Academic literature on the topic 'Content cordycepin'

碩士<br>大葉大學<br>生物產業科技學系碩士在職專班<br>93<br>The conditions of environmental factors and host specificity for Cordyceps sinensis cultivation are restrictly, so that the production will limited. It causes the demand and supply unbalanced and price become higher and higher. The major constituents and pharmacological characteristics of Cordyceps militaris are similar to those of C. sinensis, but the host specificity does not reuire restrictly. Thus, it is very promising to develop cultivation technology and automatic production for C. militaris. This study is to investigate the effects of the cultivation conditions such as temperature and photoperiod on the contents of bioactive compounds and growth rate of fruiting body of C. militaris. The results are as follows: The optimal temperature for mycelia cultivation is at 22 and 25℃and fruiting body rods grew completely as the photoperiod increased during fruiting body initiation stage. There is no significant diference in adenosine content of fruiting body of C. militaris among different cultivation conditions. It was found that the adenosine content of fruiting body in this study was higher than that of natural C. sinensis. It was also found that the optimal conditions for cordycepin production were 22℃ for mycelia culture in combination with photoperiod for 14 hr or 25℃ then photoperiod for 8 hr stimulation. It is worth utilizing the remnant medium due to much cordycepin presented in it postharvested. It was also observed that most of cordycepin and adenosine exist in fruiting body, but less contained in medium; on the contrary, polysaccharide content in the remnant medium is higher than in fruiting body. The pigments of fruiting body of C. militaris are very stablein different temperatures and pH environment, however, it has not been identified. In conclusion, cordycepin, adenosine and polysaccharides can be obtained from the condition with 22℃ for mycelia culture in combination with photoperiod for 14 hr stimulation.

碩士<br>大葉大學<br>生物產業科技學系<br>99<br>Cordyceps militaris belongs to the same genus as C. sinensis which is a well known traditional Chinese medicine with pharmacological activities. Both C. sinensis and C. militaris are rare and expensive. However, the mycelial of C. militaris strains have been isolated and successfully cultivated to manufacture in large quantities by fermentation technology. To investigate the phylogenetic and chemical characterizations of 6 mycelia strains and one fruiting body of C. militaris from different regions, sequence analysis of nuclear and mitochondria ribosomal genes including internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and bioactive ingredients comparison were applied. Although phylogenetic trees of nuclear and mitochondria ribosomal genes showed slightly differences by geographical origins, all sequences formed single cluster, which suggested that intraspecies variations were small. In contrast, statistical differences were found by analysis of proximate composition, intracellular polysaccharide (IPS), exopolysaccharide (EPS) and cordycepin of mycelium in submerged cultured of 6 C. militaris strains. These results suggest that cultured mycelia of different C. militaris strains would be different in content of bioactive ingredients, Furthermore, investigation of antibacterial activities from C. militaris DYU1 showed that fermentation fluid of DYU1 has a good suppression for pathogen Staphylococcus. aureus. Nevertheless, analysis of polysaccharide structure by FTIR from C. militaris DYU1 releaved that the crude polysaccharide contain β-1,3 glucan functional group.

碩士<br>東海大學<br>食品科學系<br>103<br>Cordyceps militaris is a traditional medicinal mushroom and contains rich bioactive compounds such as cordycepin, adenosine, cordycepic acid, and so on. C. militaris had many pharmacological functions such as anti-inflammatory, antifatigue, antimetastatic, anti-diabetic, anticancer, antiproliferative and anti-leukemia. Light is one of the most important factors impacting growth, metabolism and reproduction of fungal.Different color wavelengths of light can regulate some metabolic pathways to enhance some functional components. LEDs (light-emitting diodes), a good artificial light, have a higher photoelectric conversion efficiency, safety, low heat output, long life, energy saving and without environmental changes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different wavelengths of light of C. militaris fermented brown rice.The biomass reached a maximum of 12 hours (0.49 g / g dw)under fluorescent light. Although adenosine irradiated 8 hours (948.90 ug/g dw) was the highest, but with 12 hours was no difference statistically. In addition, cordycepin and cordycepic acid at most contents for 12 hours, respectively 3974 ug/g and 21.31mg/g dw. Ergothioneine irradiated 16 hours at most (101.52 ug/g dw ). Irradiation of 8 hours could get the highest flavonoid (193.83 ug/g dw).Total phenol content irradiated 4 hours is the best ( 3.63 mg/g dw ). In order to obtain higher biomass and bioactive compounds it would be more suitable to choose irradiation time of 12 hours as a subsequent experiments to explore. Red LED light could be higher biomass (0.38 g / g dw) and cordycepic acid (23.64 mg / g dw) contents. In terms of blue LED light could get a higher adenosine (760.10 ug/g dw) and flavonoids (216.31 ug/g dw) of contents. Green LED irradiated cordycepin (48.97 ug/g dw) and ergothioneine (2894.70ug/g dw) could be obtained higher levels. Total phenol content under the fluorescent light of the contents may be high (1.83 mg/g dw). Results above the showed the different wavelength of LEDs which were better than traditional fluorescent. LEDs effect biomass, bioactive compounds and antioxidants ability of C. militaris fermented brown rice. Therefore, subsequent experiments to select the preferred conditions of the two LED fixed wavelengths of the light in different proportions to explore, such as the LED (red: blue) combination and LED (blue: green) combination as sources. Mixed (red: blue) of (R5B1) LED light wavelengths of the biomass may be higher (0.56 g /g). And mixed in different proportions (red: blue) of (R2B4) LED light wavelengths could obtain high levels of adenosine (5451.79 ug/g dw mycelia), cordycepic acid (86.52 mg / g dw mycelia) and total phenolic content (8.23 mg/g dw mycelia). In terms of different proportions (red: blue) of (R3B3) LED light wavelengths could be higher of cordycepin (30.03 mg / g dw mycelia) and ergothioneine contents (387.03 ug/g dw mycelia). Blue LED and mixed (blue: green) of (B2G4) LED light wavelengths could have a high flavonoid content (637.47 ug/g dw mycelia). Based on the above results showed that mix (red: blue) combined in a ratio of the LED light source caused the most effect on biomass, bioactive compounds and antioxidants of C. militaris fermented brown rice. Green LED influenced less. In conclusion, the different proportions LED light wavelengths could regulate biomass, bioactive compounds and antioxidants of C. militaris fermented brown rice. Future of adjusting of light wavelengths can be used to increase the C. militaris fermented brown rice of functional contents and related development of health food.

碩士<br>亞洲大學<br>保健營養生技學系<br>105<br>Edible and medicinal mushrooms contains many biologically active compounds such as polysaccharides, triterpenes, ergothinoneine and ergosterol. Cordyceps militaris always hears traditional Chinese medicine, also has a variety of biological activity. Both are provide anti-tumor, lowering blood pressure and sugar, lowering cholesterol, osteoporosis and other health effects. In this study, the optimum conditions cultivation process of Flammulina velutipes add Pennisetum alopecuroides and histidine. Solid state fermentation of Cordyceps militaris add Pennisetum alopecuroides. To explore its physiological activity components, antioxidant components and the impact of its nature. Ergothioneine is a kind of precious amino acid, which exist in plants and animal tissues, it can not be biosynthesized in human, only can be absorbed from the diet. The result showed that the ergothioneine contents of add to 0, 0.5, 1 and 2% histidine from fruit body were 252.61, 233.16, 292.11 and 274.49 µg/g dry weight, respectively. The ergothioneine contents of medium add 1% histidine were 219.68 µg/g and spray 0.5, 1 and 2% histidine from mushroom buds were 224.44 and 219.68 µg/g dry weight. The polysaccharide content of medium add 1% histidine (84.99 mg/g) was the highest, the second is spray 1% histidine from mushroom buds were 82.55 mg/g. The cultivation substrate add 2% histidine (62.37 mg/g) was the lowest. Pertaining to antioxidant activity (EC50 value) of Flammulina velutipes, the result showed that the scavenging ability on DPPH radicals of the cultivation substrate alternative 25% sawdust was best. With regard to chelating abilities on ferrous ions, the chelating ability of cultivation substrate add 2% histidine was best. The reducing power of add 0% histindine, medium add 1% histidine, spray 0.5 and 1% histidine were the best. On anti-oxidative components, the total phenol content of spray 1% histidine from mushroom buds (7.37 mg/g) is the first, the second is medium add 1% histidine (7.13 mg/g). The flavones content of spray 1% histidine from mushroom buds (2.10 mg/g) is the first, the second is medium add 1% histidine (1.64 mg/g). In general, add histidine can promote the function. Physiological analysis of the results show that the ergosterol contents of the cultivation substrate by Chenopodium quinoa (48.55 µg/g) and the cultivation substrate by Chenopodium quinoa add Pennisetum alopecuroides (236.68 µg/g) is the best. The cordycepin and adenosine contents of the by Chenopodium quinoa were 915.74 and 657.35 µg/g, the cultivation substrate by Chenopodium quinoa add Pennisetum alopecuroides were 2753.25 and 638.01 µg/g is the best. Overall, cultivation process of Flammulina velutipes add histidine can promote the function. The ergosterol, cordycepin and adenosine contents of Solid state fermentation of Cordyceps militaris were the cultivation substrate by Chenopodium quinoa is better than other cereals.

碩士<br>弘光科技大學<br>食品暨應用生物科技所<br>98<br>Cordyceps militaris is also called northern Cordyceps sinensis, an entomopathogenic fungus belonging to the class Ascomycetes. It has similar pharmacological activities to the well known chinese traditional medicine C. sinensis, and has been used extensively as a crude drug and a folk tonic food in East Asia. However, C. militaris is very scarce in nature or time-consuming to get a fruiting body by artificial culture. In this study, Penglai rice was used as a medium for the solid-state cultivation of C. militaris at different temperatures (15, 17, 19 and 21ºC). Temperature-jump were 6, 4, 2 and 0ºC, respectively, with respected to the set ambient temperature (21 ± 1ºC). The humidity and light intensity were controlled throughout the cultivation. Mycelia growth and bioactive components of C. militaris were monitored with and without light. The polysaccharide and cordycepin were analyzed by phenol-sulfuric acid method and HPLC, respectively, in cultivation course with and without light. The most rapid growth of mycelium was found at 15ºC without light. In contrast, the best fruiting body formation was found at 21ºC with light. For the content of bioactive components, results show the highest content of polysaccharide under low temperature cultivated, and they were 240.09 ± 4.0 mg/g (0 day), 273.24 ± 7.0 mg/g (day 10), 293.22 ± 5.2 mg/g (day 20), 313.20 ± 5.6 mg/g (day 30) and 143.87 ± 5.0 mg/g (day 40). For cordycepin contents, the temperature of 21ºC were significantly higher than the other in cultivation with light were 2.50 ± 0.05, 4.84 ± 0.05, 7.16 ± 0.09 and 20.46 ± 0.66 mg/g for 10, 20, 30 and 40 days , respectively.

碩士<br>大葉大學<br>生物產業科技學系碩士在職專班<br>94<br>Cordyceps militaris, which is also known as ‘bei dong chong xia cao’, is mainly composed of cordycepin, adenosine, and polysaccharide. In addition, it was found to be similar to the Cordyceps sinensis in terms of its medical compositions and medical effects. This study used rice, which was mixed with nutrient solution, to cultivate Cordyceps militaris to the young mycelium stage in a way of solid-state fermentation. The whole culture body was administered in the study to obtain two types of Cordyceps militaris liqueur. The former one was to extract 50g, 100g, and 200g of homogenized Cordyceps militaris culture body separately and then submerged them with 20% and 60% of alcohol for seven to twenty-one days to obtain extracted Cordyceps militaris liqueur (ECML). The latter one was to use Cordyceps militaris culture body of 100g to obtain fermented Cordyceps militaris liqueur (FCML) of lower alcohol concentration by adding rice-koji. Two kinds of liqueur were then analyzed in terms of their contents of cordycepin, adenosine, and polysaccharide in addition to sensory evaluation. The results showed that the highest degree of cordycepin (4.74mg/mL) and adenosine (6.97mg/mL) were found in the extracted Cordyceps militaris liqueur (ECML) came from 200g of Cordyceps militaris culture body submerged with 20% of alcohol for seven days. This finding showed that the proportion of Cordyceps militaris culture body and the alcohol concentration were the key factors influencing the content of the active components of Cordyceps militaris in the liqueur. The highest content of polysaccharide (102.73mg/mL) was found in fermented Cordyceps militaris liqueur (FCML). This might be due to the rice, sugar, yeast and other nutrient solutions in the culture body which promoted the production of polysaccharide. Based on the sensory scors of color, aroma, taste and overall performance, the ECML from 7 days of submergence with 20% of alcohol was best appreciated by the evaluators. This might due to that the aroma of Cordyceps militaris at the beginning period of submergence was not destroyed and the low concentrations of alcohol was more appreciated by the evaluators. Overall, the ECML from 7 days of submergence with 20% of alcohol was found to be the best with the highest occurrence of active ingredients.

碩士<br>亞洲大學<br>生物科技學系碩士班<br>101<br>The PUV irradiation is acknowledged to effectively enhanced vitamin D2 contents in some mushrooms due to its intense intense pulses in a very short time in comparison with continuous UV light. This study is aimed to discover the optimum dose of PUV irradiation to produce vitamin D2, antioxidant properties and non-volatile flavor components of Cordyceps militaris cultured mycelia. Forty grams of cultured mycelia were put at a distance of 1.25 inches from the lamp and irradiated by 3, 6 and 9 PUV (broadband energy = 4.208J/cm2 per pulse) prior to the evaluation of vitamin D2, adenosine and cordycepin, polysaccharides, antioxidant components and activities (DPPH free radical scavenging activity, chelating ability on ferrous ions, ferric reducing/ antioxidant power and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity value), and non-volatile flavor components. Vitamin D2 reached its optimum concentration by 3 PUV irradiation, given by 0.61±0.02 mg/g. Three PUV irradiated mycelia performed optimum adenosine, fairly sufficient cordycepin and relatively high polysaccharides, shown by 2.31±0.02 mg/g, 0.16±0.02 mg/g and 47.03±0.51 mg/g, respectively. Among treatments, most of the mycelia irradiated by 3 PUV exhibited the optimum antioxidant properties shown by their EC50 values. Total soluble sugars and polyols contents in 0 and 3 PUV irradiated mycelia was not significantly different at 48.53±2.32 mg/g and 48.64±0.53 mg/g, respectively, with mannitol as the major sugar in all treatments. With the dose below 6 PUV, steady total free amino acids were obtained, followed by a sharp increment at the dose of 9 PUV irradiation (283.74±11.3 mg/g). Tyrosine reached the higher content as the increasing PUV doses. The sweetness and tasteless free amino acid taste characteristics were stronger than any other taste properties. The contents of total 5’-nucleotides and flavor 5’-nucleotides were significantly decreased by PUV irradiation, but did not perform any significant differences within PUV treatments. Equivalent umami concentration (EUC) value of irradiated mycelia achieved level 3 of EUC level and was known to be higher than any other medicinal mushrooms. The dose of 3 PUV irradiation is suggested since it increased the concentration of vitamin D2 effectively without any major deleterious effects on antioxidant properties and yielded an acceptable flavor characteristic of C. militaris mycelia. Importantly, 3 PUV irradiation would be a reasonable treatment to be implemented in commercial background. The settings of the PUV irradiation process is still possibly developed for the future research. Lastly, PUV irradiation on the artificial cultured of C. militaris mycelia is highly considered to be phytochemically or pharmaceutically outstanding as a resource in neutraceutical and food industry.

碩士<br>亞洲大學<br>保健營養生技學系<br>102<br>Agaricus bisporus, Flammulina velutipes, Lentinula edodes and Cordyceps militaris are important edible and medicinal mushrooms in Taiwan. These mushrooms contain a variety of nutrients and bioactive components such as vitamin, carbohydrate, dietary fiber, protein, ergosterol, amino acid and umami constituents acknowledged to be beneficial for human’s health. Compared with continuous UVB light method, pulsed light irradiation offers greater advantages owing to its non-thermal technology for the rapid inactivation of microorganisms in foods using a broad spectrum (200-1000 nm) lamp along with high intensity pulses that delivers high peak power energy in seconds. Vitamin D has been categorized into two distinct forms: vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol). Vitamin D2 is synthesized from the fungal ergosterol through exposure to ultraviolet light. Therefore, in some mushroom cultivation techniques, pulsed light is typically employed to optimize vitamin D2 contents in some mushrooms due to its broadband spectrum encompassing UVA, UVB, and UVC. Besides, the application of pulsed light for vitamin D2 enhancement in some fresh mushrooms is proven to be more attractive due to its ability to decrease irradiation time and browning effects. This study is aimed to discover the optimum dose of pulsed light irradiation in A. bisporus, F. velutipes and L. edodes, by applying 0, 10, 30, 50 pulses, while the temperature control was set at 10, 30 and 50°C. Furthermore, A. bisporus and L. edodes were divided into three groups: whole fruiting bodies, 0.7cm sliced fruiting bodies and powdered form, while F. velutipes was divided into two groups: whole fruiting bodies and powdered form. The whole fruiting bodies and sliced fruiting bodies were classified as the fresh irradiated samples, whereas, the powder was grouped as the dry irradiated samples. Furthermore, discover of pulsed light irradiation in C. militaris buckwheat using common buckwheat as base, by applying 0, 10, 30, 50 pulses. C. militaris buckwheat were divided into three groups: common buckwheat, fresh C. militaris buckwheat and dry C. militaris buckwheat. The radiant energy was adjusted at 4.208 J/ cm2/ per pulse and sample was put at a distance of 4.7 cm from the lamp to obtain the optimum enhancement of vitamin D2 contents. The analysis of physiological activity substances, antioxidant properties and non-volatile flavor components of A. bisporus, F. velutipes, L. edodes and C. buckwheat were conducted. According to the results, the contents of vitamin D2 increased in this following order: continuous pulsed light irradiation > indirect pulsed light irradiation, sliced fruiting bodies > fruiting body and 50 pulses > 30 pulses > 10 pulses > unirradiated (0 pulse) samples. Briefly, fresh irradiation on whole fruiting bodies successfully achieved the increasing contents of vitamin D2 in three mushrooms as shown by F. velutipes (2.34~102.07 μg/g) > A. bisporus (nd~52.68 μg/g) > L. edodes (nd~45.31 μg/g). Moreover, the contents of vitamin D2 in sliced fruiting bodies of the two mushrooms were also significantly increased in the order of A. bisporus (nd~99.62 μg/g) > L. edodes (1.28~83.28 μg/g). It is also worth noting that in dry irradiation treatment, the contents of vitamin D2 in all mushrooms were rapidly enhanced as can be seen in this sequence: A. bisporus (nd~229.99 μg/g) > L. edodes (nd~172.25 μg/g) > F. velutipes (4.29~122.03 μg/g). On the contrary, there was no impact on the contents of ergosterol after irradiation on all mushrooms. Optimum dose by 50 PL irradiation on vitamin D2 contents of fresh C. buckwheat reached 22.50 μg/g, but common buckwheat contain very little vitamin D2 levels. In regard to physiologically active substances, the contents of water- soluble polysaccharides of mushrooms under pulsed light irradiation had shown significant increments, even though total phenol and flavonoid contents were slightly decreased. Pertaining to antioxidant activity, the reducing power of ethanolic extracts from mushrooms after pulsed light irradiation demonstrated that EC50 value of the whole fruiting bodies performed more optimum than sliced fruiting bodies of A. bisporus and L. edodes. Based on the scavenging abilities on 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl radicals (DPPH) and chelating abilities on ferrous ions on ethanolic extracts of the mushrooms after pulsed light irradiation, EC50 value of A. bisporus obtained the most optimum value among all. The contents of water- soluble polysaccharides of C. buckwheat under pulsed light irradiation had shown significant increments. The reducing power of ethanolic extracts from C. militaris buckwheat after pulsed light irradiation demonstrated that EC50 value of the unirradiated sample performed more optimum than irradiated buckwheat and fresh C. militaris buckwheat. The scavenging abilities on DPPH on ethanolic extracts of the common buckwheat obtained the highest value among all, but chelating abilities on ferrous ions on ethanolic extracts of the common buckwheat showed the lowest value. The analysis of non-volatile taste components in these mushrooms including soluble sugars, free amino acid and flavor 5'-nucleotides revealed that soluble sugar contents comprising ribose (6.63~6.81 mg/g), fructose (6.54~8.55 mg/g), mannitol (229.90~275.52 mg/g) and myo-inositol (10.00~13.25 mg/g) were found in A. bisporus; fructose (219.73~259.27 mg/g), myo-inositol (8.02~8.99 mg/g) and sucrose (52.58~59.67 mg/g) were found in F. velutipes; and fructose (42.73~55.75 mg/g), mannitol (98.49~107.84 mg/g), myo-inositol (nd~14.44 mg/g) and trehalose (nd~4.60 mg/g) were found in L. edodes. Contents of monosodium glutamate-like and sweet components were substantially high in F. velutipes (3.26~7.5 mg/g) and A. bisporus (34.16~37.45 mg/g), respectively. In conclusion, the increasing exposure rate to pulsed light highly induced the enhancement of the vitamin D2 contents of these three mushrooms and C. militaris buckwheat. In addition, it is noticeable that not only do A. bisporus, F. velutipes and L. edodes contain abundant polysaccharides, umami taste and essential amino acid, but they also conceive the food flavoring substances. Overall, this study had attested that pulsed light irradiation can be considered as one of the effective pathways to greatly boost the vitamin D2 contents in A. bisporus, F. velutipes L. edodes and C. militaris buckwheat. Pulsed light irradiation on edible mushrooms can be one of the potential weapons to overcome the global issue in vitamin D2 deficiency. At last, it is also suggested that the effects of pulsed light irradiation in some other compounds and substances in mushrooms can be a fruitful area of research in the near future.