Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Container seedling'

Denna studie beskriver effekterna beträffande överlevnad och tillväxt hos gran (Picea abeis L. Karst) vid tillsats av superabsorbent Luquasorb 1280R i samband med plantering under olika betingelser. Plantor i form av täckrot och barrot studerades. Tillsats av superabsorbent visade sig ha en positiv inverkan på de studerade parametrarna i jämförelse med referensmaterial utan tillsats av superabsorbent. Detta visade sig särskilt vid extremförsök under tak utan tillgång till vattentillförsel under försöksperioden, förutom vattentillsats i samband med plantering.<br>This study describes the effects concerning survival and growth of Norway spruce seedelings (Picea abeis L. Karst) by addition of superabsorbent Luquasorb 1280R in connection with planting under differnt conditions. Container seedlings and bare-root seedlings were studied. The addition of superabsorbent showed a positive influence regarding the studied parameters in comparision with reference material without the addition of superabsorbent. This was most obvious at the the extreme test under roof without access to additional water during the test period, except water added in connection with planting.

Submitted by DARIANE PRISCILA FRANCO DE OLIVEIRA null (dariane_franco@hotmail.com) on 2017-02-03T15:54:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação Final 06 12 16.pdf: 2380104 bytes, checksum: 63e7cbfca21f56abc25ffd11110fd125 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-02-07T11:45:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_dpf_me_bot.pdf: 2380104 bytes, checksum: 63e7cbfca21f56abc25ffd11110fd125 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-07T11:45:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_dpf_me_bot.pdf: 2380104 bytes, checksum: 63e7cbfca21f56abc25ffd11110fd125 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-06<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)<br>Tão elementar quanto produzir mudas de qualidade para o campo, é produzi-las de forma eficiente e ambientalmente correta. Com o surgimento de novas tecnologias no setor de produção de mudas é possível evitar recipientes de polietileno derivados do petróleo substituindo-os por materiais degradáveis, aliados ao uso racional da água. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a viabilidade técnica e econômica de mudas de Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla (E. urograndis) produzidas em recipiente degradável em comparação ao recipiente de polietileno sob três manejos hídricos. O enraizamento das estacas do híbrido E. urograndis em ambos os recipientes foi realizado no viveiro da empresa Eucatex, município de Bofete – SP. Em seguida, as mudas foram conduzidas ao viveiro do Departamento de Ciência Florestal da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas de Botucatu – SP, onde os manejos hídricos foram aplicados. Posteriormente, as mudas foram plantadas na área experimental da empresa Eucatex, município de Itatinga – SP. A pesquisa constituiu-se de dois experimentos, variando somente o ciclo de produção, sendo estes de 60 e 90 dias. Durante a fase de viveiro o delineamento foi inteiramente ao acaso e na de campo o delineamento foi de blocos casualizados. Os experimentos ocorreram em esquema fatorial 3x2 referentes a dois tipos de recipientes (degradável e polietileno) e três lâminas diárias de água (10, 12 e 14 mm). A análise do desenvolvimento das mudas foi composta de avaliações morfológicas (altura da parte aérea, diâmetro de colo, massa seca radicular, massa seca aérea, massa seca total e área foliar), e fisiológicas (transpiração). A análise econômica contemplou os custos de produção, ponderando todos os insumos utilizados, custo de capital, depreciação da infraestrutura e dos equipamentos utilizados e o ciclo de produção. No campo foram feitas quatro medições mensais de altura e diâmetro e medições fisiológicas após 10 meses de plantio. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e nos casos em que houve diferença significativa foi realizado o teste de Tukey (p < 0,05). No ciclo de 60 dias, as mudas produzidas em ambos os recipientes apresentaram valores de diâmetro e altura satisfatórios para o plantio. Considerando o ciclo de 60 dias, a lâmina de 10 mm foi a mais adequada para ambos os recipientes. Para o ciclo de 90 dias, a lâmina de 10 mm foi mais adequada para as mudas do recipiente degradável e a lâmina de 12 mm para as mudas do recipiente de polietileno. O desenvolvimento no campo das plantas produzidas em ambas as embalagens mostrou-se satisfatório. Segundo as análises de investimentos, a produção de mudas de Eucaluyptus urograndis não se mostrou viável economicamente em nenhum dos sistemas de produção.<br>So elementary as produce appropriate seedlings to field, it is produce them efficiently and environmentally correct. The emergence of new technologies in seedling production sector can avoid polyethylene containers oil derivatives replacing them with degradable materials, associated with the appropriate and rational use of water. The purpose of this study was to assess the technical and economic viability of the degradable container (Ellepot®) comparing it with the polyethylene container, in the production of seedlings of the species Eucalyptus grandis seedlings x E. urophylla (E. urograndis), under three water management. The rooting of the stakes hybrid E. urograndis in both containers was conducted at Eucatex company’s nursery, in Bofete – SP. Then, the seedlings were taken to the nursery of the Department of Forest Science in the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences in Botucatu - SP, where water managements were applied. Thereafter, the seedlings were planted in the experimental area of Eucatex in Itatinga - SP. The research consisted of two experiments, varying only the production cycle, which are 60 and 90 days. During the nursery stage, the design was completely at random and in the field the design was randomized block. The experiments were set up in a 2x3 factorial, corresponding to two containers (polyethylene and degradable), and three daily irrigation blades (10, 12 and 14 mm). Technical analysis consisted of morphological and physiological evaluations and initial development of seedlings in field. The economic analysis included production costs, considering all the inputs used, capital cost, depreciation of the infrastructure and of the equipment used and the production cycle. The data were subjected to analysis of variance, and where significant differences existed, a Tukey test was performed (p < 0.05). In the cycle of 60 days, the seedlings produced, in both containers presented, diameter and height values suitable for planting. In this cycle, the blade 10 mm was optimal for both containers. In the cycle of 90 days, the blade 10 mm was most suitable for the seedlings of the degradable container and 12mm blade to the seedlings of the polyethylene container. The development in field of plants produced in both containers was satisfactory. According to the investment analysis, the production Eucaluyptus urograndis seedlings was not economically viable in any of the production systems.

Two dormancy induction trials were conducted in a private container nursery in Saanichton, British Columbia. The first study examined the effects of photoperiod induced dormancy on morphology, root growth and field performance of fall planted western hemlock (Tsuga heterophyl_1ji (Raf.)Sarg.) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menzi_esv[ (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings. Various periods of eight hour days, ranging from two to eight weeks, were applied throughout July and August 1983. Outplanting was done in late September. Survival and growth were assessed one year later. The second project investigated the effectiveness of short days, varying levels of moisture stress and a combination of both as dormancy induction techniques for Douglas-fir seedlings. The short day treatment was four weeks of eight hour days. Four levels of predawn moisture stress were: -5, -10, -15 and -25 bars. These classes respectively corresponded to control, light, medium and severe moisture stress levels. Short days and moisture stress were also combined whereby the four week period of short days followed the moisture stress treatments. These induction treatments were applied in July and August 1984. All seedlings were lifted in January 1985 and placed into cold storage for five weeks until March 1985. Morphology, root growth capacity, frost hardiness and dormancy intensity were assessed in January. Root growth capacity and dormancy intensity were again measured in March. In Study I, short days quickly initiated homogeneous budset in both species in approximately three weeks. The average height increment after treatment initiation was 3.7 cm in Douglas-fir and 4.2 cm in western hemlock. Short days reduced shoot dry weight and height. Caliper and root dry weight were unaffected. In September a surge in root growth occurred in hemlock seedlings treated with six or eight weeks of short days. The importance of early budset to allow increased root growth prior to a fall lift was demonstrated. Root growth capacity was similar among all treatments for both species. The planting survival of western hemlock seedlings increased with increasing weeks of short days. Control plants had 76% survival while the eight week regime had 91%. Survival was similar for all treated Douglas-fir seedlings. It ranged from 89% in the two week interval to 98% in the four week regime. One year height increment was significantly greater in the six and eight week short day treatments for both species. For hemlock, it ranged from 6.1 cm in the control plants to 10.4 cm in the six week trees. Douglas-fir height increment ranged from 6.4 cm for the control interval to 8.6 cm in the eight week regime. The six and eight week photoregimes produced the best quality hemlock seedlings for this study. Four weeks of short days appeared adequate for Douglas-fir. In Study II short days effectively initiated and maintained budset in Douglas-fir seedlings in four weeks. After six weeks from treatment initiation, a light to severe moisture stress was as effective in controlling height growth. A natural photoperiod with no moisture stress was least effective. In a comparison of all treatment combinations, only the control plants under a natural photoperiod were significantly larger in all morphological properties. Short days, moisture stress or a combination of both had similar effects on reducing height, caliper, shoot dry weight and root dry weight. Unstressed seedlings in a natural daylength had the highest value of root growth capacity. All other treatment combinations had significantly lower root growth capacity. Only the severe stress under a natural photoperiod significantly reduced root growth capacity compared to any other treatment. Short days accelerated bud burst in the January and March dormancy intensity tests. Frost hardiness was similar among all treatments. Selection of a regime which controlled height growth while maintaining seedling quality was not clearcut. A short photoperiod with no moisture stress was most effective in initiating budset. However, few morphological and physiological differences were evident between short day plants and light and medium stressed seedlings.<br>Forestry, Faculty of<br>Graduate

Маковійчук, О. Я. Удосконалення технологій вирощування садивного матеріалу Сосни звичайної в ДП «Ріпкирайагролісгосп» / О. Я. Маковійчук; керівник роботи Селінний М. М.; Національний університет «Чернігівська політехніка», кафедра аграрних технологій та лісового господарства. – Чернігів, 2020. – 68 с.<br>У розділі 1 описані теоретичні положення про особливості вирощування садивного матеріалу деревних видів. У 2 розділі наведена характеристика природно-кліматичних умов та лісового фонду ДП «Ріпкирайагролісгосп». Вплив умов вирощування на ріст і розвиток сіянців сосни звичайної та викладення результатів дослідження наведена у 3 розділі. У 4 розділі представлені охорона праці при виконанні лісогосподарських робіт.<br>Section 1 describes the theoretical provisions regarding the characteristics of tree planting stock growing. Chapter 2 describes the characteristics of the natural and climatic conditions and the forest fund of the state enterprise SE "Ripkirayagrolisgosp". The effect of growing conditions on the growth and development of pine seedlings is common and the results of the study are presented in Chapter 3. Section 4 presents the protection of labor during forestry operations

Three species of woody plants, Ilex crenata 'Helleri', Juniperus chinensis procumbens 'Nana', and Ligustrum lucidum, were grown in one-liter containers filled with pine bark to determine Fe and Mn requirements with regard to rate and ratio. FeEDTA and MnEDTA were applied at either a 2:1 or 1:2 ratio of Fe:Mn at 5 concentrations each, 3 times per week with each irrigation. Medium solutions were collected every 21 days on one species and analyzed for Fe and Mn levels. Dry weight and tissue Fe and Mn levels were determined for all three species. Neither rate nor ratio of applied Fe and Mn had an effect on shoot dry weights. Control treatments, in general, had the lowest medium solution and tissue levels of Fe and Mn, however, there was no difference in dry weights between control and treatment plants. These results suggest that pine bark supplies adequate levels of Fe and Mn for growth under the conditions of this study. In a second study, three sources of Fe and Mn were applied to Tagetes erecta 'Inca' growing in 500 cc plastic pots containing sieved pine bark at 3 lime rates: 0, 3, and 6 kg m⁻³. Sources of Fe and Mn were pre-plant Micromax, liquid sulfate salts, and liquid chelates applied in the irrigation water. No difference in growth between micronutrient sources was detected, however, growth was greater at the 3 and 6 kg m⁻³ lime rates. Levels of Fe and Mn in medium solution and tissue decreased with increasing lime rate, with availability of Fe and Mn greatest with chelate as the source, regardless of lime rate. A similar study was conducted with a control and liquid sulfate treatment. There was no difference in dry weight between the sulfate treatment and the control, except at 0 kg m⁻³ lime where the control plants were larger. Again, lime additions increased growth, and Fe and Mn availability in medium solution and tissue levels decreased. These results suggest that if Fe and Mn additions are needed, all sources provide adequate Fe and Mn for growth.<br>M.S.

An experiment was conducted to determine the suitability of nine types of plastic or paper containers for raising planting stock of Chinese pine (Pinus tabul aeformis Carr.) and oriental arborvitae (Thuja orientalis (L.) Franco). Plants were grown on the campus of the University of British Columbia, initially, in an unheated plastic shelter and later in a shade house. Height, root-collar diameter and dry weight measurements were taken 22 weeks after germination. Results showed that dry matter production per unit area increased as container spacing decreased. However, the dry weight of individual plants increased with increase in both the volume and spacing of containers. Shoot/root and height/root-collar diameter ratios decreased with increase in container spacing. A controlled experiment, in which plant density was varied independently of container volume, showed that with closer seedling density shoot height increased, but root-collar diameter decreased. In P. tabul aeformi s but not T. orientalis, there was a significant negative relationship between seedling density and whole plant dry weight. A controlled experiment in which container volume was varied independently of plant spacing showed a significant positive relationship between container volume and total plant dry weight in both species. Comparison of three mineral nutrient regimes indicated that elevation of phosphorus level at the beginning and end of the growing season did not increase seedling dry matter production. Growth was better when nitrogen was supplied at 100 ppm, than at 250 ppm. Lateral roots of both species were prevented from growing down or around the container wall by painting the inside of the containers with acrylic latex paint containing cupric carbonate. The chemically-inhibited roots were able to resume elongating after the seedlings were transplanted from the containers. Thus, after transplanting, the primary lateral roots of the chemically root-pruned plants extended straight out from the tap root. In contrast, the primary roots of plants from unpainted containers grew mainly from the lower end of the root plug where they were air-pruned after growing down the container wall. In trials with kraft paper containers, the paper disintegrated before the end of the growing season. Thus roots of adjacent seedlings became intermeshed and were difficult to separate. This was prevented either by using polyethylene coated kraft paper, pr by impregnating the paper with copper sulfide. Lateral roots of seedlings raised in copper sulfide impregnated paper containers were pruned as efficiently as those of seedlings grown in copper-painted plasic containers, yet retained the capacity to resume elongation after transplanting.<br>Forestry, Faculty of<br>Graduate

Білоногов, О. С. Досвід вирощування садивного матеріалу в ДП «Сосницярайагролісгосп» : дипломна робота : 205 Лісове господарство / О. С. Білоногов; керівник роботи Селінний М. М; Національний університет «Чернігівська політехніка», кафедра аграрних технологій та лісового господарства. – Чернігів, 2020. – 60 с.<br>Актуальність роботи зумовлена підвищенням уваги до питань, пов’язаних із лісовідновленням, лісорозведенням та озелененням населених пунктів, необхідністю вдосконалення виробництва садивного матеріалу у розсадниках ДП «Сосницярайагролісгосп» і на території України в цілому. Тенденція до переважання штучних насаджень над природними в нашій державі продовжує зберігатися. Залісення планово зрубаних ділянок відбувається, за рідким винятком, шляхом створення лісових культур, що дозволяє щорічно збільшувати площі штучно створених лісів на 32-35 тис. га.

Orientador: Durval de Paula Rodrigues Junior<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T10:00:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Padovani_VeraCristinaRamalho_M.pdf: 5126190 bytes, checksum: 92c46be09d3a5c6b107a74a1fbeab24e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006<br>Resumo: Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar as características físicas e químicas de misturas de diferentes proporções de composto orgânico de lodo de esgoto com casca de arroz carbonizada e avaliar a viabilidade da utilização desses materiais como meio de crescimento para produção de mudas de essências nativas e exóticas. O experimento foi dividido em três fases nas quais foram realizados diversos ensaios. A primeira fase abrangeu a caracterização do lodo de esgoto, do material estruturante e do substrato comercial utilizado no viveiro através de análises químicas. A segunda fase envolveu a realização do processo de compostagem do lodo de esgoto utilizando-se restos de capim e grama cortados, como agente estruturante . Após a compostagem, o lodo de esgoto passou a receber a denominação de COLE ( composto orgânico de lodo de esgoto ) e foi submetido a nova análise química , microbiológica, parasitológica , além da condutividade elétrica. Posteriormente foi misturado com a casca de arroz carbonizada (CAC) nas proporções de 100/00 a 00/100 de COLE/CAC estabelecendo as misturas ou tratamentos que foram submetidos a análises para determinação das propriedades físicas, como macroporosidade, microporosidade, porosidade total , capacidade de retenção de água, densidade aparente . A terceira fase foi dividida em dois ensaios, sendo o primeiro um teste preliminar que utilizou o composto orgânico de lodo de esgoto para a semeadura e cultivo de uma planta indicadora , o tomate, que forneceu resultados que determinaram os tratamentos (substratos) para a instalação do ensaio final , que teve como objetivo o estudo do efeito do substrato na produção de mudas. O segundo ensaio compreendeu a avaliação da produção de essências nativas e exóticas e foi desenvolvido no viveiro municipal da Faculdade Municipal Professor Franco Montoro/Moji Guaçu, onde foram testadas como substrato as proporções 100/00, 90/10,80/20, 70/30, 60/40 (composto orgânico de lodo de esgoto /casca de arroz carbonizada ) utilizando-se tubetes , os quais foram comparados aos substratos testemunhas Plantmax da Eucatex e esterco de curral curtido utilizado pelo viveiro. Foram avaliados parâmetros relativos ao crescimento das mudas: altura de planta (H); diâmetro de colo (D); relação H/D; produção de matéria seca de parte aérea e raiz; relação matéria seca de raiz/matéria seca de parte aérea , área foliar e qualidade de torrão. Os resultados obtidos quanto à caracterização física, microbiológica e química do composto orgânico de lodo de esgoto ( COLE) , indicam que o material está adequado para ser utilizado como meio de propagação de espécies florestais. As mudas de árvores nativas Ingá, Mirindiba rosa e Coração de negro desenvolvidas em substratos contendo composto orgânico de lodo de esgoto ( COLE) / casca de arroz carbonizada (CAC) nas proporções 90/10 e 80/20, apresentaram resultados satisfatórios quando comparados às testemunhas. A espécie exótica Ipê de jardim apresentou bons resultados de crescimento e desenvolvimento das mudas na proporção 90%COLE /10%CAC . Com relação a caracterização nutricional das mudas de Ingá, observou-se que os tratamentos contendo doses de COLE de 70 a 100% apresentaram maior acúmulo de nutrientes nas folhas. A dose de 100% de COLE apresentou resultados superiores em crescimento da parte aérea das mudas, mas insatisfatórios no desenvolvimento das raízes, dificultando a retirada da muda do tubete e interferindo na qualidade final da muda. Com base nos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que o uso do composto orgânico de lodo de esgoto para produção de mudas em tubetes é bastante promissor desde que ele seja utilizado em composição com outro material estruturante , como por exemplo a casca de arroz carbonizada, a fim de se obterem mudas com melhores qualidades fisiológicas e morfológicas<br>Abstract: This work has as objective to study the physical and chemical characteristics of mixtures of different ratios of organic mixture of sewage with carbonized rice straw and to evaluate the viability of the use of these materials as medium of growth for production of seedlings of native and exotic essences. The experiment was divided in three phases where diverse assays had been carried through. The first phase enclosed the characterization of the sewage sludge, the structural material, and the used commercial substratum in the fishery, through chemical analyses. The second phase involved the accomplishment of the process of composting of the sewage sludge using itself cut remaining portions of grass and gram, as structural agent. After the composting of the sewage sludge to be called COLE ( organic mixture of sewage sludge) and was subdue the new chemical analyses , chemical of microorganism and electric conductivity. Subsequently the sewage sludge and mixes the carbonized rice straw, had been carried through analyses for determination of the physical properties, as macroporosity, microporosity, total porosity, water retention capacity , apparent density and electric conductivity. The third phase was divided in two assays, having been first a preliminary test that used the organic mixture of sewage sludge for the sowing and culture of an indicating plant, the tomato, that it supplied resulted that they had determined the treatments (substratum) for the installation of the final assay, that had as objective the study of the effect of the substratum in the production of seedlings. As the second assay understood the evaluation of the production of native and exotic essences and was developed in the municipal fishery of the Municipal College Professor Franco Montoro /Mogi Guaçu, where ratios had been tested as substratum, 100/00 90/10,80/20, 70/30, 60/40 (organic mixture of sewage sludge/ carbonized rice straw) using tubetes, which had been compared with substrate witnesses Plantmax of the Eucatex and dung of tanned corral used for the fishery. Relative parameters to the growth of the changes had been evaluated: height of plant (h); collar diameter (d); relation H/D; dry matter production of aerial part and root; ratio between dry matter of root and aerial part; leaf area and quality of aggregation of the substratum. The gotten results how much the physical, microbiological and chemical characterization, of the organic mixture of sewage sludge (COLE), indicates that the material is adjusted to be used as half of propagation of forest species. The changes of native trees Ingá, Mirindiba rosa and Coração de negro in substrata I contend organic mixture of sewage sludge (COLE)/ carbonized rice straw (CAC) in ratios 90/10 and 80/20, had presented resulted satisfactory when comparative the witnesses. The exotic species Ipê de jardim presented good results of growth and development of the seedlings in the ratio 90%COLE /10 %CAC. With regard to nutrition characterization of the seedlings of Ingá, it was observed that the treatments I contend doses of organic mixture of sewage sludge (COLE) of 70 the 100%, had presented greater accumulation of nutrients in leaf. The dose of 100% of organic mixture of sewage sludge (COLE) presented resulted superior in growth of the aerial part of the seedlings, but unsatisfactory in the development of the roots, making it difficult the withdrawal of the dumb one of container and intervening with the final quality of the seedling . On the basis of the gotten results, the use of the organic mixture of sewage sludge for production of seedlings in containers is concluded that, is sufficiently promising since that, the same either used in composition with another structural agent , as for example the carbonized rind of rice, in order to get seedlings with better physiological and morphologic qualities<br>Mestrado<br>Agua e Solo<br>Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

Cabralea canjerana (canjerana) is a native tree of Meliaceae family. The high economic value this specie is by high durability this wood. The wood is used in furniture, building, fence posts, among others. In addition, the species is indicated for landscaping and reforestation in preservation areas. However, there are few studies on seeds, seedlings and growth in the field of C. canjerana, therefore this study was made to: I Identify pathogens, analyze seed treatments and substrates for seed germination; II Assess the development of the seedlings in containers of different volumes and doses of release controlled fertilizer (FLC); and III Analyze the survival and growth of seedlings under different shading levels. Seeds were collected from five trees in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The samples were processed and then were submitted to thousand seed weight, moisture content, seed health and germination. C. canjerana was tested in six doses of FLC (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 12.5 g L-1) combined with two volumes of containers (110 and 180 cm³) in the nursery. The variables were height (H), stem diameter (DC), H/DC, dry mass of shoot, root and total, Dickson quality index, leaf area and root length. C. canjerana was evaluated in different shading levels (0%, 18%, 50% and 70%), checking the survival rate and measured bimonthly H, DC and H/DC in the field. Content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a/b and carotenoids were evaluated at 180 and 360 days after planting. The main fungus in seeds of C. canjerana was Penicillium sp., Fusarium sp., Cladosporium sp., Pestalotia sp. and Phomopsis sp.. The asepsis in the germination test was better with 1% sodium hypochlorite for 2 minutes, using substrates the blotting paper, vermiculite and sand. The dose of FLC was minimum of 8.6 g L-1 and maximum of 12.3 g L-1 in substrate in a container of 180 cm³. The growth of C. canjerana was not appropriated in full sun light. The best shading was 50%, suggesting that this specie is better to use in understory with silvicultural treatments for partial canopy cover in areas of enrichment and transformation.<br>Cabralea canjerana (canjerana) da família Meliaceae é uma espécie florestal nativa com grande valor econômico, sendo reconhecida como madeira de lei, com elevada durabilidade e utilizada em estruturas de móveis, construção civil, moirões, entre outros. Além disso, a espécie é indicada para o paisagismo e reflorestamentos de áreas destinadas a preservação permanente. No entanto, há carência de estudos sobre sementes, produção de mudas e desenvolvimento no campo, sendo necessárias pesquisas com uma abordagem mais ampla, com informações silviculturais sobre a espécie. O presente estudo teve como objetivos: I Identificar os patógenos e analisar diferentes tratamentos de sementes e substratos adequados para germinação de um lote de sementes; II - Avaliar o desenvolvimento das mudas produzidas no viveiro, em diferentes volumes de recipientes e doses de fertilizante de liberação controlada (FLC); e III - Analisar a sobrevivência e o crescimento de mudas de C. canjerana no campo, sob diferentes níveis de sombreamento. Foram coletadas sementes de cinco árvores no município de Santa Maria (RS) e, após beneficiadas, foi determinado o peso de mil sementes, teor de umidade, teste de sanidade e teste de germinação. No viveiro, foi avaliado o efeito de seis doses de FLC (0; 2,5; 5,0; 7,5; 10,0; e 12,5 g L-1), combinados com dois volumes de recipientes (110 e 180 cm3). Foram realizadas avaliações da altura (H), diâmetro coleto (DC), relação H/DC, massa seca aérea, massa seca radicular, massa seca total, índice de qualidade de Dickson, área foliar e comprimento radicular. No campo foram avaliadas diferentes intensidades de sombreamento (0%; 18%; 50%; e 70%), verificando-se a taxa de sobrevivência e mensuradas bimensalmente a H, DC e H/DC. Aos 180 e 360 dias após o plantio foram avaliadas as variáveis fisiológicas teor de clorofila a, clorofila b, clorofila total, relação clorofila a/b e carotenoides. De maneira geral, os resultados obtidos permitem inferir que os principais gêneros de fungos associados às sementes de C. canjerana são: Penicillium sp., Fusarium sp., Cladosporium sp., Pestalotia sp. e Phomopsis sp.. A assepsia no teste de germinação das sementes pode ser realizada com hipoclorito de sódio 1% por 2‟, utilizando-se os substratos papel mata-borrão, sobre vermiculita e sobre areia. Na produção de mudas no viveiro, recomenda-se a dose mínima de 8,6 g L-1 e máxima de 12,3 g L-1 de FLC no substrato em recipientes de 180 cm3. No campo, o plantio de mudas de C. canjerana em pleno sol não é ideal, condição que é mais restritiva, principalmente no primeiro semestre recomendando-se o plantio com 50% de sombreamento, o que sugere utiliza - lá em sub-bosques com tratamentos silviculturais de abertura parcial de dossel, em áreas de enriquecimento e de transformação.

Etude faite pour 3 categories de contraintes : application en selection, absence d'enceinte climatisee, encombrement de la plante. Approche principale par l'echelonnement des semis. Etude des exigences en froid. Effets des traitements au ga::(3). Definition de regles de culture a partir de plants de semis. Etablissement de processus experimentaux de culture sequentielle en conteneur

碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>園藝學系<br>84<br>SUMMARYFor producing bedding plants of Cockscomb（Celosia plumosa L. ''Castle''）, Periwinkle （Catharanthus roseus G. DON ''Orchid Cooler''）, Scarlet Sage （Salvia splendens F. SELLOW ex ROEM. ''Sizzler''） and Chinese Pink （Dianthus chinensis L. ''Snow Fire''）, the effect of seedling age in plug and the design of the jumbo cell pack style, which included cell size, density and bottom shape were studied.The suitable age of Cockscomb, Chinese Pink, Scarlet Sage or Periwinkle seedling in plug for transplanting was 4, 6, 8 or 8 weeks after sowing, respectively. The dimension of the cell pack for design was 48cm by 28cm.For producing Chinese Pink, Scarlet Sage, Cockscomb and Periwinkle bedding plant, the jumbo cell pack was composed thirteen 4"-pot, fifteen 3"-pot, eighteen 3"-pot and eighteen 2"-pot, respectively.The suitable style of cell bottom for Chinese Pink was four shender holes around the edge, for Scarlet Sage was four shender holes around the edge but the center without a hole, for Cockscomb was four shender holes around the edge and the center with a hole, or four fan shape holes, and for Periwinkle was four fan shape holes.

The role of seedborne Fusarium in root colonization of container-grown Douglas-fir seedlings was studied in two coastal Douglas-fir seedlots; one contaminated with Fusarium and the other with minimal Fusarium. Seedlots were treated using either a standing water imbibition, or a running water imbibition with a post-stratification hydrogen peroxide sanitation treatment. The sanitation treatment significantly reduced the number of Fusarium-contaminated seeds. Seedlings were grown in an operational conifer nursery and seedling infection and root colonization by Fusarium was assessed throughout the growing season. The number of seedlings with Fusarium root infections increased throughout the season, and remained highest for the standing water imbibition treatment of the contaminated seedlot. Seedborne Fusarium was an important source of inoculum in one of the two years of the study. Other sources of inoculum may have been pallets or debris, but planting mix and irrigation water used in the study did not appear to contain Fusarium. Seed sanitation was associated with a significant increase in average height, root collar diameter, and shoot and root dry weight for the seedlings from the contaminated seedlot but not for the uncontaminated seedlot. Contamination of seed by Fusarium during cone and seed processing was also investigated.

碩士<br>國立屏東科技大學<br>熱帶農業研究所<br>89<br>Effects of Cupric hydroxide-treated Containers on Seedling Growth of Six tree Species Joe Huang and Yau-lun Kuo Institute of Tropical Agriculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology Abstract Seedlings of Cinnamomum camphora L., Bischofia javanica Blume, Koelreuteria formosana Hay., Fraxinus formosana Hay., Pittosporum pentandrum（Blanco）Merr. and Ilex rotunda Thunb var.rotunda were grown in 750ml polybag and pot painted on the inside with cupric hydroxide(7.1﹪) and untreated control containers for six months. Plants were evaluated for root circling and growth. After six months, seedlings of six species grown in cupric hydroxide-treated polybags and pots had no root circling compared to seedlings grown in untreated containers. Untreated pots reduced root girdling, but did not control rootball coverage. Cupric hydroxide reduced length of longest root of six species and increased root dry weight of K. formosana and I. rotunda. Cupric hydroxide increased shoot height of six species, increased shoot dry weight of C. camphora, K. formosana, F. formosana and I. rotunda. Seedlings of C. camphora, K. formosana and I. rotunda grown in cupric hydroxide-treated polybags and pots had larger total leave area compared to seedlings grown in untreated containers. Cupric hydroxide also increased total leave number of C. camphora, K. formosana, F. formosana and I. rotunda. Seedlings of C. camphora and B. javanica grown in cupric hydroxide-treated container had higher photosynthesis rate. After six months, plants were transplanted to field to determine treat effects on root regeneration and shoot growth. Seedlings of C. camphora and I. rotunda grown in cupric hydroxide-treated polybags and pots had heighter stem compared to seedlings grown in untreated containers after transplant five months. No significant differences were found among four treatments in the six species after transplanted five months. Keyword: root circling, rootball coverage, cupric hydroxide 【Cu(OH)2】

碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>園藝暨景觀學系<br>102<br>Landscape woody ornamentals occupy an important place in the horticultural industry, and its potential of productivity is considerable. Cultivating tree seedlings in containers is the direct method of getting high-quality tree products, and has become a worldwide trend. The aims of this study are to first survey the techniques used in commercial nurseries in Taiwan, then to investigate the effect of different container types and substrate compositions on the growth of trees. It is hoped that this study would provide practical information for nursery owners for upgrading the technology of container tree seedling productions in Taiwan. 　　The results of industry survey showed that: most nurseries produce tree seedlings at every stage of cultivation. This indicates that the division of laboring is lacking in landscape nursery industry in Taiwan. In addition, the majority of the nursery owners (64%) still cultivate field-grown seedlings, and only about 36% of the nursery owners apply containerized production. The majority of container trees produced in Taiwan are dug up from the ground, and acclimated in containers for sale. Regarding container types, most nursery owners cultivate tree seedlings in non-woven fabric bags, while some use plastic pots. The substrate used by most nursery owners is field soil, and only in some cases is the substrate property improved by mixing field soil with rice hull, humic substances, and sand. With regards to difficulties encountered during landscape tree production, 79% of nursery owners reported high costs and 49% reported pests as being problem factors, whereas only a small number of nursery owners mentioned problems with cultivation techniques. Compared with the European and American countries, the technique used in tree production is less advanced in Taiwan. Most nursery owners in Taiwan take into account mainly cost minimization and convenience in the production of tree seedlings, while less emphasis is given on product quality. Thus there is still much room for improvement in the techniques and actual status of landscape tree production in Taiwan. 　　In an experiment investigating the effect of container type, air pot (AP), non-woven bag (NWB), plastic pot (PP) and plastic pot-in pot (PIP) were used for cultivation of Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl., Michelia compressa (Maxim.) Sargent., Cinnamomum osmophloeum Kanehira., Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre ex Merr. and Fraxinus griffithii C. B. Clarke seedlings. Plants grown in AP performed best both growth rate and growth index, and the substrate in the AP treatment had the highest oxygen diffusion rate (ODR) in the experiment. However, the high cost and difficulty of obtaining AP may make it difficult to popularize its use in Taiwan. NWB treatment also resulted in relatively high ODR, and the plants treated with NWB performed fine. NWB is inexpensive and easy to get in Taiwan, but it may cause root circling or the problem of roots penetrating the container and growing into the ground when using for a long time. In the PP treatment, poor drainage is sometimes observed and low ODR is detected in the substrates. Thus, the use of PP may cause stress to plants in the long run, resulting in poorer overall quality of the product. Even though the use of PIP was found to effectively decrease substrate temperature, the plastic pots used resulted in poor growth similar to that when PP was used. 　　In an experiment investigating the effect of substrate composition, soil (S), soil:rice hull = 1:1 (v/v) (S+RH), soil:peatmoss = 1:1 (v/v) (S+P) and soil:coir = 1:1 (v/v) (S+C) were used for cultivation of C. camphora, M. compressa, C. osmophloeum, P. pinnata and F. griffithii seedlings in NWB. Investigation of substrate properties showed that S had the highest density with poor water holding capacity and low air-filled porosity. After a period of cultivation, S had the highest degree of hardness and the lowest ODR among the four substrates. The substrate S+RH had the highest air filled porosity among the four substrates, as well as low hardness and high oxygen diffusion rate ODR. The substrate S+P had high container capacity and high ODR. As for plant growth performance, all types of plants grew poorly in S treatment, and it can be concluded that is not suitable to use only S as substrate to cultivate tree seedlings. Moreover, due the high density of S, it is not easy to transport in bulk container seedlings with only S as substrate. Moreover, seedlings of different species require different substrate properties. In this experiment, C. camphora, M. compressa and P. pinnata favored S+RH, which is a ventilated substrate, while C. osmophloeum and F. griffithii favored S+P, which is a substrate with high water retention. The substrate S+C has both retention and ventilation properties, and resulted in good quality in plants favoring retention or ventilation. Therefore, if the preferred substrate of the trees is unclear, S+C might be applicable as a general substrate for container tree seedlings. 　　It can be concluded from the results above: 1.) Woody ornamental nurseries in Taiwan is still relatively backward within the horticultural industry, and there is still much room for improvement on nursery owners’ perception and the actual technical aspect. 2.) In this research, AP is the best container for cultivation of tree seedlings, and NWB is the next. Considering the cost and acquirement, NWB is the most suitable container for the cultivation of tree seedlings in the short run. 3.) It is better to apply substrates in accordance with plant preference for cultivation of container tree seedlings. If the preference for substrate is unknown, substrates with retention and ventilation such as S+C in this experiment can be used to produce good quality tree seedlings.

碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>園藝暨景觀學系<br>102<br>This study investigated three species with different devices in different pots of water and root pruning adversity, with different duration to detect changes in their patterns and seedling plants outside the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of Camphor tree（Cinnamomum camphora）, Flame Gold-rain Tree（Koelreuteria henryi） and Chinese Holly（Ilex rotunda）in water treatments in the greenhouse of NTU . This experiment container is divided into two types: gray pots and pots rocket ; in water stress as well as in 2 days, 4 days, 8 days, 16 days and 32 days after the time to measure root pruning treatment. The results showed that seedlings at three different stress treatment, the growth of Camphor tree was no significant difference in the post-processing, drought and flooding for four days of growth the best performance. Flame Gold-rain Tree growth aboveground no significant difference in the treatment of drought and flooding in growth for 4 days and 8 days for the best performance. Chinese Holly growth was no significant difference in post-processing. Seedling performance in fluorescence parameters, dark adaptation under Fv / Fm, Camphor tree growth of rocket pots and planted drought is 16 days and 32 days was significantly lower than the gray basin is planted drought; Flame Gold-rain Tree is planted in pots rocket Drought treatment 16 days was significantly lower than other treatments; iron holly to drought and flooding for 16 days and 32 days was significantly lower than other treatments. Under a fluorescent light adaptation parameters qP and NPQ of Camphor tree, Flame Gold-rain Tree and Chinese Holly treatment and control group had no significant difference. After trying out different water stress treatment, Camphor tree to deal with drought and flooding 16 days and 32 days of serious injury and death can not be restored to rocket pots waterlogged 4 and 8 days of recovery is better, the fluorescence parameters are not differences, showing tolerance camphor increase in mild adversity. Fluorescence parameters Flame Gold-rain Tree has picked up the case, and mild stress can be restored to normal levels, indicating a higher Taiwan Luan tree tolerance. Ilex mild adversity, that can cause serious injury and death can not be restored, the display is very sensitive to moisture Chinese Holly. In the face of adversity in different basin is planted in two different display devices Camphor planted rocket pots remarkable performance is flooded for 4 days and 8 days; Flame Gold-rain Tree is planted in pots rocket flooded 8 days fared better; iron holly rocket basin is planted, though failed to reduce deaths due to stress injuries, yet can slow the degree of injury. Therefore, the rocket nurturing seedlings in pots is a purpose for the best nursery containers.