Relevant bibliographies by topics / Context-dependent system

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Academic literature on the topic 'Context-dependent system'

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Published: 28 May 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Context-dependent system"

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Camarão, Carlos, and Lucília Figueiredo. "A Type System for Context-dependent Overloading." Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science 14 (1998): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1571-0661(05)80229-4.

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C, Vijesh Joe, and Jennifer S. Raj. "Location-based Orientation Context Dependent Recommender System for Users." March 2021 3, no. 1 (April 10, 2021): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jtcsst.2021.1.002.

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As the technology revolving around IoT sensors develops in a rapid manner, the subsequent social networks that are essential for the growth of the system will be utilized as a means to filter the objects that are preferred by the consumers. The ultimate purpose of the system is to give the customers personalized recommendations based on their preference. Similarly, the location and orientation will also play a crucial role in identifying the preference of the customer is a more efficient manner. Almost all social networks make use of location information to provide better services to the users based on the research performed. Hence there is a need for developing a recommender system that is dependent on location. In this paper, we have incorporated a recommender system that makes use of recommender algorithm that is personalized to take into consideration the context of the user. The preference of the user is analysed with the help of IoT smart devices like the smart watches, Google home, smart phones, ipads etc. The user preferences are obtained from these devices and will enable the recommender system to gauge the best resources. The results based on evaluation are compared with that of the content-based recommender algorithm and collaborative filtering to enable the recommendation engine’s power.
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Choi, D. L., J. F. Davis, M. E. Fitzgerald, and S. C. Benoit. "Context-dependent expectation of palatable food activates the orexin system." Appetite 52, no. 3 (June 2009): 823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2009.04.037.

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Marcucci, Fabrizio, Elisabetta Romeo, Carmelo A. Caserta, Cristiano Rumio, and François Lefoulon. "Context-Dependent Pharmacological Effects of Metformin on the Immune System." Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 41, no. 3 (March 2020): 162–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2020.01.003.

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Currier, Timothy A., and Katherine I. Nagel. "Experience- and Context-Dependent Modulation of the Invertebrate Compass System." Neuron 106, no. 1 (April 2020): 9–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2020.03.003.

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Furukawa, Yosuke, Yusuke Kamoi, Tatsuya Sato, and Tomohiro Takagi. "Context Dependent Automatic Textile Image Annotation Using Networked Knowledge." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 11, no. 6 (July 20, 2007): 633–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2007.p0633.

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This paper presents a new method of an automatic image annotation system that estimates keywords from an image. Typical automatic image annotation systems extract features from an image and recognize keywords. However this method has two problems. One is that it treats features statically. Features should change depending on what keywords are attached so keywords should not be treated equally. Another is that it does not consider the level of keywords. Visual keywords, such as color or texture, can be recognized easily from image features, while high-level semantics such as context are hard to recognize from the features. To solve these problems, our approach is to recognize context by using networked specialist knowledge and to recognize keywords by changing feature values dynamically depending on the context. To evaluate our system, we conducted two experiments of applying it to textile images. As a result, we obtained improved accuracy and confirmed the effectiveness of using networked knowledge.
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LAW, MARK, ALESSANDRA RUSSO, and KRYSIA BRODA. "Iterative Learning of Answer Set Programs from Context Dependent Examples." Theory and Practice of Logic Programming 16, no. 5-6 (September 2016): 834–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1471068416000351.

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AbstractIn recent years, several frameworks and systems have been proposed that extend Inductive Logic Programming (ILP) to the Answer Set Programming (ASP) paradigm. In ILP, examples must all be explained by a hypothesis together with a given background knowledge. In existing systems, the background knowledge is the same for all examples; however, examples may be context-dependent. This means that some examples should be explained in the context of some information, whereas others should be explained in different contexts. In this paper, we capture this notion and present a context-dependent extension of the Learning from Ordered Answer Sets framework. In this extension, contexts can be used to further structure the background knowledge. We then propose a new iterative algorithm, ILASP2i, which exploits this feature to scale up the existing ILASP2 system to learning tasks with large numbers of examples. We demonstrate the gain in scalability by applying both algorithms to various learning tasks. Our results show that, compared to ILASP2, the newly proposed ILASP2i system can be two orders of magnitude faster and use two orders of magnitude less memory, whilst preserving the same average accuracy.
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Chan, W. W. P., and H. L. Galiana. "Integrator Function in the Oculomotor System Is Dependent on Sensory Context." Journal of Neurophysiology 93, no. 6 (June 2005): 3709–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00814.2004.

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The oculomotor integrator is usually defined by the characteristics of decay in gaze after saccades to flashed targets or after spontaneous gaze shifts in the dark. This property is then presumed fixed and accessed by other ocular reflexes, such as the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) or pursuit, to shape motoneural signals. An alternate view of this integrator proposes that it relies on a distributed network, which should change its properties with sensory-motor context. Here we demonstrate in 10 normal subjects that the function of integration can vary in an individual with the imposed test. The value of the time constant for the decay of gaze holding in the dark can be significantly different from the effective integration time constant estimated from VOR responses. Hence analytical tools for the study of dynamics in ocular reflexes must allow for nonideal and labile integrator function. The mechanisms underlying such labile integration remain to be explored and may be different in various ocular reflexes (e.g., visual versus vestibular).
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Alhalabi, Wadee S., Afnan Bawazir, Mubarak Mohammad, and Akila Sarirete. "Matching and Ranking Trustworthy Context-Dependent Universities." International Journal on Semantic Web and Information Systems 13, no. 2 (April 2017): 109–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijswis.2017040107.

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The King Abdullah Scholarship Program was created in 2005 by sending Saudi students to study abroad. The program has a series of specific rules and it was found that due to the multitude of services the students can choose from, there is a great difficulty in finding the most suitable universities/programs/courses. Traditional manual selection requires students to visit every university website looking for their preferred courses. Some students prefer to talk to advisers and recruiters to get help. Students are not aware that those advisers and recruiters might have a financial interest to direct students to certain universities. Therefore, the risk of applying to the wrong institution is increased. Manually selecting what is best for each criterion is a tedious task, and, consequently, in this work the authors use an automated system to reach a plausible solution.
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Suresh, Y., K. Pavan Kumar, PESN Krishna Prasad, and BDCN Prasad. "Pattern Recognition Using Context Dependent Memory Model (CDMM) in Multimodal Authentication System." International Journal in Foundations of Computer Science & Technology 5, no. 1 (January 31, 2015): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijfcst.2015.5105.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Context-dependent system"

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Sales, Michael F. "Context Dependent Numerosity Representations in Children." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1557146188226533.

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Serridge, Benjamin M. (Benjamin Michael) 1973. "Context-dependent modeling in a segment-based speech recognition system." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/43583.

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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1997.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 78-80).
by Benjamin M. Serridge.
M.Eng.
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Dahlgren, Karl. "Context-dependent voice commands in spoken dialogue systems for home environments : A study on the effect of introducing context-dependent voice commands to a spoken dialogue system for home environments." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-128170.

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This thesis aims to investigate the eect context could have to interaction between a user and a spoken dialogue system. It was assumed that using context-dependent voice commands instead of absolute semantic voice commands would make the dialogue more natural and also increase the usability. This thesis also investigate if introducing context could aect the user's privacy and if it could expose a threat for the user from a user perspective. Based on an extended literature review of spoken dialogue system, voice recognition, ambient intelligence, human-computer interaction and privacy, a spoken dialogue system was designed and implemented to test the assumption. The test study included two steps: experiment and interview. The participants conducted the dierent scenarios where a spoken dialogue system could be used with both context-dependent commands and absolute semantic commands. Based on these studies, qualitative results regarding natural, usability and privacy validated the authors hypothesis to some extent. The results indicated that the interaction between users and spoken dialogue systems was more natural and increased the usability when using context. The participants did not feel more monitored by the spoken dialogue system when using context. Some participants stated that there could be a theoretical privacy issues, but only if the security measurements were not met. The paper concludes with suggestions for future work in the scientic area.
Denna uppsats har som mal att undersoka vilken eekt kontext kan ha pa interaktion mellan en anvandare och ett spoken dialogue system. Det antogs att anvandbarheten skulle oka genom att anvanda kontextberoende rostkommandon istallet for absolut semantiska rostkommandon. Denna uppsats granskar aven om kontext kan paverka anvandarens integritet och om den, ur ett anvandarperspektiv, kan utgora ett hot. Baserat pa den utokade litteraturstudien av spoken dialogue system, rostigenkanning, ambient intelligence, manniska-datorinteraktion och integritet, designades och implementerades ett spoken dialogue system for att testa detta antagande. Teststudien bestod av tva steg: experiment och intervju. Deltagarna utforde olika scenarier dar ett spoken dialogue system kunde anvands med kontextberoende rostkommandon och absolut semantiska rostkommandon. Kvalitativa resultat angaende naturlighet, anvandbarhet och integritet validerade forfattarens hypotes till en viss grad. Resultatet indikerade att interaktionen mellan anvandare och ett spoken dialogue system var mer naturlig och mer anvandbar vid anvandning av kontextberoende rostkommandon istallet for absolut semantiska rostkommandon. Deltagarna kande sig inte mer overvakade av ett spoken dialogue system vid anvandning av kontextberoende rostkommandon. Somliga deltagare angav att det, i teorin, fanns integritetsproblem, men endast om inte alla sakerhetsatgarder var uppnadda. Uppsatsen avslutas med forslag pa framtida studier inom detta vetenskapliga omrade.
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Wirtssohn, Sarah Kaarina. "Stimulus- and context-dependent temporal filtering in the auditory pathway of the locust." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17396.

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Die zeitliche Filterung von sensorischem Input ist entscheidend für das Erkennen vieler Stimuli. Auditorische Neurone führen dazu mehrere Verarbeitungsschritte und Signaltransformationen durch, u.a. durch zeitliche Integration, zeitliche Auflösung und Selektion eines zeitlichen Merkmals. Um zu testen ob zeitliche Filterung von Stimuluseigenschaften (Intensität) oder Kontext (Temperatur) abhängt untersuchte ich Neurone in der Hörbahn der Wanderheuschrecke. Zuerst untersuchte ich zeitliche Integration in Rezeptoren und Interneuronen. Zeitverlauf und Ausmaß der Integration waren Neuronen-spezifisch. Während periphere Neurone die akustische Energie integrierten, unterschied sich die zeitliche Integration der Interneuronentypen stark, was eine spezifische zeitliche Filterung ermöglicht. Die Analyse postsynaptischer Potentiale deckte presynaptische und intrinsische Mechanismen der Integration auf, was darauf hindeutet, dass Unterschiede zwischen Neuronen wahrscheinlich auf Typ-spezifischer Verarbeitung beruhen. Zweitens erforschte ich die neuronale Antwort auf den zweiten Stimulus in einem Stimuluspaar mit einem Interstimulus-Intervall von wenigen Millisekunden. Die Veränderung der Antwort auf den zweiten im Vergleich zum ersten Stimulus zeigt den Effekt von akuter, kurzfristiger Adaptation und ist ein Maß für die maximale zeitliche Auflösung. In der sensorischen Peripherie trat moderate Adaptation auf, deren Einfluss exponentiell abfiel. Viele Interneurone zeigten dagegen nicht-lineare Effekte, wie die Unterdrückung oder Verstärkung der Antwort auf den zweiten Stimulus. Drittens testete ich den Effekt von Temperatur auf zeitliche Filterung. Die Selektivität von Interneuronen für zeitliche Stimulusmerkmale wurde bei wechselnden Temperaturen untersucht. Mit steigender Temperatur präferierten Neurone ein zeitlich komprimiertes Merkmal. Diese temperaturabhängige Veränderung könnte zur Temperatur-Kopplung von Sender und Empfänger bei den wechselwarmen Heuschrecken beitragen.
Temporal filtering of sensory input is crucial for the recognition of many sensory stimuli. Auditory neurons perform various computations and signal transformations to accomplish temporal filtering of acoustic input, comprising temporal integration, temporal resolution and temporal feature selection. To test whether temporal filtering processes within a neuron type depend on stimulus features, such as intensity, and on context, such as temperature, I conducted neurophysiological recordings from neurons in the auditory pathway of migratory locusts. First, I examined temporal integration in receptors and interneurons. The time course and extent of integration of subthreshold acoustic stimuli were neuronspecific. While peripheral sensory neurons acted as energy integrators, interneurons showed different temporal integration profiles, enabling neuron-specific temporal filtering. The analysis of postsynaptic potentials elucidated implemented mechanisms, suggesting that temporal integration is based on neuron-specific presynaptic and neuron-intrinsic computations. Second, I studied the response recovery of receptors and interneurons to the second stimulus in a stimulus pair, separated by a few milliseconds. This revealed the effect of acute, short-term adaptation and thus indicated the maximal temporal resolution of these neurons. In the sensory periphery response recovery was shaped by moderate adaptation and an exponential recovery. In many interneurons non-linear effects occurred, comprising a suppression of the response to the second stimulus and a response gain. Third, I tested the effect of temperature on temporal filtering. Temporal feature selectivity of interneurons was examined at cold and warm temperatures. With increasing temperature, the neurons preferred a temporally compressed feature. Temperature-dependent changes in temporal feature selectivity might thus contribute to temperature coupling of the sender and the receiver of the poikilothermic grasshoppers.
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Ravet, Alexandre. "Introducing contextual awareness within the state estimation process : Bayes filters with context-dependent time-heterogeneous distributions." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAT0045/document.

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Ces travaux se focalisent sur une problématique fondamentale de la robotique autonome: l'estimation d'état. En effet, la plupart des approches actuelles permettant à un robot autonome de réaliser une tâche requièrent tout d'abord l'extraction d'une information d'état à partir de mesures capteurs bruitées. Ce vecteur d'état contient un ensemble de variables caractérisant le système à un instant t, comme la position du robot, sa vitesse, etc. En robotique comme dans de nombreux autres domaines, le filtrage bayésien est devenu la solution la plus populaire pour estimer l'état d'un système de façon robuste et à haute fréquence. Le succès du filtrage bayésien réside dans sa relative simplicité, que ce soit dans la mise en oeuvre des équations récursives de filtrage, ou encore dans la représentation simplifiée et intuitive du système au travers du modèle de Markov caché d'ordre 1. Généralement, un filtre bayésien repose sur une description minimaliste de l'état du système. Cette représentation simplifiée permet de conserver un temps d'exécution réduit, mais est également la conséquence de notre compréhension partielle du fonctionnement du système physique. Tous les aspects inconnus ou non modélisés du système sont ensuite représentés de façon globale par l'adjonction de composantes de bruit. Si ces composantes de bruit constituent une représentation simple et unifiée des aspects non modélisés du système, il reste néanmoins difficile de trouver des paramètres de bruit qui sont pertinents dans tous les contextes. En effet, à l'opposé de ce principe de modélisation, la problématique de navigation autonome pose le problème de la multiplicité d'environnements différents pour lesquels il est nécessaire de s'adapter intelligemment. Cette problématique nous amène donc à réviser la modélisation des aspects inconnus du systèmes sous forme de bruits stationnaires, et requiert l'introduction d'une information de contexte au sein du processus de filtrage. Dans ce cadre, ces travaux se focalisent spécifiquement sur l'amélioration du modèle état-observation sous-jacent au filtre bayésien afin de le doter de capacités d'adaptation vis-à-vis des perturbations contextuelles modifiant les performances capteurs. L'objectif principal est donc ici de trouver l'équilibre entre complexité du modèle et modélisation précise des phénomènes physiques représentés au travers d'une information de contexte. Nous établissons cet équilibre en modifiant le modèle état-observation afin de compenser les hypothèses simplistes de bruit stationnaire tout en continuant de bénéficier du faible temps de calcul requis par les équations récursives. Dans un premier temps, nous définissons une information de contexte basée sur un ensemble de mesures capteurs brutes, sans chercher à identifier précisément la typologie réelle de contextes de navigation. Toujours au sein du formalisme bayésien, nous exploitons des méthodes d'apprentissage statistique pour identifier une distribution d'observation non stationnaire et dépendante du contexte. cette distribution repose sur l'introduction de deux nouvelles composantes: un modèle destiné à prédire le bruit d'observation pour chaque capteur, et un modèle permettant de sélectionner un sous-ensemble de mesures à chaque itération du filtre. Nos investigations concernent également l'impact des méthodes d'apprentissage: dans le contexte historique du filtrage bayésien, le modèle état-observation est traditionnellement appris de manière générative, c'est à dire de manière à expliquer au mieux les paires état-observation contenues dans les données d'apprentissage. Cette méthode est ici remise en cause puisque, bien que fondamentalement génératif, le modèle état-observation est uniquement exploité au travers des équations de filtrage, et ses capacités génératives ne sont donc jamais utilisées[...]
Prevalent approaches for endowing robots with autonomous navigation capabilities require the estimation of a system state representation based on sensor noisy information. This system state usually depicts a set of dynamic variables such as the position, velocity and orientation required for the robot to achieve a task. In robotics, and in many other contexts, research efforts on state estimation converged towards the popular Bayes filter. The primary reason for the success of Bayes filtering is its simplicity, from the mathematical tools required by the recursive filtering equations, to the light and intuitive system representation provided by the underlying Hidden Markov Model. Recursive filtering also provides the most common and reliable method for real-time state estimation thanks to its computational efficiency. To keep low computational complexity, but also because real physical systems are not perfectly understood, and hence never faithfully represented by a model, Bayes filters usually rely on a minimum system state representation. Any unmodeled or unknown aspect of the system is then encompassed within additional noise terms. On the other hand, autonomous navigation requires robustness and adaptation capabilities regarding changing environments. This creates the need for introducing contextual awareness within the filtering process. In this thesis, we specifically focus on enhancing state estimation models for dealing with context-dependent sensor performance alterations. The issue is then to establish a practical balance between computational complexity and realistic modelling of the system through the introduction of contextual information. We investigate on achieving this balance by extending the classical Bayes filter in order to compensate for the optimistic assumptions made by modeling the system through time-homogeneous distributions, while still benefiting from the recursive filtering computational efficiency. Based on raw data provided by a set of sensors and any relevant information, we start by introducing a new context variable, while never trying to characterize a concrete context typology. Within the Bayesian framework, machine learning techniques are then used in order to automatically define a context-dependent time-heterogeneous observation distribution by introducing two additional models: a model providing observation noise predictions and a model providing observation selection rules.The investigation also concerns the impact of the training method we choose. In the context of Bayesian filtering, the model we exploit is usually trained in the generative manner. Thus, optimal parameters are those that allow the model to explain at best the data observed in the training set. On the other hand, discriminative training can implicitly help in compensating for mismodeled aspects of the system, by optimizing the model parameters with respect to the ultimate system performance, the estimate accuracy. Going deeper in the discussion, we also analyse how the training method changes the meaning of the model, and how we can properly exploit this property. Throughout the manuscript, results obtained with simulated and representative real data are presented and analysed
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Kochan, David Zygmunt [Verfasser], Peter [Gutachter] Tessarz, and Jan [Gutachter] Riemer. "Identification of a context-dependent Mpt5-mediated, post-transcriptional buffering system triggered by chromatin deregulation in S. cerevisiae / David Zygmunt Kochan ; Gutachter: Peter Tessarz, Jan Riemer." Köln : Universitäts- und Stadtbibliothek Köln, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1218229829/34.

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Umashangar, Caroline Sumathi. "Proximity-based systems : incorporating mobility and scalability through proximity sensing." Thesis, Brunel University, 2009. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/3945.

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This thesis argues that the concept of spatial proximity offers a viable and practical option for the development of context-aware systems for highly mobile and dynamic environments. Such systems would overcome the shortcomings experienced by today’s location-based and infrastructure dependent systems whose ability to deliver context-awareness is prescribed by their infrastructure. The proposed architecture will also allow for scalable interaction as against the single level of interaction in existing systems which limits services to a particular sized area. The thesis examines the concept of spatial proximity and demonstrates how this concept can be exploited to take advantage of technological convergence to offer mobility and scalability to systems. It discusses the design of a proximity-based system that can deliver scalable context-aware services in highly mobile and dynamic environments. It explores the practical application of this novel design in a proximity-sensitive messaging application by creating a proof-of-concept prototype. The proof-of-concept prototype is used to evaluate the design as well as to elicit user views and expectations about a proximity-based approach. Together these provide a valuable insight into the applicability of the proximity-based approach for designing context-aware systems. The design and development work discussed in the thesis presents a Proximity-Sensitive System Architecture that can be adapted for a variety of proximity-sensitive services. This is illustrated by means of examples, including a variety of context-aware messaging applications. The thesis also raises issues for information delivery, resource sharing, and human-computer interaction. While the technological solution (proximity-based messaging) offered is only one among several that can be developed using this architecture, it offers the opportunity to stimulate ideas in the relatively new field of proximity and technological convergence research, and contributes to a better understanding of their potential role in offering context-aware services.
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Kempf, Alexandre. "Nonlinear encoding of sounds in the auditory cortex Temporal asymmetries in auditory coding and perception reflect multi-layered nonlinearities Cortical recruitment determines learning dynamics and strategy Interactions between nonlinear features in the mouse auditory cortex Context-dependent signaling of coincident auditory and visual events in primary visual cortex." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB085.

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Les objets perceptuels sont les unités élémentaires utilisées par le cerveau pour construire une représentation interne du monde a partir de signaux physiques, comme la lumière ou les ondes sonores. Alors que ces signaux sont d'abord traduit, par les récepteurs dans les organes périphériques, en signaux neuronaux, l'émergence d'objets perceptuels nécessite un traitement intensif dans le système nerveux central qui n'est pas encore entièrement connu. Il est intéressant de noter que les progrès récents de deep learning montrent qu'une séries d'opérations non linéaires et linéaires est très efficace pour catégoriser les objets perceptuels visuels et auditifs de la même manière que les humains. En revanche, la plupart des connaissances actuelles sur le système auditif se concentrent sur les transformations linéaires. Afin de comprendre la contribution des non-linéarités du système auditif à la perception, nous avons étudié l'encodage des sons avec une intensité croissante et une intensité décroissante dans le cortex auditif de la souris. Ces deux sons sont perçus avec une importance inégale malgré le fait qu'ils ont la même énergie physique et le même contenu spectral, un phénomène incompatible avec le traitement linéaire. En enregistrant l'activité de grandes populations corticales pour les sons montants et descendants, nous avons constaté que le cortex les encode avec des populations distinctes qui détectent des caractéristiques non linéaires, ce qui explique l'asymétrie perceptuelle. Nous avons également montré que, dans les modèles de reinforcement learning, la quantité d'activité neuronale déclenchée par un son impacte la vitesse et la stratégie d'apprentissage. Des effets très similaires ont été observés dans plusieurs taches de discrimination ou les sons provoquaient des réponses neuronales de différentes intensités. Ceci établit que les non-linéarités du système auditif ont un impact sur la perception et le comportement. Pour mieux identifier les non-linéarités qui influencent le codage des sons, nous avons ensuite enregistré l'activité d'environ 60 000 neurones échantillonnant toute la superficie du cortex auditif. Au-delà de l'organisation tonotopique à fine échelle découverte avec cet ensemble de données, nous avons identifié et quantifié 7 non-linéarités. Il est aussi intéressant de constater que différentes non-linéarités peuvent interagir entre elles d'une manière non triviale. La connaissance de ces interactions est importante pour affiner le modèle de traitement auditif. Enfin, nous nous sommes demandé si les processus non linéaires sont également importants pour l'intégration multisensorielle. Nous avons mesuré, par imagerie calcique, comment les images et les sons se combinent dans le cortex visuel et auditif. Nous n'avons trouvé aucune modulation du cortex auditif (L2/3) en réponse à des stimuli visuels. Nous avons observé que les entrées du cortex auditif dans le cortex visuel affectent les réponses visuelles concomitantes à un son. Nous avons constaté que les projections du cortex auditif au cortex visuel encode de préférence une caractéristique non linéaire particulière : l'apparition soudaine de sons fort. Par conséquent, l'activité du cortex visuel pour une image et un son fort est plus élevée que pour l'image seule ou combinée à un son faible. Ce résultat suggère que les sons forts sont pertinents du point de vue de comportement multisensoriel, peut-être pour indiquer la présence de nouveaux objets dans le champ visuel, ce qui pourrait représenter des menaces potentielles. En conclusion, nos résultats montrent que les non-linéarités sont omniprésentes dans le traitement du son par le cerveau et jouent également un rôle dans l'intégration de l'information auditive avec l'information visuelle. Il est non seulement crucial de tenir compte de ces non-linéarités pour comprendre comment se forment les représentations perceptuelles, mais aussi pour prédire l'impact de ces représentations sur le comportement
Perceptual objects are the elementary units used by the brain to construct an inner world representation of the environment from multiple physical sources, like light or sound waves. While the physical signals are first encoded by receptors in peripheral organs into neuroelectric signals, the emergence of perceptual object require extensive processing in the central nervous system which is not yet fully characterized. Interestingly, recent advances in deep learning shows that implementing series of nonlinear and linear operations is a very efficient way to create models that categorize visual and auditory perceptual objects similarly to humans. In contrast, most of the current knowledge about the auditory system concentrates on linear transformations. In order to establish a clear example of the contribution of auditory system nonlinearities to perception, we studied the encoding of sounds with an increasing intensity (up ramps) and a decreasing intensity (down ramps) in the mouse auditory cortex. Two behavioral tasks showed evidence that these two sounds are perceived with unequal salience despite carrying the same physical energy and spectral content, a phenomenon incompatible with linear processing. Recording the activity of large cortical populations for up- and down-ramping sounds, we found that cortex encodes them into distinct sets of non-linear features, and that asymmetric feature selection explained the perceptual asymmetry. To complement these results, we also showed that, in reinforcement learning models, the amount of neural activity triggered by a stimulus (e.g. a sound) impacts learning speed and strategy. Interestingly very similar effects were observed in sound discrimination behavior and could be explain by the amount of cortical activity triggered by the discriminated sounds. This altogether establishes that auditory system nonlinearities have an impact on perception and behavior. To more extensively identify the nonlinearities that influence sounds encoding, we then recorded the activity of around 60,000 neurons sampling the entire horizontal extent of auditory cortex. Beyond the fine scale tonotopic organization uncovered with this dataset, we identified and quantified 7 nonlinearities. We found interestingly that different nonlinearities can interact with each other in a non-trivial manner. The knowledge of these interactions carry good promises to refine auditory processing model. Finally, we wondered if the nonlinear processes are also important for multisensory integration. We measured how visual inputs and sounds combine in the visual and auditory cortex using calcium imaging in mice. We found no modulation of supragranular auditory cortex in response to visual stimuli, as observed in previous others studies. We observed that auditory cortex inputs to visual cortex affect visual responses concomitant to a sound. Interestingly, we found that auditory cortex projections to visual cortex preferentially channel activity from neurons encoding a particular non-linear feature: the loud onset of sudden sounds. As a result, visual cortex activity for an image combined with a loud sound is higher than for the image alone or combine with a quiet sound. Moreover, this boosting effect is highly nonlinear. This result suggests that loud sound onsets are behaviorally relevant in the visual system, possibly to indicate the presence of a new perceptual objects in the visual field, which could represent potential threats. As a conclusion, our results show that nonlinearities are ubiquitous in sound processing by the brain and also play a role in the integration of auditory information with visual information. In addition, it is not only crucial to account for these nonlinearities to understand how perceptual representations are formed but also to predict how these representations impact behavior
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Rehbinder, Adam. "On Applying a Method for Developing Context Dependent CASE-tool Evaluation Frameworks." Thesis, University of Skövde, Department of Computer Science, 2000. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-489.

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This dissertation concerns the application of a method for developing context dependent CASE-tool evaluation frameworks. Evaluation of CASE-tools prior to adoption is an important but complex issue; there are a number of reports in the literature of the unsuccessful adoption of CASE-tools. The reason for this is that the tools have often failed in meeting contextual expectations. The genuine interest and willingness among organisational stakeholder to participate in the study indicate that evaluation of CASE-tools is indeed a relevant problem, for which method support is scarce.

To overcome these problems, a systematic approach to pre-evaluation has been suggested, in which contextual demands and expectations are elucidated before evaluating technology support.

The proposed method has been successfully applied in a field study. This dissertation contains a report and reflections on its use in a specific organisational context. The application process rendered an evaluation framework, which accounts for demands and expectations covering the entire information systems development life cycle relevant to the given context.

The method user found that method transfer was indeed feasible, both from method description to the analyst and further from the analyst to the organisational context. Also, since the span of the evaluation framework and the organisation to which the method was applied is considered to be large, this indicates that the method scales appropriately for large organisations.

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Doboli, Simona. "Latent Attractors: A Mechanism for Context-Dependent Information Processing in Biological and Artificial Neural Systems." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2001. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ucin984613871.

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Books on the topic "Context-dependent system"

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Wigmans, Richard. Calibrating a Calorimeter System. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786351.003.0006.

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One of the most important aspects of operating a calorimeter is the calibration, i.e. determining the relationship between the deposited energy and the resulting signal. Segmenting the calorimeter into two or more longitudinal segments creates extremely complicated problems in this context. This is because the sampling fraction and the calorimeter response tend to change as the shower develops, in an energy dependent way. In this chapter, a large variety of methods that have been proposed and/or tried to deal with these problems are described. Almost all these methods have undesirable side effects, the consequences of which are discussed and illustrated with practical examples. The correct way to calibrate a calorimeter system is also described.
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Bavin, Edith. The Acquisition of Ergativity: An Overview. Edited by Jessica Coon, Diane Massam, and Lisa Demena Travis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198739371.013.25.

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The chapter illustrates variation associated with ergative alignment and properties of ergative languages that might impact on acquisition of the system. Language input, the social context and developmental patterns are also discussed, as are criteria for determining when a system has been acquired. Examples provided represent different language families and geographic areas. Also included are more detailed examples: for Kaluli, which has a split ergative system, dependent on word order and pragmatic factors; for Arctic Quebec Inuktitut which employs detransitivisation processes to change the role of the arguments of bivalent verbs; and for Warlpiri which has frequent ellipsis of core arguments, so reducing the frequency of ergative marking in the input. The data illustrate that split morphological systems and variable use of ergative marking do not seem to be problematic overall. By the age of 2.5 or 3 years, children show knowledge of the system.
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Wittman, David M. Spacetime Geometry. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199658633.003.0011.

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This chapter shows that the counterintuitive aspects of special relativity are due to the geometry of spacetime. We begin by showing, in the familiar context of plane geometry, how a metric equation separates frame‐dependent quantities from invariant ones. The components of a displacement vector depend on the coordinate system you choose, but its magnitude (the distance between two points, which is more physically meaningful) is invariant. Similarly, space and time components of a spacetime displacement are frame‐dependent, but the magnitude (proper time) is invariant and more physically meaningful. In plane geometry displacements in both x and y contribute positively to the distance, but in spacetime geometry the spatial displacement contributes negatively to the proper time. This is the source of counterintuitive aspects of special relativity. We develop spacetime intuition by practicing with a graphic stretching‐triangle representation of spacetime displacement vectors.
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Liu, Xiaodong, and Libin Yan. Elevation-Dependent Climate Change in the Tibetan Plateau. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.593.

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As a unique and high gigantic plateau, the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is sensitive and vulnerable to global climate change, and its climate change tendencies and the corresponding impact on regional ecosystems and water resources can provide an early alarm for global and mid-latitude climate changes. Growing evidence suggests that the TP has experienced more significant warming than its surrounding areas during past decades, especially at elevations higher than 4 km. Greater warming at higher elevations than at lower elevations has been reported in several major mountainous regions on earth, and this interesting phenomenon is known as elevation-dependent climate change, or elevation-dependent warming (EDW).At the beginning of the 21st century, Chinese scholars first noticed that the TP had experienced significant warming since the mid-1950s, especially in winter, and that the latest warming period in the TP occurred earlier than enhanced global warming since the 1970s. The Chinese also first reported that the warming rates increased with the elevation in the TP and its neighborhood, and the TP was one of the most sensitive areas to global climate change. Later, additional studies, using more and longer observations from meteorological stations and satellites, shed light on the detailed characteristics of EDW in terms of mean, minimum, and maximum temperatures and in different seasons. For example, it was found that the daily minimum temperature showed the most evident EDW in comparison to the mean and daily maximum temperatures, and EDW is more significant in winter than in other seasons. The mean daily minimum and maximum temperatures also maintained increasing trends in the context of EDW. Despite a global warming hiatus since the turn of the 21st century, the TP exhibited persistent warming from 2001 to 2012.Although EDW has been demonstrated by more and more observations and modeling studies, the underlying mechanisms for EDW are not entirely clear owing to sparse, discontinuous, and insufficient observations of climate change processes. Based on limited observations and model simulations, several factors and their combinations have been proposed to be responsible for EDW, including the snow-albedo feedback, cloud-radiation effects, water vapor and radiative fluxes, and aerosols forcing. At present, however, various explanations of the mechanisms for EDW are mainly derived from model-based research, lacking more solid observational evidence. Therefore, to comprehensively understand the mechanisms of EDW, a more extensive and multiple-perspective climate monitoring system is urgently needed in the areas of the TP with high elevations and complex terrains.High-elevation climate change may have resulted in a series of environmental consequences, such as vegetation changes, permafrost melting, and glacier shrinkage, in mountainous areas. In particular, the glacial retreat could alter the headwater environments on the TP and the hydrometeorological characteristics of several major rivers in Asia, threatening the water supply for the people living in the adjacent countries. Taking into account the climate-model projections that the warming trend will continue over the TP in the coming decades, this region’s climate change and the relevant environmental consequences should be of great concern to both scientists and the general public.
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Walsh, David A. Contextual aspects of pain: why does the patient hurt? Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0014.

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The context in which osteoarthritis (OA) pain is experienced moderates and, to an extent, mediates its severity and impact. Context is both internal to the patient (e.g. genes, gender, age, comorbidities, psychological distress, and catastrophizing), and a consequence of external factors (e.g. social, healthcare, and work environment). Context influences how people report their pain, and also how the nervous system processes nociceptive information. Treatment contexts moderate and mediate therapeutic effectiveness, dependent on treatment expectations, beliefs, and risk evaluation. Uptake of treatments, both in primary and secondary care, is further influenced by the contexts in which they are offered. Understanding the nature and consequences of context helps explain heterogeneity between different people with OA pain, and opens avenues for potentially powerful interventions that could improve their quality of life. Context can be adjusted through the clinician–patient relationship and by targeting risk factors for poor outcome. Concurrent weight reduction, and psychological and physiotherapeutic interventions illustrate the use of combination therapy to address multiple contextual aspects of OA pain.
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Miller, Thomas E., William E. Bradshaw, and Christina M. Holzapfel. Pitcher-plant communities as model systems for addressing fundamental questions in ecology and evolution. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779841.003.0024.

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Carnivorous plants have close associations with other species that live in or on the plant. Sarracenia purpurea has a particularly large number of inquiline species, many of which are obligates that live in its water-filled leaves. These include a well-studied food web of bacteria, protozoa, rotifers, mites, and Diptera larvae, all of which depend on the prey of the host plant. This model system has been used to address fundamental questions in ecology and evolution, including studies of keystone predation, succession, consumer versus resource control, invasion, dispersal, and the roles of resources and predators in metacommunities. The microecosystem also has been used to understand density-dependent selection, the genetic structure of populations, evolution over climatic gradients, and evolution in a multispecies, community context. In this chapter, the ecology of this potentially mutualistic contained community is explored in the context of its carnivorous host.
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Benedito, Rui, and Arndt F. Siekmann. Blood vessel differentiation and growth. Edited by José Maria Pérez-Pomares, Robert G. Kelly, Maurice van den Hoff, José Luis de la Pompa, David Sedmera, Cristina Basso, and Deborah Henderson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757269.003.0016.

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A variety of diseases are related to or dependent on the vascular system. Several lines of evidence show that adequate manipulation of the vascular function in disease requires targeting and interfering with the same molecular pathways and cellular processes that act to form vessels during embryo or organ development. Therefore an understanding of the mechanisms that regulate vascular development in this non-pathological context is of major importance, since it may lead to better ways of treating vascular-related pathologies. This chapter covers the most significant cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the origin, life, and death of the endothelial cellwhich is involved in several important developmental and pathological processes. Most of the mechanisms described were identified in animal model systems. However, owing to the high evolutionary conservation of these, they are likely be very similar to those occurring in humans and in disease.
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Clasen, Mathias. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190666507.003.0001.

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Horror entertainment is paradoxically popular. It is one of the most consistently popular genres across media, yet it is designed to make audiences feel bad. An evolutionary perspective, one that builds on recent developments in cognitive and evolutionary psychology, can help explain the genre’s popularity as well as its form and function. This chapter argues that horror fiction is crucially dependent on evolved properties of the human central nervous system and that a nuanced and scientifically valid understanding of horror requires that we take human evolutionary history seriously. Horror targets ancient defense mechanisms in the brain. At the same time, horror changes in response to sociocultural context. Hence, the chapter argues for a biocultural critical approach to horror, one that is sensitive to cultural context as well as evolved psychological underpinnings. The chapter explains the rationale of the book and outlines its structure.
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Lupo, Giuseppe, Michael Piper, and Flavio Zolessi, eds. Context-Dependent Regulation of Neurogenesis: Common Themes and Unique Features of the Neurogenic Process in Different Model Systems. Frontiers Media SA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88966-805-2.

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Thurner, Stefan, Rudolf Hanel, and Peter Klimekl. Statistical Mechanics and Information Theory for Complex Systems. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198821939.003.0006.

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Most complex systems are statistical systems. Statsitical mechanics and information theory usually do not apply to complex systems because the latter break the assumptions of ergodicity, independence, and multinomial statistics. We show that it is possible to generalize the frameworks of statistical mechanics and information theory in a meaningful way, such that they become useful for understanding the statistics of complex systems.We clarify that the notion of entropy for complex systems is strongly dependent on the context where it is used, and differs if it is used as an extensive quantity, a measure of information, or as a tool for statistical inference. We show this explicitly for simple path-dependent complex processes such as Polya urn processes, and sample space reducing processes.We also show it is possible to generalize the maximum entropy principle to path-dependent processes and how this can be used to compute timedependent distribution functions of history dependent processes.
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Book chapters on the topic "Context-dependent system"

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Nurmi, Petteri, Alfons Salden, Sian Lun Lau, Jukka Suomela, Michael Sutterer, Jean Millerat, Miquel Martin, Eemil Lagerspetz, and Remco Poortinga. "A System for Context-Dependent User Modeling." In On the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems 2006: OTM 2006 Workshops, 1894–903. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11915072_97.

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Fähndrich, Johannes. "Best First Search Planning of Service Composition Using Incrementally Refined Context-Dependent Heuristics." In Multiagent System Technologies, 404–7. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40776-5_34.

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Bückner, J., M. Pahl, O. Stahlhut, and C. E. Liedtke. "A Knowledge-Based System for Context Dependent Evaluation of Remote Sensing Data." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 58–65. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45783-6_8.

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Shichkina, Yulia, and Alexander Koblov. "The Use of Context-Dependent Modelling for the Construction of an Anti-fraud System in Transport." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 147–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30859-9_13.

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Vallejos, Jorge, Peter Ebraert, Brecht Desmet, Tom Van Cutsem, Stijn Mostinckx, and Pascal Costanza. "The Context-Dependent Role Model." In Distributed Applications and Interoperable Systems, 1–16. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-72883-2_1.

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Ni, Hongbo, Xingshe Zhou, Daqing Zhang, and Ngoh Lek Heng. "Context-Dependent Task Computing in Pervasive Environment." In Ubiquitous Computing Systems, 119–28. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11890348_10.

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Garg, Sonal, and Dilip Kumar Sharma. "Sentiment Classification of Context Dependent Words." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 707–15. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0129-1_73.

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Jiménez, Claudia, Hernán Álvarez, and Leonid Tineo. "Context-Dependent Fuzzy Queries in SQLf." In On the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems: OTM 2012, 763–79. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33615-7_21.

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Wheatman, M. J. "Context-Dependent Pattern Simplification by Extracting Context-Free Floating Qualifiers." In Research and Development in Intelligent Systems XXXIII, 209–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47175-4_14.

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Norrie, Moira C., and Alexios Palinginis. "Versions for Context Dependent Information Services." In On The Move to Meaningful Internet Systems 2003: CoopIS, DOA, and ODBASE, 503–15. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-39964-3_31.

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Conference papers on the topic "Context-dependent system"

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Wang, Xueting, Yuki Muramatu, Takatsugu Hirayama, and Kenji Mase. "Context-Dependent Viewpoint Sequence Recommendation System for Multi-view Video." In 2014 IEEE International Symposium on Multimedia (ISM). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ism.2014.44.

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Rix, Jennifer, Robert Rußell, Alexander Rühr, and Thomas Hess. "Human vs. AI: Investigating Consumers’ Context-Dependent Purchase Intentions for Algorithm-Created Content." In Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24251/hicss.2022.554.

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Selvaprabhu, S., S. Ashok Senthil Kumar, and A. Subash Chandar. "Human health control monitor system using smart mobiles: Context changes dependent human behavior." In 2016 Second International Conference on Science Technology Engineering And Management (ICONSTEM). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iconstem.2016.7560928.

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Pecci, Isabelle, Benoit Martin, Imed Kacem, Imed Maamria, Sebastien Faye, Nicolas Louveton, Gabriela Gheorghe, and Thomas Engel. "Not a tile out of place: Toward creating context-dependent user interfaces on smartglasses." In 2016 9th International Conference on Human System Interactions (HSI). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hsi.2016.7529680.

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Wang, Yindi, and Hongbin Yan. "A Context-Dependent Preference Model Based on Prospect Theory Into Critique-Based Recommender System." In 2019 11th International Conference on Intelligent Human-Machine Systems and Cybernetics (IHMSC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ihmsc.2019.10140.

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Takama, Yasufumi, and Kohei Ishiguro. "Interactive Context Search System for Exchange Rate Data Using Granularity-Dependent Similarity Calculation of Temporal Data." In 2013 International Conference on Biometrics and Kansei Engineering (ICBAKE). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbake.2013.4.

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Mustafa, Mumtaz B., Zuraidah M. Don, and Gerry Knowles. "Context-dependent labels for an HMM-based speech synthesis system for Malay HMM-based speech synthesis system for Malay." In 2013 International Conference Oriental COCOSDA held jointly with 2013 Conference on Asian Spoken Language Research and Evaluation (O-COCOSDA/CASLRE). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsda.2013.6709884.

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Pisani, Paulo Henrique, and André C. P. L. F. De Carvalho. "Biometrics in a data stream context." In XXXI Concurso de Teses e Dissertações da SBC. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/ctd.2018.3650.

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Biometric systems can provide safer authentication. However, biometric features may change over time, impacting the recognition performance due to outdated biometric references. It raises the need to automatically adapt the references over time, by using adaptive biometric systems. This thesis studied several aspects of adaptive biometric systems in a data stream context. Based on this investigation, it was observed that the best choice for each aspect can be user dependent. This motivated the proposal of a modular adaptive biometric system, which can select a different configuration for each user. It also generalizes several baselines and proposals into a single modular framework, while opening numerous opportunities for future work.
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H. Hamid, Oussama. "Context-Dependent Reinforcement Learning." In European Projects in Knowledge Applications and Intelligent Systems. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0007901201110134.

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Charalampous, Konstantinos, Ioannis Kostavelis, and Antonios Gasteratos. "Context-dependent social mapping." In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Imaging Systems and Techniques (IST). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ist.2016.7738193.

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Reports on the topic "Context-dependent system"

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Ostersetzer-Biran, Oren, and Alice Barkan. Nuclear Encoded RNA Splicing Factors in Plant Mitochondria. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7592111.bard.

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Mitochondria are the site of respiration and numerous other metabolic processes required for plant growth and development. Increased demands for metabolic energy are observed during different stages in the plants life cycle, but are particularly ample during germination and reproductive organ development. These activities are dependent upon the tight regulation of the expression and accumulation of various organellar proteins. Plant mitochondria contain their own genomes (mtDNA), which encode for a small number of genes required in organellar genome expression and respiration. Yet, the vast majority of the organellar proteins are encoded by nuclear genes, thus necessitating complex mechanisms to coordinate the expression and accumulation of proteins encoded by the two remote genomes. Many organellar genes are interrupted by intervening sequences (introns), which are removed from the primary presequences via splicing. According to conserved features of their sequences these introns are all classified as “group-II”. Their splicing is necessary for organellar activity and is dependent upon nuclear-encoded RNA-binding cofactors. However, to-date, only a tiny fraction of the proteins expected to be involved in these activities have been identified. Accordingly, this project aimed to identify nuclear-encoded proteins required for mitochondrial RNA splicing in plants, and to analyze their specific roles in the splicing of group-II intron RNAs. In non-plant systems, group-II intron splicing is mediated by proteins encoded within the introns themselves, known as maturases, which act specifically in the splicing of the introns in which they are encoded. Only one mitochondrial intron in plants has retained its maturaseORF (matR), but its roles in organellar intron splicing are unknown. Clues to other proteins required for organellar intron splicing are scarce, but these are likely encoded in the nucleus as there are no other obvious candidates among the remaining ORFs within the mtDNA. Through genetic screens in maize, the Barkan lab identified numerous nuclear genes that are required for the splicing of many of the introns within the plastid genome. Several of these genes are related to one another (i.e. crs1, caf1, caf2, and cfm2) in that they share a previously uncharacterized domain of archaeal origin, the CRM domain. The Arabidopsis genome contains 16 CRM-related genes, which contain between one and four repeats of the domain. Several of these are predicted to the mitochondria and are thus postulated to act in the splicing of group-II introns in the organelle(s) to which they are localized. In addition, plant genomes also harbor several genes that are closely related to group-II intron-encoded maturases (nMats), which exist in the nucleus as 'self-standing' ORFs, out of the context of their cognate "host" group-II introns and are predicted to reside within the mitochondria. The similarity with known group-II intron splicing factors identified in other systems and their predicted localization to mitochondria in plants suggest that nuclear-encoded CRM and nMat related proteins may function in the splicing of mitochondrial-encoded introns. In this proposal we proposed to (i) establish the intracellular locations of several CRM and nMat proteins; (ii) to test whether mutations in their genes impairs the splicing of mitochondrial introns; and to (iii) determine whether these proteins are bound to the mitochondrial introns in vivo.
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2

Steffens, John C., and Eithan Harel. Polyphenol Oxidases- Expression, Assembly and Function. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7571358.bard.

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Abstract:
Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) participate in the preparation of many plant products on the one hand and cause considerable losses during processing of plant products on the other hand. However, the physiological functions of plant PPO were still a subject of controversy at the onset of the project. Preliminary observations that suggested involvement of PPOs in resistance to herbivores and pathogens held great promise for application in agriculture but required elucidation of PPO's function if modulation of PPO expression is to be considered for improving plant protection or storage and processing of plant products. Suggestions on a possible role of PPO in various aspects of chloroplast metabolism were also relevant in this context. The characterization of plant PPO genes opened a way for achieving these goals. We reasoned that "understanding PPO targeting and routing, designing ways to manipulate its expression and assessing the effects of such modifications will enable determination of the true properties of the enzyme and open the way for controlling its activity". The objective of the project was to "obtain an insight into the function and biological significance of PPOs" by examining possible function(s) of PPO in photosynthesis and plant-pest interactions using transgenic tomato plants; extending our understanding of PPO routing and assembly and the mechanism of its thylakoid translocation; preparing recombinant PPOs for use in import studies, determination of the genuine properties of PPOs and understanding its assembly and determining the effect of PPO's absence on chloroplast performance. Results obtained during work on the project made it necessary to abandon some minor objectives and devote the effort to more promising topics. Such changes are mentioned in the 'Body of the report' which is arranged according to the objectives of the original proposal. The complex expression pattern of tomato PPO gene family was determined. Individual members of the family are differentially expressed in various parts of the plant and subjected to developmentally regulated turnover. Some members are differentially regulated also by pathogens, wounding and chemical wound signals. Wounding systemically induces PPO activity and level in potato. Only tissues that are developmentally competent to express PPO are capable of responding to the systemic wounding signal by increased accumulation of PPO mRNA. Down regulation of PPO genes causes hyper susceptibility to leaf pathogens in tomato while over expression regulation of PPO expression in tomato plants is their apparent increased tolerance to drought. Both the enhanced disease resistance conferred by PPO over expression and the increased stress tolerance due to down regulation can be used in the engineering of improved crop plants. Photosynthesis rate and variable fluorescence measurements in wild type, and PPO-null and over expressing transgenic tomato lines suggest that PPO does not enable plants to cope better with stressful high light intensities or reactive oxygen species. Rather high levels of the enzyme aggravate the damage caused under such conditions. Our work suggests that PPO's primary role is in defending plants against pathogens and herbivores. Jasmonate and ethylene, and apparently also salicylate, signals involved in responses to wounding and defense against herbivores and pathogens, enhance markedly and specifically the competence of chloroplasts to import and process pPPO. The interaction of the precursor with thylakoid membranes is primarily affected. The routing of PPO shows other unusual properties: stromal processing occurs in two sites, resulting in intermediates that are translocated across thylakoids by two different mechanisms - a DpH- and a Sec-dependent one. It is suggested that the dual pattern of processing and routing constitutes a'fail safe' mechanism, reflecting the need for a rapid and flexible response to defense challenges. Many of the observations described above should be taken into consideration when manipulation of PPO expression is contemplated for use in crop improvement.
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