotic cell signaling pathways is a matter of controversy and ongoing investigation, and recent results place the CSN at the juncture of kinase signaling pathways and ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation. We have shown that one of the many CSN functions may relate to the regulation of translation through the interaction of the CSN with its related complex, eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF3). While we have established a physical connection between eIF3 subunits and CSN subunits, the physiological and developmental significance of this interaction is still unknown. In an effort to understand the biochemical activity of the signalosome, and its role in regulating translation, we originally proposed to dissect the contribution of "h" subunit of eIF3 (eIF3h) along the following specific aims: (i) Isolation and phenotypic characterization of an Arabidopsis loss-of-function allele for eIF3h from insertional mutagenesis libraries; (ii) Creation of designed gain and loss of function alleles for eIF3h on the basis of its nucleocytoplasmic distribution and its yeast-two-hybrid interactions with other eIF3 and signalosome partner proteins; (iii) Determining the contribution of eIF3h and its interaction with the signalosome by expressing specific mutants of eIF3h in the eIF3h- loss-of function background. During the course of the research, these goals were modified to include examining the genetic interaction between csn and eif3h mutations. More importantly, we extended our effort toward the genetic analysis of mutations in the eIF3e subunit, which also interacts with the CSN. Through the course of this research program we have made several critical scientific discoveries, all concerned with the apparent diametrically opposed roles of eIF3h and eIF3e. We showed that: 1) While eIF3e is essential for growth and development, eIF3h is not essential for growth or basal translation; 2) While eIF3e has a negative role in translational regulation, eIF3h is positively required for efficient translation of transcripts with complex 5' UTR sequences; 3) Over-accumulation of eIF3e and loss-of-function of eIF3h both lead to cop phenotypes in dark-grown seedlings. These results were published in one publication (Kim et al., Plant Cell 2004) and in a second manuscript currently in revision for Embo J. Are results have led to a paradigm shift in translation research – eIF3 is now viewed in all systems as a dynamic entity that contains regulatory subuits that affect translational efficiency. In the long-term agronomic outlook, the proposed research has implications that may be far reaching. Many important plant processes, including developmental and physiological responses to light, abiotic stress, photosynthate, and hormones operate in part by modulating protein translation [23, 24, 40, 75]. Translational regulation is slowly coming of age as a mechanism for regulating foreign gene expression in plants, beginning with translational enhancers [84, 85] and more recently, coordinating the expression of multiple transgenes using internal ribosome entry sites. Our contribution to understanding the molecular mode of action of a protein complex as fundamental as eIF3 is likely to lead to advances that will be applicable in the foreseeable future.
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Leis, Sherry, and Mary Short. Vegetation community monitoring at Pea Ridge National Military Park, Arkansas: 2007–2021. National Park Service, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2299454.
Full textAbstract:
Resource managers at Pea Ridge National Military Park manage the natural communities of the park as a backdrop for interpreting the civil war battle that occurred on March 7–8, 1862. Restoration of the landscape to the vegetation communities that were present at the time of the battle is ongoing. Priorities for restoration include density, form, and vegetation structure, but native representative species are also desired. Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network ecologists observed plant community sites in park woodlands in 2007, 2012, 2016, and 2021. Climate may influence vegetation and other park natural resources. Temperatures have been increasing at the park, but precipitation and drought indices did not demonstrate significant trends. There was a great degree of interannual variability in precipitation and drought metrics. Phenological data indicated earlier first bloom and leaf-out dates. Overstory canopy, basal area, density, and tree stocking were similar through time, but class 1, midstory trees increased in basal area and density after 2007. The overstory structure remained that of a closed woodland despite prescribed fires and cedar thinning that occurred at the park. Our monitoring data show that fire management goals for overstory reduction have not yet been met. Ground cover was similar through time except for bare soil and deciduous leaf litter. Bare soil and leaf litter experienced a pulse in variability in 2012 and 2021, presumably in response to heterogeneous prescribed fires. Maintaining heterogeneous ground cover may best support biodiversity across the landscape. Ground flora cover (excluding tree regeneration) increased by 88% from 2007 to 2021, meeting a fire management goal. However, ground flora cover was heterogeneous across the sites. Concomitant with the increase in ground flora cover, we observed notable increases in alpha diversity (mean site species richness) and gamma diversity (parkwide species richness) across the monitoring period. Although increases may have been related to treatments and environmental factors, we also improved our botanical sampling preparation and included an expert botanist on the crew in 2021. Species composition of the ground flora was assessed via guilds and indicator species. Although tree regeneration was not included in estimates of total ground flora cover, it was highly variable through time. The seedling class comprised the majority of the regeneration stems observed. Although mean small sapling density values increased by 535% over 2007 levels, there was a great deal of variability among the sites, indicating small sapling estimates were contained within the confidence intervals and not truly different through time. Forbs comprised the greatest abundance of the ground flora guilds through time, except in 2012. Forbs also exhibited the greatest variability in all years except for 2012. Woody species increased over our monitoring record but remained low in cover. We analyzed a set of 50 indicator species for Ozark highlands woodlands to understand changes in the ground flora. The number of woodland indicator species observed in each monitoring event was low (ranged from 7–14 species) with the highest number of species observed in 2021. We also calculated invasive species metrics and found the number of invasive species increased from 2 to 11 over the monitoring record. Nepalese browntop (Microstegium vimineum) was the most abundant of these species. Our confidence in the 2021 ground flora observations was high. We found our observer error to be within standard levels, including agreement on species cover estimates. Not all sites have received the number of burns described in the park’s ecological fire management goals. Our monitoring data show that one of the fire management goals, increased ground flora cover, has been met, but the other two goals for overstory density reduction and seedling density have not yet been met. Further analysis of species composition of the overstory and tree regeneration will be needed after the fire treatments have been completed to determine if all fire management goals are being met.
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Adam, Zach, and Eran Pichersky. Degradation of Abnormal Proteins in Chloroplasts of Higher Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568768.bard.
Full textAbstract:
In this study we attempted to get a better understanding of processes involved in the degradation of abnormal proteins i chloroplasts. To achieve this goal, we used a number of complementary approaches. We first characterized the expression of the two subunits of Clp protease. We demonstrated that both of them were expressed in chloroplasts in a constitutive fashion, but the expression of the regulatory subunit ClpC was enhanced by light. We generated a mutant the lumenal protein OEE33 which was targeted to the stroma in in vitro experiments. In the wrong compartment it was found unstable, and characterization of its degradation revealed that it was degraded by a soluble, ATP-dependent serine protease, which are also the characteristics of Clp protease. In search of other homologues of bacterial proteases, we found that chloroplasts contain a homologue of the FtsH protease. It is an ATP-dependent metallo-protease, bound to the stromal side of the thylakoid membrane, whose expression is dependent on light. The gene encodig this protease was cloned and characterized. In attempt to generate Arabidopsis mutant plants impaired in their capability to degrade abnormal chloroplast proteins, we fused the gene for mistargeted OEE33 to the streptomycin-detoxifying gene. This chimeric gene was introduced into Arabodipsis plants, to generate transformed plants. This transformants plants were sensitive to streptomycin due to the rapid turn-over of the chimeric protein. Seeds from these plants were then chemically mutagenised, and seedlings were selected for their capability to grow on streptomycin. The ability of these mutant transformants to grow on streptomycin is presumably due to stabilization of the chimeric protein. These plants will allow us in the future to identify the effected genes, which are likely to be involved in the protein degradation process.