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Journal articles on the topic 'Context-sensitive rules'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 7 June 2025
Last updated: 16 July 2025

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1

Alayiaboozar, Elham. "Studying the possibility of improving the function of a POS tagger system." Comparative Linguistic Research 10, no. 19 (2020): 95–110. https://doi.org/10.22084/RJHLL.2019.16614.1834.

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The aim of the present study is to check the possibility of improving the function of a POS tagger system via POS tag disambiguation of some of Persian noun and adjective homographs ending in <-ی>. The case study in present research is HAZM.The POS tag disambiguation program is based on some context-sensitive rules. the mentioned rules were extracted from Bijan Khan corpus, Hazm was trained by Bijan Khan corpus. General evaluation of the mentioned POS disambiguation program indicates that if some of the context-sensitive rules which play a role in better POS tagging are added to HAZM, th
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2

Clymer, John R., David J. Cheng, and Daniel Hernandez. "Induction of decision making rules for context sensitive systems." SIMULATION 59, no. 3 (1992): 198–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003754979205900308.

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3

Barca, Laura, Andrew W. Ellis, and Cristina Burani. "Context-sensitive rules and word naming in Italian children." Reading and Writing 20, no. 5 (2006): 495–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11145-006-9040-z.

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4

Ferroni, Marina, Beatriz Diuk, and Milagros Mena. "Acquisition of orthographic knowledge: orthographic representations and context sensitive rules." psicología desde el caribe 33, no. 3 (2016): 237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.14482/psdc.33.3.6942.

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Ferroni, Marina, Beatriz Diuk, and Milagros Mena. "Acquisition of orthographic knowledge: orthographic representations and context sensitive rules." Psicología desde el Caribe 33, no. 3 (2016): 237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.14482/psdc.33.3.9487.

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Choi, Hyunsoo, Aesun Yoon, and Hyukchul Kwon. "Improving Recall for Context-Sensitive Spelling Correction Rules Through Integrated Constraint Loosening Method." KIISE Transactions on Computing Practices 21, no. 6 (2015): 412–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5626/ktcp.2015.21.6.412.

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7

J., Britto Dennis, Chindhya Baby U., and Sashikumar S. "FIREWALL OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUE USING SMART CONTEXT SENSITIVE METHOD." International Journal of Engineering Research and Modern Education (IJERME) 5, no. 1 (2020): 6–11. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3634357.

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Firewall is a system that secures a network, shielding it from access by unauthorized users. A firewall is designed using firewall policy; it dictates how the firewall should handle applications traffic such as web, email or telnet, it also explains how the firewall is to be managed and updated. Certain error in firewall policy either creates security holes or blocks legitimate traffic which in turn could lead to irreparable, therefore to design firewall policy is an important issue. A firewall policy is designed by using three phase: a design phase, a comparison phase, and a resolution phase.
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HERMENS, RONNIE. "PLACING PROBABILITIES OF CONDITIONALS IN CONTEXT." Review of Symbolic Logic 7, no. 3 (2014): 415–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755020314000173.

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AbstractIn this paper I defend the tenability of the Thesis that the probability of a conditional equals the conditional probability of the consequent given the antecedent. This is done by adopting the view that the interpretation of a conditional may differ from context to context. Several triviality results are (re-)evaluated in this view as providing natural constraints on probabilities for conditionals and admissible changes in the interpretation. The context-sensitive approach is also used to re-interpret some of the intuitive rules for conditionals and probabilities such as Bayes’ rule,I
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Quoc Le, Hai, Somjit Arch-int, and Ngamnij Arch-int. "Association Rule Hiding Based on Intersection Lattice." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/210405.

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Association rule hiding has been playing a vital role in sensitive knowledge preservation when sharing data between enterprises. The aim of association rule hiding is to remove sensitive association rules from the released database such that side effects are reduced as low as possible. This research proposes an efficient algorithm for hiding a specified set of sensitive association rules based on intersection lattice of frequent itemsets. In this research, we begin by analyzing the theory of the intersection lattice of frequent itemsets and the applicability of this theory into association rul
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10

Steenbeek-Planting, Esther G., Wim H. J. van Bon, and Robert Schreuder. "Instability of children's reading errors in bisyllabic words: The role of context-sensitive spelling rules." Learning and Instruction 26 (August 2013): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2013.01.004.

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11

Auclair-Ouellet, Noémie, Marion Fossard, Marie-Catherine St-Pierre, and Joël Macoir. "Toward an Executive Origin for Acquired Phonological Dyslexia: A Case of Specific Deficit of Context-Sensitive Grapheme-to-Phoneme Conversion Rules." Behavioural Neurology 26, no. 3 (2013): 171–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/128124.

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Phonological dyslexia is a written language disorder characterized by poor reading of nonwords when compared with relatively preserved ability in reading real words. In this study, we report the case of FG, a 74-year-old man with phonological dyslexia. The nature and origin of his reading impairment were assessed using tasks involving activation and explicit manipulation of phonological representations as well as reading of words and nonwords in which the nature and complexity of grapheme-to-phoneme conversion rules (GPC rules) were manipulated. FG also underwent an extensive neuropsychologica
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12

Kasparaitis, Pijus. "Automatic Transliteration of Polish and English Proper Nouns into Lithuanian." Information Technology and Control 52, no. 1 (2023): 128–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.itc.52.1.32353.

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As the world is becoming more globalized, proper nouns move from one language into other languages. In order to preserve the grammatical or phonetic structure of the target language, a desire arises to adapt them. The present work deals with adaptation (transliteration) of Polish and English words to the Lithuanian language. The set of context-sensitive and context-free rules was created manually for the Polish language. Manually creating such rules for the English language is too difficult, thus the algorithm to automatically generate transliteration rules from English-Lithuanian word pairs a
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Scerri, Simon, Jeremy Debattista, Judie Attard, and Ismael Rivera. "A Semantic Infrastructure for Personalisable Context-Aware Environments." AI Magazine 36, no. 2 (2015): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v36i2.2586.

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Although a number of initiatives provide personalized context-aware guidance for niche use-cases, a standard framework for context awareness remains lacking. This article explains how semantic technology has been exploited to generate a centralized repository of personal activity context. This data drives advanced features such as, personal situation recognition and customizable rules for the context-sensitive management of personal devices and data sharing. As a proof-of-concept, we demonstrate how an innovative context-aware system has successfully adopted such an infrastructure.
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Gong, Qingyu, Jingzhu Li, Tong Liu, and Na Wang. "Generating urban fabric in the orthogonal or non-orthogonal urban landscape." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 47, no. 1 (2018): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399808318761667.

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Urban designers find it virtually impossible to (re)construct self-organising urban fabric formed by a synthesis of various builders. Here we show how generic, bottom-up grammars represent historic urban fabric in a unique context, and how shape rules are embedded in the evolutionary context. This paper generalises and formalises a context-free grammar and a context-sensitive grammar to describe and design two broadly categorised (i.e. orthogonal and non-orthogonal) urban patterns. Both grammars are constructive and employ morphological parameters to govern the patterning towards a desired for
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Choi, Hyunsoo, Hyukchul Kwon, and Aesun Yoon. "Improving Recall for Context-Sensitive Spelling Correction Rules using Conditional Probability Model with Dynamic Window Sizes." Journal of KIISE 42, no. 5 (2015): 629–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5626/jok.2015.42.5.629.

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16

Mercer, Robert L., and Paul S. Cohen. "A method for efficient storage and rapid application of context-sensitive phonological rules for automatic speech recognition." IBM Journal of Research and Development 31, no. 1 (1987): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1147/rd.311.0081.

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17

Gil-Vera, Victor Daniel, Juan Carlos Gil-Vera, and Demetrio Arturo Ovalle-Carranza. "Model Recommendation System for Guided Tours based on Ubiquitous and Context-Sensitive Computing." International Journal of Applied Mathematics, Computational Science and Systems Engineering 6 (December 19, 2024): 238–45. https://doi.org/10.37394/232026.2024.6.20.

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The proposed model in this research, intended to work in a guided tour context, is based on developing the tourist ontology in Python using the Owl-ready library, and describes the entities of the guided tour model. The ontology allows us to apply the concepts of ubiquity and represent context sensitivity in three ways, with geographical, temporal and environmental context. For the guided tour, the user's profile, preferences, emotional state and evaluations of the visited places are considered, as well as the profile, itinerary and site characteristics, the user's transportation preferences a
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18

Vu, Martin, and Henning Fernau. "Insertion-deletion systems with substitutions I." Computability 11, no. 1 (2022): 57–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/com-210345.

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In this paper, we discuss the addition of substitutions as a further type of operations to (in particular, context-free) insertion-deletion systems, i.e., in addition to insertions and deletions we allow single letter replacements to occur. We investigate the effect of the addition of substitution rules on the context dependency of such systems, thereby also obtaining new characterizations of and even normal forms for context-sensitive (CS) and recursively enumerable (RE) languages and their phrase-structure grammars. More specifically, we prove that for each RE language, there is a system gen
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He, Zihao, Jonathan May, and Kristina Lerman. "CPL-NoViD: Context-Aware Prompt-Based Learning for Norm Violation Detection in Online Communities." Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 18 (May 28, 2024): 569–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v18i1.31335.

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Detecting norm violations in online communities is critical to maintaining healthy and safe spaces for online discussions. Existing machine learning approaches often struggle to adapt to the diverse rules and interpretations across different communities due to the inherent challenges of fine-tuning models for such context-specific tasks. In this paper, we introduce Context-aware Prompt-based Learning for Norm Violation Detection (CPL-NoViD), a novel method that employs prompt-based learning to detect norm violations across various types of rules. CPL-NoViD outperforms the baseline by incorpora
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20

He, Dongjie, Yujiang Gui, Wei Li, et al. "A Container-Usage-Pattern-Based Context Debloating Approach for Object-Sensitive Pointer Analysis." Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages 7, OOPSLA2 (2023): 971–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3622832.

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In this paper, we introduce DebloaterX, a new approach for automatically identifying context-independent objects to debloat contexts in object-sensitive pointer analysis ( k obj). Object sensitivity achieves high precision, but its context construction mechanism combines objects with their contexts indiscriminately. This leads to a combinatorial explosion of contexts in large programs, resulting in inefficiency. Previous research has proposed a context-debloating approach that inhibits a pre-selected set of context-independent objects from forming new contexts, improving the efficiency of k ob
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21

Gazdag, Zsolt, Krisztián Tichler, and Erzsébet Csuhaj-Varjú. "A Pumping Lemma for Permitting Semi-Conditional Languages." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 30, no. 01 (2019): 73–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054119400045.

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Permitting semi-conditional grammars (pSCGs) are extensions of context-free grammars where each rule is associated with a word [Formula: see text] and such a rule can be applied to a sentential form [Formula: see text] only if [Formula: see text] is a subword of [Formula: see text]. We consider permitting generalized SCGs (pgSCGs) where each rule [Formula: see text] is associated with a set of words [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] is applicable only if every word in [Formula: see text] occurs in [Formula: see text]. We investigate the generative power of pgSCGs with no erasing rule
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22

Steenbeek-Planting, Esther G., Wim H. J. van Bon, and Robert Schreuder. "Improving the reading of bisyllabic words that involve context-sensitive spelling rules: focus on successes or on failures?" Reading and Writing 26, no. 9 (2013): 1437–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11145-012-9425-0.

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23

Mohamad Zulkufli, Nurul Liyana, Sherzod Turaev, Mohd Izzuddin Mohd Tamrin, and Azeddine Messikh. "Generative Power and Closure Properties of Watson-Crick Grammars." Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing 2016 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9481971.

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We defineWK linear grammars, as an extension of WK regular grammars with linear grammar rules, andWK context-free grammars, thus investigating their computational power and closure properties. We show that WK linear grammars can generate some context-sensitive languages. Moreover, we demonstrate that the family of WK regular languages is the proper subset of the family of WK linear languages, but it is not comparable with the family of linear languages. We also establish that the Watson-Crick regular grammars are closed under almost all of the main closure operations.
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Clymer, John R. "1.2.2 Engineering of Complex Adaptive Systems using OpEMCSS." INCOSE International Symposium 10, no. 1 (2000): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2334-5837.2000.tb00370.x.

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AbstractA graphical discrete event simulation library is proposed for the engineering of complex adaptive systems. This library works with EXTEND (Imagine That Inc), an inexpensive yet capable and easy to use simulation software package, and it is called Operational Evaluation Modeling for Context‐Sensitive Systems (OpEMCSS). Context‐Sensitive Systems (CSS) is a systems theory, based on finite state machines, that can assist a system designer in understanding and evaluating complex adaptive systems, represented as communicating concurrent (parallel) processes. CSS theory can be expressed using
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Keough, Barbara, Valerie L. Shalin, and Paul McKenna. "A Training Approach for Context-Sensitive Skills: An Example with Typeface Selection." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 36, no. 17 (1992): 1274–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/107118192786749351.

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Cognitive task analysis and Computer Science have revolutionized training technology with intelligent tutoring systems (Wenger, 1987). However, some key assumptions determine the success of such systems: 1) Student knowledge is rule-based, so that performance may be evaluated according to the presence or absence of rules and 2) The computer and the student have access to the same information about the problem context. In the instructional task domain we are addressing–-typeface selection–-neither assumption is appropriate. Each selection emerges as an interaction with the parameters and contin
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Kuhlmann, Marco, Alexander Koller, and Giorgio Satta. "Lexicalization and Generative Power in CCG." Computational Linguistics 41, no. 2 (2015): 215–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00219.

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The weak equivalence of Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG) and Tree-Adjoining Grammar (TAG) is a central result of the literature on mildly context-sensitive grammar formalisms. However, the categorial formalism for which this equivalence has been established differs significantly from the versions of CCG that are in use today. In particular, it allows restriction of combinatory rules on a per grammar basis, whereas modern CCG assumes a universal set of rules, isolating all cross-linguistic variation in the lexicon. In this article we investigate the formal significance of this difference. O
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Law, Mark, Alessandra Russo, Elisa Bertino, Krysia Broda, and Jorge Lobo. "Representing and Learning Grammars in Answer Set Programming." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (July 17, 2019): 2919–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33012919.

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In this paper we introduce an extension of context-free grammars called answer set grammars (ASGs). These grammars allow annotations on production rules, written in the language of Answer Set Programming (ASP), which can express context-sensitive constraints. We investigate the complexity of various classes of ASG with respect to two decision problems: deciding whether a given string belongs to the language of an ASG and deciding whether the language of an ASG is non-empty. Specifically, we show that the complexity of these decision problems can be lowered by restricting the subset of the ASP
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WAH, BENJAMIN W., and LON-CHAN CHU. "COMBINATORIAL SEARCH ALGORITHMS WITH META-CONTROL: MODELING AND IMPLEMENTATIONS." International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools 01, no. 03 (1992): 369–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218213092000259.

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In this paper, we model search algorithms with meta-control, allowing resource constraints, approximation, and parallel processing to be incorporated easily in the search process. The basic building block of the model is a hierarchical search process (HSP) consisting of context-free and context-sensitive grammars classified according to problem-independent and problem-dependent parts. The context-sensitive components are used mainly for evaluating decision parameters and in ordering production rules in the context-free grammar. The execution of the grammars for given initial conditions may inv
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Gutiérrez, Raúl, Salvador Lucas, and Miguel Vítores. "Proving Confluence in the Confluence Framework with CONFident." Fundamenta Informaticae 192, no. 2 (2024): 167–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/fi-242192.

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This article describes the confluence framework, a novel framework for proving and disproving confluence using a divide-and-conquer modular strategy, and its implementation in CONFident. Using this approach, we are able to automatically prove and disprove confluence of Generalized Term Rewriting Systems, where (i) only selected arguments of function symbols can be rewritten and (ii) a rather general class of conditional rules can be used. This includes, as particular cases, several variants of rewrite systems such as (context-sensitive) term rewriting systems, string rewriting systems, and (co
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Beneke, Francisco, and Shazana Eliza Rohr. "Transnational competition law rules: a political economy perspective*." Cambridge International Law Journal 14, no. 1 (2025): 84–102. https://doi.org/10.4337/cilj.2025.01.05.

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This contribution critically examines the absence of a comprehensive transnational competition law regime and explores the role of competition authority cooperation as an alternative form of governance. It examines the political economy of past harmonisation efforts, current transnational approaches, and the viability of a global competition law framework. Grounded in the public autonomy–private rights paradigm, the authors assess the tensions between technocratic governance and democratic legitimacy, which extend from domestic competition policies to international cooperation mechanisms such
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Hasinoff, Amy A., and Nathan Schneider. "From Scalability to Subsidiarity in Addressing Online Harm." Social Media + Society 8, no. 3 (2022): 205630512211260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20563051221126041.

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Large social media platforms are generally designed for scalability—the ambition to increase in size without a fundamental change in form. This means that to address harm among users, they favor automated moderation wherever possible and typically apply a uniform set of rules. This article contrasts scalability with restorative and transformative justice approaches to harm, which are usually context-sensitive, relational, and individualized. We argue that subsidiarity—the principle that local social units should have meaningful autonomy within larger systems—might foster the balance between co
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Khan, Omar Phoenix. "Introducing a gender-sensitive approach to pre-trial assessment and probation." Probation Journal 65, no. 2 (2018): 184–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0264550518771167.

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This paper evaluates a pioneering project to introduce a gender-sensitive approach to working with women completing probation and community service orders in Kenya. The intervention consisted of context-specific research with women throughout Kenya, leading to adaptations to existing probation tools, followed by pilot implementation of a gender-sensitive approach. The evaluation explores the relevance, effectiveness and sustainability of the intervention and presents opinions of implementing probation officers and sector experts. Findings suggest that the project genuinely broke new ground in
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Schiffer, Lena Katharina, and Andreas Maletti. "Strong Equivalence of TAG and CCG." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 9 (2021): 707–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00393.

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Tree-adjoining grammar (TAG) and combinatory categorial grammar (CCG) are two well-established mildly context-sensitive grammar formalisms that are known to have the same expressive power on strings (i.e., generate the same class of string languages). It is demonstrated that their expressive power on trees also essentially coincides. In fact, CCG without lexicon entries for the empty string and only first-order rules of degree at most 2 are sufficient for its full expressive power.
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Hanson, Stephen José, and Michiro Negishi. "On the Emergence of Rules in Neural Networks." Neural Computation 14, no. 9 (2002): 2245–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089976602320264079.

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A simple associationist neural network learns to factor abstract rules (i.e., grammars) from sequences of arbitrary input symbols by inventing abstract representations that accommodate unseen symbol sets as well as unseen but similar grammars. The neural network is shown to have the ability to transfer grammatical knowledge to both new symbol vocabularies and new grammars. Analysis of the state-space shows that the network learns generalized abstract structures of the input and is not simply memorizing the input strings. These representations are context sensitive, hierarchical, and based on t
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BERG, THOMAS. "A diachronic frequency account of the allomorphy of some grammatical markers." Journal of Linguistics 47, no. 1 (2010): 31–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002222671000023x.

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Allomorphy is a reaction of the morphological system to problems that the unrestrained application of inflectional and other rules creates at the phonological level. These problems are dealt with in some cases but left unattended in others. A diachronic analysis of English reveals that phonemically conditioned allomorphy originates from gradual sound change, with the old and the new variant forming a morphophonological paradigm. The historical stability as well as the synchronic motivation of allomorphy are claimed to be frequency-based. The higher the frequency, the longer the life expectancy
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CHRISTIANSEN, HENNING. "CHR grammars." Theory and Practice of Logic Programming 5, no. 4-5 (2005): 467–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1471068405002395.

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A grammar formalism based upon CHR is proposed analogously to the way Definite Clause Grammars are defined and implemented on top of Prolog. These grammars execute as robust bottom-up parsers with an inherent treatment of ambiguity and a high flexibility to model various linguistic phenomena. The formalism extends previous logic programming based grammars with a form of context-sensitive rules and the possibility to include extra-grammatical hypotheses in both head and body of grammar rules. Among the applications are straightforward implementations of Assumption Grammars and abduction under i
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Maletic, Isidora. "A Very Specific and Exhaustive Harmonization of Energy from Renewable Sources: C-549/15, E.ON Biofor Sverige AB v. Statens Energimyndighet [2017] ECLI:EU:C:2017:490." Legal Issues of Economic Integration 45, Issue 3 (2018): 299–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/leie2018017.

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The European Union Court of Justice has ruled that Article 18(1) of Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources does not oblige Member States to authorize imports, via their interconnected national gas networks, of biogas satisfying the sustainability criteria in that directive and intended for use as biofuel. The Court had been asked whether that provision, adopted on the basis of internal market harmonization (pursuant to what is now Article 114 TFEU), obliges Member States to accept sustainable biogas imported via the network of interconnected national
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Li, Xianghong. "Analysis of Driver Fatigue Eye Movement Characteristics Under Intelligent Supervision Environment." Academic Journal of Science and Technology 15, no. 2 (2025): 63–66. https://doi.org/10.54097/q3gbrp95.

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Reducing drivers' improper driving behavior in transportation is an important condition for ensuring safety. In today's intelligent era, many passenger and freight companies are gradually using intelligent monitoring platforms to supervise the behavior and condition of drivers and vehicles. The intelligent supervision platform is beneficial for fatigue monitoring and improving driving safety. However, the research found that the number of alarms on the platform is too high, and the smart regulatory environment exhibits different operational characteristics compared to traditional driving envir
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Alayiaboozar, Elham, Amir Saeed Mouloudi, and Manoochehr Koohestani. "Word Sense Disambiguation Focusing on POS Tag Disambiguation in Persian: A Rule-based Approach." International Journal of Information Science and Management (IJISM) 17, no. 2 (2019): 119–34. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14013913.

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The present study deals with ambiguity at word level focusing on homographs.‎ In different languages, homographs may cause ambiguity in text processing.‎ In Persian, the number of homographs is high due to its orthographic structure as well as its complex derivational and inflectional morphology.‎ In this study, a broad list of homographs was extracted from some Persian corpora first.‎ The list indicates that the number of homographs in Persian corpora is high and homographs with high frequency are those that occur as a result of the identical orthographic representation of som
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40

Klasnja, Marko. "Electoral rules, forms of government, and political budget cycles in transition countries." Panoeconomicus 55, no. 2 (2008): 185–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan0802185k.

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Recent studies have suggested the existence of 'election-year economics' in fiscal policy in transition countries. This study asks whether such electoral cycles in aggregate measures (overall expenditures, revenues and balance) and spending composition (broad vs. targeted outlays) differ among countries with different political systems. This question is motivated by a sharp division between majoritarian presidential systems in Central Asia and Eastern Europe, and proportional-parliamentary systems in the Baltic's, Central and Southeastern Europe. Further, in the absence of context-sensitive th
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Cheti, Alberto. "Rule following." JLIS.it 13, no. 3 (2022): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/jlis.it-488.

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The importance attached to subject indexing in library services, librarian awareness of its social role and practical purposes,attention to indexing practices and the use of catalogs: How are these elements reflected in the system of rules governingsubject indexing in Italy? What does “rule following”, to use Wittengenstein’s well-known expression, mean in our field?Why and how do we follow a rule? In which sense is following a rule a practice? How and in which conditions does therule relate to the practice and vice versa? Beginning with these questions, the main features of the Italian subjec
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Klumpes, Paul John Marcel. "Pension Risk and the Sustainable Cost of Capital." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 17, no. 12 (2024): 536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm17120536.

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Prior research empirically finds that the systematic equity risk for US firms as measured by beta reflects the risk of their defined benefit pension plans, despite opaque and complicated pension accounting rules. This paper re-examines this question in the context of subsequent clarification of these rules, and the growing importance of non-defined benefit pension funds. This issue is examined by comparing standard equity-based models with a broader pre-existing shareholder model of the reporting entity to re-examine the relationship between firm equity risk and pension plan risk. The empirica
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LYU, Guangzhe, Chunhai YU, Kai KANG, Chunyan MA, and Wei LIN. "AADL architecture model construction based on FACE mode." Xibei Gongye Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University 42, no. 6 (2024): 1160–67. https://doi.org/10.1051/jnwpu/20244261160.

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In the development of time-sensitive, mission-critical aerospace software systems, the modeling technology that combines the FACE(future airborne capability environment) open architecture model with the AADL(architecture analysis & design language) architectural model is gradually becoming a research hot spot. This paper proposes an automatic construction method for AADL models based on the FACE model. Firstly, the formal definition of the syntactic structure of the FACE model is given using context-independent grammar. Secondly, the 26 kinds of mapping rules from FACE model elements to AA
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LEVIALDI, STEFANO, and LUIGI CINQUE. "SHAPE DESCRIPTION BY A SYNTACTIC PYRAMIDAL APPROACH." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 10, no. 05 (1996): 573–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001496000359.

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In the syntactic approach to pattern recognition, patterns are represented as strings, where each pattern is expressed as a composition of its component patterns, called subpatterns and pattern primitives. This approach draws an analogy between the structure of patterns and the syntax of a language. The patterns are considered at a single resolution level, and the recognition of each pattern is usually made by parsing the pattern structure according to a given set of syntax rules, obtained in the first stage of the analysis. This paper describes a pyramidal approach to 2-D object representatio
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Nagy, Benedek. "On the Membership Problem of Permutation Grammars — A Direct Proof of NP-Completeness." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 31, no. 04 (2020): 515–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054120500227.

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One of the most essential classes of problems related to formal languages is the membership problem (also called word problem), i.e., to decide whether a given input word belongs to the language specified, e.g., by a generative grammar. For context-free languages the problem is solved efficiently by various well-known parsing algorithms. However, there are several important languages that are not context-free. The membership problem of the context-sensitive language class is PSPACE-complete, thus, it is believed that it is generally not solvable in an efficient way. There are various language
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HESSE, FRANK, RALF DER, and J. MICHAEL HERRMANN. "MODULATED EXPLORATORY DYNAMICS CAN SHAPE SELF-ORGANIZED BEHAVIOR." Advances in Complex Systems 12, no. 03 (2009): 273–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219525909002258.

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We study an adaptive controller that adjusts its internal parameters by self-organization of its interaction with the environment. We show that the parameter changes that occur in this low-level learning process can themselves provide a source of information to a higher-level context-sensitive learning mechanism. In this way, the context is interpreted in terms of the concurrent low-level learning mechanism. The dual learning architecture is studied in realistic simulations of a foraging robot and of a humanoid hand that manipulated an object. Both systems are driven by the same low-level sche
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Farcy, Jean-Baptiste. "Labour Immigration Policy in the European Union: How to Overcome the Tension between Further Europeanisation and the Protection of National Interests?" European Journal of Migration and Law 22, no. 2 (2020): 198–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718166-12340074.

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Abstract This article critically assesses EU harmonisation in the field of labour immigration. It argues that EU directives are limited both in scope and intensity which explains their relatively low effectiveness and added value. Given the current political and institutional context, the article claims that a truly common labour immigration policy is unrealistic. Labour immigration remains a predominantly national prerogative and EU rules have done little to overcome normative competition between EU Member States. Looking forward, the EU should adopt complementary measures to Member States’ p
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Adisa, Akinkorede Somana, Mariam Anana, and Gift Ngozi Okata. "Linguistic Turns in Syntax: Students' Attitude towards Chomskyian Approach." Gradival Journal 62, no. 08 (2023): 71–89. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8311041.

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<strong>Abstract</strong> Linguistic or discursive turns are the innovative changes in relation to language and philosophy; they focus mainly on the linguistic landmarks and remarkable changes that leave indelible marks in linguistic circle and other humanities in relation to language, its uses and the society at large. Flourished in the Western Philosophy of the 20th century, linguistic turns spun through all fields of human language, philosophy and politics. The dynamic turns at the syntactic, semantics, phonological, morphological and at all levels of human language, their uses and interact
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Sudarshan, Saranga. "Verbal Agreements and the Pressure of Instability against the Convergence Conception of Political Liberalism." Journal of Social and Political Philosophy 2, no. 2 (2023): 158–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jspp.2023.0055.

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Political liberalism, or public reason liberalism, has taken a decisive turn towards the Convergence Conception of public justification and away from the orthodox Consensus Conception. Convergence theorists argue that public justification should be understood as all reasonable people having some conclusive reason to endorse coercively enforced moral rules that are issue and context specific. They argue for this on the basis that, given the nature of deep moral and political disagreement, only the Convergence Conception can show reasonable people how to achieve a stable political order. I argue
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Kleemann, Steven. "Cyber Warfare and the “Humanization” of International Humanitarian Law." International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism 11, no. 2 (2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcwt.2021040101.

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Cyber warfare is a timely and relevant issue and one of the most controversial in international humanitarian law (IHL). The aim of IHL is to set rules and limits in terms of means and methods of warfare. In this context, a key question arises: Has digital warfare rules or limits, and if so, how are these applicable? Traditional principles, developed over a long period, are facing a new dimension of challenges due to the rise of cyber warfare. This paper argues that to overcome this new issue, it is critical that new humanity-oriented approaches is developed with regard to cyber warfare. The ch
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