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Journal articles on the topic 'Container seedling'
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1
Marohnic, Jennifer, and Robert L. Geneve. "Container Volume and Height Affect Shoot and Root Development in Marigold Seedlings." HortScience 30, no. 4 (1995): 868B—868. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.868b.
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Marigold seedlings were grown in four containers that differed in both volume and shape. Seedlings grown in 1.5-gal containers showed the greatest potential for shoot and root development 20 days after sowing. These seedlings had greater leaf area, shoot and root dry weight, and total root number and length compared to seedlings grown in 406 plug trays, 72-cell packs, or 6-inch containers. There was a positive correlation (r2 = 0.81) between cell volume and seedling growth as well as a positive correlation (r2 = 0.89) between container height with seedling growth. An attempt was made to separate the impact of container volume vs. container height on seedling growth. Containers were designed using acrylics to vary the container height while keeping the volume constant at 1500 cm3. There was a positive correlation (r2 = 0.87) between shoot and root dry weight with container height. The data suggest that both container volume and height contribute to overall seedling growth in marigold, but when container volume is not limiting, container height has a large impact on seedling development.
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Montagnoli, Antonio, Donato Chiatante, Anastazija Dimitrova, Mattia Terzaghi, Jeremiah R. Pinto, and R. Kasten Dumroese. "Early pine root anatomy and primary and lateral root formation are affected by container size: implications in dry-summer climates." REFORESTA, no. 12 (January 5, 2022): 20–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21750/refor.12.04.96.
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Although the presence of root anatomical structures of young Pinus ponderosa seedlings grown in containers of contrasting volume (164 vs. 7000 cm3) was similar, seedlings reared 60 days in the large container had more vascular cambium although the xylem thickness was similar. In addition, seedlings in large containers had nearly twice as many resin ducts within the vascular cambium as their cohorts in small containers. Taproot length closely matched container depth. Though lateral root emission rates were similar between container sizes, large container seedlings had more than 2X the number of lateral roots as those from small containers. These differences in morphophysiological characteristics may be important to seedling establishment on sites that experience dry summer conditions, or for seedlings destined to drier, harsher sites. Further work to elucidate the ramifications of these morphophysiological differences on seedling establishment is warranted.
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Hanson, P. J., R. K. Dixon, and R. E. Dickson. "Effect of Container Size and Shape on the Growth of Northern Red Oak Seedlings." HortScience 22, no. 6 (1987): 1293–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.22.6.1293.
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Abstract Northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) seedlings were grown in six container configurations differing in diameter, length, and volume. More shoot and lateral root dry weight was produced in a cylindrical polyvinylchloride (PVC) container 15.4 × 36 cm containing 6333 cm3 of potting medium than in containers with less medium volume. Seedling growth did not increase in a 15.4 × 110 cm container even though the potting medium volume was increased. Of all container variables measured, the ratio of potting medium surface area to potting medium depth (SA:D) showed the best correlation to seedling dry weight accumulation. Water or nutrient deficiencies could not be eliminated as factors contributing to differences in seedling growth.
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Lazdiņa, Dagnija, Antra Umbraško, Viktorija Vendiņa, et al. "Technology for Fagus sylvatica seedling production - a case study." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1474, no. 1 (2025): 012012. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1474/1/012012.
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Abstract The European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) is increasingly valued in Central and Northern Europe due to climate change. This study assesses the impact of container size on F. sylvatica seedling quality, focusing on growth metrics like height, stem diameter, root-to-shoot ratio in a controlled nursery setting. Using a randomized design, seedlings in various container sizes were evaluated, revealing that larger containers supported stronger root development and balanced growth, whereas smaller containers limited root expansion, impacting long-term potential. Statistical analyses confirmed significant effects of container size on growth indicators, providing insights for nursery practices. Container size, especially dept, significantly improve the quality of seedlings - best results reached by containers HV400, 56% of vigorous healthy seedlings no any damages and no dried seedlings. Future research should examine field performance post-transplantation to validate these results under natural conditions.
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Akter, N., MM Haque, MR Islam, and KM Alam. "Seed Quality of Stored Soybean (Glycine max L.) as Influenced by Storage Containers and Storage Periods." Agriculturists 12, no. 1 (2014): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v12i1.19585.
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An experiment was conducted at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur during April 2013 to June 2013 to study the effect of three storage containers (tin container, polythene bag and cloth bag); and five storage periods (0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 days) on the seed quality of soybean. The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications. The soybean seeds stored in tin container showed maximum germination capacity with high germination index, highest seedling growth, seedling dry weight per plant and vigour index. The seeds stored in cloth bag had the lowest seed quality during the testing period. The highest 1000-seed weight, moisture content, electrical conductivity, abnormal seedlings and number of dead seeds were recorded in cloth bag; where the equivalent lowest values were recorded in tin container. The moisture content, 1000-seed weight, electrical conductivity, number of abnormal seedlings and dead seeds were increased with the longer period of storage. In addition, germination index, seedling growth, dry weight per plant of soybean seedling, and vigor index decreased with the increase in storage period. Among the three containers, tin container was the best and the cloth bag was the worst storage container for soybean seed storage for long period. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v12i1.19585 The Agriculturists 2014; 12(1) 85-95
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Kormanek, Mariusz, Stanisław Małek, and Sylwester Tabor. "Resistance to Pulling Seedlings Out of the Nursery Container." Forests 15, no. 12 (2024): 2157. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15122157.
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An important issue in container nurseries is the production of seedlings of appropriate quality. These seedlings must meet specific biometric parameters and possess traits that ensure their suitability for later use in forest cultivation. One such traitis the ease of pulling the seedling out of the container cell, characterized by the pulling resistance. This resistance depends on many factors, including theseedling parameters, substrate, and container. In this work, a prototype measuring station was used to record seedling pull-out resistance as a function of their vertical displacement. Tests were conducted on 30 seedlings of each species: pine, beech, and oak. These were grown in polystyrene containers with cell volumes of 150 cm3 for pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and 300 cm3 for beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and oak (Quercus robur L.). Significant differences were observed in seedling extraction resistance between species, as well as between resistances associated with containers of different cell volumes. The maximum pull-out resistance of pine seedlingswas the lowest at 12.4 ± 8.58 N, followed by 22.5 ± 1.87 N for beech, and 33.5 ± 18.08 N for oak (extraction speed of 2.5 cm·s−1).Similarly, the total energy required to extract pine seedlings was 0.358 ± 0.196 J, compared to 0.502 ± 0.316 J for beech and 1.479 ± 0.774 J for oak. The pattern of pull-out resistance regardingvertical displacement was consistent across all species. A correlation was found between the maximum pull-out resistance and the total energy required to extract the seedlings, along with biometric parameters such as root collar diameter, shoot height, dry mass of seedling parts, root volume, the extent of root ball overgrowth, and the volumetric density of the substrate within the cell.These relationships should be considered when designing devices for the automatic extraction of seedlings from polystyrene containers.
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Dixon, R. K., G. T. Behrns, H. E. Garrett, G. S. Cox, and I. L. Sander. "Synthesis of Ectomycorrhizae on Container-Grown Oak Seedlings." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 9, no. 2 (1985): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/9.2.95.
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Abstract Growth and ectomycorrhizal development of container-grown black (Quercus velutina) and white (Q. alba) oak seedlings innoculated with Pisolithus tinctorius were studied in relation to growth-medium moisture, temperature, fertility, and fungal inoculum density. Daily watering of seedling growth medium suppressed ectomycorrhizal development. Colonization of seedling root systems by P. tinctorius increased with increasing growth medium temperature up to 87°F. Weekly fertilization of seedlings with a 375 ppm NPK solution did not adversely affect ectomycorrhizal development, while a 750 ppm NPK solution depressed infection. Ectomycorrhizal colonization success was partially influenced by fungal inoculum density. Results indicate the need to alter seedling cultural practices when producing ectomycorrhizal oaks in an artificial growth medium in containers.1
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Howell, Kirk D., and Timothy B. Harrington. "Nursery Practices Influence Seedling Morphology, Field Performance, and Cost Efficiency of Containerized Cherrybark Oak." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 28, no. 3 (2004): 152–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/28.3.152.
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Abstract To quantify effects of nursery practices on seedling cost and performance, cherrybark oaks (Quercus pagoda L.) were grown in three container sizes (170, 650, or 1,250 cm3) with or without fertilization and then planted Dec. 1995 at a site near Milledgeville, GA, with or without removal of container soil. Initial size, biomass, and leaf area of seedlings grown in medium and large containers were up to twice those grown in small containers, and they were greater with versus without fertilization. Price efficiency (stem volume divided by estimated nursery price of 1,000 seedlings) was greatest for medium and large containers with soil removed and hypothetically reused. Differences in stem diameter and height due to container size and fertilization continued to diverge through the fifth year after planting. Fifth-year yield (stem volume × proportionate survival of 1,000 planted seedlings) increased 104, 56, and 31% with increasing container size and with fertilization and soil removal, respectively. Cost efficiency (fifth-year yield divided by costs compounded 5 years at 5% interest) was greatest for medium and large containers with soil removed. Joint comparisons of nursery costs, planting costs, and field performance for different seedling stock types provide an objective approach for prioritizing cultural treatments in forestry. South. J. Appl. For. 28(3):152–162.
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Popović, Vladan, Aleksandar Lučić, and Ljubinko Rakonjac. "Effect of container type on growth and development of Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) seedlings in the nursery." Sustainable Forestry: Collection, no. 69-70 (2014): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/sustfor1469033p.
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In this paper are presented the research results of effect of the container type on growth and morphological parameters of Pedunculate oak seedlings. In the experiment were used three types of containers Bosnaplast 18, Bosnaplast 12 and HIKO V265. Seed collection was performed in the Pedunculate oak seed stand registration number RS-2-2-qro-12-197 which is managing by FE Kragujevac in autumn 2012 and seed sowing in containers was done in spring 2013 in the seedling nursery of Institute of Forestry in Belgrade. The analysis of one-year-old seedlings was performed in autumn 2013. The parameters that were measured are height and root collar diameter. Seedlings produced in containers Bosnaplast 18 with cell volume of 220 cm3 and HIKO V265 with cell volume of 265 cm3 have larger dimensions and they are more quality than seedlings produced in containers type Bosnaplast 12 that have cell volume of 120 cm3 . Researches have shown that container volume has positive effect on morphological characteristics of Pedunculate oak seedlings in conditions of seedling nursery.
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Haase, Diane L., Karma Bouzza, Lucy Emerton, et al. "The High Cost of the Low-Cost Polybag System: A Review of Nursery Seedling Production Systems." Land 10, no. 8 (2021): 826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10080826.
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An important strategy for meeting global landscape restoration goals is nursery production of high-quality seedlings. Growing seedlings with attributes that promote post-planting survival and growth can be dramatically influenced by the nursery container system. In many countries, nurseries produce seedlings in polybags filled with excavated soil. These seedlings often develop deformed roots with limited fibrosity which can lead to poor survival and growth after outplanting. Polybags are initially inexpensive but using these single-use plastic containers accrues expenses that are often untracked. Comparisons among nursery production systems must account for factors such as container longevity, labor efficiency, and seedling field performance. A more holistic approach to account for environmental, economic, social, logistic, and cultural elements in the cost–benefit equation that influences nursery production systems is needed. Converting to a modern container system requires concomitant adjustments in nursery scheduling and culturing matched to the new stock type. Doing so provides an opportunity to align nursery production techniques and resulting seedling attributes with anticipated field conditions. This article describes and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of nursery production systems and provides recommendations and case studies to aid nurseries in improving seedling quality toward meeting restoration goals in a cost-effective and timely manner.
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Harayama, Hisanori, Hiroyuki Tobita, Mitsutoshi Kitao, et al. "Enhanced Summer Planting Survival of Japanese Larch Container-Grown Seedlings." Forests 12, no. 8 (2021): 1115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12081115.
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A previous study revealed low survival rates for Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi) summer-planted seedlings grown in Hiko-V-120 containers. This study examines nursery practices that could potentially prevent deterioration of the seedling water balance after planting to improve the survival rate of this species, which has a low drought tolerance. During summer planting, we tested (1) drought hardening or high-potassium fertilization for two months before planting, (2) antitranspirant or topping treatment at planting, and (3) the use of the JFA-150 container with a larger capacity and lower growing density than the Hiko-V-120 container. Drought hardening increased seedling drought tolerance because of the low leaf:root ratio, due to lower leaf mass production, resulting in increased survival from 74% to 93% in Hiko-V-120 containers. When JFA-150 containers were used, the leaf:root ratio was lower because of higher root mass, resulting in an increase in survival to 87%, with the highest survival of 97% when combined with drought hardening. The application of antitranspirant increased survival to over 90%, whereas topping did not, probably because of severer competition from weeds. High-potassium fertilization did not affect seedling traits or survival. For better survival of summer-planted container-grown Japanese larch seedlings, it is recommended that they be grown in containers providing sufficient cell volume and density for root growth while the seedlings are in the nursery and that irrigation be withheld for two months before planting. In addition, to obtain higher survival, an antitranspirant can be applied at planting at a cost.
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Moore, James A., Zhaofei Fan, and Bahman Shafii. "Effect of Root-Plug Incorporated Controlled-Release Fertilizer on Two-Year Growth and Survival of Planted Ponderosa Pine Seedlings." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 17, no. 4 (2002): 216–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/17.4.216.
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Abstract Three controlled-release fertilizers (fast release [FR], moderate release [MR], and slow release [SR]) were incorporated in the root plug at rates of 0.8, 1.6, or 3.2 g/seedling at the time of sowing as supplements to nursery supplied soluble fertilizer. Effects on seedling growth, survival, and foliar nutrient status of the “160/90” container ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) were evaluated after outplanting. At the end of the second growing season, fertilized seedlings had significantly greater diameter and height than unfertilized seedlings. The 3.2 g of MR or SR fertilizer treatments produced significantly higher mortality (55 and 36%, respectively) than the controls. The fast release fertilizer included at a rate of 0.8 g in each seedling's container was the preferred treatment since it produced good survival and seedling growth response. A 2-yr growth response of about 25% was similar to that observed in a nearby study using adjacent placement of controlled-release fertilizer after planting ponderosa pine seedlings. West. J. Appl. For. 17(4):216–219.
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Park, Byung Bae, Si Ho Han, Jonathan O. Hernandez, et al. "The Use of Deep Container and Heterogeneous Substrate as Potentially Effective Nursery Practice to Produce Good Quality Nodal Seedlings of Populus sibirica Tausch." Forests 12, no. 4 (2021): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12040418.
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Nursery practices are considered major factors influencing seedling quality, which are likely to be maintained in the early establishment phase in the field. Here, we investigated the effects of container depth and substrate heterogeneity on the growth of Populus sibirica nodal seedlings to suggest an effective nursery practice for producing quality seedlings appropriate for forest establishment in a dry environment. We used two substrate heterogeneities (homogeneous and heterogeneous) and two container depth treatments (30 and 60 cm). Variations in root collar diameter (RCD) growth, height growth, stem and root biomass, root to stem ratio, and root mass in the first 15 cm depth from the soil surface across the treatments were computed. Results revealed that both substrate heterogeneity and container depth had no significant effects on the RCD and height growth of P. sibirica seedlings but significantly improved their root and stem biomass. Seedlings in the 60 cm containers generally accumulated higher root biomass than those in the 30 cm containers. There was an interaction effect of container depth and substrate heterogeneity treatments on root and total dry mass, such that seedlings grown in the 60 cm container using heterogeneous substrate resulted in the highest root and total biomass. Analyses of proportional root growth in the upper 15 cm of the containers compared to the total indicated that both the main effects of deeper containers (60 cm) and heterogeneous substrate have fewer roots at this depth, indicating a greater root density in the bottom of the deeper containers. Therefore, deeper containers and heterogeneous substrate may be used as an effective nursery practice to produce seedlings with root traits potentially suitable for harsh conditions, such as arid and semi-arid environments. However, further studies using other seedling morphological traits in conjunction with field-trial tests are needed for a definitive assessment of the effectiveness of deeper containers and heterogeneous substrate in producing good quality seedlings potentially suitable in a dry environment.
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Mello, Bruna Finotii Fonseca Reis de, Mateus Vieira Trevisan, and Fábio Steiner. "QUALITY OF CUCUMBER SEEDLINGS GROWN IN DIFFERENT CONTAINERS." JOURNAL OF NEOTROPICAL AGRICULTURE 3, no. 1 (2016): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32404/rean.v3i1.820.
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The use of high quality seedlings is a key factor for the success of vegetable production, and the container size and design characteristics of the containers are important determinants of seedling quality. A experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different container types on quality of cucumber seedlings (Cucumis sativus L., cv. Aodai Melhorado). Seedlings were grown in a seedling nursery with shadow protection at 50% in different containers: (i) 128-cell trays; (ii) 64-cell trays; (iii) tubes of 120 cm3; and (iv) plastic cups of 180 cm3. The plant height, diameter, root length, shoot dry matter, root dry matter, sturdiness quotient (SQ), shoot:root dry matter ratio (SRR) and Dickson quality index (DQI) were measured at 21st days after sowing. The production of cucumber seedlings in 64-cell trays, polypropylene tubes of 120 cm3 and plastic cups of 180 cm3 resulted in the highest values for the majority of investigated traits. The tray of 128-cells results in lower quality cucumber seedlings compared to other containers. Tubes with volume of 120 cm3 and plastic cups with volume of 180 cm3 are more appropriate containers for the production of high quality cucumber seedlings. The DQI is a good indicator of the standard of quality of cucumber seedlings.
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Ni, Ming, Zhenzhou Gao, Hong Chen, Chen Chen, and Fangyuan Yu. "Exponential Fertilization Regimes Improved Growth and Nutrient Status of Quercus nuttallii Container Seedlings." Agronomy 12, no. 3 (2022): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12030669.
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Background: The conventional fertilization regime ignores the allometric characteristics of Quercus nuttallii seedlings, challenging them to meet the nutritional needs at each growth stage. This study was conducted to determine the impact of exponential fertilization on the growth and nutrient status of Q. nuttallii container seedlings. Methods: Two fertilization regimes (average/exponential) were performed on Q. nuttallii container seedlings, and varied gradients (0, 300, 500, 700, and 900 mg/seedling) of N supply were set for the two regimes. Result: N application promoted the seedling height, root collar diameter, total biomass, and N/P/K accumulation of Q. nuttallii, and the exponential fertilization obtained better effects in general. An appropriate amount of exponentially N application was beneficial to the growth of root system, whereas excessive dosages inhibited it. Judging from seedlings growth status and nutrient accumulation, 900 mg/seedling under exponential fertilization was adequate for Q. nuttallii seedlings. However, 500 and 700 mg/seedling under exponential fertilization may have advantages in improving seedlings’ stress resistance. Conclusions: Exponential fertilization did not only meet the nutrient requirements and promote the growth of Q. nuttallii seedlings, but also facilitated the root growth to indirectly accelerate the assimilation of N/P/K, therefore improving the afforestation quality.
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Sutherland, D. Craig, and Robert J. Day. "Container Volume Affects Survival and Growth of White Spruce, Black Spruce, and Jack Pine Seedlings: A Literature Review." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 5, no. 3 (1988): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/5.3.185.
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Abstract This paper is the first general review of the affects of container volume on the survival and growth of containerized white spruce, black spruce, and jack pine seedlings. The review shows that the literature on this topic is fragmentary and inconsistent. Seedling growth in the greenhouse production phase has been more completely quantified than subsequent establishment and growth after out-planting in the field. In the greenhouse production phase, seedling growth increased from 72 to 360% when the container volume was tripled in size. After outplanting in the field, seedling growth trends were more variable. Seedling height growth increased from 34 to 84% when container volume was tripled in size. Seedling survival was more difficult to assess because of limited data. Only white spruce showed a 10% increase in survival with an increase in container volume. The indications from this literature review suggest that nursery managers and practicing foresters should become more aware of the limitations imposed on seedling survival and growth due to container volume. To maintain optional survival and growth for white spruce, black spruce and jack pine, the container volume should range from 90 to 120 cm3. North. J. Appl. For. 5:185-189, Sept. 1988.
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Rustam, E., D. J. Sudrajat, N. Nurhasybi, N. Widyani, and S. Surono. "Possibility of bare-root seedling application for tropical forest and landscape restoration: A study on Gmelina arborea and Calophyllum inophyllum." E3S Web of Conferences 373 (2023): 05005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202337305005.
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Container and bare-root seedlings are the two basic stock types used in reforestation programs in many countries, but in the tropics, bare-root seedlings have never been widely applied. The objective of this research was to assess the possibility of bare-root seedlings for tropical forest and landscape restoration treated by fertilization in the nursery and aquasorb treatment using two forest tree species, i.e., Calophyllum inophyllum and Gmelina arborea. A randomized block design was used to assess the seedling performance in nursery and aquasorb application on bare-root seedlings and container (polybag) seedlings as a comparison. This research indicated that NPK fertilization in the nursery was able to increase the seedling growth of C. inophyllum and G. arborea. In the field test, polybag seedlings had better survival and growth than bare-root seedlings. The best survival and growth in both species were shown by the polybag seedling with fertilization and aquasorb treatment. The treatment also increased the bare-root seedling growth in both species. Bare-root seedlings of C. calophyllum resulted in higher seedling survival than bare-root seedlings of G. arborea. The application of bare-root seedling on C. inophyllum is more prospective to be applied in the tropics.
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Ekka, Nafisa, and Prashant K. Rai. "Standardization of pre-sowing organic seed encrustation treatments on seedling parameters of onion (Allium cepa) under ambient storage conditions." Vegetable Science 50, no. 01 (2023): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.61180/vegsci.2023.v50.i1.09.
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The present study was conducted from March to June at Post Graduate Lab Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, SHUATS experiment was conducted in factorial CRD with four replications. The onion variety Gavran was taken for evaluation. Thirteen treatment combinations comprise of five treatments (Neem leaf powder (3, 5, 7 g/kg of seeds); turmeric powder (5, 10, 15%), Bael leaf powder (4, 5, 6%) and pepper powder @ 20, 25 and 30 g/kg of seed) along with control and two storage container: zip lock bag and plastic container. Seedlings stored in plastic container exhibited highest germination percent (71.92%), germination rate (2.77), root length(5.82 cm), shoot length (6.74 cm), seedling length (12.57 cm), seedling fresh weight (178.41 mg) seedling dry weight (18.91 g) vigor Index-I (916.12), vigor index-II (1.37), seedling growth rate (0.143), electrical conductivity (0.853 dSm-1) and root shoot ratio (1.167). Moreover, the seed treated with neem leaf powder @ 5 g/kg of seeds show best result in term of seed quality parameter viz germination (82.75%), germination rate (3.19), root length (4.83 cm), shoot length (9.16 cm), seedling length (17.24 cm), seedling fresh weight (191.44 g), seedling dry weight (23.65 g), vigor index I (1426.86), vigor index II (1.96), seedling growth rate (0.203), electrical conductivity (0.80 dSm-1) and root shoot ratio (1.133) as compared to control at the end of 3 months of storage. The study concluded that combining plastic containers with neem leaf powder @ 5 g/kg of seeds can expand the storability of onion seeds under ambient conditions.
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Mijatovic, Ljubica, Slavko Pavlović, Lidija Jović, Jovana Devetaković, and Dragica Vilotić. "Potential of new planting container in Quercus robur seedlings production – first report." REFORESTA, no. 14 (December 29, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21750/refor.14.01.96.
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Container production of forest seedlings needs constant improvement, so in the aim to test the new container type this research was conducted. Quercus robur seedlings were produced in the container made of natron paper and compared with seedlings produced in commonly used container types in Serbia. Q. robur seeds were sown in the first week of November 2020 in a total of 30 containers (10 of each type). After the first growing season in the nursery, on November 2021, seedlings’ morphological parameters (root collar diameter - RCD, height - H, dry weight of shoot (SDW) and root (RDW), seedling dry weight (SLDW), shoot to root ratio (S:R), sturdiness coefficient (SQ), dry weight of lateral roots (LRDW), percent of lateral roots (%LR), Dickson’s quality index (QI), root-bound index (RBI) as RBI-diameter and RBI-volume, and rooting intensity (ROIN)) were compared using one-way ANOVA. Seedlings produced in the new container showed better morphological parameters such as H, SQ, SDW, RDW, SLDW, LRDW, QI and ROIN. Differences of seedlings from different containers were not detected for H, RCD, SQ, SDW, %LR, RBI-diameter, so we can conclude that seedlings produced in the new container type are similar with other container seedlings. Larger volume of these cells indicate use for Quercus species which have strong roots. Results obtained from the nursery promote use of the new container in forest seedlings production and testing at the field.
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Anar, Sudila, and Afaq Majid Wani. "Germination Response of Pinus kesiya in Different Containers and Potting Media in Northeast Region of Nagaland." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 11, no. 8 (2022): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2022.1108.010.
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The study entitled Germination response of Pinus Kesiya in different containers and potting media in Northeast area of Nagaland was carried out during the year 2021- 2022 to see the performance of different types of containers and the most suitable soil media for growth and establishment of Pinus kesiya located at Kohima district with the average annual rainfall of 1660.8 mm. The effects of container types and growth medium on the seedling growth and root morphology of Pinus kesiya were investigated by using a completely randomized block experimental design. There were six treatments replicated three times with 10 seeds per replication. Both container type and growth medium significantly affected the growth, biomass, and root morphological indexes of Pinus kesiya seedlings, but container type had a greater effect on the seedling quality of Pinus Kesiya than the growth medium. Among the different containerized raised seedlings, the root trainer (150 cc) raised seedlings produced healthier plant growth as compared to the seedlings raised in Polybags (6×7). Potting mixture of soil: sand: FYM in the ratio of 1:1:1 (M2) showed the best response in root trainers (C1) whereas for polybags (C2) potting mixture of soil: sand: Vermicompost in the ratio 1:1:1 (M5). And in all parameters the minimum was recorded in M3(Soil + FYM+ Neem Cake) and M6 (Neem cake + Sand+ Vermicompost) for root trainers and polybags.
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Harayama, Hisanori, Ikutaro Tsuyama, Mitsutoshi Kitao, et al. "Effects of Seedling Size, Stock Type, and Mechanical Site Preparation Method on Initial Survival and Growth of Japanese Larch (Larix kaempferi) Seedlings." Forests 14, no. 4 (2023): 784. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14040784.
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It is important to understand the characteristics of Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi) seedlings that allow them to grow vigorously after planting and quickly exceed the height of surrounding vegetation, resulting in lower weeding costs. Seven stock types, including bareroot and container-grown seedlings, were planted in two plots with different mechanical-site-preparation (MSP) methods and evaluated for survival, height, and root collar diameter (RCD) for four consecutive years. Three-year-old bareroot seedlings, which were one year older and larger than normal, had low survival rates in the mulcher MSP. Initial seedling height significantly differed among the seven stock types, while almost no significant differences were observed after four growing seasons. Model analyses showed that initial seedling height and RCD had a significant effect on seedling height after planting until the second growing season, while the effect of planted seedling age and plot became increasingly significant after the third growing season. The difference in seedling type, bareroot versus container-grown seedlings, had no effect on the seedling height during the four growing seasons after planting. A decision tree analysis suggests that the seedlings with sufficiently large RCD and young age, regardless of seedling type, can grow taller than surrounding vegetation more quickly.
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Kim, Jae Hwan, Byoung-Youn Kang, Jungho Ryu, and In-Hyun Nam. "Effects on Pinus densiflora Seedlings as Affected by Different Container Growth Conditions." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 10 (2020): 3565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103565.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the effects that different container conditions have on Pinus densiflora seedling growth. Under greenhouse cultivation, there were no statistical differences observed in plant height and the number of branches; however, significant differences in root collar diameter and root status were observed. In control container growth conditions, the roots grew in an abnormal spiral shape, while in negative phototropism container growth conditions the roots grew in a vertical shape. In outdoor cultivation, seedlings in various container growth conditions showed significant differences. The seedlings that were grown in negative phototropism container growth conditions showed the greatest increases in height, number of branches, root collar diameter, and root growth. This study determined that seedling roots in negative phototropism container growth conditions grew vertically, thus displaying successful rooting when they were transplanted outdoors. This resulted in favorable measurements in height, number of branches, root collar diameter, and root growth.
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Jin, Eon-Ju, Jun-Hyuck Yoon, Hyeok Lee, et al. "Effects of Drip Irrigation-Fertilization on Growth, Flowering, Photosynthesis and Nutrient Absorption of Containerized Seedlings of Hibiscus syriacus L. (Haeoreum)." Plants 12, no. 12 (2023): 2293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12122293.
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The amount of irrigation and fertilization should be considered first for the production and standardization of high-quality H. syriacus L. seedlings using container seedlings. This study was conducted to investigate the optimal conditions suitable for container cultivation of hibiscus by analyzing growth and physiological responses according to the control of irrigation and fertilization. Therefore, in this study, H. syriacus L. for. Haeoreum (3-year-old hardwood cutting propagation), a fast-growing, was transplanted into a 40 L container. The irrigation amount per container was adjusted (0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 ton/yr/tree), and the amount of fertilizer applied (0, 69.0, 138.0 and 207.0 g/yr/tree). The growth rate according to the irrigation-fertilization treatment was higher in the 0.3 ton-138.0 g/yr/tree irrigation-fertilization treatment (p < 0.001). Total biomass yield and seedling quality index (SQI) were highest in the 0.3 ton-138.0 g/yr/tree irrigation-fertilization treatment (p < 0.001). The higher the fertilization concentration, the faster the flowering and the longer the flowering. The photosynthetic capacity of H. syriacus L. was reduced in bare root seedling cultivation and container-non-fertilized treatment. The chlorophyll fluorescence response was also affected by bare root cultivation and containerized seedling cultivation fertilization. Nutrient vector diagnosis showed “nutritional suitability” in the 0.3 ton-138.0 g/yr/tree treatment. Overall, containerized seedling cultivation was superior in growth, photosynthetic performance, photochemical efficiency, and nutrient storage capacity compared to bare root cultivation. These results be expected to contribute not only to the industrial production of excellent container seedlings of H. syriacus L. but also to the production of other woody plants.
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Montville, Mark E., David L. Wenny, and R. Kasten Dumroese. "Foliar Fertilization During Bud Initiation Improves Container-Grown Ponderosa Pine Seedling Viability." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 11, no. 4 (1996): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/11.4.114.
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Abstract Our objective was to determine if avoiding nutrient stress during bud initiation of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa vat. ponderosa) grown in a container nursery would enhance seedling viability. Nitrogen stress was avoided by applying foliar fertilizer at rates between 324 and 972 ppm N to greenhouse-grown seedlings. Foliar fertilization maintained higher seedling nitrogen levels and increased root collar diameter by 45%. Height was slightly increased, cold-hardiness slightly reduced, and root growth potential unaffected by foliar fertilizer applications. Nursery managers can improve seedling viability by adding foliar fertilizer applications to their growing regimes. West. J. Appl. For. 11(4):114-119.
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Pang, Li, Yunpeng Wang, Zhiwei Qiao, Wenyang Zhou, and Chao Liu. "Effect of Calcium and Ectomycorrhiza Collaboration on Nitrogen Nutrition and Rhizosphere Microbial Community of Pinus massoniana L. Container Seedlings." Forests 15, no. 12 (2024): 2068. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f15122068.
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Calcium (Ca) is an essential plant nutrient and cell signal element, but in the cultivation of container seedlings, the regulatory effect of Ca on seedling nitrogen nutrition and its regulatory mechanism have been neglected. Ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECMF) inoculation is widely used in forest container seedling cultivation. Thus, we added a certain amount of Ca to the culture matrix to determine how the cooperation between Ca and ECMF improves the nitrogen nutrition of Pinus massoniana ectomycorrhizal (ECM) container seedlings. We found that addition Ca significantly increased the relative abundance of Actinomycetota and Bacillota in the rhizosphere of ECM seedlings. These enriched bacteria cooperated with the ECMF and significantly enhanced extracellular enzyme NAG and LAP secretion. Meanwhile, adding Ca promoted the microbial nitrogen cycle in the ECM seedlings rhizosphere, and the relative abundances of nitrogen fixation genes (nifD, nifH, nifK) and the dissimilatory nitrate reduction gene (narH) significantly increased. In addition, Ca promoted the infection of ECMF on seedlings and induced the sprouting of absorptive roots with larger diameter (0.5 mm < RD ≤ 2.0 mm), i.e., ECM seedlings adopted a dual strategy of enhancing mycorrhizal symbiosis and improving root absorption area to obtain soil nitrogen. These effects contributed to an increase in microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) and seedling nitrogen content by 20.65% and 54.38%, respectively. The results provide an effective method and theoretical reference for improving the quality of container seedlings and increasing the ECM plantations early productivity.
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MENDONÇA, ANDREA VITA REIS, JIOVANA PEREIRA AMORIM SANTOS, DENISE DOS SANTOS VILA VERDE, MANUELA OLIVEIRA DE SOUZA, and JOSIVAL SANTOS SOUZA. "PRODUCTION OF SEEDLINGS OF Psidium cauliflorum Landrum & Sobral." Revista Caatinga 33, no. 2 (2020): 433–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252020v33n216rc.
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ABSTRACT In the absence of knowledge about the procedures for production of seedlings of particular tree species, determining the nursery production period and quality standards are normally priority aspects for studies. As there is no information on the propagation of P. cauliflorum in the literature, the objective of this study was to determine the length of stay in the nursery, the size of the container and the quality standards for the production of seedlings of this species, based on the performance in the nursery and in the field. The work was carried out in two stages. In the first, seedling growth was analyzed in the nursery and in the second stage their performance was analyzed in the field. We tested three container sizes: 55 cm3 (12.5 cm-length x 2.9 cm-internal diameter), 180 cm3 (13.5 cm x 5.2 cm) and 280 cm3 (19.0 cm x 5.2 cm) and different periods of seedling production in tubes (15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105 and 120 days). It is recommended that P. cauliflorum seedlings be grown in containers of 180 cm3 (13.5 cm x 5.2 cm) and remain in these containers for at least 120 days. The experiment to assess post-planting performance was crucial to obtain conclusive results for the production of P. cauliflorum seedlings.
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MacFall, J. S., and S. A. Slack. "Effects of Hebeloma arenosa on growth and survival of container-grown red pine seedlings (Pinus resinosa)." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21, no. 10 (1991): 1459–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x91-205.
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The ability of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebelomaarenosa Burdsall, MacFall & Albers to enhance growth and survival of container-grown red pine seedlings (Pinusresinosa Ait.) was investigated. Shoot height of H. arenosa inoculated seedlings was 28% greater than noninoculated seedlings when grown without fertilizer applications. Eight-week-old seedlings transplanted into a Ball mix (a mixture of peat, bark, and perlite) containing up to a 1:64 dilution of fungal inoculum had significantly greater root dry weights and root/shoot ratios than noninoculated seedlings when grown for an additional 14 weeks. Under experimental greenhouse conditions, root and shoot dry weights of container-grown red pine seedlings that had been directly seeded into Ball mix containing up to a 1:256 dilution of fungal inoculum were significantly greater than weights measured for noninoculated seedlings. Root and shoot dry weights of container-grown seedlings seeded directly into a 1:5 dilution of H. arenosa inoculum and Ball mix and then grown under commercial production conditions were greater than comparable weights of noninoculated seedlings. Hebelomaarenosa inoculation significantly increased seedling survival following outplanting, but did not increase seedling growth. Hebelomaarenosa did not colonize roots growing from the root plug into the surrounding soil.
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Budi, Sri Wilarso, Andi Sukendro, Cahyo Wibowo, and Khiorunnisa Rizki Dwi Jayati. "Physiological responses and growth of Samanea saman grown in a biodegradable seedling container filled with post-silica mined soil media in the greenhouse." Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management 10, no. 3 (2023): 4509. http://dx.doi.org/10.15243/jdmlm.2023.103.4509.
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A biodegradable seedling container was developed to minimize plastic waste in the field during post-mining land revegetation activities. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the physiological response and growth of <em>Samanea saman</em> grown in a biodegradable seedling container filled with post-silica mined soil media. A factorial experimental design was used with two factors, namely (1) basic raw materials, namely recycled newspaper, compost, and cocopeat, and (2) size of raw materials, including 5 mesh, 10 mesh, and 8 mesh. The parameters measured were photosynthetic rate, leaf greenness index, transpiration rate, height, and diameter of <em>S. saman</em> seedlings. The results showed that the interaction between the composition and size of basic raw materials of the biodegradable seedling container significantly increased the photosynthetic rate, leaf greenness index, transpiration rate, height, and diameter of seedlings. There was also a positive correlation between the rate of photosynthetic and leaf greenness index (r = 0.838). Furthermore, the C/N ratio of the biodegradable pot varied depending on the composition of materials used. After two months, the C/N ratio decreased, indicating that decomposition processes had occurred. Analysis of the biodegradable seedling container showed that it contains less than 0.08 mg Pb kg<sup>-1</sup>, which was considered a non-toxic element for plant growth.
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Liptay, Albert, and Diane Edwards. "Tomato Seedling Growth in Response to Variation in Root Container Shape." HortScience 29, no. 6 (1994): 633–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.6.633.
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Roots of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) seedlings grown in multicelled trays were confined largely to the interface between the growing medium and the inner surface of the cell. Because of the predominance of roots in this area, experiments were done in prototype cells to relate seedling growth to change in this interface area while retaining a constant volume. The cell shapes that were tested included a square cell with 1.36-cm sides and other rectangular cells. All cells were 3 cm in height, but widths decreased incrementally by 0.1 cm from the 1.36×1.36-cm square to rectangles with inner cell dimensions of 0.36×5.14 cm. With these changing shapes, the interface area increased but cell width decreased to a more narrow cell. Seedling height increased as the cell shape was changed from a square (1.36 × 1.36 cm) to an elongated rectangle (1.74 × 1.06 cm). More narrow cells caused seedling height to decrease; the shortest seedlings occurred in 0.36 × 5.14-cm cells. Root growth was unaffected by change in cell shape. The smoothness of the inner cell surface, however, affected root growth; a rough texture resulted in stubby and reduced root growth but had no effect on shoot growth.
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Pardos, M., J. A. Pardos, and G. Montero. "Growth Responses of Chemically Root-pruned Cork Oak Seedlings in the Nursery." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 19, no. 2 (2001): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-19.2.69.
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Abstract Cork oak (Quercus suber L.) seedlings of two Iberian provenances (PA-SR and SM-Lp) were grown for one growing season in non-treated containers or in containers treated on their interior surfaces with white exterior latex paint containing 80 g CuCO3/liter. Copper carbonate-treated containers effectively prevented root deformation and decreased the amount of circled, kinked and matted roots formed at the container wall-medium interface. Root morphology was altered by the copper coating, so elongation of lateral roots contacting CuCO3-treated surfaces was more reduced than that of the tap root (82.7% vs 1.5%). These lateral roots showed higher branching frequency than roots contacting untreated container walls. CuCO3 treatment decreased root collar diameter, but did not influence seedling height, leaf area and tap root length. No sign of copper toxicity was observed in any seedling treated with CuCO3. Provenance had a significant effect on height, root collar diameter, tap root length and root weight per unit length; these results may reflect differences in growth habit of the two provenances. Other growth parameters measured were affected by a copper × provenance interaction. Seedlings of the PA-SR provenance produced less root and plant dry wt when grown in CuCO3-treated than in control containers, but shoot:root ratio was not influenced.
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Zahreddine, Hala G., Daniel K. Struve, and Martin Quigley. "Growing Pinus nigra Seedlings in Spinout™-Treated Containers Reduces Root Malformation and Increases Growth After Transplanting." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 22, no. 4 (2004): 176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-22.4.176.
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Abstract Root malformation originating during container production causes mechanical instability and plant mortality when those seedlings are transplanted. We investigated the effects of chemical (interior container surfaces treated with Spinout™ or not) or mechanical container modifications (vertical slits or no vertical slits), and the effects of substrate bulk density on the growth of Pinus nigra (Arnold) seedlings during plug production and after transplanting. Seedlings grown in compacted substrate had the greatest shoot, root and total plant dry weights five months after seeding in plug trays. However the incidence of root malformation was also greatest when seedlings were grown in compacted substrate. Unless root pruned, root malformations were retained after transplanting. Seedlings with unpruned roots grown in Spinout™-treated containers had higher regenerated root dry weight than those grown in untreated containers four months after transplanting. Root pruning before transplanting reduced growth of the seedlings regardless of container configuration and of substrate bulk density. Root regrowth and seedling quality after transplanting were greatest for seedlings grown in the treatment combination of no Spinout™, compacted substrate and no slits. Seedlings produced under natural photoperiods formed a resting bud when the seedlings were approximately 2.5 cm (1 in) tall in spring season. Within two weeks shoot elongation resumed, which resulted in branched seedlings. Root malformation can be induced during plug production and is retained after transplanting unless corrected by root pruning.
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Santoro, Marcelo Brossi, Juliana Aparecida Souza Gomes, Bruna do Amaral Brogio, Angelo Pedro Jacomino, and Simone Rodrigues da Silva. "Substrates and containers influence the growth of Campomanesia phaea (O. Berg. Landrum) seedlings, an endangered Atlantic Rainforest species." Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy 46, no. 1 (2023): e63904. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actasciagron.v46i1.63904.
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Native to the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest, cambuci fruits can be consumed either in natura or in the processed form, and cambuci trees can be used to recover degraded areas. However, studies regarding cambuci germination and seedling development are scarce. The main aim of this study was to understand how different substrates and containers influence the growth of cambuci seedlings. To this end, two experiments were conducted: five different substrates were tested in the first experiment, and based on the multivariate analysis of the first experiment, the effect of combination of the best-performing substrates and three commonly employed plant growth containers on seedling development was investigated. Overall, good quality cambuci seedlings were obtained when they were grown in the commercial pine bark substrate and peat and perlite mixture in a 260 cm3 container.
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Jalkanen, Anneli. "Growth and Morphology of Black Spruce, Jack Pine, and White Spruce Container Seedlings in Northern Ontario." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 12, no. 2 (1995): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/12.2.69.
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Abstract The development of morphological attributes of containerized seedlings during the growing season was studied in eight crops from three nurseries in Northern Ontario, including four black spruce crops, three jack pine crops, and one white spruce crop. The variability was proportionally largest in root and shoot dry mass, followed by height and diameter. During seedling growth, proportionally the variability of size did not seem to increase. In absolute scale, however, differences between individual seedlings increased more than differences between seedling trays, possibly due to competition between individuals. Height and shoot growth were greater in the beginning of the growing season, and diameter and root growth were greater toward the end. In comparison to standards, the balance between morphological attributes (height/diameter, shoot/root) was usually acceptable, and usually independent of seedling size. The easiest way of monitoring crop development is to take seedling samples at regular intervals and to construct a growth progression curve for seedling height, if diameter growth reaches acceptable level. Care should be taken that the height of seedlings does not increase too much at the expense of diameter and root development in the larger crops. To monitor this, height-diameter ratios and shoot-root ratios might be measured a couple of times during the growing season to take corrective action if necessary. North. J. Appl. For. 12(2):69-74.
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Sharma, G. D., R. R. Mishra, and W. R. Lyngdoh. "Influence of copper and formalin on the mycorrhiza of pine (Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon)." Acta Mycologica 21, no. 1 (2014): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.1985.008.
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Various concentrations of copper sulphate and formalin were tested for their effect on the efficiency of mycorrhizal functioning in pine seedlings. Low and higher doses of copper applied to the container grown seedling exhibited a less stimulatory effect than nedium doses. When applied in higher concentrations, the formalin caused mortality in young pine seedlings. The seedling yield and phosphate uptake was found maximum in 100 ppm applied concentration of copper. while słów growth and lower phosphate concentration was observed in the seedlings not given any copper treatment. Formalin at 50 ppm concentration slightly improved the seedling growth and phosphate uptake in mycorrhizal seedling as compared with untreated ones. Variation in the development and spread of ectomycorrhiza on the surface of roots of pine seedlings was also recorded in responses to copper and formalin treatments.
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Bezerra, Francisco Thiago Coelho, Marlene Alexandrina Ferreira Bezerra, Raiff Ramos Almeida Nascimento, et al. "Physiology in Talisia esculenta seedlings under irrigation with saline water on substrate with hydrogel." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 43, no. 2 (2022): 751–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2022v43n2p751.
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Salinity interferes in the physiology of seedlings from germination and seedling emergence, so it is necessary to adopt measures to mitigate its effects. The objectives of this research were to evaluate irrigation frequency, saline water, polymer, and container volume in the emergence and physiology of Talisia esculenta (A. St.-Hil.) Radlk. The treatments were obtained from the combination of polymer doses (0.0; 0.2; 0.6; 1.0; and 1.2 g dm-3), electrical conductivities of the irrigation water (0.3; 1, 1; 2.7; 4.3; and 5.0 dS m-1), and irrigation frequencies (daily and alternate), plus two additional treatments to assess the volume of the container. A randomized block design was used. Emergence and leaf indices of chlorophyll, fluorescence, and gas exchange were analyzed 100 days after sowing. The increase in electrical conductivity reduced and delayed seedling emergence. Decreasing irrigation frequency reduced the chlorophyll b index, stomatal conductance, transpiration, net CO2 assimilation, and carboxylation efficiency. The magnitude of the effects of electrical conductivity of water and polymer were associated with the frequency of irrigation. However, both salinity and polymer reduced practically all physiological variables. The reduction in container volume also affected the physiology of the seedlings, with more effects when irrigated on alternate days. The T. esculenta seedlings are considered sensitive to salinity, should be irrigated daily with water with less electrical conductivity than 1.0 dS m-1, as well as higher capacity containers used (0.75 vs 1.30 dm3).
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Harayama, Hisanori, Ikutaro Tsuyama, Takeshi Yamada, et al. "Eight-Year Survival and Growth of Sakhalin Fir (Abies sachalinensis) Seedlings with One Weeding Operation: Impact of Mechanical Site Preparation, Vegetation Release, Summer Planting, Stock Type, and Forwarder Trail." Forests 15, no. 6 (2024): 1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f15061012.
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In Hokkaido, northern Japan, bareroot Sakhalin fir seedlings are conventionally planted in spring and fall, following strip site preparation that alternates managed and unmanaged strips. However, this method requires seven years of weeding due to encroachment of evergreen dwarf bamboo. Given diminishing forest labor availability, a shortage of workers for planting and weeding operations has become a problem in reforestation following clearcutting. We examined whether comprehensive mechanical site preparation (MSP) could reduce weeding frequency by preventing regrowth of dwarf bamboo and whether container seedlings could extend the planting season into summer. Over eight years, the survival and growth of summer-planted bareroot and container seedlings were examined on a fully MSP-treated site with only one weeding operation in the fifth year. Full-site MSP resulted in a shift of the vegetation from dwarf bamboo to deciduous plants, leading to high survival and growth rates of Sakhalin fir seedlings despite minimal weeding. Container seedlings exhibited superior establishment and maintained higher survival rates over eight years than bareroot seedlings. However, planting on the forwarder trail decreased seedling growth, and ultimately decreased survival under rare summer drought. Our findings indicate that container seedling summer planting and full-site MSP may represent an alternative approach to reforestation of Sakhalin fir, potentially reducing the need for weeding and extending the planting season.
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Sword Sayer, Mary Anne, James D. Haywood, and Shi-Jean Susana Sung. "Cavity Size and Copper Root Pruning Affect Production and Establishment of Container-Grown Longleaf Pine Seedlings." Forest Science 55, no. 5 (2009): 377–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/55.5.377.
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Abstract With six container types, we tested the effects of cavity size (i.e., 60, 93, and 170 ml) and copper root pruning on the root system development of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) seedlings grown in a greenhouse. We then evaluated root egress during a root growth potential test and assessed seedling morphology and root system development 1 year after planting in central Louisiana, USA. Seedling size was increased by copper root pruning in small cavities but was unaffected by this treatment in larger cavities. Before planting, copper root pruning increased taproot and secondary lateral root dry weights at the expense of primary lateral root dry weight and increased root growth potential in the top 5 cm of the root plug. Across treatments, survival was 97%, and all seedlings were in the grass stage. Of the lateral root dry weight that elongated during the first year after planting, 33% more occurred in the upper 5 cm of soil when seedlings were treated with copper. Within each cavity size, copper root pruning did not affect the general morphology of 1-year-old seedlings. However, relationships between root collar diameter and root egress by depth indicated that this treatment has the potential to increase the range of cavity sizes used for seedling production.
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Griffin, Jason J. "(112) Heat and Drought Affect Photosynthesis of Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum) Ecotypes." HortScience 40, no. 4 (2005): 1079A—1079. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1079a.
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Common sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marshall) selections suffer from prolonged drought and constant wind on the southern Great Plains. Nonirrigated plants often have scorched and torn leaves as a result of these environmental stresses. In field studies, a sugar maple ecotype native to western Oklahoma (known as `Caddo' maple) has shown improved tolerance to drought and leaf tatter. A study to examine drought tolerance of seedling `Caddo' maple compared to typical seedling sugar maple was established at the John C. Pair Horticultural Center. One seedling of each type was planted in a single 38-L container. Containers were placed on a greenhouse bench, and once acclimated, irrigation was withheld until predawn leaf water potential indicated a substrate water potential of –1.5 MPa. Containers were weighed, and seedlings were maintained in a prolonged drought condition for 3 weeks by adding water each morning to return the container to the original weight. After 3 weeks, photosynthetic temperature response curves were generated for the drought-stressed and the irrigated control plants. Osmotic potential of expressed sap was also measured on rehydrated leaves. The main effects of species, irrigation, and temperature were all significant. `Caddo' maples were able to maintain a higher rate of net photosynthesis than the typical seedlings when drought stressed and as temperature increased. The optimum temperature for photosynthesis did not significantly differ among treatments (36 °C), whereas the maximum rate of photosynthesis was significantly greater for the `Caddo' maples (41 μmol·m-2·s-1) than the typical sugar maples (16 μmol·m-2·s-1).
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Hasan, Monjurul, Naima Tasnime, Syed Aflatun Kabir Hemel, and Apple Mahmud. "EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF STORAGE DURATION AND STORAGE CONTAINERS ON SEED QUALITY AND VIABILITY OF RAPHANUS SATIVUS." Reviews In Food And Agriculture 5, no. 1 (2024): 40–46. https://doi.org/10.26480/rfna.01.2024.40.46.
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Raphanus sativus, a crucial root vegetable in Bangladesh, faces challenges in sustainable production due to inadequate knowledge of optimal seed storage conditions. This study aimed to identify ideal storage conditions for Raphanus sativus seeds, conducted at the Seed Technology Laboratory of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, from April to June, 2024. A Completely Randomized Design with three replications was employed, examining five storage durations (before storage, 15, 30, 45, and 60 days) and two container types (plastic containers and cloth bags). Results indicated that seeds stored in cloth bags had significantly higher moisture content compared to those in plastic containers, irrespective of storage period. Conversely, seeds in plastic containers showed a significantly higher germination percentage. Thousand seed weight (TSW), abnormal seedling proportion, and dead seedlings were notably higher in cloth bags. Seeds in plastic containers exhibited superior germination index, shoot and root lengths, seedling dry weight, and Seed Vigor Index (SVI-I). TSW, the proportion of abnormal seedlings, dead seedlings, and electrical conductivity (EC) all increased significantly with longer storage periods, whereas the germination index, root and shoot lengths, seedling dry weight, and SVI-I decreased. The highest Seedling Vigor Index (SVI-II) was observed at 15 days after sowing (DAS) in plastic containers, and the lowest at 60 DAS in cloth bags. Electrical conductivity was lowest at 15 DAS in plastic containers, and highest at 60 DAS in cloth bags. Regression analysis demonstrated that increased moisture content and higher electrical conductivity significantly reduced germination percentage. The study concludes that plastic containers are the optimal storage solution for Raphanus sativus seeds over extended periods, while cloth bags are the least effective.
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Bush, Edward W., and Pamela B. Blanchard. "Low-cost Container Yard for School-based Restoration Nurseries." HortTechnology 19, no. 4 (2009): 818–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.19.4.818.
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A small inexpensive (less than $1000) container yard, measuring 10 × 10 ft square, with an automatic irrigation system was designed for schools participating in the Louisiana State University Coastal Roots Program: A School Seedling Nursery Program for Habitat Restoration. Students helped install the container yard on their school site and oversee native plant production through the course of the school year. Teachers and other school staff checked the nursery during summer months to ensure that the irrigation system was working properly and the plants were healthy. Students grew ≈1000 restoration seedlings per year in their container yard. Each year they transplanted their seedlings and grass plugs on trips to habitat restoration sites across Louisiana's coastal zone. Since the inception of the program in 2000, the students using this container yard design have produced nearly 24,500 trees and shrubs and over 8000 grass plugs.
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Bush, Edward W., and Pamela B. Blanchard. "Low-cost Container Yard for School-based Restoration Nurseries." HortTechnology 19, no. 4 (2009): 818–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.19.4.818.
Full textAbstract:
A small inexpensive (less than $1000) container yard, measuring 10 × 10 ft square, with an automatic irrigation system was designed for schools participating in the Louisiana State University Coastal Roots Program: A School Seedling Nursery Program for Habitat Restoration. Students helped install the container yard on their school site and oversee native plant production through the course of the school year. Teachers and other school staff checked the nursery during summer months to ensure that the irrigation system was working properly and the plants were healthy. Students grew ≈1000 restoration seedlings per year in their container yard. Each year they transplanted their seedlings and grass plugs on trips to habitat restoration sites across Louisiana's coastal zone. Since the inception of the program in 2000, the students using this container yard design have produced nearly 24,500 trees and shrubs and over 8000 grass plugs.
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Barnett, J. P., and J. M. McGilvray. "Performance of Container and Bareroot Loblolly Pine Seedlings on Bottomlands in South Carolina." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 17, no. 2 (1993): 80–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/17.2.80.
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Abstract The performance of container and bareroot loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings from the same improved seedlot was compared on highly productive bottomland sites in South Carolina. At the time of planting, size and quality of the open-grown container stock were equal to or betterthan bareroot material. When outplanting conditions were ideal, field plantings in March, April, and May of 2 successive years indicated equal performance of the 2 stock types. When conditions were more stressful, container stock survived and grew better than bareroot seedlings. Needle-tipburn caused by postplanting applications of herbicides had no long-term effects on seedling growth. South. J. Appl. For. 17(2):80-83.
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Scarratt, J. B. "Greenhouse Managers: Beware Combustion Fumes in Container Greenhouses." Forestry Chronicle 61, no. 4 (1985): 308–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc61308-4.
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The combustion of fossil fuels produces a number of gases that can be phytotoxic to plants. Managers of container nurseries should be alert to the fact that entry of these combustion gases into the greenhouse environment can have serious effects upon tree seedlings. At high concentrations, seedlings may be severely damaged or killed outright. Chronic exposure to low levels of pollution can significantly reduce seedling growth even when no other visible symptoms are present. Careful design and layout of greenhouse facilities, and vigilance in the operation of heating equipment, generators and vehicles, are essential to avoid the risk of pollution damage. The effects of an incident in which jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) container stock was exposed to non-lethal concentrations of combustion gasses are described.
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Banach, Jacek, Stanisław Małek, Mariusz Kormanek, and Grzegorz Durło. "Growth of Fagus sylvatica L. and Picea abies (L.) Karst. Seedlings Grown in Hiko Containers in the First Year after Planting." Sustainability 12, no. 17 (2020): 7155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12177155.
Full textAbstract:
In forest management in Poland, there are no standards for the quality and suitability for planting seedlings produced in nursery containers; therefore, research contributing to the development of such guidelines is important. We investigated the growth reaction of European beech and Norway spruce seedlings growing in container technology one year after planting on an experimental forest plantation. The seedlings used in the study were three experimental variants grown in a container nursery differing in fertilization. Two heights of seedlings were measured, i.e., after the first growing season on the experimental plantation and the initial (obtained in the forest nursery), and the annual (AHI, cm) and relative height increments (RHI, %) were calculated. The regression of the RHI of seedlings to their initial height was calculated, and the equations obtained were used to determine the optimal range of seedling height at the stage of nursery growth at which they will achieve the maximum increment in the first year of growth on the plantation. The change from foliar fertilization to a mixed one affected beech and spruce seedling parameters; however, it did not affect the diversity of their survival on the experimental plantation. Higher seedlings planted on the experimental plantation were characterized by a smaller RHI. The optimal range for the height of seedlings obtained at the nursery stage of growing, which determined the maximum value of the AHI after the first year of growth after planting, was 18–36 cm for beech and 14–25 cm for spruce.
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Peterson, Michael J., and Jack R. Sutherland. "Controlling Gray Mold on Container-Grown Douglas-Fir by Modified Styroblocks and Under-Bench, Forced Air Ventilation." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 5, no. 3 (1990): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/5.3.75.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) control on Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings was investigated using under-bench ventilation and styroblocks (growing containers) modified with vertical ventilation holes to allow air movement through the seedling canopy. Gray mold incidence and severity were reduced in three treatments: modified styroblocks with aeration holes at each intercavity intersection and vented from below with heated forced air, like the preceding treatment, but vented with unheated forced air, and modified styroblocks vented with unheated unforced air. In vented styroblocks, gray mold occurred on 25% of the 7-month-old seedlings compared to greater than 75% incidence in unmodified (control) styroblocks. Disease on individual seedlings was also less severe in ventilated styroblocks. The reduced incidence of gray mold in the treatments with ventilation was attributed to more rapid drying of seedling foliage following irrigation. The lowest incidence of humidity and temperature episodes that were ideal for gray mold spore germination and infection occurred in the canopy of seedlings grown in the unheated forced air ventilation treatment There were no practical differences in seedling heights or root collar diameters among treatments. Use of ventilated styroblocks should significantly reduce both gray mold losses and fungicide usage in nurseries. West. J. Appl. For. 5(3):75-79, July 1990
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Wrzesiński, Piotr. "The influence of seedling density in containers on morphological characteristics of European beech." Forest Research Papers 76, no. 3 (2015): 304–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/frp-2015-0029.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This study examines the influence on growth parameters, in particular the morphological features of the root system, of 1-year-old European beech seedlings cultivated in containers with two different densities. The experiment was conducted in the container nursery in Skierdy (Forest District of Jabłonna) in spring 2011. After 10 months of cultivation in Hiko polyethylene containers, above- and below-ground parts of the seedlings were measured. The measurements of the root system were conducted with a scanner and the WinRHIZO software. No influence due to the seedling density on either shoot height or thickness was observed, but instead the research showed that different seedling densities affected the development of root systems. The mean root thickness and dry mass of the European beech seedlings were significantly higher at the lower density. The influence of seedling density on the development of root mass deserves special attention as it is the most important factor affecting future growth of the seedlings during cultivation. This tendency also suggests that the amount of nutrients allocated to shoot development may be higher in order to improve the efficiency of photosynthesis. At both densities, differences in biomass accumulation affected the root-toshoot ratio. In seedlings cultivated at the lower density, the increased dry root matter of the seedlings resulted in a significant increase in the root-to-shoot ratio. This may cause a potential growth advantage of these seedlings after they are planted and may thus result in a more productive cultivation.
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Apostol, Kent G., R. Kasten Dumroese, Jeremiah R. Pinto, and Anthony S. Davis. "Response of conifer species from three latitudinal populations to light spectra generated by light-emitting diodes and high-pressure sodium lamps." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 45, no. 12 (2015): 1711–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2015-0106.
Full textAbstract:
Light-emitting diode (LED) technology shows promise for supplementing photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in forest nurseries because of the potential reduction in energy consumption and an ability to supply discrete wavelengths to optimize seedling growth. Our objective was to examine the effects of light spectra supplied by LED and traditional high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps on growth and physiology of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.) seedlings. We used three latitudinal sources for each species: British Columbia (BC), Idaho (ID), and New Mexico (NM). Container seedlings were grown for 17 weeks in the greenhouse under an 18 h photoperiod of ambient solar light supplemented with light delivered from HPS or LED. In general, seedlings grown under LED had significantly greater growth, gas exchange rates, and chlorophyll contents than those seedlings grown under HPS. The growth and physiological responses to supplemental lighting varied greatly among species and seed sources. Generally, LED-grown seedlings from BC had the greatest growth and tissue dry mass followed by ID and NM populations. Compared with HPS, the significant increase in seedling growth and concomitant energy savings with LED (29% energy consumption relative to HPS) demonstrates the promise of using LED as PAR supplemental lighting for container seedling production.
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Anderson*, Natalie, and David Byrne. "Stratification Methods for Rosa Germination." HortScience 39, no. 4 (2004): 808B—808. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.808b.
Full textAbstract:
Poor germination in Rosa has been an obstacle to breeding programs for years. Rose breeders generally stratify rose seed under cool, moist conditions for 4-10 weeks by planting directly into the seedling flat/bed or in a small container followed by planting the germinating seed into the seedling flat/bed. This experiment used 9 genotypes and compared these two approaches combined with variations in the stratification media (sand, perlite, sphagnum moss and Sunshine Mix #4). Over all stratification media and genotypes, germination was not influenced by whether the seed was stratified directly in the seedling flat/bed or in a small container. However, the process of transplantation of the delicate germinating seed from the small container to the flat/bed resulted in greater mortality of the germinating seedlings. he stratification media affected the germination of the rose seed. Sunshine Mix #4 gave the best germination as compared to all other media types tested. As expected the germination of the genotypes varied greatly, ranging from 0.7% to 37.1%.
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Mamood, Amed N., and Dennis T. Ray. "EFFECT OF CONTAINER SIZE ON THE GROWTH AND TRANSPLANT SURVIVAL OF GUAYALE SEEDLINGS." HortScience 27, no. 6 (1992): 671a—671. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.671a.
Full textAbstract:
Studies were conducted to evaluate container size and pretreatment on transplant survival and growth of guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray). Seeds of cv. 11605 were planted in a greenhouse in two different container sizes. After 60 days half of the seedlings in both treatments were clipped, and then hand transplanted into the field. The height and width of 10 plants in each treatment were measured biweekly. The percent survival, date of flowering, seed germination and weight of 1000 seeds were determined. Plants produced in large containers had a higher survival rate, plant size and flowering rate. In addition non-clipped seedling had significantly higher survival rates. There were no significant differences in seed germination or in seed weights among treatments.
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Gagnon, J., C. G. Langlois, D. Bouchard, and F. Le Tacon. "Growth and ectomycorrhizal formation of container-grown Douglas-fir seedlings inoculated with Laccariabicolor under four levels of nitrogen fertilization." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25, no. 12 (1995): 1953–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x95-210.
Full textAbstract:
Container-grown Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings were inoculated at the time of sowing with a Laccariabicolor (Maire) Orton mycelial suspension produced in a fermentor. They were grown in a peat moss–vermiculite substrate under four levels of N fertilization (7.2, 14.4, 21.6, and 28.7 mg/seedling per season (N1, N2, N3, and N4, respectively)) to determine the N level suitable for both ectomycorrhizal development and seedling growth. After 18 weeks in the greenhouse, seedlings inoculated with L. bicolor had 44%, 32%, 44%, and 5% of their short roots mycorrhizal when fertilized with N1, N2, N3, and N4, respectively. Only when they were fertilized with N4 did the L. bicolor seedlings have significantly greater shoot height than the controls. For the other growth parameters, they were not significantly different from control seedlings for any of the N levels. After 18 weeks, regardless of the level of N, seedlings inoculated with L. bicolor had significantly lower N concentrations (%) and contents (mg/seedling) than the uninoculated ones. Consequently, for the same production of biomass, the mycorrhizal seedlings had taken up less N than the nonmycorrhizal ones. The efficiency of applied N, expressed in terms of produced biomass, decreased when the N fertilization increased; mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal seedlings did not tend to be different. The efficiency of the absorbed N also decreased with the level of applied N, but less rapidly, and tended to be greater for the mycorrhizal seedlings than for the nonmycorrhizal ones. Therefore, the mycorrhizal infection improved the utilization of the absorbed N. N3 was the best of the four N levels used, since it was the only one that maximized both the ectomycorrhizal formation and the growth of the seedlings. In other words, a total seedling N concentration of 1.6% and a substrate fertility of 52 ppm N are appropriate to optimize both the ectomycorrhizal development and the growth of Douglas-fir seedlings.