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Books on the topic 'Context stimuli'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 February 2022

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1

Turi, Nicola, ed. Raccontare la guerra. Firenze University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-516-6.

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La guerra è evento, tema, topos che più di ogni altro induce la fiction – stimolando, si direbbe, istanze superegoiche di fedeltà storica – a premere sui propri confini, inibire lo spazio dell’invenzione e confondersi con forme di scrittura non finzionali (memorialistica, diario, reportage…). Ma in che modo e in che misura la sua rappresentazione letteraria (e teatrale, cinematografica, a fumetti…) è mutata – in quanto a tono e strategie, a grado di deformazione del reale noto e condiviso – nello spazio di un secolo che ha visto trasformate anche le strategie belliche, la copertura mediatica e

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2

Bettin Lattes, Gianfranco, and Paolo Turi, eds. La sociologia di Luciano Cavalli. Firenze University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-8453-644-0.

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The Faculty of Political Science of Florence – the oldest school of political and social science in Italy, founded in 1875 by Carlo Alfieri and named after his father Cesare – has a tradition of study that is widely recognised, even abroad, to which the cultural project of this series is related. The first book is dedicated to the research activity carried out by Luciano Cavalli and the profound traces that it has left on Italian and European sociology. Now Professor Emeritus, Luciano Cavalli taught and worked at the "Cesare Alfieri" for many years from 1966 on. Around his commitment as a "pio

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3

Maren, Stephen. Neural Circuits for Context Processing in Aversive Learning and Memory. Edited by Israel Liberzon and Kerry J. Ressler. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190215422.003.0005.

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The nature and properties of emotional expression depend importantly on not only the stimuli that elicit emotional responses, but also the context in which those stimuli are experienced. Deficits in context processing have been associated with a variety of cognitive-emotional disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). These deficits can be localized to specific neural circuits underlying context processing in the mammalian brain. In particular, the hippocampus has been implicated through numerous animal and human studies to be involved both in normal contextual memory formatio

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4

Swann, Alan C. Impulsivity and Affective Regulation. Edited by Jon E. Grant and Marc N. Potenza. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195389715.013.0084.

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Impulsivity and affect share important neurobehavioral mechanisms. Impulsivity is a pattern of responses to stimuli without the ability to conform the responses to their context, usually representing either inability to adequately evaluate a stimulus before responding to it or inability to delay the response for a reward. Mechanisms underlying impulsivity overlap substantially with constructs like arousal, attention, motivation, and reward, which are also prominent in regulation of affect. Both impulsivity and affect share relationships with regulation of monoaminergic and amino acid transmitt

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5

Stoneley, Sarah, and Simon Rinald. Sensory loss. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0047.

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Sensory disturbance can either be a complete loss (anaesthesia) or a reduction (hypoaesthesia) in the ability to perceive the sensory input. Dysaesthesia is an abnormal increase in the perception of normal sensory stimuli. Hyperalgesia is an increased sensitivity to normally painful stimuli, and allodynia is the perception of usually innocuous stimuli as painful. A complete loss of sensation is likely to be due to a central nervous system problem, while a tingling/paraesthesia (large fibre) or burning/temperature (small fibre) sensation is likely due to an acquired peripheral nervous system pr

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6

Beck, Diane M., and Sabine Kastner. Neural Systems for Spatial Attention in the Human Brain. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.011.

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Spatial attention has been studied for over a half a century. Early behavioural work showed that attending to a location improves performance on a variety of tasks. Since then substantial progress has been made on understanding the neural mechanisms underlying these effects. This chapter reviews the neuroimaging literature, as well as related behavioural and single-cell physiology studies, on visual spatial attention. In particular, the chapter frames much of the work in the context of the biased competition theory of attention, which argues that a primary mechanism of attention is to bias com

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7

Beninger, Richard J. Neuroanatomy and dopamine systems. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824091.003.0011.

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Neuroanatomy and dopamine systems explains how sensory signals ascend the central nervous system via a series of nuclei; axons detecting specific elements converge onto higher-order neurons that respond to particular stimulus features. Assemblies of feature-detection cells in the cerebral cortex detect complex stimuli such as faces. These cell assemblies project to motor nuclei of the dorsal and ventral striatum where they terminate on dendritic spines of efferent medium spiny neurons. Dopaminergic projections from ventral mesencephalic nuclei terminate on the same spines. Individual corticost

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8

Montoya, Milton Fernando. The Coal Dilemma. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822080.003.0011.

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This chapter discusses the need to promote and implement technologies that allow the efficient and low production of carbon dioxide emissions generated by coal-fired power plants in Colombia. This takes place in a context where the country seeks to guarantee the reliability and energy security of the electric system. Besides, in seeking to honour the commitments made in matters of greenhouse gas reduction according to the COP21 Paris Agreement. Thus, in the Colombian case, where dependence on hydraulic technology is evident, it is necessary to boost thermal generation, using available energy r

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9

Fishbane, Eitan P. The Art of Mystical Narrative. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199948635.001.0001.

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This book studies the Zohar as a work of literature. While the Zohar has long been recognized as a signal achievement of mystical theology, myth, and exegesis, this monograph presents a poetics of zoharic narrative, a morphology of mystical storytelling. Topics examined include mysticism and literature; fiction and pseudepigraphy; diaspora and exile; dramatic monologue and the representation of emotion; voice, gesture, and the theatrics of the zoharic tale; the wandering quest for wisdom; anagnorisis and the poetics of recognition; encounters with the natural world as stimuli for mystical crea

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10

Felger, Jennifer C., Ebrahim Haroon, and Andrew H. Miller. Inflammation and Immune Function in PTSD. Edited by Israel Liberzon and Kerry J. Ressler. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190215422.003.0013.

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Numerous reports have described an association between PTSD and alterations in the immune response primarily characterized by increased biomarkers of inflammation, including inflammatory cytokines and acute phase reactants as well as increased inflammatory responses to immune stimuli. When considering systems that evolved to protect and prepare organisms during challenge, it is not surprising that the immune system is affected by exposure to trauma, or to the chronic stress associated with PTSD symptoms. Conversely, inflammatory cytokines have been shown to affect the brain, and may influence

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11

Rogers, Kerrylee, and Timothy J. Ralph, eds. Floodplain Wetland Biota in the Murray-Darling Basin. CSIRO Publishing, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643100992.

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Floodplain wetlands of the Murray-Darling Basin provide critical habitat for numerous species of flora and fauna, yet the ecology of these wetlands is threatened by a range of environmental issues. This book addresses the urgent need for an improved ecohydrological understanding of the biota of Australian freshwater wetlands. It synthesises key water and habitat requirements for 35 species of plants, 48 species of waterbirds, 17 native and four introduced species of fish, 15 species of frogs, and 16 species of crustaceans and molluscs found in floodplain wetlands of the Murray-Darling Ba

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12

Stevens, Philip, and Paul Dark. Ileus and obstruction in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0182.

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Obstruction is the commonest cause of acute intestinal failure in critical care. Management is dependent upon whether it is adynamic or mechanical in origin. Paralytic ileus is managed conservatively by correction of electrolyte disturbances, nutritional support, and minimization of enterostatic drug use. Pharmacological agents aimed at reducing sympathetic stimuli may be useful, although widespread application is limited due to anti-muscarinic side effects. Peripherally acting μ‎-opioid receptor antagonists, may have a role, although data in critical illness are lacking. Prokinetic agents hav

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13

de Vignemont, Frédérique, Andrea Serino, Hong Yu Wong, and Alessandro Farnè, eds. The World at Our Fingertips. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851738.001.0001.

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Where do you end and the external world begin? This might seem to be a straightforward, binary question: your skin is the boundary, with the self on one side and the rest of the world on the other. Peripersonal space shows that the division is not that simple. The boundary is blurrier than you might have thought. Our ability to monitor the space near the body appears to be deeply ingrained. Our evolutionary history has equipped our brains with a special mechanism to track multisensory stimuli that can potentially interact with our physical body in its immediate surroundings and prime appropria

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14

Empson, Laura. Leading Professionals. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198744788.001.0001.

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This book analyses the complex power dynamics and interpersonal politics that lie at the heart of leadership in professional organizations, such as accounting, law, and consulting firms, investment banks, hospitals, and universities. It is based on scholarly research into many of the world’s leading professional organizations across a range of sectors, including interviews with over 500 senior professionals in sixteen countries. Drawing on the latest academic theory to analyse exactly how professionals in organizations come together to create ‘leadership’, it provides new insights into how lea

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15

Thorpe, Leigh Alynne. Auditory-temporal organization: developmental perspectives; adults' and infants' perception of temporal gaps as a function of stimulus context. 1985.

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16

DeLucia, Patricia R. Three-Dimensional Müller-Lyer Illusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0015.

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Since its introduction in 1889, the Müller-Lyer illusion has incited numerous studies and explanations. Most rely on two-dimensional stimuli such as line drawings, subject to the criticism that illusions are restricted to impoverished, artificial stimuli and have little relevance to understanding of ordinary perception. The three-dimensional Müller-Lyer illusion occurs with familiar solid objects and moving observers and has been used to evaluate misapplied constancy theories, perception–action dissociations, and level of processing. The occurrence of illusions in real-world contexts, and in t

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17

Scadding, John. Neuropathic pain. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0386.

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Pain signalled by a normal sensory system, nociceptive pain, serves a vital protective function. The peripheral and central nervous somatosensory systems permit rapid localization and identification of the nature of painful stimuli, prior to appropriate action to minimize or avoid potentially tissue damaging events. A reduction or absence of pain resulting from neurological disease emphasizes the importance of this normal protective function of pain. For example, tissue destruction occurs frequently in peripheral nerve diseases which cause severe sensory loss such as leprosy, and in central di

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18

Carston, Robyn. Pragmatics and Semantics. Edited by Yan Huang. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697960.013.19.

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A cognitive-scientific approach to the pragmatic interpretive ability is presented, according to which it is seen as a specific cognitive system dedicated to the interpretation of ostensive stimuli, that is, verbal utterances and other overtly communicative acts. This approach calls for a dual construal of semantics. The semantics which interfaces with the pragmatic interpretive system is not a matter of truth-conditional content, but of whatever components of meaning (lexical and syntactic) are encoded by the language system (independent of any particular use of the system by speakers in spec

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19

Knapik, Aleksandra R. Jamaican Creole Proverbs From the Perspective of Contact Linguistics. Æ Academic, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.52769/bl2.0015.

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JAMAICAN CREOLE, like many other contact languages, has taken its ultimate shape through the course of multi-lingual and multi-cultural influences. From the perspective of contact linguistics, this meticulous study examines Jamaican Creole proverbs in a corpus of over 1090 recorded sayings; it presents a framework of cultural changes in Jamaica accompanied by corresponding linguistic changes in its creole. The analysis clearly demonstrates that despite three centuries of extreme dominance by the British empire, Jamaicans successfully preserved the traditions of their own ancestors. Not only th

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20

Hain, Richard D. W., and Satbir Singh Jassal. Pain evaluation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198745457.003.0005.

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Pain is a subjective phenomenon. It is different for each individual who experiences it and, for any individual, will depend on a multiplicity of factors, including its cause, context, and meaning. The sensation of pain is influenced by innumerable factors, not only at the time of the stimulus, but also during the individual’s prior experience. Appropriate tools can report aspects of pain experience; this chapter provides detail of appropriate pain scales to use, describing characteristics of each. It also explains objective and behavioural measures of pain.

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21

Rainville, Pierre. A signature of pain in the brain. Edited by Paul Farquhar-Smith, Pierre Beaulieu, and Sian Jagger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834359.003.0029.

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The discovery of pain biomarkers has profound implications for both pharmacology and neurobiology; in 2013, in the landmark paper discussed in this chapter, Wager et al. presented a neurologic signature of pain based on human brain imaging performed in healthy individuals administered experimental heat-pain stimuli. Using advanced analytic methods based on machine learning and multivariate pattern analysis, Wagner et al. provide very convincing support for the idea that pain is encoded in a distinctive pattern of brain activity in one or several brain areas typically referred to as the ‘pain m

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22

Halperin, Mitchell L., and Kamel S. Kamel. Approach to the patient with metabolic acidosis or alkalosis. Edited by Robert Unwin. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0035_update_001.

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The pathophysiology, clinical approach, and management of the common causes of metabolic acidosis and alkalosis are discussed. In metabolic acidosis, a quantitative estimate of the extracellular volume (ECFV) is required to determine its content of bicarbonate in a patient with ECFV contraction. Buffering of H+ must occur by the bicarbonate buffer system in muscle to avoid binding to intracellular proteins, this requires low muscle capillary PCO2; acid gain type of metabolic acidosis is detected by the finding of new anions in blood and/or urine. The urine osmolal gap is the best indirect test

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23

Augustine, Daniel, Paul Leeson, and Ali Khavandi. MCQs for Cardiology Knowledge Based Assessment. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199655519.001.0001.

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The first MCQ preparation book on the market for the KBA in Cardiology, MCQs for Cardiology Knowledge Based Assessment features over 260 questions exactly mirroring the format and content of the exam. 11 focused sequences of questions are followed by detailed explanatory answers, which draw in the relevant aspects of the current syllabus, refer you to further reading and provide you with the broad base of knowledge the examiners expect. Written by a team of cardiology registrars and consultants with recent experience of the exam, the format is designed to give you hands-on experience of the le

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24

Räsänen, Pekka. Computer-assisted Interventions on Basic Number Skills. Edited by Roi Cohen Kadosh and Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.63.

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Computer-assisted interventions (CAI) on basic number skills have been studied over the last 70 years. The technical development from large, room-sized, mainframe computers to handhelds is revising the school pedagogy in a similar fashion to what school books once did. Computers provide a tool for delivering instruction, but still the contents of CAI have followed on the ruling pedagogical trends of the time. The basic models of repetitive practice to gain arithmetic fluency and problem solving–oriented discovery learning can be found from CAI on numerical skills. The increasing knowledge abou

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25

Camras, Linda A., Vanessa L. Castro, Amy G. Halberstadt, and Michael M. Shuster. Spontaneously Produced Facial Expressions in Infants and Children. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190613501.003.0015.

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This chapter explores the question of whether infants and children produce prototypic emotional facial expressions in emotion-eliciting situations. Investigations of both infants and children are described. These include a natural observation study of a single infant during routine caregiving activities, a systematic experiment in which infants were presented with elicitors of fear and anger, a seminaturalistic experiment during which mothers and children discuss a topic of disagreement, and a study of children’s responses to a fear stimulus presented in the context of an Internet prank. Toget

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26

Newey, Vincent. Bunyan and the Victorians. Edited by Michael Davies and W. R. Owens. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199581306.013.37.

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This chapter considers the reception, influence, and adaptation of Bunyan in the Victorian period, especially The Pilgrim’s Progress (1678; 1684) and Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners (1666). Though Bunyan’s allegory remained for many a doctrinal work, it developed varied significance and appeal within an increasingly secular culture. Attention is paid to responses in non-fictional prose and to such relevant contexts as the rise of working-class radicalism, but the focus rests on novels by Charles Dickens, George Eliot, William Hale White (‘Mark Rutherford’), and Thomas Hardy, which have

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27

Henderson, Linda Dalrymple. Umberto Boccioni’s Elasticity, Italian Futurism and the Ether of Space. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797258.003.0011.

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This chapter focuses on Umberto Boccioni’s 1913 painting Elasticity and his response to the ether in both its scientific and its occult contexts. The absence of translations of Boccioni’s 1914 book Pittura scultura futuriste, combined with the general lack of knowledge of early twentieth-century ether physics, has obscured this central theme of Boccioni’s art and theory. Boccioni’s treatise is, in fact, filled with references to contemporary science, including X-rays, Hertzian waves, electrons and ‘the electric theory of matter’. The latter reference suggests his specific awareness of Oliver L

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28

Coss, Peter. The Aristocracy in England and Tuscany, 1000 - 1250. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198846963.001.0001.

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Part I of this book is an in-depth examination of the characteristics of the Tuscan aristocracy across the first two and a half centuries of the second millennium, as studied by Italian historians and others working within the Italian tradition: their origins, interests, strategies for survival and exercise of power; the structure and the several levels of aristocracy and how these interrelated; the internal dynamics and perceptions that governed aristocratic life; and the relationship to non-aristocratic sectors of society. It will look at how aristocratic society changed across this period a

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29

Lepora, Nathan F. Touch. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199674923.003.0016.

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Touch is the ability to perceive the world through physical contact. This article describes three principles underlying biological touch sensing and how these principles can result in biomimetic devices. First, that cutaneous touch is superresolved, in that the accuracy of perceiving fine stimulus detail is finer than the spacing between individual sensory mechanoreceptors. Second, that touch is active, in that animals actively select and refine sensations in a purposive manner. Third, that touch is exploratory, in that animals deploy purposive action patterns to encode properties of objects v

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30

Stan, Dylan, and Kalina Christoff. The Mind Wanders with Ease. Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.2.

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Although mind-wandering has received increased attention in the field of cognitive neuroscience, definitions have not always aligned. Most have emphasized the contents of thought, treating it as synonymous with either task-unrelated thought or stimulus-independent thought. Such definitions miss an important aspect of what it means to let one’s mind wander: the easeful way that thoughts move about. A more recent definition looks, instead, at the dynamics of thought—the way that thoughts unfold over time—positioning mind-wandering as a type of spontaneous thought. By doing so, it is therefore mo

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31

Williams, Jacqueline, and Paul Martin, eds. Defending the Social Licence of Farming. CSIRO Publishing, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643104549.

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Issues including climate variability, water scarcity, animal welfare and declining biodiversity have led to increasing demands on farmers to conduct and communicate their farming practices so as to protect their ‘social licence to farm’. Farmers are increasingly expected to demonstrate their social and environmental responsibility as a pre-condition to being allowed to carry out their preferred farming and commercial practices. Current examples include the live animal export trade, battles over protection of aquifers from mining, and contests over rural carbon emissions. In Defending the

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