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Books on the topic 'Context Reasoning'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Liao, Beishui, and Yì N. Wáng, eds. Context, Conflict and Reasoning. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7134-3.

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2

Marek, Wiktor. Nonmonotonic logic: Context-dependent reasoning. Berlin: Springer, 1993.

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3

Marek, V. Wiktor. Nonmonotonic Logic: Context-Dependent Reasoning. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993.

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4

Marek, V. W. Nonmonotonic logic: Context-dependent reasoning. Berlin: Springer, 1993.

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5

Friedman, Marilyn. Care and context in moral reasoning. Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green State University. Dept. of Philosophy, 1986.

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6

European Court of Justice legal reasoning in context. Groningen: Europa Law Publishing, 2013.

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7

Langkamp, Greg. Quantitative reasoning and the environment: Mathematical modeling in context. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall, 2007.

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8

Mayes, Robert, and James Myers. Quantitative Reasoning in the Context of Energy and Environment. Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-527-4.

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9

Gabbay, Dov M. Revision, acceptability and context: Theoretical and algorithmic aspects. New York: Springer, 2010.

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10

Bowers, Linda. TOPS 3, elementary: A test of reasoning in context : skill area: problem solving and reasoning, developmental ages: 6-0 through 12-11 years. East Moline, Ill: LinguiSystem, 2005.

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11

Moulton, Allen. Cross-organizational data quality and semantic integrity: Learning and reasoning about data semantics with context interchange mediation. [Cambridge, Mass.]: MIT Sloan School of Management, 2001.

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12

Hatch, Gary Layne. Arguing in communities: Reading and writing arguments in context. 3rd ed. Boston, Mass: McGraw-Hill, 2003.

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13

Wason, P. C. Psychology of reasoning: Structure and content. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1990.

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14

Joan, Nelson-Herber, ed. Teaching in content areas with reading, writing, and reasoning. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1993.

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15

The new dialectic: Conversational contexts of argument. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998.

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16

Context knowledge representation and reasoning in the Context Interchange system. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Sloan School of Management, [Composite Information Systems Laboratory, 2000.

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17

Russo, Alessandra, Dov M. Gabbay, and Odinaldo T. Rodrigues. Revision, Acceptability and Context. Springer, 2010.

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18

Quantitative Reasoning and the Environment: Mathematical Modeling in Context. Pearson Education, Limited, 2006.

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19

Park, Woosuk. Abduction in Context: The Conjectural Dynamics of Scientific Reasoning. Springer, 2018.

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20

Russo, Alessandra, Dov M. M. Gabbay, and Odinaldo T. Rodrigues. Revision, Acceptability and Context: Theoretical and Algorithmic Aspects. Springer, 2012.

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21

Hian, Goh Cheng, and Sloan School of Management. Composite Information Systems Laboratory., eds. Context interchange: Representing and reasoning about data semantics in heterogeneous systems. Cambridge, MA: Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996.

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22

Turner, Elise. Reasoning in Context for Ai Applications: Papers from the Aaai Workshop (Technical Reports Volume Ws-99-14). Amer Assn for Artificial, 1999.

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23

Simmons, Keith. Paradox and Context. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791546.003.0002.

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Chapter 2 articulates and defends the claim that our semantic expressions ‘denotes’, ‘extension’, and ‘true’ are context-sensitive. The chapter focuses on three simple paradoxes of denotation, extension, and truth. Two phenomena emerge as we reason through these paradoxes. First, the phenomenon of repetition: in the course of our reasoning, we produce a repetition of the paradoxical expression. This repetition, though composed of the very same words as the paradoxical expression, is semantically unproblematic and has a definite value. Second, the phenomenon of rehabilitation: we can reflect on the paradoxical expression, taking into account its pathology, and produce an unproblematic semantic value for it. Repetition and rehabilitation are explained contextually, drawing on the work of Stalnaker and Lewis (and others) on context-change.
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24

Malloy, Robin Paul. Law in a Market Context: An Introduction to Market Concepts in Legal Reasoning. Cambridge University Press, 2004.

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25

Law in a Market Context: An Introduction to Market Concepts in Legal Reasoning. Cambridge University Press, 2004.

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26

Silk, Alex. Normative Language in Context. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805076.003.0009.

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This chapter develops a contextualist account of normative language, focusing on broadly normative readings of modal verbs. The account draws on a more general framework for implementing a contextualist semantics and pragmatics, Discourse Contextualism. The aim of Discourse Contextualism is to derive the discourse properties of normative language from a contextualist interpretation of an independently motivated formal semantics, along with principles of interpretation and conversation. In using normative language, interlocutors can exploit their grammatical and world knowledge, and general pragmatic reasoning skills, to manage an evolving system of norms. Discourse Contextualism provides a perspicuous framework for further philosophical theorizing about the nature of normativity, normative language, and normative judgment. Delineating these issues can help refine our understanding of the space of overall theories and motivate more fruitful ways the dialectics may proceed. Discourse Contextualism provides a linguistic basis for a more comprehensive theory of normativity and normative discourse and practice.
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27

Moyaert, Marianne. Interreligious Literacy and Scriptural Reasoning. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190677565.003.0007.

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In this chapter, I first lay out the most important hermeneutical and anthropological principles that undergird my understanding of interreligious learning. As will become clear, I take my inspiration to a large extent from the French philosopher Paul Ricoeur, who has been called “the philosopher of all dialogues.” Then I will make these theoretical considerations more concrete by elaborating on an interreligious dialogical approach that to my mind works transformatively: scriptural reasoning. I will explain what this practice is all about and how I try to guide my students throughout this learning process. As an introduction, I briefly dwell upon the particular context in which I work and from which I speak.
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28

Educational Resources Information Center (U.S.), ed. Algebraic reasoning in the context of elementary mathematics: Making it implementable on a massive scale. [Washington, DC]: U.S. Dept. of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, Educational Resources Information Center, 2000.

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29

Gordon, Anne Kathryn. Motivated reasoning in the construal of lies: The effects of perceiver role and social context. 1996.

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30

Myers, James, and Robert Mayes. Quantitative Reasoning in the Context of Energy and Environment: Modeling Problems in the Real World. Springer, 2014.

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31

Itzcovich, Giulio. On the Legal Enforcement of Values. The Importance of the Institutional Context. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198746560.003.0003.

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This chapter argues that any sensible answer to the question of the role of explicit moral reasoning in adjudication must take into account a broad set of institutional facts. Whether the court aiming to ‘enforce values’ is the ECJ or whether it is a domestic constitutional court is an important distinction for many reasons, and this chapter attempts to explore these reasons and argue for their relevance. It first maintains that the current debate on the role of moral reasoning in adjudication is related to a set of institutional processes. The chapter then distinguishes two positions in the debate on the role of moral reasoning in adjudication: ‘normative legal positivism’ and ‘neoconstitutionalism’. Finally, this chapter clarifies some methodological and substantive consequences which can be drawn from the nexus that binds together the choice of interpretive method with the greater or lesser trust we have in the interpreter.
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32

The relationship between moral reasoning maturity and legitimacy judgments about gender stratification in a youth sport context. 1993.

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33

Marek, W., and M. Truszczynski. Nonmonotonic Context-Dependent Reasonings. Springer-Verlag, 1992.

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34

Vittoria, Barsotti, Carozza Paolo G, Cartabia Marta, and Simoncini Andrea. I The Constitutional Court, 3 Forms and Methods of Judicial Reasoning. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190214555.003.0003.

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Forms and methods of constitutional interpretation are less divisive in Italy than in the United States. In this chapter the interpretive style of the ItCC is described as “syncretistic” or “integrated” because the Court uses a combination of many different approaches to constitutional interpretation. The ItCC interprets the Constitution as a whole, as an integrated system, avoiding the fragmented interpretation of a single provision detached from the context and relationship with other principles, rules, and rights inscribed in the Constitution. This chapter also focuses on the concepts of reasonableness and proportionality, which are used synonymously in a way that is ancillary to many other constitutional principles, making them pervasive in constitutional adjudication. This chapter also studies the types of decisions of the constitutional court and their overall effects.
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35

Shabel, Lisa. A Priority and Application: Philosophy of Mathematics in the Modern Period. Edited by Stewart Shapiro. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195325928.003.0002.

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The state of modern mathematical practice called for a modern philosopher of mathematics to answer two interrelated questions. Given that mathematical ontology includes quantifiable empirical objects, how to explain the paradigmatic features of pure mathematical reasoning: universality, certainty, necessity. And, without giving up the special status of pure mathematical reasoning, how to explain the ability of pure mathematics to come into contact with and describe the empirically accessible natural world. The first question comes to a demand for apriority: a viable philosophical account of early modern mathematics must explain the apriority of mathematical reasoning. The second question comes to a demand for applicability: a viable philosophical account of early modern mathematics must explain the applicability of mathematical reasoning. This article begins by providing a brief account of a relevant aspect of early modern mathematical practice, in order to situate philosophers in their historical and mathematical context.
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36

Whitmeyer, Joseph M. How Evolutionary Psychology Can Contribute to Group Process Research. Edited by Rosemary L. Hopcroft. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190299323.013.9.

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Conceptions of the human individual lie at the heart of all group process theories. Applying evolutionary reasoning—reasoning concerning what predispositions are likely to have evolved—to those conceptions can make the conceptions more accurate and thus improve theories based on them. This chapter discusses exchange processes, identity processes, and status processes. For exchange processes, evolutionary reasoning suggests numerous predispositions that would affect exchange, many to cope with the problem of cheating by others and ourselves. In fact, evolutionary reasoning suggests that concerns with our own identity may exist principally to improve our exchange outcomes. Concerning status processes, evolutionary reasoning suggests that awarding prestige must have evolved in the context of exchange, such that the person receiving prestige also incurs performance obligations. These points and others lead to several suggestions of areas for future research and specific predictions.
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37

McCrudden, Christopher. Concepts and Cases. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759041.003.0001.

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This chapter begins by briefly setting out the book’s purpose, which is to introduce an interpretation of how religion and human rights interrelate in the legal context, and how this relationship might be reconceived. The context for the author’s argument is the increasingly fraught area of judicial reasoning in human rights litigation involving religious arguments, what he terms ‘religious litigation’. It goes on to clarify the meaning of the terms ‘human rights’, ‘judicial reasoning’, ‘religion’, and ‘religious litigation’. This is followed by several cases from the UK, European Convention on Human Rights, and the US that illustrate some of the tensions between religious positions and secular understandings of human rights.
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38

Klincewicz, Michał. Challenges to Engineering Moral Reasoners. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190652951.003.0016.

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A combination of algorithms, based on philosophical moral theories and analogical reasoning from standard cases, is a promising strategy for engineering software that can engage in moral reasoning. This chapter considers how such an architecture could be built using contemporary engineering techniques, such as knowledge engineering and symbolic reasoning systems. However, consideration of the philosophical literature on ethical theories generates engineering challenges that have to be overcome to make a computer moral reasoner viable. These difficulties include the context sensitivity of the system and temporal limitations on search—problems specific to artificial intelligence—but also difficulties that are direct consequences of particular philosophical theories. Cooperation between engineers and philosophers may be the best way to deal with those difficulties.
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39

Barnes, Martha J. Contemporary's Reading and Critical Thinking: In the Content Areas. NTC/Contemporary Publishing Company, 1988.

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40

Spotlight on content area reading: Math : Logical reasoning [Level 6]. Random House, 1989.

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41

Morck, Randall, and Bernard Yeung. Metrics for International Business Research. Edited by Alan M. Rugman. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199234257.003.0028.

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This article focuses on performance measures. It starts with the usual focus on profitability and market value as performance measures, followed by alternative performance measures based on firm productivity, growth and survival. It then discusses issues on survey data, and the problem of ex post reasoning in empirical work. There are several important themes in this discussion. First, it discusses the definitional and variable construction issues. Second, it addresses the analytical contents in these variables as performance measures. Third, it highlights the statistical and empirical difficulties in using these performance measures, especially in an international cross-country context.
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42

Dunn, Michael, and Tony Hope. Medical Ethics: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198815600.001.0001.

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Medical ethics—from thorny moral questions such as euthanasia and the morality of killing to political questions such as the fair distribution of healthcare resources—is rarely out of today’s media. Medical Ethics: A Very Short Introduction explores the ethical reasoning used to approach medical ethics, introducing the most important ‘tools’ of ethical reasoning, and discussing how argument, thought experiments, and intuition can be combined in the consideration of medical ethics. It also considers its practical application by health professionals in clinical settings and the increasingly important place of medical ethics in the wider social context, in healthcare policy, discussions in the media, pressure group and activism settings, and in legal judgements.
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43

Damien, Geradin, Layne-Farrar Anne, and Petit Nicolas. EU Competition Law and Economics. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law-ocl/9780199566563.001.0001.

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This EU competition law treatise fully integrates economic reasoning in its treatment of the decisional practice of the European Commission and the case-law of the European Court of Justice. Since the European Commission's move to a “more economic approach” to competition law reasoning and decisional practice, the use of economic argument in competition law cases has become a stricter requirement. Many national competition authorities are also increasingly moving away from a legalistic analysis of a firm's conduct to an effect-based analysis of such conduct, indeed most competition cases today involve teams composed of lawyers and industrial organisation economists. Ensuring an integrated approach to legal and economic analysis, the book contains economic reasoning throughout in accessible form, and, more pertinently for practitioners, examines economics in the light of how it is used and put to effect in the courts and decision-making institutions of the EU. A general introductory section sets EU competition law in its historical context. The second chapter goes on to explore the economic foundations of EU competition law. What follows is an integrated treatment of each of the core substantive areas of EU competition law, including Article 101 TFEU, Article 102 TFEU, mergers, cartels and other horizontal agreements, vertical restraints, and technology transfer agreements.
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44

Lepore, Ernie, and Matthew Stone. Pejorative Tone. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198758655.003.0007.

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The view put forward in this chapter about slur terms is that their interpretations require expansive, open-ended engagement with an utterance and its linguistic meaning, through a host of distinctive kinds of reasoning. This reasoning may include inferences about the speaker’s psychology and her intentions—in light of the full social and historical context—but it may involve approaching the utterance through strategies for imaginative elaboration and emotional attunement, as required, for example, for metaphor, poetic diction, irony, sarcasm, and humor. In the face of their heterogeneity and open-endedness, these interpretive strategies are most perspicuously elucidated through critical attention to the psychological, social, historical, and even artistic considerations at play in specific cases. Thus, in contrast to the common practice in philosophy and linguistics, this chapter will not offer a general account of the interpretation of slur terms. It puts forward that there can be no such thing.
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45

Smeenk, Chris, and Eric Schliesser. Newton’s Principia. Edited by Jed Z. Buchwald and Robert Fox. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696253.013.6.

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This article examines the historical context of Isaac Newton’s Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (Principia) and how it reoriented natural philosophy for generations. It first considers how the Principia extends and refines the ideas of De Motu, taking into account the three Laws of Motion, the force responsible for the planetary trajectories, the motion of projectiles in a resisting medium, and the law of universal gravitation. It then discusses three changes that influenced fundamentally the content and reception of the Principia: the relabelling and rewording of nine ‘hypotheses’ (into ‘phenomena’ and ‘rules of reasoning’) at the start of Book 3; the addition of the General Scholium; and changes that minimized explicit commitments to atomism. It also assesses the impact of the Principia on the development of physics and concludes with an overview of Newton’s theory about the cause of gravity
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46

Griem, Julika. ‘Good paragraphing. Unusual content’. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805281.003.0005.

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Many of the essays in this volume challenge the idea that literature should be valued chiefly as a useful supplement to philosophy. But there is a possibility that even approaching literature with philosophical concerns in mind might deflect us from what is most distinctive about it. In Chapter 5, Julika Griem draws attention to the complex aesthetics and textuality of The Childhood of Jesus and The Schooldays of Jesus, especially to the many levels of metafictional playfulness in these fictions. What if, Griem asks, these texts work in a way that is radically other to the forms of philosophical reasoning they invoke? What would it be like to read them as if the experience they offer of making, commenting upon, and metafictionally unmaking an experienced ‘world’ for the reader to become immersed in was—more than the engagement with philosophical themes—actually the most important thing about them?
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47

Maloney, J. Christopher. Intentionalism and Recurrent Cognitive Content. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190854751.003.0001.

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Conscious perception carries distinctive phenomenal character. Intentionalism would account for this character by appeal to the wealth of information embedded in perceptual content while also cautioning that such opulent content exceeds the poor grasp of other types of conscious cognitive consideration. Intentionalism adds that introspective comparison of the differing phenomenal characters of contrastive perceptual episodes reveals only the episodes’ difference in content. Accordingly, intentionalism concludes that perceptual content alone determines phenomenal character. However, this conclusion fatally fails to accommodate the recalcitrant fact that the content of perceptual experience inferentially permeates reasoning, both theoretical and practical. So, the content of perception cannot be peculiar to that sensuous mode of cognition. Hence, it would seem that intentionalism is false.
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48

Strategic Journeys for Building Logical Reasoning, K-5: Activities Across the Content Areas. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.

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49

Strategic Journeys for Building Logical Reasoning, 6-8: Activities Across the Content Areas. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.

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50

Texas, Leslie, and Tammy Jones. Strategic Journeys for Building Logical Reasoning, 9-12: Activities Across the Content Areas. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.

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