Academic literature on the topic 'Contemporary Nigerian literature'

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Journal articles on the topic "Contemporary Nigerian literature"

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Olátúnjí, Michael Olútáò. "The Indigenization of Military Music in Nigeria Issues and Perspectives." Matatu 40, no. 1 (December 1, 2012): 427–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757421-040001028.

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This essay investigates the development of European-style military music as practised in Nigeria with regard to the influence of its indegenization processes by its practitioners on the Nigerian soil. The areas in which the development is discussed include the new roles and functions of performance, the new thematic sources of military music arrangers, instrumentation, the stylistic and technical bases for orchestration as well as the overall institution of military music in Nigeria. It also raises an argument on the parameters for judging the African identity in a contemporary Nigerian military music composition and those of its allied genres. The essay concludes that, by virtue of its new contexts of performance as well as performance structure, Nigerian military music has shifted from being a substratum of the European music tradition in Nigeria to being a substratum of contemporary music on the Nigerian music scene.
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Alabi, Aliyu Sakariyau. "Parrésia and the Business of Publishing Contemporary Nigerian Literature." Eastern African Literary and Cultural Studies 7, no. 1-2 (February 17, 2021): 23–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23277408.2020.1853656.

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AFEJUKU, TONY E., and E. B. ADELEKE. "Myths, Legends, and Contemporary Nigerian Theatre." Matatu 47, no. 1 (August 22, 2016): 97–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757421-90000397.

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Femi Osofisan belongs to the new breed of writers, inadequately referred to as ‘second generation’. An accomplished writer whose works include plays, poems, essays and novels, Osofisan is widely regarded as the most significant playwright in Africa after Soyinka. As a committed playwright, Osofisan focuses on the reappraisal of his immediate society and the challenges of living in this society. He calls attention to all that is undesirable in the politics, economy, and religion of contemporary Nigeria and asks for a change of attitude which, hopefully, will bring sanity to the country. One of the means by which Osofisan achieves his artistic objective is the use of myths and legends from Yorùbá mythology. Specifically, we shall show in this essay that Osofisan makes use of the myths of OEango and Èṣú and the legends of Môrèmi and Solarin as a means of thematic exploitation. By so doing, he creates a unique contemporary Nigerian theatre which other playwrights emulate and develop. Many Colours Make the Thunder King, Esu and the Vagabond Minstrels, Morountodun, and Who Is Afraid of Solarin? are used as illustrative texts.
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Afejuku, Tony E., and E. B. Adeleke. "Myths, Legends, and Contemporary Nigerian Theatre." Matatu 49, no. 1 (2017): 54–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757421-04901004.

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Femi Osofisan belongs to the new breed of writers, inadequately referred to as the ‘second generation of writers’. An accomplished writer whose works include plays, poems, essays, and novels, Osofisan is widely regarded as the most significant playwright in Africa after Soyinka. As a committed playwright, Osofisan focuses on the reappraisal of his immediate society and the challenges of living in this society. He calls attention to all that is undesirable in the politics, economy, and religion of contemporary Nigeria and asks for a change of attitude which, hopefully, will bring sanity to the country. One of the means by which Osofisan achieves his artistic objective is the use of lore from Yorùbá mythology. Specifically, we shall show in this essay that Osofisan makes use of the myths of Ṣango and Èṣù and the legends of Môrèmi and Solarin as a means of thematic exploitation. By so doing, he creates a unique contemporary Nigerian theatre which other playwrights emulate and develop. We shall use Many Colours Make the Thunder King, Esu and the Vagabond Minstrels, Morountodun, and Who’s Afraid of Solarin? as our illustrative texts.
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Krishnan, Madhu. "The storyteller function in contemporary Nigerian narrative." Journal of Commonwealth Literature 49, no. 1 (December 12, 2013): 29–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021989413510519.

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Yemisi, Ige Adejoke. "Alternative Dispute Resolution and Collective Conciliation in Nigeria: A Review of Contemporary Literature." International Journal of Business and Management 12, no. 8 (July 18, 2017): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v12n8p261.

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The aim of this paper is to present detailed contextual understanding of employment relations, alternative dispute resolution (ADR) and collective conciliation in Nigeria. This contextual understanding is important in order to comprehend the specific evolution of ADR and collective conciliation in Nigeria, the particular configuration of employment relations institutions and the role of different stakeholders such as trade unions and employers’ associations. The outcomes of this study, affirms the significance of the roles and responsibilities of the actors (employer, trade union, state and conciliator) and highlights the procedures inherent in the dispute resolution mechanism hence, revealing how the weakness of state machinery tends to frustrate the process of conciliation in practice. Additionally, this study offers a reflection of what previous studies have presented, concerning the perceptions of users about the outcomes of collective conciliation within the Nigerian context.
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Ademakinwa, Adebisi. "'Acquisitive Culture' and its Impact on Nigeria's Socio-Economic Development." Matatu 40, no. 1 (December 1, 2012): 285–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757421-040001020.

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This is an interdisciplinary study of the role of culture in the development of Nigeria as a nation. The essay raises questions, among which are: what are the externalized and internalized aspects of Nigerian national culture? Which innate concepts of this culture do contemporary Nigerians understand and which concepts are grasped or misunderstood by foreigners? Russian and Nigerian literary works – Nikolai Gogol's and Chinua Achebe's, to mention but two – are utilized to determine similarity and dissimilarity of the pervasive nature of materialism in two different cultures. The essay finds philistine the platitude of Nigerian cultural managers inherent in such externalized cultural fiestas as FESTAC '77 and Nigerian Carnivals, while the more beneficial one, the internalized aspects which we call the fundamental culture, are merely mulled over, wholly misjudged, and mostly left unexplored. The essay finds, furthermore, that development can only be strengthened when the internalized aspects of Nigerian traditional societies are understood and synthesized with modern hybrid cultures before human development can take place. The essay makes no pretence to being a specialist study; rather, it crosses the borders of fiction, the social sciences, cultural anthropology, and history.
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Newell, Stephanie. "Petrified Masculinities? Contemporary Nigerian Popular Literatures by Men." Journal of Popular Culture 30, no. 4 (March 1997): 161–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3840.1997.3004_161.x.

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KOUSSOUHON, Léonard, and Fortuné AGBACHI. "Ambivalent Gender Identities in Contemporary African Literature: A Butlerian Perspective." Journal for the Study of English Linguistics 4, no. 1 (June 6, 2016): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jsel.v4i1.9558.

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<p>This paper is an attempt to examine the way male and female participants perform gender in 03 novels, <em>Everything Good Will Come</em> (2006), <em>Swallow</em> (2010) and <em>A Bit of Difference</em> (2013), by a contemporary Nigerian writer called Sefi Atta. The study draws on Gender Performative Theory as developed by the feminist Butler (1990/1999). This theory considers gender identities as being socially constructed. The study highlights the multiple ways in which male and female participants perform gender according to established social norms in the selected novels. Regarding the existing social norms in Nigeria, the findings by scholars like Fakeye, George and Owoyemi (2012), Mejiuni and Awolowo (2006), Bourey et al (2012), Gbadebo, Kehinde and Adedeji (2012), Okunola and Ojo (2012) exude that men are traditionally portrayed as career people, assertive, powerful and active, independent and violent while women are stereotypically depicted as housewives, submissive, powerless and passive, dependent and non-violent (or victims). Based on the above dichotomies between men and women, the study unveils the ideology that underpins gender performances in the novels.</p>
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Akapng, Clement. "Contemporary Discourse and the Oblique Narrative of Avant-gardism in Twentieth-Century Nigerian Art." International Journal of Culture and Art Studies 4, no. 1 (April 28, 2020): 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/ijcas.v4i1.3671.

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The history of Twentieth Century Nigerian art is characterized by ambiguities that impede understanding of the underlying modernist philosophies that inspired modern art from the 1900s. In the past five decades, scholars have framed the discourse of Contemporary Nigerian Art to analyze art created during that period in Africa starting with Nigeria in order to differentiate it from that of Europe and America. However, this quest for differentiation has led to a mono-narrative which only partially analyze modernist tendencies in modern Nigerian art, thus, reducing its impact locally and globally. Adopting Content Analysis and Modernism as methodologies, this research subjected literature on Twentieth Century Nigerian art to critical analysis to reveal its grey areas, as well as draw upon recent theories by Chika Okeke-Agulu, Sylvester Ogbechie, Olu Oguibe and Okwui Enwezor to articulate the occurrence of a unique Nigerian avant-gardism blurred by the widely acclaimed discourse of contemporary Nigerian art. Findings reveal that the current discourse unwittingly frames Twentieth Century Nigerian art as a time-lag reactionary mimesis of Euro-American modernism. This research contends that such narrative blocks strong evidences of avant-garde tendencies identified in the works of Aina Onabolu, Ben Enwonwu, Uche Okeke and others, which exhibited intellectual use of the subversive powers of art for institutional/societal interrogation. Drawing upon modernist theories as a compass for analyzing the works of the aforementioned, this paper concludes that rather than being a mundane product of contemporaneity, Twentieth Century Nigerian art was inspired by decolonization politics and constituted a culture-specific avant-gardism in which art was used to enforce change. Thus, a new modern art discourse is proposed that will reconstruct Twentieth Century Nigerian art as an expression of modernism parallel to Euro-American modernism.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Contemporary Nigerian literature"

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Asagba, O. A. "Festival drama : Aspects of continuity and change in contemporary Nigerian theatre." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372955.

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Courtois, Cédric. "Itinéraires d’un genre. Variations autour du Bildungsroman dans la littérature nigériane contemporaine." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEN031.

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Depuis le début des années 2000, l’un des traits distinctifs de la littérature nigériane tient dans son utilisation du genre littéraire du Bildungsroman , dont cette thèse considère les différentes évolutions chez les romancières et romanciers dits de la troisième génération. En examinant une vingtaine de romans, de Waiting for an Angel (2002) de Helon Habila à Freshwater (2018) d’Akwaeke Emezi, ce travail se propose de brosser un portrait panoramique d’un pan de la littérature nigériane ultra-contemporaine par le prisme du Bildungsroman. Prenant appui sur les études de genre, cette étude considère tout d’abord les différentes variations féminines d’un genre littéraire au penchant androcentrique. Les réécritures féminines du Bildungsroman mettent en lumière le développement (ou son échec) d’un point de vue et d’une voix individuels alors que les héroïnes tentent de (se) construire un moi unifié. La tendance allégorique du Bildungsroman sous sa forme traditionnelle est également centrale, et l’Histoire de la nation nigériane, depuis la guerre civile (ou guerre du Biafra, 1967-1970), jusqu’au début des années 2000, est au cœur des intrigues tissées par les ouvrages du corpus : la Bildung des protagonistes se fait en parallèle de celle de la nation. Enfin, au XXIè siècle, les frontières nationales ne semblent plus être tout à fait pertinentes pour les romancières et romanciers nigérians qui, de par leur propre expérience en tant qu’individus, détaillent les nouvelles conditions de développement dans une société mondialisée, multiculturelle, ou transculturelle, où les frontières (géographiques, identitaires, génériques) tendent à s’estomper voire à disparaître. Nous proposons donc de nous interroger sur l’existence d’une spécificité nigériane du Bildungsroman en ce début de XXIè siècle
Since the beginning of the 2000s, one of the distinctive features of Nigerian literature has been the use of the literary genre of the Bildungsroman . This thesis considers the different evolutions of this genre among male and female third-generation Nigerian novelists. It examines more than twenty novels, from Waiting for an Angel (2002) by Helon Habila to Freshwater (2018) by Akwaeke Emezi, thereby providing a picture of contemporary Nigerian fiction. This study aims at analysing contemporary Nigerian fiction through the genre of the Bildungsroman. By using gender theory, it considers the feminine variations on an androcentric genre. These feminine rewritings put forth the development (or lack thereof) of the heroines from an individual viewpoint as they try to build a unified self. The allegorical tendency of the traditional Bildungsroman is also central, and the History of the Nigerian nation, from the civil war (or Biafra war, 1967-1970), to the beginning of the 2000s, is at the heart of the plots woven by the novels chosen in the corpus: the Bildung of the protagonist parallels the Bildung of the nation. Finally, in the 21st century, national borders do not seem to hold any longer for the third-generation writers who, because they experience mobility themselves, describe the new conditions of development in a globalized society, which is increasingly multicultural or transcultural; borders (whether they be geographical, linked to identity, or generic) tend to fade away, or disappear. This thesis examines whether or not a Nigerian specificity of the Bildungsroman exists in the 21st century
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Odozor, Livinus Nwadiuto. "Contemporary Nigerian literature and the idea of a canon." 2004. http://link.library.utoronto.ca/eir/EIRdetail.cfm?Resources__ID=80134&T=F.

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Lunga, Majahana John Chonsi. "A critical analysis of Wole Soyinka as a dramatist, with special reference to his engagement in contemporary issues." Diss., 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/17262.

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This dissertation is mainly on Wole Soyinka as a dramatist. It aims to show that Soyinka, far from being an irrelevant artist as some of his fiercest critics have alleged, is a deeply committed writer whose works are characterised by a strong sense of concern with basic human values of right and wrong, good and evil. Furthermore, the dissertation shows that although Soyinka is not an admirer of Marxist aesthetics, he is certainly not in the art-for-art's-sake camp either, I because he is fully aware of the utilitarian value of literature. Soyinka's works are much influenced by his social and historical background, and the dissertation shows that Soyinka's socio-political awareness pervades all these works, although it will be seen that in the later plays there is a sharpened political awareness. Although largely concerned with his own country's issues, Soyinka also emerges as a keen observer of humanity universally
English Studies
M.A. (English)
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Books on the topic "Contemporary Nigerian literature"

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Tobrise, Mabel. Nigerian feminist theatre: Essays on female axes in contemporary Nigerian drama. Ibadan, Nigeria: Sam Bookman Publishers for Humanities Research Centre, 1998.

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Otiono, Nduka, and Odoh Diego Okenyodo. Camouflage: Best of contemporary writing from Nigeria. Yenagoa [Nigeria]: Treasure Books, 2006.

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Adeoti, Gbemisola. Aesthetics of adaptation in contemporary Nigerian drama. Mushin, Lagos, Nigeria: Published for Centre for Black and African Arts and Civilization (CBAAC) by Concept Publications Limited, 2010.

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Eghagha, Hope O. Reflections on the portrayal of leadership in contemporary Nigerian literature. Lagos, Nigeria: Centre for Social Science Research & Development (CSSR&D), 2003.

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Ezenwa-Ohaeto. Contemporary Nigerian poetry and the poetics of orality. Bayreuth, Germany: E. Breitinger, 1998.

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Olu, Obafemi. Contemporary Nigerian theatre: Cultural heritage and social vision. Lagos: Centre for Black and African Arts and Civilization (CBAAC), 2001.

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Contemporary Nigerian theatre: Cultural heritage and social vision. Bayreuth, Germany: Bayreuth University, 1996.

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Chinua, Achebe. Things fall apart. Carmel, Calif: Hampton-Brown, 2008.

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Chinua, Achebe. Todo se desmorona. [Barcelona]: Debolsillo, 2010.

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Chinua, Achebe. The African trilogy: Things fall apart, No longer at ease, Arrow of God. London: Picador, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Contemporary Nigerian literature"

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Essien, Essien D. "Ethical Implications of Identity Politics for Good Governance in 21st Century Nigeria." In Advances in Public Policy and Administration, 129–55. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3677-3.ch006.

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Contemporary empirical studies on identity question and political identity reveal that numerous political challenges revolve around the questions of identity. Identity thesis engenders a landscape of tremendous diversity and variation, which poses political problems when there is too much or too little of it. It manifests itself when there is a shift towards cultural diversity, largely due to upswing in migration and globalization. Given the multi-ethnic configuration of Nigeria characterized by heightened identity politics, a scenario of acute crisis of identity is inexorable. This study, therefore, examines why societies are today increasingly characterized by ethnic, racial, and religious diversity, which creates room for various forms of identity. Drawing upon extensive contemporary research and literature on diversity and identity politics, the study adopts qualitative descriptive methodology with content analysis curvature. Findings reveal that Nigerian political behavior, socio-economic relationship, and governance are driven by identity politics and ethnic solidarity.
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Sambo, Usman, and Babayo Sule. "Financing as a Livewire for Terrorism." In Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing in Global Financial Systems, 157–82. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8758-4.ch007.

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Terrorism is a global security concern that dominates the theatre of intellectual discourse in the contemporary world. This chapter is taking the case of one of the deadliest insurgents and a terrorist group in the history of Nigeria and also examined various sources of finances of this group in detail. From radical preaching, this group transformed into a terrorist group attacking security, innocent citizens, and all and sundry. As a qualitative study, the social conflict model is adopted in explaining the framework of the existing literature. The data obtained was analyzed critically using content analysis. The study discovered that insurgents sourced their finances through internal and external sources, legal and illegal engagements. The study recommends among several others that the Nigerian Government and security operatives should intensify the process of identifying, tracing, and blockage of the sources of finances for terrorism.
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Essien, Essien D. "Ethical Appraisal of the Role of Civil Society in Nigeria." In Wealth Creation and Poverty Reduction, 938–54. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1207-4.ch052.

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Contemporary studies surrounding the creation of civil society in Africa have revealed two important findings. First, despite the effort of civil society organizations in supporting inclusive democratic governance, promoting participation, advocating for transparency and accountability, sustainable development and stability remain elusive due to the challenges of social exclusion. Second, institutions central to the exercise of governmental powers exhibit inefficiency, weakness, lack transparency, and low credibility which worsen extreme poverty, inequality, and deprivation. Drawing upon extensive contemporary literature on social exclusion and inclusive growth, this study examines the role of civil society organisations as a pathway for social inclusion and sustainable development. Findings reveal that the management and distribution of services in the Nigerian society is largely inefficient and exclusionary, leading to myriad of social problems. This study has a significant implication for cumulative research on the subject of inclusive society and sustainable development.
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Akinola, Olabanji, and Mopelolade Oreoluwa Ogunbowale. "Re-Centering Culture in Development Administration in Africa." In African Studies, 252–67. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3019-1.ch014.

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The role of culture in development remains controversial in the literature. However, within the African context, both historically and in contemporary times, arguments vilifying culture remain rife. This continues a process of decentering culture from the discourse and practice of development on the continent. This chapter argues against this trend and calls for a recentering of culture as a positive element in the administration of development in Africa. Drawing on the Nigerian experience, the chapter provides some remedies for the country in particular and the rest of Africa in general. The chapter maintains that without bringing culture back into the practice of development on the continent, current developmental challenges are likely to persist into the future.
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Akinola, Olabanji, and Mopelolade Oreoluwa Ogunbowale. "Re-Centering Culture in Development Administration in Africa." In Advances in Public Policy and Administration, 74–94. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0629-4.ch004.

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The role of culture in development remains controversial in the literature. However, within the African context, both historically and in contemporary times, arguments vilifying culture remain rife. This continues a process of decentering culture from the discourse and practice of development on the continent. This chapter argues against this trend and calls for a recentering of culture as a positive element in the administration of development in Africa. Drawing on the Nigerian experience, the chapter provides some remedies for the country in particular and the rest of Africa in general. The chapter maintains that without bringing culture back into the practice of development on the continent, current developmental challenges are likely to persist into the future.
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Eneanya, Augustine Nduka. "Integrating Human Rights, Equity, and Social Justice in Health Policies in America and Nigeria." In Advances in Healthcare Information Systems and Administration, 179–202. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-6133-0.ch009.

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Persisting absence of human rights, widening inequality, and social justice in healthcare delivery systems within and between countries present significant challenges to the focus and practice of contemporary public health. This chapter compares how cases of human rights, equity, and social justice are integrated in America's and Nigeria's healthcare policies. Qualitative research and case study design were adopted. Data were collected from secondary sources, such as reviewed literature, textbooks, journal articles, government reports, and internet. Content and critical case studies analysis methods were utilized to analyze, explain, and compare America's and Nigeria's health policies. Findings reveal absence of human rights, equity, and social justice among sub-groups in healthcare service delivery in America and Nigeria. The chapter concludes by suggesting that human rights, equity, and social justice should be integrated into health policies of America and Nigeria in order to make access to healthcare service delivery a right for citizens.
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Eneanya, Augustine Nduka. "Integrating Human Rights, Equity, and Social Justice in Health Policies in America and Nigeria." In Research Anthology on Empowering Marginalized Communities and Mitigating Racism and Discrimination, 454–72. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8547-4.ch021.

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Persisting absence of human rights, widening inequality, and social justice in healthcare delivery systems within and between countries present significant challenges to the focus and practice of contemporary public health. This chapter compares how cases of human rights, equity, and social justice are integrated in America's and Nigeria's healthcare policies. Qualitative research and case study design were adopted. Data were collected from secondary sources, such as reviewed literature, textbooks, journal articles, government reports, and internet. Content and critical case studies analysis methods were utilized to analyze, explain, and compare America's and Nigeria's health policies. Findings reveal absence of human rights, equity, and social justice among sub-groups in healthcare service delivery in America and Nigeria. The chapter concludes by suggesting that human rights, equity, and social justice should be integrated into health policies of America and Nigeria in order to make access to healthcare service delivery a right for citizens.
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Daxecker, Ursula, and Brandon Prins. "Describing Contemporary Maritime Piracy." In Pirate Lands, 75–97. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190097394.003.0004.

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This chapter begins by describing pirates and their organizations. It provides a sketch of “typical” pirate organizations in countries such as Indonesia, Somalia, and Nigeria. The chapter then proceeds to explore pirate activity. It describes the Maritime Piracy Event and Location Dataset (MPELD) and compares and contrasts these data with other databases on modern sea piracy. Next, the chapter uses the data to illustrate geographic and temporal patterns of maritime piracy. The last section of the chapter provides assessments of key determinants of piracy mentioned in the literature. These empirical patterns provide a basic picture of contemporary maritime piracy.
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Olasina, Gbolahan. "Citizens and E-Government: Perceptions in Nigeria." In Advances in Electronic Government, Digital Divide, and Regional Development, 124–34. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8430-0.ch007.

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Governments and public-sector managers worldwide have within the last decade come to the realization that Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is a viable tool that can help them achieve their aims. The chapter reviews literature on e-Government services and applications and the perceptions of citizens of adoption in the context of Nigeria. The methodology is a review of related literature that draws conclusions specifically to propose a plan for the adoption and the use e-Government services in Nigeria. The chapter highlights the contemporary issues of e-Government adoption in Nigeria. This chapter suggests a link between the citizens' negative perceptions and distrust of government in general and their hesitance and reluctance to embrace e-Government in particular.
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Essien, Essien. "Ethical Implications of the Techno-Social Dilemma in Contemporary Cyber-Security Phenomenon in Africa." In Cyber Law, Privacy, and Security, 1200–1213. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8897-9.ch058.

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This article examines the cyber security dimension of the global information Infrastructure which has resulted in the attainment of remarkable milestones and unlimited opportunities. However, these benefits notwithstanding, the cyberspace is increasingly under attack by cybercriminals, and the cost and damages from such attacks are increasing alarming. This article therefore, sets out to examine the ethical implications of cybersecurity phenomenon. Relying upon an extensive contemporary literature on cyber security, this study examines the phenomenon using the protection motivation theory. The article employs qualitative analysis of the current cybersecurity landscape in Nigeria. With an insight provided into understanding the independent layers of cyber security in Nigeria, a criterion on what should constitute appropriate procedure for cyber security is thus supplied. Findings posit that with the vulnerability of cyberspace, cyber security phenomenon in Africa, mirrors the existing social inequalities and widens the social division that is more apparent with the expansion of the ICTs.
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