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Rocheleau-Houle, David. "Le contextualisme et la justification des croyances morales." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29731/29731.pdf.
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Lihoreau, Franck. "Scepticisme, contextualisme, et clôture épistémique: la connaissance en contexte." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00113547.
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Le contextualisme est l'une des approches de la connaissance et des attributions de connaissance les plus discutées à l'heure actuelle. La motivation majeure communément invoquée en sa faveur est sa supposée capacité à fournir une solution satisfaisante au paradoxe sceptique, en proposant de concevoir les conditions de vérité des phrases de connaissance comme variables en fonction du contexte. Si sa visée prioritaire est d'ordre épistémologique, cette conception n'en a donc pas moins d'importantes implications pour la philosophie du langage. Dans ce travail, nous examinons un certain nombre des principales objections, tant d'ordre linguistique qu'épistémologique, adressées à l'encontre de la forme dominante de contextualisme. Nous nous proposons de défendre une approche alternative du paradoxe sceptique, qui diffère de l'orthodoxie contextualiste sur plusieurs questions, dont celles de l'indexicalité du terme de connaissance, de l'analyse de la connaissance ordinaire, de la connaissance anti-sceptique, de l'importance du contexte du sujet, de l'accomplissement épistémique, et de la clôture et l'extensibilité déductive de la connaissance.
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Gorisse, Marie-Hélène. "L'art du point de vue : étude dialogique du pluralisme Jaïn dans le Prameya-kamala-martanda." Lille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL30030.
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Développée dans la perspective des discussions contemporaines en philosophie de la logique, cette thèse est un travail sur la notion de contexte dans les théories jaïnes médiévales de la connaissance et l'argumentation. Le corpus sélectionné est le dernier chapitre du Prameya-Kamala-Martanda, le soleil qui fait fleurir le lotus que sont les connaissables, que Prabhâcandra a rédigé à la fin du dixième siècle de l'ère chrétienne. Cette thèse fournit une édition, ainsi que la première traduction française de ce passage. Ce chapitre a été sélectionné car son enjeu est de présenter trois approches de la notion de contexte. La première approche est celle de la théorie des points de vue, selon laquelle il est possible d'avoir une connaissance partielle, c'est-à-dire une connaissance qui dépend d'un contexte théorique donné et par conséquent n'exprime qu'une sous-partie ses aspects d'un connaissable donné. La seconde approche est celle de la théorie des modes d'assertion, qui permet d'expliciter les paramètres implicitement présents dans toute assertion. Et la troisième approche est celle de la théorie des inférences cryptées, qui est une méthode de présentation des énoncés d'inférence telle que comprendre un énoncé nécessite un travail sur sa forme linguistique qui va révéler un éventail de significations plus profondesThis dissertation investigates the notion of context in Mediaeval Jain theory of knowledge, within the perspective of contemporary discussions in the field of philosophy of logic. The selected corpus in the last chapter of the PrameyaKamalaMartanda, The sun that grows the lotus of the knowables, written by the end of the tenth century of Christian area by Prabhâcandra. This chapter has not been translated in a European language yet, and our work contains a edition as well as French translation of it. The aim of the translated chapter is to present three approaches dealing with the notion of context. Among them, the first is referred as the "theory of standpoint", according to which one might acquire partial knowledge, that is to say knowledge dependent on a theoretical context and hence express but a subset of the numerous aspects of a given object of knowledge. The second approach is the theory of the modes of assertion, which enables one to make explicit the parameters implicitly present in every assertion. And the third approach is the theory of "cryptic inferences", which is a method to present inferential statements in a hidden way. From this, the comprehension of the meaning of an inferential statement calls for a work on its linguistic for, which reveals a range of deeper meanings. The aim of this presentation is to provide with an understanding in contemporary terms of the notion of context in Jainism. We chose to develop this reading within the frame of Dialogical logic, since this logical frame enables one to handlea pluralitu of sets of norms
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Benedetti, Jacopo. "Alternatives pertinentes et mondes possibles entre invariantisme et contextualisme : une perspective sceptique." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUL168.
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Une nouvelle tentative pour faire face au défi sceptique est menée depuis une quarantaine d’années. Cette tentative repose sur une théorie de la connaissance centrée sur la notion d’alternatives pertinentes. La thèse se propose de montrer les faiblesses de cette théorie, même lorsqu’elle s’appuie sur l’appareillage des mondes possibles, et suggère que le scepticisme demeure la meilleure position épistémologique. Dans le premier chapitre on passe en revue une série de difficultés liées au sujet des alternatives pertinentes et l'on essaye d'argumenter en faveur de l'idée qu'il n'y a peut-être pas, finalement, de moyens en quelque sorte objectifs pour établir quelles sont les alternatives pertinentes relativement à une situation quelconque. À partir du deuxième chapitre, il est procédé à une analyse critique des tentatives de certains auteurs qui se sont servis, pour élaborer leurs propres conceptions bien précises, du langage des mondes possibles. Dans le deuxième chapitre, l'on se concentre surtout sur la question du degré de proximité qu'un monde possible donné doit exhiber pour être considéré comme suffisamment proche du monde actuel et l'on essaye de montrer qu'il n’est probablement pas possible de tracer d'une manière non arbitraire une ligne de démarcation entre ces mondes possibles qu’on peut ignorer et ceux qu’on ne peut ignorer dans nos attributions de connaissance. Dans le troisième chapitre, l'on se concentre surtout sur la question des critères qui devraient guider nos évaluations de proximité et l'on essaye de montrer le caractère discutable de n'importe quelle règle visant à établir quels seraient ces critères-làOver the last forty years, a new attempt to answer to the skeptic challenge has been proposed. This attempt is based on a theory of knowledge, which is grounded on the notion of relevant alternative. My dissertation aims to show the problems of such a theory, even when formulated in terms of possible worlds, and suggests that in the end skepticism remains the best epistemological option. In the first chapter, I will offer a discussion of the issue of relevant alternatives, and I will argue in favor of the idea that perhaps there are no objective criteria to establish which are the relevant alternatives with respect to a certain given situation. In the second chapter, I will propose a critical analysis of the attempts of some philosophers to formulate their own proposals in the language of possible worlds. In particular, I will focus on the issue of the proximity degree that a certain possible world must have in order to be considered as sufficiently closed to the real world, and I will try to show that perhaps it is not possible to draw a sharp line of demarcation between those possible worlds that we can ignore and those that we must take into account in our attribution of knowledge. In the third chapter, I will critically discuss the criteria that should guide our evaluations about proximity, and I will show the problematic aspects of any rule aimed to establish which these criteria in effect should be
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Leth, Palle. "Paraphrase and Rhetorical Adjustment. An Essay on Contextualism and Cohesion." Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST0024.
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Picazo, Jaque Claudia. "An approach to occasion-sensitivity." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/662889.
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The aim of this dissertation is to explore the hypothesis that language is occasion- sensitive. To hold that language is occasion-sensitive is to hold that the truth-conditions of most of our utterances depend on the occasion of use in a way that is not determined by meaning. In chapter 1, I reconstruct what I take to be Travis’ main arguments. Travis casts doubt on the existence of representations that are free of occasion-sensitivity by presenting a number of examples involving shifts in truth-value. In chapter 2, I set out to defend the claim that language is occasion-sensitive against minimalist and indexicalists replies to Travis’ arguments. In order to do so, I distinguish the Principle of Compositionality from what I call Semantic Propositionalism. Advocates of occasion-sensitivity reject only the latter. I argue that neither minimalist nor indexicalist accounts succeed in their defence of Semantic Propositionalism vis-à-vis Travis cases. Minimalists find themselves in an unstable position. In order to secure minimal propositions, they need to dismiss common reactions to Travis cases. But this casts doubt on the possibility of finding out what the literal satisfaction conditions of the expressions used in Travis cases are. Indexicalism tries to secure Semantic Propositionalism by claiming that some predicates are context-dependent. If they are to be a defence of Semantic Propositionalism, indexicalist theories must fulfill two conditions. First, they must provide a set of necessary and sufficient variables. Second, they must not have recourse to pragmatic interpretation. I argue that current proposals do not succeed in fulfilling both conditions. Chapter 3 addresses the question whether mental representations are occasion-sensitive. I focus on Fodor’s arguments and on Carston’s theory of ad hoc concepts. The productivity argument has it that the best explanation to the productivity of thought is compositionality, and mental representations being compositional prevents them from being underdetermined. The argument from equivocation is based on the idea that only a non-equivocal mental representation can resolve a linguistic equivocation. I argue that neither argument work. The productivity argument only establishes Meaning Compositionality, something compatible with (truth-conditional) Underdeterminacy. As to equivocation, the context of use can solve the equivocation in absence of a non-equivocal mental representation. I also argue that if Carston’s ad hoc concepts are created on line, then she cannot avail herself of the productivity argument. An additional aim of chapter 3 is to distinguish Type-Underdeterminacy from Token-Underdeterminacy. I argue that there are reasons to think that even tokens suffer from some Underdeterminacy in the sense that they only determine a partial function from states of a fairs to truth-values. Instead of relying on occasion-insensitive mental representation or having recourse to occasion-insensitive structured propositions, occasion-sensitivity calls for a non-standard notion of utterance content. The aim of chapter 4 is to provide such a notion. I hold that Austinian propositions, conceived as including a lekton and an activity, can do the work. To different activities correspond different criteria of applicability for words. Thus, adopting a situationalist framework, we can think of the truth-conditional content of an utterance as including not only the conventional meaning of the sentence uttered but also the activity against which it is evaluated. This notion of content is compatible with Token- Underdeterminacy. After having put forward this notion of utterance content, I discuss a potential problem for the approach. If activities are very finely individuated, as the possibility of creating complex Travis cases recommends, then sharing content across contexts will be diffcult to achieve. I argue that this problem can be solved by having Austinian propositions with different granularities, thus adopting a form of multi- propositionalism. In chapter 5 I address the question whether phenomenon that Travis has detected is compatible with standard semantic theories (in the sense of theories of truth-conditions). Semantic theories have been seen as an explanation of our ability to interpret speech. Advocates of occasion-sensitivity and similar pragmatic views are under pressure to show that their rejection of certain theories is compatible with a plausible account of our ability to grasp truth-conditions. I argue that occasion-sensitivity, and in particular the notion of truth-conditional content introduced in chapter 4, is compatible with there being systematic connections between activities and truth-conditions, which can be used to account for our ability to interpret speech.
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Ewango-Chatelet, Aurélie. "Les dynamiques intrapreneuriales des innovations pédagogiques à l’Université : une approche contextuelle." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLV013.
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Pourquoi et comment la gestion des processus d'innovations pédagogiques se pratique dans les universités françaises? Cette recherche se situe au carrefour de quatre thématiques complémentaires : le management de l'innovation, le management stratégique, l'entrepreneuriat organisationnel ou intrapreneuriat et les systèmes d'innovation. A partir d'une perspective comportementale, la thèse emprunte aussi des concepts issus de divers domaines des sciences sociales, pour identifier et analyser en profondeur les processus de transformations organisationnelles qui sont toujours situés au sein d'un contexte institutionnel donné et qui émergent des interactions entre les processus stratégiques au niveau organisationnel et les processus de changement de pratiques au niveau individuel. Les innovations pédagogiques universitaires en constituent le terrain empirique. L'extrême autonomie et la faible interdépendance fonctionnelle dans les activités d'enseignement à l'université rendent ce terrain particulièrement prometteur pour une étude des processus innovants de l'action collective en contexte organisationnelWhy and how does management of innovative initiatives proceed in French universities? This research is at the crossroads of four complementary themes: innovation management, strategic management, corporate entrepreneurship or intrapreneurship and innovation systems. This PHD thesis is drawing up a behavioral perspective; also borrows concepts from various fields of social sciences to identify and thoroughly analyze the processes of organizational transformations that are always embedded in a given institutional context and emerge from interactions between strategic processes at the organizational level and change of practices processes at the individual level. The empirical field consists of Innovations in learning and teaching in higher education. Academic Teaching and Learning practices are characterized by autonomy and low interdependence; they represent a promise field for studying innovative process in collective action in organizational context
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Pérez, Pérez Laura Natalia. "Ascriptions in context / An Experimental Study on the Context-sensitivity of Belief Reports." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/96258.
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In this dissertation I study and empirically test whether belief attributions are context-sensitive, i.e., whether the truth value of a belief report of the form ‘A believes that S’ is sensitive to contextual parameters. More specifically, I examine whether the Referential Knowledge that the Audience possesses (that is, whether the hearer of a report is familiar with the name employed in it) and/or the Stakes for the agent at the time of attribution, affect patterns of attribution in a way such that the variation in them causes that a single report be correctly made in one context but not in other while nothing in the mental state of the agent has changed. To this end, I designed original experimental material and tested it on several samples of undergraduates at the Universitat de Barcelona and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. I here make an analysis of methodological approaches in empiric testing of some philosophical matters and offer considerations about experimentation on belief ascriptions in particular. I conclude the data gathered supports the hypothesis that there are contextualist patterns of belief attribution as regards the Referential Knowledge of the Audience parameter, but not for the Stakes variable.
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Maeder, Anne. "Modèles et processus de gestion du changement organisationnel : l'intérêt des dispositifs d'interprétation et de médiation." Lille 1, 2003. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/b95cdd72-0a84-4c8a-8d2f-cb3dd967001c.
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À quoi tient le succès ou l'échec d'un processus de changement organisationnel ? Tel est le questionnement central de cette recherche. Centrée sur l'institutionnalisation du changement, elle s'attache à rendre compte de l'articulation dynamique qui se joue entre les structures organisationnelles mises en place par les directions, les stratégies effectives développées par les acteurs et l'environnement externe. Ce travail procède d'une confrontation de schémas théoriques d'interprétation à des observations faites en situation naturelle. Il en résulte : 1) La présentation d'archétypes élémentaires d'interprétation : i) De l'organisation, conjointement objet et sujet du changement ii) D'une gestion du changement, à la fois contrainte et autonome 2) La détermination d'une nouvelle figure d'acteur de la gestion du changement : Le médiateur. En somme, nous soutenons la thèse selon laquelle le succès d'un processus de changement tient à l'intervention éclairée d'un médiateur qui manipule les construits théoriques pour lire et agir sur des configurations opérationnelles en transformation.
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Gauvry, Charlotte. "Contexte, environnement, arrière-plan chez Heidegger et Wittgenstein : de la phénénoménologie herméneutique des premiers cours de Heidegger au contextualisme de Wittgenstein." Paris 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA010554.
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Par l'analyse comparée de la notion d'« environnement» (Umwelt), telle qu'elle émerge dans les premiers cours fribourgeois du jeune Heidegger et de la notion wittgensteinienne de « contexte », on a tenté de confronter la phénoménologie herméneutique des premiers cours de Heidegger, puis d'Être et temps, à la philosophie du langage contextualiste de Wittgenstein. Plutôt que de proposer une lecture herméneutique de Wittgenstein ou contextualiste de Heidegger, on a creusé l'écart conceptuel entre les deux positions. Si l'Umwelt heideggérienne se présente comme un horizon de sens toujours significatif dont la vie (puis le Dasein) dispose d'une compréhension première en tant qu'elle s'y rapporte en s'y accomplissant, le « contexte» wittgensteinien se présente en revanche comme un outil heuristique au sein de la méthode de clarification grammaticale wittgensteinienne. Plus fondamentalement, on a insisté sur une différence théorique essentielle entre les deux modèles: là où le contexte wittgensteinien joue un rôle normatif, la compréhension de l’Umwelt heideggérienne, en tant que possibilité existentiale du Dasein, se situe précisément à un niveau infra-normatif. Pour préciser cette ultime différence et la nature de la normativité propre au contexte wittgensteinien, on a mobilisé un contre-modèle, la tradition de lecture normativiste de 1'« arrière-plan» (background) de Charles Taylor et de Robert Brandom. On a ainsi montré que ni l'Umwelt heideggérienne ni le contexte wittgensteinien ne se présentaient comme l'arrière-plan de référence de nos jugements de valeur.
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Bargues-Bourlier, Emilie. "Vers une approche contextualisée des pratiques de socialisation organisationnelle : le cas des petites entreprises." Phd thesis, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille II, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00447485.
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Cette thèse étudie les interactions entre les pratiques de socialisation organisationnelle et leur contexte. Le cadre théorique contextualiste de Pettigrew est mobilisé et le champ des petites entreprises (PE) choisi pour de multiples raisons : absence d'étude de ce terrain dans le domaine de la socialisation organisationnelle, difficultés de maintien des salariés des PE, possibilité d'observer des pratiques peu formalisées et informelles qui ont jusqu'ici été peu étudiées. Dans ce champ, la théorie des configurations de petites entreprises (Bentabet et al., 1999) permet d'observer les pratiques de socialisation dans des contextes organisationnels très contrastés. Une étude de cas a été menée dans sept petites entreprises, suivant une méthodologie qualitative (entretiens avec les dirigeants, les agents socialisants et les recrues) et longitudinale. Plusieurs résultats apparaissent : la construction d'un modèle contextualisé des pratiques de socialisation organisationnelle qui approfondit la connaissance de ce concept en offrant un cadre global d'analyse intégrant les perspectives contextuelle, politique et dynamique ; l'effet de différentes variables de contexte sur le contenu des pratiques de socialisation a été identifié ; les connaissances des éléments sur lesquels agissent les pratiques de socialisation ont été enrichies (nous appelons ces éléments « leviers de socialisation organisationnelle ») ; les connaissances du contenu des pratiques de socialisation ont été approfondies (de nouvelles pratiques mises en évidence, discussion des pratiques de Van Maanen et Schein (1979) dans le champ des PE, schématisation des pratiques par « arbre ») ; enfin, l'influence de certaines variables de contexte sur l'effet de quelques pratiques de socialisation a été mise en évidence. Parmi les apports managériaux, on note que les pratiques de socialisation doivent être pensées au regard du contexte, que certaines pratiques posent des questions éthiques aux managers, qu'il est utile de distinguer le rôle de manager - « chef d'orchestre » des pratiques - et le rôle d'agent socialisant - acteur des pratiques. Enfin, il semble que la maîtrise ou la formalisation de l'ensemble des pratiques de socialisation par le manager soit difficilement concevable.
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Côté-Vaillancourt, François. "Aux fondements de l'éthique : le rôle du contexte au sein du constructivisme rawlsien." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27647/27647.pdf.
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Ketzer, Patricia. "TEORIAS CONTEXTUALISTAS EM EPISTEMOLOGIA." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2010. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/9091.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorHistorically epistemology has defined knowledge as universal and infallible. However, tradition has not accounted for solving in a sufficiently satisfactory way the issues posed by skeptics such as the question of existence of an external world outside the mind, the argument from illusion and from error, among others. Consequently, reformulations of the concept of knowledge have been proposed, developing new approaches to Epistemology. Externalist theories are found among the new approaches proposed, whereby externalism is the defense that the one who believes does not need to have access to the reasons that justify his/her beliefs. Moreover, some of these new proposals defend that knowledge is fallible, and that our beliefs are nullified and in need of revision, that is, they are theories of fallibility. Contextualism is to be found among the new epistemic theories. Contextualist theories hold a series of divergent formulations, but they all agree that knowledge is relative to the context that it is inserted and in which it is discussed. Contextualists accuse traditional epistemology of ignoring the different contexts in which there is knowledge by assuming as a standard a highly strict epistemological context that regulates knowledge in any circumstance. According to defenders of contextualism, the simple fact of considering the contextual differences would eliminate skepticism. This works intends to show that contextualism corresponds to a new way of comprehending knowledge in epistemology, and in doing so, it reformulates the main concepts of tradition. Contextualism comprehends knowledge in a practical way, defending that the social norms should be taken into account in epistemology, and especially it opposes skeptical objections.
Historicamente a epistemologia tem definido conhecimento como universal e infalível. Mas a tradição não deu conta de resolver de forma suficientemente satisfatória as questões colocadas pelos céticos, tais como o questionamento da existência do mundo externo à mente, o argumento da ilusão e do erro, entre outros. Diante disso, reformulações no conceito de conhecimento têm sido admitidas, dando origem a novas abordagens em Epistemologia. Entre as novas abordagens propostas estão as teorias externalistas, sendo que o externalismo é a defesa de que aquele que crê não precisa ter acesso às razões que justificam suas crenças. Além disso, algumas destas novas propostas defendem que o conhecimento é falível, e nossas crenças são anuláveis e revisáveis, ou seja, são teorias falibilistas. Dentre as novas teorias epistêmicas encontra-se o contextualismo. As teorias contextualistas apresentam uma série de formulações divergentes, mas todas concordam que conhecimento é relativo ao contexto em que está inserido e no qual é discutido. Os contextualistas acusam a epistemologia tradicional de ignorar os diferentes contextos em que há conhecimento, ao tomar como padrão um contexto epistemológico altamente rigoroso, que regula o conhecimento em qualquer circunstância. Segundo os defensores do contextualismo, o simples fato de considerar as diferenças contextuais já eliminaria o ceticismo. Este trabalho pretende mostrar que o contextualismo corresponde a uma nova forma de compreender o conhecimento em epistemologia e, para tal, reformula os principais conceitos da tradição. O contextualismo compreende conhecimento de uma forma prática, defende que as normas sociais devem ser levadas em conta na epistemologia e, sobretudo, opõe-se às objeções céticas.
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Souza, Luis Fernando dos Santos. "Disarming the skeptical puzzle: an epistemology of defense contrastivist." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2016. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=19668.
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nÃo hÃThis thesis aims facing the skeptical argument classic type from the contrastivist knowledge theory. The problem we will approach is when we accept the epistemic logic principle called closing principle. The principle states that knowledge is closed under implication and seems to regulate the way we expand our ordinary knowledge. Basically the closure affirms that for every epistemic subject S, target proposition p and logic Contrary q, If S knows that p and S knows that p logically implies q, so S knows that q. The problem arises when the contrary logic is a skeptical hypothesis, a hypothesis we can't know. Operating a modus tollens in the beginning closure a skeptic concludes logically that we can't know anything. To contextualize the skeptical problem contrastive solution problem that makes uses of closing we will show two theories treatment that will serve as preliminaries. The first is Fred Dretske's Relevant Alternatives Theory and the secondd is David Lewis' Contextualism. Dretske acknowledged accepting closure means surrendering to skepticism, for this reason tried to solve the problem rejecting the closing validity. The Closure rejection by Dretske, however, was considered ad hoc, therefore, unable to solve the problem. David Lewis contextualist solution, however, accepts the closure principle validity and seeks problem resolution by accusing the skeptic of misunderstand as to semantic term know. For Lewis, "knowledge" is an indexical term and , as such, undergoes contextual (semantic and epistemic) variations. Understand adequately the knowledge indexicality, for the contextualist, will show the paradox is only apparent. We will show Lewis theory advantages, but we will also show that it is unsatisfactory to solve skepticism problem. We will defend, finally, that the theory that best accommodates ordinary knowledge against skeptical arguments is Jonathan Schaffer's Contrastivism. The contrastivist theory will look to dodge the problem appealing to an epistemic revisionism. For Schaffer, the knowledge relation is essentially ternary and when we look at the skeptic puzzle by contrastivist bias we will perceive the problem is mitigated, that is, it is weakened in a most intuitive way than Dretske and Lewis theories. The contrastivist theory will defend, in an innovative way, that ordinary knowledge is compatible with skeptical doubt.
Esta tese tem por objetivo enfrentar um tipo clÃssico de argumento cÃtico a partir da teoria contrastivista do conhecimento. O problema que abordaremos surge quando aceitamos o princÃpio de lÃgica epistÃmica chamado princÃpio de fechamento. O princÃpio afirma que o conhecimento à fechado sob implicaÃÃo e parece regular o modo como expandimos nosso conhecimento ordinÃrio. Basicamente o fechamento afirma que para todo sujeito epistÃmico S, proposiÃÃo alvo p e contrÃria lÃgica q, se S sabe que p e S sabe que p implica logicamente q, entÃo S sabe que q. O problema surge quando a contrÃria lÃgica à uma hipÃtese cÃtica, uma hipÃtese que nÃo podemos conhecer. Operando um modus tollens no princÃpio de fechamento o cÃtico conclui logicamente que nÃo podemos conhecer qualquer coisa. Para contextualizar a soluÃÃo contrastivista do problema cÃtico que faz uso do fechamento apresentaremos o tratamento de duas teorias que nos servirÃo de preliminares. A primeira à a Teoria das Alternativas Relevantes de Fred Dretske e a segunda à o Contextualismo de David Lewis. Dretske reconheceu que aceitar o fechamento significa se render ao ceticismo, por esta razÃo tentou resolver o problema rejeitando a validade do fechamento. A rejeiÃÃo do fechamento por Dretske, entretanto, foi considerada ad hoc e, por isso, incapaz de resolver o problema. A soluÃÃo contextualista de David Lewis, entretanto, aceita a validade do princÃpio do fechamento e busca resolver o problema acusando o cÃtico de equivocar-se quanto à semÃntica do termo conhecer. Para Lewis o âconhecimentoâ à um termo indexical e, como tal, sofre variaÃÃes (semÃnticas e epistÃmicas) contextuais. Compreender adequadamente a indexicalidade do conhecimento, para o contextualista, mostrarà que o paradoxo à apenas aparente. Mostraremos as vantagens da teoria de Lewis, mas mostraremos tambÃm que ela à insatisfatÃria para resolver o problema do ceticismo. Defenderemos, por fim, que a teoria que melhor acomoda o conhecimento ordinÃrio frente aos argumentos cÃticos à o Contrastivismo de Jonathan Schaffer. A teoria contrastivista buscarà esquivar-se do problema apelando para um revisionismo epistÃmico. Para Schaffer, a relaÃÃo de conhecimento à essencialmente ternÃria e quando olharmos para o puzzle cÃtico pelo viÃs contrastivista perceberemos que o problema à mitigado, ou seja, à enfraquecido de um modo mais intuitivo do que as teorias de Dretske e Lewis. A teoria contrastivista defenderÃ, de maneira inovadora, que o conhecimento ordinÃrio à compatÃvel com a dÃvida cÃtica.
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Splinter, Wade. "Time[less] Contextualism." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc//view?acc_num=ucin1179351566.
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Thesis (Master of Architecture)--University of Cincinnati, 2007.Advisor: Dr. Aarati Kanekar . Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed May 31, 2010). Includes abstract. Keywords: Time; space; coding; identity; globalization; contextualism. Includes bibliographic references.
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Rysiew, Patrick William. "Contextualism in epistemology." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289063.
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Traditional epistemology is universalistic, in that it proceeds on the assumption that we can fully specify conditions making for the correctness of attributions of knowledge (/justified belief) without adverting to 'context'. In Chapter 1 examples are adduced which cast doubt on this assumption, since they seem to show that the very 'contents' of such attributions are 'context-dependent'. But even if some form of 'contextualism' is thereby shown to be correct, if we are to avoid resting content with the foregoing near-platitudinous observation, we need to address the following two questions: How exactly should we conceive of "context"? And in what way, exactly, does context affect the 'content' of those attributions? More precisely, does context affect what is literally expressed by a given knowledge-attributing sentence (as the semantic contextualist claims) or does it affect what the speaker means by the utterance of that sentence (as the pragmatic contextualist maintains)? Here it is argued that 'context' is a psychological notion, referring to the psychology of the speaker (perhaps qua member of some larger group). Further, it is argued that in addition to its being favored both by a correct understanding of the notion of context itself and by methodological considerations, pragmatic contextualism avoids the intractable problems faced by the semantic contextualist. Finally, the broader implications for epistemology of the foregoing results are explored, and their application to non-epistemological theories/areas are indicated.
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Rodrigues, Tiegüe Vieira. "O contextualismo na epistemologia contemporânea." Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10923/3470.
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Previous issue date: 2011This essay is on Contextualism in Epistemology. More precisely, it is on the semantic thesis in which knowledge attributions of instances ot the form ‘S knows that P’ are context-sensitive. Contextualism has been extensively debated over the past thirty years dealing with central issues in contemporary epistemology. According to the proponents of this theory it offers the best explanation to some key problems in epistemology such as: the problem raised by skeptical paradoxes; preserves our ordinary claims and attributions of knowledge; preserves important logical principles, e. g., the principle of deductive closure. We will present three distinct approaches to contextualism - proposed by Stewart Cohen, Keith DeRose and David Lewis - examining the singularities and implications of each one. We will also examine some signiticant objections to the contextualist thesis, which seek to emphasize the major problems for this theory. However, we do not intend to offer a definitive answer, neither for nor against Contextualism. Therefore, our thesis proposal is that, despite all objections, the contextualist account is far from being refuted, showing us the possibility and need for further investigation. Finally, we originally present a version of the preface paradox that we believe is suitable for a contextualist resolution.
O presente ensaio trata do Contextualismo em Epistemologia. Mais precisamente, ele trata sobre a tese semântica segundo a qual atribuições de conhecimento de instâncias da forma ‗S sabe que P‘ são contextualmente sensíveis. O Contextualismo, ao longo dos últimos trinta anos, tem sido extensivamente debatido, pois versa sobre temas centrais presentes na discussão em Epistemologia contemporânea. Segundo os proponentes dessa teoria, ela é a que melhor responde a importantes questões epistemológicas, tais como: o problema gerado por paradoxos céticos; preserva nossas alegações e atribuições ordinárias de conhecimento; preserva importantes princípios lógicos como, e. g., o princípio de fechamento dedutivo. Apresentaremos três abordagens distintas para o contextualismo – propostas por Stewart Cohen, Keith DeRose e David Lewis – examinando as particularidades e implicações de cada uma dela. Examinaremos também algumas objeções relevantes à tese contextualista, que procuram salientar importantes dificuldades para tal teoria. Contudo, não pretendemos oferecer uma resposta definitiva, nem a favor e nem contrária ao Contextualismo. Por conta disso, a tese proposta será de que, apesar das objeções, o Contextualismo não é refutado mostrando, assim, a possibilidade e necessidade de se continuar a investigação. Por fim, apresentaremos uma versão original do paradoxo do prefácio que acreditamos ser passível de resolução através da aplicação da tese contextualista.
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Murray, Paul. "Scepticism, contextualism, and natural doubt /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18451.pdf.
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McKenna, Robert James. "Epistemic contextualism : a normative approach." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/9712.
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I develop and argue for a version of epistemic contextualism - the view that the truth-values of ‘knowledge’ ascriptions depend upon and vary with the context in which they are uttered - that emphasises the roles played by both the practical interests of those in the context and the epistemic practices of the community of which they are part in determining the truth-values of their ‘knowledge’ ascriptions (the ‘basic contextualist thesis’). My favoured way of putting it is that the truth of a ‘knowledge’ ascription of the form ‘S knows that p’ requires that the subject of the ascription can rule out the relevant alternatives in which not-p, where the relevant alternatives are the ones that those in the ascriber’s context have a reason to consider. What alternatives those in the context have a reason to consider depends on their practical situation and on what alternatives are generally considered relevant within their community. I call this ‘interests contextualism’. The thesis splits into three parts. First, I deal with what I call ‘linguistic objections’, which purport to show that there’s no linguistic evidence that the expression ‘knows’ is context-sensitive (Hawthorne 2004; Stanley 2005a), and objections concerning the way ‘knows’ behaves in intra- and inter-contextual disagreement reports (Cappelen & Hawthorne 2009; MacFarlane 2005). I argue that there are a number of ways in which contextualists can deal with these objections. Consequently, they provide no reason to reject contextualism. Second, there are a number of ways of going beyond the basic contextualist thesis, and I argue that the best way is along the lines indicated above, viz. interests contextualism. In the process I articulate a number of desiderata for a contextualist account of the features of context that are responsible for contextual variation in the truth-values of ‘knowledge’ ascriptions. I argue that, unlike its main rival - which I call ‘conversational contextualism’ (Blome-Tillmann 2009a; Cohen 1999; DeRose 2009; Lewis 1996) - interests contextualism can satisfy all of the desiderata. Consequently, interests contextualism is preferable to conversational contextualism. Third, I argue that there is good reason to prefer interests contextualism to its noncontextualist rivals, strict invariantism (Brown 2006; Hazlett 2009; Pritchard 2010; Rysiew 2001), sensitive invariantism (Fantl & McGrath 2009; Hawthorne 2004; Stanley 2005a) and relativism (MacFarlane 2005; Richard 2004). The objections dealt with in the first part are meant to provide the main reason to prefer a sort of relativism to interests contextualism. Consequently, the upshot of the first part is that relativism is off the table. The considerations that tell in favour of interests contextualism and against sensitive invariantism are of two types. First, I argue that interests contextualism can deal with a wider range of cases than sensitive invariantism. Second, I argue that the influential account of the function of ‘knowledge’ ascriptions developed in Edward Craig (1990) tells against sensitive invariantism and in favour of interests contextualism. I also argue that the second consideration tells against strict invariantism as much as sensitive invariantism. Consequently, I conclude that interests contextualism is preferable to all of its rivals.
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Rodrigues, Tiegue Vieira. "O contextualismo na epistemologia contempor?nea." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2011. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/2871.
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Previous issue date: 2011-08-24O presente ensaio trata do Contextualismo em Epistemologia. Mais precisamente, ele trata sobre a tese sem?ntica segundo a qual atribui??es de conhecimento de inst?ncias da forma ?S sabe que P s?o contextualmente sens?veis. O Contextualismo, ao longo dos ?ltimos trinta anos, tem sido extensivamente debatido, pois versa sobre temas centrais presentes na discuss?o em Epistemologia contempor?nea. Segundo os proponentes dessa teoria, ela ? a que melhor responde a importantes quest?es epistemol?gicas, tais como: o problema gerado por paradoxos c?ticos; preserva nossas alega??es e atribui??es ordin?rias de conhecimento; preserva importantes princ?pios l?gicos como, e.g., o princ?pio de fechamento dedutivo. Apresentaremos tr?s abordagens distintas para o contextualismo propostas por Stewart Cohen, Keith DeRose e David Lewis examinando as particularidades e implica??es de cada uma dela. Examinaremos tamb?m algumas obje??es relevantes ? tese contextualista, que procuram salientar importantes dificuldades para tal teoria. Contudo, n?o pretendemos oferecer uma resposta definitiva, nem a favor e nem contr?ria ao Contextualismo. Por conta disso, a tese proposta ser? de que, apesar das obje??es, o Contextualismo n?o ? refutado mostrando, assim, a possibilidade e necessidade de se continuar a investiga??o. Por fim, apresentaremos uma vers?o original do paradoxo do pref?cio que acreditamos ser pass?vel de resolu??o atrav?s da aplica??o da tese contextualista.
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Grindrod, Jumbly. "Epistemic contextualism as a linguistic thesis." Thesis, University of Reading, 2017. http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/73489/.
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This thesis is concerned with the linguistic plausibility of epistemic contextualism. Epistemic contextualism can be (roughly) characterised as the view that the truth conditions of knowledge attributions are sensitive to the context of utterance. As such, it is a linguistic claim that is usually defended on the basis of certain context-shifting experiments and is then usually integrated into a semantic theory that captures this context-sensitivity. The linguistic challenge for epistemic contextualism is to be successfully integrated into our best account of linguistic communication. I will argue that as of yet there is no satisfactory solution to the linguistic challenge and that this should lead us to re-envision the view at its most basic level. First, I analyse the intuitive basis of epistemic contextualism. The contextualist claims regarding ordinary linguistic intuitions in the context-shifting experiments have recently been challenged experimentally. In response to this, I present new experimental evidence for a contextual effect on our linguistic intuitions using context-shifting experiments with third-person knowledge attributions. In doing so, I defend the intuitive basis of epistemic contextualism. I then analyse the plausibility of capturing this contextual effect in a range of linguistic proposals. I argue that we do not have sufficient reason to reject an implicature-based explanation of the phenomenon. I do, however, present defeasible evidence against such an approach. I then analyse the most plausible semantic contextualist account in the literature – Schaffer & Szabó’s epistemic comparativism. However, I find their proposal to be unmotivated and problematic. I then analyse the plausibility of capturing the context-sensitivity of knowledge attributions via a pragmatic enrichment account of what is said. I do so by analysing Schoubye & Stokke’s minimalist account of what is said and Peter Ludlow’s dynamic lexicon view. However, I find both approaches to be problematic. With this in mind, epistemic contextualism finds itself at something of an impasse: there is experimental evidence for a contextual effect on our linguistic intuitions regarding knowledge attributions but as of yet there is no good explanation of this effect available. Rather than using this as a point at which to defend a new semantic or pragmatic proposal, I instead raise a fundamental concern regarding the contextualist project. I argue that there is a fundamental lack of clarity as to what the contextualist aims to achieve. I distinguish between two possible approaches to epistemic contextualism that differ in their aims – one more ambitious and one more modest. Once this distinction is drawn, I argue that there is a severe explanatory lacuna in the ambitious approach, and no promising way of filling it. Given this, the epistemic contextualist should re-envision some of their basic commitments along more modest lines. This proves crucial regarding the linguistic challenge, as modest contextualism is able to bypass the linguistic challenge altogether by remaining neutral on a range of particular linguistic issues. Modest epistemic contextualism is defended in the final chapter.
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Gutherie, Luanne. "Contextualist Responses to Skepticism." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2007. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/philosophy_theses/22.
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External world skeptics argue that we have no knowledge of the external world. Contextualist theories of knowledge attempt to address the skeptical problem by maintaining that arguments for skepticism are effective only in certain contexts in which the standards for knowledge are so high that we cannot reach them. In ordinary contexts, however, the standards for knowledge fall back down to reachable levels and we again are able to have knowledge of the external world. In order to address the objection that contextualists confuse the standards for knowledge with the standards for warranted assertion, Keith DeRose appeals to the knowledge account of warranted assertion to argue that if one is warranted in asserting p, one also knows p. A skeptic, however, can maintain a context-invariant view of the knowledge account of assertion, in which case such an account would not provide my help to contextualism.
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García, Moreno Beatriz. "Contextualist thought and architecture." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/22370.
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Cardoso, Juliane Cristina Helanski. "Contextualismo social na prática: a interpretação da teoria política de Bento Espinosa feita por Ellen Meiksins Wood." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2017. http://tede.unioeste.br/handle/tede/3209.
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The return to democratic theory of Benedict Espinosa by the Marxists Antonio Negri and Marilena Chauí has raised many controversies. Ellen Meiksins Wood, who is also a Marxist, strongly disagrees with the conclusions that Negri and Chauí arrived at by stating that Spinoza's democratic theory is revolutionary and emancipatory. Ellen Wood believes that Spinoza's democratic theory was, in fact, an oligarchic republican theory that in practice corresponded to the political and social interests of the Dutch trading elites. How can we explain such divergent and even contradictory interpretations by intellectuals of the same political orientation (all of them admittedly Marxist)? What is more curious is that Ellen Wood's conclusions are closer to the neoconservative Leo Strauss's reading of Spinoza, by methodological means and with a very different political bias, which led him to conclude that Bento Espinosa's democratic theory is about A liberal democracy of religious origin. We believe that the answer can be search in the analysis of how each of them considered the relationship between political ideas and the social context. In this sense, the main objective of this paper is to discuss the methodological assumptions of Neal Wood's social contextualism based on the "renewal" of Marxian historical materialism and the application made by Ellen Wood in the interpretation of Bento Espinosa's political theory.
O retorno a teoria democrática de Bento Espinosa pelos marxistas Antonio Negri e Marilena Chauí tem levantado muitas polêmicas. Ellen Wood, que também é marxista, discorda totalmente das conclusões que Negri e Chauí chegaram ao afirmar que a teoria democrática de Espinosa é revolucionária e emancipatória. Ellen Wood acredita que a teoria democrática de Espinosa era, de fato, uma teoria republicana oligárquica que na prática correspondia aos interesses políticos e sociais das elites comerciais holandesas. Como explicar interpretações tão divergentes e até mesmo contraditórias feitas por intelectuais de uma mesma orientação política (todos assumidamente marxistas)? O mais curioso é que as conclusões de Ellen Wood se aproximam mais da leitura que o neoconservador Leo Strauss fez de Espinosa, por vias metodológicas e com um viés político bem diferente, que o levou a concluir que a teoria democrática de Bento Espinosa se trata de uma democracia liberal de origem religiosa. Acreditamos que a resposta pode ser buscada na análise do modo como cada um deles considerou a relação entre as ideias políticas e o contexto social. Neste sentido, o objetivo central deste trabalho é discutir os pressupostos metodológicos do contextualismo social desenvolvido por Neal Wood a partir da “renovação” do materialismo histórico marxiano e a aplicação feita por Ellen Wood na interpretação da teoria política de Bento Espinosa.
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Falcato, Ana Cristina Serralheiro. "O contextualismo na filosofia da linguagem contemporânea." Doctoral thesis, Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/6644.
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Tese apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Doutor em FilosofiaEsta dissertação discute um problema de Filosofia da Linguagem Contemporânea. O seu principal argumento responde à seguinte questão: qual é a importância que um contexto conversacional tem na determinação do significado e das condições de verdade das frases de uma língua natural que podem ser proferidas no seu interior? Como resposta à questão, defende-se aqui uma posição contextualista sobre a interpretação de elocuções de frases-tipo de uma língua natural (como o Português), contra uma posição literalista como o Minimalismo Semântico. No fórum de discussão, uma “posição contextualista” defende a imprescindibilidade do conhecimento do contexto conversacional em que uma frase é ou pode ser proferida para a determinação do seu significado local e respectivas condições de verdade. Com o fito de chegar a uma posição contextualista forte e sustentada, a dissertação está estruturada em quatro partes. O primeiro capítulo situa a origem do debate contextualismo/ anti-contextualismo na destituição da relação lógica de designação pelas Investigações Filosóficas de Wittgenstein. No segundo capítulo apresenta-se um quadro sinóptico de posições teóricas sobre a função do contexto na determinação do significado e condições de verdade de elocuções, entre o Literalismo e o Contextualismo Radical. Do lado literalista estão sobretudo propostas de adaptação da Semântica vero-condicional defendida por Davidson, articuladas com o trabalho de David Kaplan sobre Indexicais e Demonstrativos. Do lado do Contextualismo Radical estão projectos herdeiros da Filosofia do Wittgenstein das Investigações Filosóficas e da chamada “Filosofia da Linguagem Vulgar”, encimada por John Austin. A posição mais forte deste lado do espectro teórico defendida actualmente é o Ocasionalismo de Charles Travis. O terceiro capítulo apresenta e refuta uma das mais fortes posições anti-contextualistas no actual debate: o Minimalismo Semântico. Os principais defensores desta posição são Cappelen e Lepore e Emma Borg. No último capítulo é apresentada uma versão polémica de anti-contextualismo, o «Minimalismo sem Proposições Mínimas». Essa última posição Literalista sob análise constituirá apenas um ponto de viragem para o argumento contextualista aqui defendido. Detectada a “lacuna fundamental” do Minimalismo sem Proposição Mínimas, a dissertação termina com a defesa de um quadro contextualista radical: o Quadro Pragmático.
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Borges, Rodrigo Martins. "Ceticismo, contextualismo e a transmissão de justificação." Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10923/3387.
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Previous issue date: 2007The present text discusses the contemporary treatment given to one of the central topics in epistemology: the problem of skepticism. In order to do so, some of the most important responses to skepticism are analyzed in detail. The first chapter analyzes the structure of the skeptical argument and the tenability of the two epistemic principles upon which it depends. The closer principle and the principle of underdetermination are defended from the main objections against them and, consequently, all attempted refutation of the skeptical argument which utilize this strategy are considered unsatisfactory. Chapter two analyzes the tentative refutation of the skeptical argument put forward by peter Klein. Though Klein’s proposal is attractive it is considered inadequate. Chapter three discusses Fred Dretske’s theory of relevant alternatives and its limitations. Chapter four analyzes two versions of the answer to skepticism which is the most discussed – contextualism. The contextualist versions present by Stewart Cohen and Keith DeRose are made explicit and considered, on the light of strong objections, unacceptable. In the concluding remarks I present an original response to the skeptical problem which utilizes the notions – proposed by Roy Sorensen – of ‘junk knowledge’ and of ‘robust knowledge’. This solution pretends to fulfill a plausible set of conditions imposed by contextualists (e. g., Keith DeRose) to any solution of the skeptical problem which makes use of something that became known as ‘warranted assertability manoeuvre. ’
O presente texto discute o tratamento contemporâneo dispensado a um dos principais tópicos da epistemologia: o problema do ceticismo. Para tanto, algumas das principais respostas ao ceticismo são analisadas em detalhe. O primeiro capítulo analisa a estrutura do argumento cético e a plausibilidade dos princípios epistêmicos dos quais o argumento depende. Os princípios de fechamento e de sub-determinação são defendidos das principais acusações contra a sua plausibilidade e, consequentemente, as tentativas de refutação do argumento cético que utilizam esta estratégia são consideradas insatisfatórias. O segundo capítulo analisa a tentativa de refutação do argumento cético proposta por Peter Klein. Embora atrativa, a proposta de Klein é considerada inadequada. O capítulo três discute a teoria das alternativas relevantes de Fred Dretske e suas limitações. O quarto capítulo analiza duas versões daquela que é a reposta mais discutida do ceticismo – o contextualismo. As versões do contextualismo apresentadas por Stewart Cohen e Keith DeRose são explicitadas e consideradas, diante de fortes objeções, inaceitáveis. Nas considerações finais, eu ofereço uma resposta original ao problema do ceticismo que utiliza as noções – propostas por Roy Sorensen – de ‘conhecimento podre’ e de ‘conhecimento robusto’. Essa solução pretende cumprir um conjunto plausível de condições impostas por contextualistas (e. g., Keith DeRose) a qualquer solução que faz uso do que ficou conhecido como ‘manobras de assertabilidade autorizada’.
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Kirby, Christopher C. "Experience and inquiry in John Dewey's contextualism." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0001219.
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Kirby, Christopher C. "Experience and Inquiry in John Dewey’s Contextualism." Scholar Commons, 2005. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/725.
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This paper will focus on two elements, viz. experience and inquiry, which are central to John Deweys philosophy and their relation to the movement known as pragmatism. Although each of these concepts has received extensive treatment by other schools of thought, the pragmatists, and particularly Dewey, did much to redefine each in hopes of alleviating the tension between conflicting philosophical viewpoints. An explication of Deweys view on experience is the first step in understanding his application of the pragmatic method towards reconstructing philosophical thinking. Therefore, this paper will explore the meaning that Dewey gave to each and how that meaning is helpful to the overall pragmatist project of reuniting philosophical speculation with practical consequences.
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Ramis, Pujol Juan. "Reengineering et environnements de qualité : une analyse contextualiste." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003VERS001S.
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Les pressions de l'environnement concurrentiel semblent être à l'origine d'une volonté des entreprises pour s'améliorer. Des démarches de qualité et, plus récemment, des projets de reengineering ont été poursuivis par des entreprises qui recherchaient des améliorations dans la performance de leurs processus. Reengineering et qualité sont des concepts ayant des origines pratiques loin des traditions de la théorie des organisations. Cette thèse vise à comprendre comment se génère la réussite des projets de reengineering dans des environnements de qualité, et essaie d'améliorer l'ancrage des ces deux concepts dans la théorie des organisations. L'effet d'un environnement de qualité, et par extension d'un contexte donné, sur le réussite du reengineering peut être globalement analysé sous les apports de la théorie de la structuration. D'autres analyses plus fines sont basées sur des théories du changement planifié et, notamment, la dimension "apprentissage" du changement qui est développée dans cette thèse de façon privilégiée. La réussite des projets de reengineering est étudiée à partir des articulations en provenance des environnements de qualité, des articulations émergentes d'autres éléments du contexte, des problèmes liés à la réalisation de ces projets, et des impacts organisationnels directs ou indirectement associés. A partir de cette grille de lecture, cinq projets de reengineering dans cinq entreprises différentes sont étudiés suivant une analyse dimensionnelle de contenu. Une analyse longitudinale est aussi réalisée sur une des entreprises. Les étapes clés pour la réussite d'un projet de reengineering se révèlent être la " mise en œuvre " et le " suivi " après mise en œuvre. Les étapes initiales semblent avoir un moindre poids pour la réussite des projets mais leur bonne réalisation est importante pour les étapes clés suivantes. Pour ce qui concerne la "mise en œuvre", des éléments culturels, structurels et comportementaux jouent un rôle essentiel. Les apports essentiels des environnements de qualité, notamment la maîtrise des processus et le système de mesure, s'inscrivent plutôt dans la dernière des étapes : " le suivi ". Cette dernière étape est constituée d'efforts et d'actions distincts qui méritent d'être spécifiés. Ainsi, nous proposons de la sous-diviser en trois étapes différentes : "standardisation", "suivi" (proprement dit) et "améliorations additionnelles"Environmental pressures seem to be at the base of a will of organisations to improve themselves. Quality programs and, more recently, reengineering projects are put in place by organisations searching for process improvement. Reengineering and quality are concepts that are positioned far from the tradition of organisational theory. This dissertation focuses on the generation of success of reengineering in quality environments and, furthermore, tries to strengthen the links of both these two concepts to organisational theory. Influence of a quality environment, and more largely a given organizational context, on the success of a reengineering project can be globally analysed thanks to the contribution of 'structuration' theory. Other more precise analyses are based on planned change theory and, particularly, on the "learning" dimension of change. The success of reengineering projects is studied through the articulations (interdependences) coming from the quality environments, the articulations emerging from other contextual elements, the problems linked to the realization of these projects, and the associated direct and indirect organisational impacts. This theoretical framework is used to study five reengineering projects in five different organisations following a content dimensional analysis. A longitudinal analysis is also pursued in one of these organisations. The "implementation" and the "follow-up" are the reengineering key stages for success. The initial stages seem to have a weaker weight for the success of the reengineering project even though they have an influence on the quality of the following stages. Concerning the "implementation" stage, structural, cultural and behavioural aspects are important. The elements from the quality environment, particularly process management and a measurement system, are essential during the last stage : "follow-up". This last stage is composed of distinct efforts which deserve further specification. We propose to sub-divide this last stage in three different stages : "standardisation", "follow-up" and "additional improvements"
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Raleigh, Linda. "Developmental coordination disorder : a contextualised perspective." Thesis, City University London, 2013. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/2517/.
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This research project investigated the lived experience of DCD in the daily lives of young adult students. The participants were eight students aged between 19 and 22 years of age who self-reported DCD. Semi-structured interviews were utilised to capture the students’ accounts of their daily lives and the data analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Six master themes emerged that illustrated the lived experience of DCD: DCD in Transition, DCD in Functional Context, DCD in Social Context, DCD in Psychological Context, DCD and Support, and finally DCD and Young Adult – Dynamic Self. Relationships among these structural, functional, interpersonal and personal themes highlighted the embedded nature of DCD in the students’ lives. Evocative accounts of the students’ lifeworld are presented which portray the impact of DCD on the students’ academic, social and emotional lives. A particular feature that emerged of the students’ lifeworld was the impact of DCD on the students’ developing identity. It is argued that this contextualised account of DCD provides a complex and rich understanding of the impact of DCD in the students’ lives.
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Silva, Jeane Vanessa Santos. "Uma defesa contextualista de justificação epistêmica." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2013. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/5628.
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With its emergence in antiquity to serve therapeutic purposes, the skepticism, unfolded on various facets throughout the history of philosophy. Among them, that seem to have established a time in epistemological debates is one whose formulations are still in modernity along with a project of infallible knowledge of the world. Since then it has become common land in the theory of knowledge lead to a doubt until ultimately suspending so all our knowledge of the world. This text wants to present a Contextualist Theory of Epistemic Justification as an alternative to skepticism. Our main goal is to show that by separating the philosophical context, where skepticism ourselves, context of our everyday lives that common knowledge of the world that we believe possess can be safeguarded.
Com seu surgimento na antiguidade para servir a propósitos terapêuticos, o ceticismo, desdobrou-se sobre várias facetas ao longo da história da filosofia. Dentre elas a que parece ter se estabelecido por vez nos debates epistemológicos é aquela cujas formulações encontran-se ainda na modernidade junto a um projeto de conhecimento infalível do mundo. Desde então tornou-se terreno comum em teoria do conhecimento levar a dúvida até sua ultima instância suspendendo assim todo nosso conhecimento do mundo. Esse texto pretende apresentar a Teoria Contextualista da Justificação Epistêmico como uma alternativa ao ceticismo. Nosso principal objetivo é mostrar que ao separar o contexto filosófico, onde o ceticismo se estabeleceu, do contexto de nossas vidas cotidianas aquele conhecimento comum do mundo que acreditamos possuir pode ser salvaguardado.
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Marshall, Paul David. "Explaining nature mystical experience : from contextualism to metaphysics." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.403765.
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Cormier, Stéphane. "Philosopher selon Thompson M. Clarke ou la paradoxale équivocité de l'ordinarité : la question de l'emprise de l'expérience et du langage sur les conditions de la connaissance et du scepticisme." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR30066.
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Notre étude s'attache à reconnaitre en Thompson Clarke, le précurseur d'un contextualisme épistémique puissant qui rend compte de l'applicabilité conceptuelle et ce que prétendent signifier les philosophes. En effet, Clarke examine les définitions épistémologiques traditionnelles à propos de la nature des concepts, du philosopher, de l'ordinarité et du scepticisme. En étudiant la nature de l'épistémologie traditionnelle, il ambitionne de substituer à la méthode austinienne, sa propre méthode d'examen des présupposés concernant la nature de l'expérience et du langage. Il défend ainsi une philosophie de la connaissance programmatique qui nous interroge sur ce que nous faisons avec nos concepts en matière de connaissance. Elle peut être réalisée à partir de l'examen du legs du scepticisme, à savoir : un nouvel éclairage apporté à la nature et aux procédures du scénario sceptique montre manifestement que la prétendue objectivité attribuée à l'ordinarité n'est que superficielle ou relative. L'idée clarkienne de relative non-objectivité n'est en aucune mesure identifiable ou réductible à un relativisme ou à un subjectivisme épistémique. Selon Clarke, il n'existe pas de traits internes à l'expérience. Il suggère simplement que l'existence des objets nous est confirmée à partir de traits caractéristiques que nous discernons, reconnaissons et identifions comme tels. Ces traits qui caractérisent les objets nous permettent d'établir l'applicabilité des concepts. Or, l'ordinarité n'a pas proprement de traits qui la restreindraient à être de telle ou telle manière, comme le prétendent les philosophes et les sceptiques. Cette prétention relève d'un rêve d'une complétude intégrale de la concevabilité de la structure de l'ordinarité partagé implicitement par les épistémologues et leurs détracteurs, les sceptiques. Le rêve et la veille ne sont pas deux expériences au sein d'un genre qu'il suffirait d'identifier. Tout comme le rêve n'a pas de traits caractéristiques qui viendraient déterminer son application ou sa non-application, l'ordinarité n'a pas de traits en propre qui nous permettent fondamentalement de déterminer et de fixer, ni une limite à celle-ci, ni une frontière absolue entre le philosophique et le non philosophique. Pour ces raisons, selon Clarke, nous ne savons pas foncièrement, ni ce qu'est un concept, ni pourquoi les concepts et leurs applications, comme ceux de Plain et de Philosophical, sont susceptibles d'être sensible au contexteOur study focuses on the recognition that Thompson Clarke was the precursor of a powerful epistemic contextualism which gives an account of conceptual applicability and what philosophers claim to mean. Clarke examines the traditional epistemological definitions pertaining to the nature of concepts, of philosophizing, of ordinarity and of skepticism. By studying the nature of traditional epistemology, his ambition is to substitute his own method for examining presuppositions with regard to the nature of experience and of language for that of Austin. He thus defends a philosophy of programmed understanding which makes us look at what we do with our concepts regarding understanding. It can be achieved by an examination of the legacy of skepticism, i.e. a new light thrown on the nature and the procedures of the skeptic’s scenario manifestly show that the so-called objectivity attributed to ordinarity is only superficial or relative. The Clarkian idea of relative non-objectivity is in no way identifiable with, or merely reduced to, epistemic relativism or to epistemic subjectivism. According to Clarke, experience has no internal features. He simply suggests that the existence of objects is confirmed by characteristic features that we discern, recognize and identify as such. These features which characterize objects enable us to establish the applicability of the concepts. However, ordinarity does not strictly have features which would restrict it from being thus or thus as philosophers and skeptics claim. This claim belongs to a dream of a completedness of the conceivability of the structure of ordinarity shared implicitly by the epistemologists and their detractors, the skeptics. The states of dreaming and waking are not two experiences of a type which it suffices to identify. Just as the dream does not have characteristic features which will determine its application or its non-application, ordinarity does not have features of its own which fundamentally enable us to determine and to fix either a limit to it, or an absolute boundary between the philosophical and the non philosophical. For these reasons, according to Clarke, we don’t really know what a concept is, nor why concepts and their applications, such as those of the Plain and of the Philosophical, are likely to be context-sensitive
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Cho, Sunyoung. "A Contextualist Approach to Telehealth Innovations." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2007. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/cis_diss/13.
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A Contextualist Approach to Telehealth Innovations By Sunyoung Cho Abstract Healthcare is considered one of the most important social issues in the U.S. as well as in other societies with ever-increasing costs of medical service provision. The information-intensive nature of the healthcare industry and the perception of information technology (IT) as a way to ease up healthcare costs and improve quality have lead to increased use of and experiments with IT-based innovations. These activities present interesting research opportunities for IS researchers and they have led to an increasing body of knowledge on healthcare information systems. This research aims at contributing to this line of research by adopting a contextualist approach to examine the adoption, use, and further diffusion of telehealth innovations. A contextualist approach provides a particularly interesting and relevant perspective to study adoption and diffusion processes of healthcare innovations. The adopted contextualist approach is process-oriented, it applies multiple levels of analysis, and it accommodates different theoretical lenses to make sense of the two telehealth innovations under investigation. A key assumption is that innovations should be understood as ongoing processes of change, not just technologies, or isolated change events with clear boundaries. Healthcare innovations have in this view much broader connotations, including development of IT-based applications, their adoption and diffusion over time, and the interactions between many stakeholders and organizations that shape the innovation in a specific context. The contextualist approach suggested by Pettigrew is adopted as an overarching framework for multiple studies based on empirical investigation of two telehealth innovations; the main focus is on a telestroke innovation in the U.S. while a radiology innovation in Sweden serves as a complementary case. Each study is documented as an independent research publication with its own theoretical perspective and contributions. The overall contextualist approach and the related findings are then summarized across the individual studies. Telehealth innovations are particularly interesting examples of healthcare information systems. They leverage contemporary network infrastructures and interaction devices to allow provision of healthcare services, clinical information, and education over distance, thereby reducing the costs and improving the availability of medical services. The two telehealth innovations are investigated through in-depth case studies. This theses summary presents the theoretical background for the studies; it motivates and details how the qualitative case studies based on critical realist assumptions were designed and conducted; it outlines the resulting research publications; and it discusses the contributions of investigating telehealth innovations from a contextualist approach.
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Borges, Rodrigo Martins. "Ceticismo, contextualismo e a transmiss?o de justifica??o." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2007. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/2912.
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Previous issue date: 2007-03-19O presente texto discute o tratamento contempor?neo dispensado a um dos principais t?picos da epistemologia: o problema do ceticismo. Para tanto, algumas das principais respostas ao ceticismo s?o analisadas em detalhe. O primeiro cap?tulo analisa a estrutura do argumento c?tico e a plausibilidade dos princ?pios epist?micos dos quais o argumento depende. Os princ?pios de fechamento e de sub-determina??o s?o defendidos das principais acusa??es contra a sua plausibilidade e, consequentemente, as tentativas de refuta??o do argumento c?tico que utilizam esta estrat?gia s?o consideradas insatisfat?rias. O segundo cap?tulo analisa a tentativa de refuta??o do argumento c?tico proposta por Peter Klein. Embora atrativa, a proposta de Klein ? considerada inadequada. O cap?tulo tr?s discute a teoria das alternativas relevantes de Fred Dretske e suas limita??es. O quarto cap?tulo analiza duas vers?es daquela que ? a reposta mais discutida do ceticismo o contextualismo. As vers?es do contextualismo apresentadas por Stewart Cohen e Keith DeRose s?o explicitadas e consideradas, diante de fortes obje??es, inaceit?veis. Nas considera??es finais, eu ofere?o uma resposta original ao problema do ceticismo que utiliza as no??es propostas por Roy Sorensen de conhecimento podre e de conhecimento robusto. Essa solu??o pretende cumprir um conjunto plaus?vel de condi??es impostas por contextualistas (e.g., Keith DeRose) a qualquer solu??o que faz uso do que ficou conhecido como manobras de assertabilidade autorizada .
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Dargusch, Joanne Mary. "Formative Assessment as Contextualised Practice: Insider Accounts." Thesis, Griffith University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366739.
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This thesis draws on a socio-cultural framework to investigate the nature and function of the formative assessment practices of Queensland teachers of Year 12 English. The thesis presents case reports that examine two teachers’ accounts of the practices they rely on in their Year 12 English classrooms to use assessment for learning. The final chapter of the thesis presents a reflection on the cases, examined against a critical review of literature and an examination of Queensland assessment policy relating to formative assessment. It provides key insights into the teachers’ formative assessment practices in a distinctive assessment setting.
Year 12 is the final year of secondary school in Queensland and is therefore a high-stakes environment. In Year 12 assessment information is gathered for certification purposes, that is, for reporting student achievement at exit from a two-year course of study and from school itself. The Queensland system is described in terms of three main characteristics: school-based, externally-moderated and standards-referenced. In Year 12, all classroom assessment is designed, carried out and reported by teachers. The reference point for student achievement is defined standards, identified in subject-specific syllabus documents. External moderation by District Panels and State Review Panels made up of experienced teachers is used as part of a system of quality assurance to ensure high comparability between judgements made by schools about their students.
While a focus in Year 12 English is on reporting student achievement on course completion, and for certification purposes, there is also an expectation that Queensland Senior School teachers will be engaged in assessment for formative assessment purposes. This expectation is made explicit in the English Senior Syllabus (QBSSSS, 2002b).Thesis (Professional Doctorate)
Doctor of Education (EdD)
School of Education and Professional Studies
Arts, Education and Law
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Miranda, Daniel Estevão Ramos de. "Bresser-Pereira : pensamento como ação política." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2014. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/7277.
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The objective of this research is to analyze the intellectual production of Luiz Carlos Bresser-Pereira. The two main themes in his work are development and bureaucracy, accompanied, however, by a whole thematic constellation that gravitates around them – media class, nation, political pacts, state, entrepreneur, inflation, among others. Methodologically, it starts from the analytical suggestions of linguistic contextualism and from the research program on Brazilian political thought lineages, taken as assumption that the thought is a mode of political action. Thus, it is described, in the trajectory and work of Bresser-Pereira, the rupture and discontinuity – most visible elements –, but the regularity and resumption too. The main result of research is that the his intellectual production acquires more sense when referred to his performance in the many contexts in which it has moved. Not only factual contexts, but linguistic too. That means, it is his trajectory as actor and author that gives more sense to his work.
O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a produção intelectual de Luiz Carlos Bresser- Pereira. Os dois grandes temas presentes em sua obra são desenvolvimento e burocracia, acompanhados, porém, por toda uma constelação temática que gravita em torno deles – classe média, nação, pactos políticos, Estado, empresários, inflação entre outros. Metodologicamente, parte-se das sugestões analíticas do contextualismo linguístico e do programa de pesquisas sobre linhagens do pensamento político brasileiro, adotando-se o pressuposto de que o pensamento é uma modalidade de ação política. Assim, trata-se de descrever, na trajetória e obra de Bresser-Pereira, as rupturas e descontinuidades – elementos mais visíveis –, assim como também as regularidades e retomadas. O resultado principal da pesquisa é o de que sua produção intelectual ganha mais sentido quando remetida a sua atuação nos diversos contextos pelos quais transitou. Contextos esses não apenas factuais, mas também linguísticos. Ou seja, é sua trajetória como ator e autor que confere sentido à obra.
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SANTOS, Samuel Nunes dos. "Identidade cristã no século ii d.c. uma análise da i apologia de justino Mártir." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2012. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/2338.
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Previous issue date: 2012-05-31The intention of this study is to analyze the proposal of the making of Christian identity from the work entitled First Apology, by Justin Martyr. We believe that in the formation of Christianity, some authors such as Justin, promoted the project of creating a Christian identity, from the rules and practices that should equalize / standardize the fact of being a Christian in the first and second centuries A.D. Justin, in his First Apology, indicates what should be done and what should be avoided to be considered Christian, and such discourse allows the production of identity characteristics. To achieve this goal, we investigated the relationships of interculturality in the first and second centuries A.D, we researched and presented specific aspects of author and his work, such as: its dating, the extant manuscripts, the genre, the historical context, etc. Finally, in the last chapter, we presented closely at particular aspects of the First Apology: its internal structure, his idea about Jesus, the Jewish prophecies, the Christians as a race, those who were not Christians and the groups considered heretical, the relationship of the author with the stoicism and the Platonism, the author s intention in drawing up his speech and, finally, about the Christian identity proposed by him seen from the data above.
A intenção do presente trabalho é analisar a proposta de construção de uma identidade cristã a partir da obra intitulada I Apologia, de Justino Mártir. Acreditamos que na formação do cristianismo, alguns autores como Justino, promoveram o projeto de criação de uma identidade cristã, a partir de preceitos e práticas que deveriam igualar/homogeneizar o fato de se ser cristão nos séculos I e II d.C. Justino indica na I Apologia o que se deveria fazer e o que se deveria evitar para se ser considerado cristão e tal discurso possibilita a produção de características identitárias. A partir dessa ideia, investigamos as relações de interculturalidade nos séculos I e II d.C., pesquisamos e apresentamos o autor e aspectos específicos de sua produção, tais como: datação, manuscritos existentes, gênero, o contexto histórico, etc. Por fim, no último capítulo, apresentamos detidamente aspectos particulares da I Apologia: sua estrutura interna, sua ideia de Jesus, das profecias judaicas, dos cristãos enquanto uma raça, que os diferenciavam dos que não eram cristãos e dos grupos considerados heréticos, a relação do autor com o estoicismo e o platonismo, a intenção do autor na elaboração do discurso e, por último, a identidade cristã por ele proposta a vista disto tudo.
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Durieu, Sabrina. "Fonctionnement d'une représentation sociale et structuration contextualisée du système central." Aix-Marseille 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AIX10048.
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Notre recherche s'intéresse à la représentation sociale que les infirmières ont de leurs fonctions, ceci à partir de l'analyse de deux contextes : les Services d'Accueil des Urgences et les Services d'Hospitalisation. Cette étude s'inscrit dans le cadre de réflexions issues de la théorie du noyau central (Abric, 1976). Nous avons en premier lieu effectué une analyse de similitude et un test de centralité afin de repérer l'organisation de la représentation et les éléments centraux. Afin de préciser le fonctionnement interne de la représentation sociale nous avons opérationnalisé la variable "implication" en nous référant au procédé expérimental proposé par Rouquette et Guimelle (1995). Enfin, nous avons utilisé le modèle des Schèmes Cognitifs de Base sous sa forme classique et selon la procédure des "associations forcées" afin d'étudier les relations entre les éléments centraux et leurs natures dimensionnelles. Les résultats indiquent l'existence d'une représentation partagée autour du Rôle Propre et du Rôle Prescrit. Cependant, le contexte d'exercice, caractérisé par la fréquence de mise en oeuvre spécifique des pratiques, aurait un impact sur l'organisation du système central. Le degré d'implication du sujet conduirait à l'identification de liens différents à l'objet. Ce travail permet l'observation du fonctionnement d'une représentation sociale à partir de l'étude des caractéristiques intrinsèques au système central.
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Smith, Olivia Freundlich. "Lives, letters, bodies : John Locke's medical interactions contextualised." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2009. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/28166.
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This study offers a close, interdisciplinary reading of several specific instances in which health and sickness were discussed or considered by Locke and his contemporaries. Medical historians have long known that Locke was a medical adviser and practitioner of sorts, and his medical 'cases' have traditionally been scrutinised for details of his medical career and for details of past illnesses and treatments, read against a context of specifically medical thought. In a departure from that tradition, this study presents several of Locke's health-related interactions in their contemporary social contexts, These contexts are not exclusively medical, and it is shown how health issues overlapped with and permeated discussions of land, literature, gender, politics and religion. Focussing on specific micro-historical scenes, this study explores the myriad ways in which health was configured in Locke's world. In this study, we see Locke engaged in presenting the health of a colony in Carolina in America; employed in the management of Anthony Ashley Cooper's festering abscess; writing to the Fletchers of Saltoun about nature-hastening medicines and ignorant practitioners; subduing rumours about Matthew Slade, a mentally unstable scholarly friend; helping Elizabeth Northumberland to describe her searing pains, and more. In this thesis, stories of health from Locke's world are interwoven with similar short scenes of health from his published works to show the reader how Locke himself considered health-related scenes stimulating and illuminating.
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Dejene, Ejigu Dedefa. "Services pervasifs contextualisés : modélisation et mise en oeuvre." Lyon, INSA, 2007. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2007ISAL0108/these.pdf.
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Pervasive or ubiquitous computing aims to integrate computing and computing appliances into the environment rather than having computers as distinct objects. This can be realized through applications that adapt their behavior to every changing environment. Such systems need to ensure that the adaptive behavior experienced is useful, relevant, non-distracting and consistent with individual and organizational goals. Such adaptation needs proper capturing, management and reasoning of constantly changing context. Context capturing involves extracting relevant context data about selected entities in the environment. Context management deals with representation, aggregation, interpretation, storage and processing of context data. Context reasoning is the process of drawing inferences or conclusions (unknowns) from known facts using information from the various sources of context. The computationally intensive characteristics of context reasoning process, the presence of handheld or wearable, tiny and resource hungry computing devices, and the lack of a semantically rich context model have been a bottleneck for the development of such applications. Moreover, most of the current context-aware systems are based on ad-hoc models of context, which causes lack of the desired formality and expressiveness. They do not separate processing of context semantics from processing and representation of context data and structure. In this thesis, we propose a semantically rich and a collaborative context representation and management model that uses a hybrid of ontology and database management approaches (called HCoM model: Hybrid Context Management model). HCoM model uses ontology for modeling and management of context semantics and relational database schema for modeling and management of context data. These two modeling elements are linked to each other through the semantic relations built in the ontology. Separation of the two context modeling elements allows us to extract, load, share and use only relevant context data into the reasoner in order to limit the amount of context data in the reasoning space. By doing this, we considerably improve the performance of the reasoning process. The building blocks of the HCoM model are context data, context ontology, and deduction rules. These data elements are organized into a context representation structure (called EHRAM: Entity, Hierarchy, Relation, Axiom and metadata). EHRAM is a graphical context representation structure that serves as a context conceptualization model. EHRAM is mapped to a standard relational database schema for representation of its context component and is serialized to markup languages for representation of its ontology and rule component. We also present a domain independent context-aware middleware platform (called CoCA: Collaborative Context-Aware service platform) under which our proposed context management model is implemented and used. CoCA uses data organized into the HCoM model as its data source and provides reasoning and decision services based on changing contexts. It triggers proactive and/or reactive actions and provides a collaboration interface between the pervasive peers. CoCA collaboration is based on JXTA protocols and its reasoning is based on Jena framework. To evaluate the scalability and extensibility of the proposed model, reusability of the platform and performance of the collaboration process, we have developed a test case of the use of our context model in the platform using data from multiple scenarios: Community based network in a campus, smart hospital and adaptation of HCI to context. Results obtained from our experiment show that compared to other related works in the domain, our approach gives a robust, extensible and scalable model and platform for the development of context-aware applications in pervasive environmentLes systèmes pervasifs visent à intégrer des services fournis par des dispositifs répartis communicants. De tels environnements ont comme objectif d'optimiser l'interaction de l'utilisateur avec les dispositifs intégrés, par exemple en permettant à l'utilisateur d'accéder à l'ensemble des informations disponibles et en adaptant celles-ci aux conditions matérielles effectives (qualité de service réseau, caractéristiques du matériel de connexion). Cela impose aux applications d'adapter dynamiquement leur fonctionnement aux caractéristiques de l'environnement (notion de "contexte d'exécution"). Pour réaliser cette adaptation il est important de disposer d’un mécanisme efficace de capture et gestion du contexte et d’un mécanisme de raisonnement approprié. La gestion du contexte comprend la représentation, l'agrégation, l'interprétation, le stockage et le traitement des données contextuelles. Le raisonnement est le processus de déductions des nouveaux faits à partir des données contextuelles observées. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons un modèle sémantiquement riche pour la collaboration, la représentation et la gestion du contexte. Nous utilisons un modèle de représentation du contexte fondé sur une approche hybride utilisant des ontologies et des bases de données relationnelles (nommé modèle HCoM : Hybrid Context Management model). Le modèle HCoM utilise l'ontologie pour la modélisation et la gestion des métadonnées riches en sémantique du contexte, et le schéma de la base de données relationnelles pour la modélisation et la gestion des données brutes du contexte. Les deux sont liés à travers des relations sémantiques construits dans l'ontologie. La séparation des ces deux éléments de modélisation nous permet d'extraire, charger, partager et utiliser seulement les données du contexte relevant afin des limiter la quantité de données dans l’espace de raisonnement. Les éléments constitutifs du modèle HCoM sont les données contextuelles brutes, l’ontologie et les règles de inférence. Ces éléments sont organisés dans un modèle que nous appelons EHRAM: Entité, Hiérarchie, Relation, Axiome et Métadonnée. EHRAM est mappé à un schéma de base de données relationnelle pour la représentation des données contextuelles et permet une représentation compatible avec les langages à bas de balises pour son ontologie et ses règles d’inférence. Cette richesse de modélisation nous permet de sélectionner de manière efficace les informations contextuelles pertinentes et ainsi d'améliorer les performances du processus de raisonnement mis en oeuvre dans l'analyse du contexte d'exécution. Nous présentons également la plateforme logicielle d'intégration de services pervasifs que nous avons développée (nommé CoCA : Collaborative Context-Aware service Plateform). Cette plateforme s'appuie sur la méthodologie et les modèles de représentation et de gestion du contexte proposés dans la thèse. Elle permet une interaction "contextualisée" des services fournis par les dispositifs participants, offrant en particulier des mécanismes d'adaptation au contexte et de déclenchement proactif ou réactif de services en réponse à une évolution du contexte. Cette plateforme implémente le protocole JXTA dans ses composants de collaboration et utilise la librairie JENA pour le raisonnement (déclaration et interprétation des règles d'analyse du contexte). Des démonstrateurs ont été développés et testés illustrant l'utilisation de la plate-forme dans trois cas d'utilisation liés à des domaines applicatifs variés : les réseaux sociaux, l'hôpital intelligent, l'adaptation d'IHM au contexte. Les résultats obtenus illustrent la performance, la robustesse et l'extensibilité de l'approche proposée
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Khelifa, Lydia Nadia. "Construction, Évolution et Visualisation de Topic Maps contextualisées." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CNAM0983/document.
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Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre de la construction et de l’évolution de Topic Maps en tant que ressources sémantiques servant à l’organisation de contenus pluridisciplinaires et multilingues. Cette Topic Map vise à prendre en charge la variation du sens des termes afin d’assurer une meilleure recherche d’informations au sein d'un contenu. Une approche de visualisation de cette Topic Map a également été proposée. La problématique de cette thèse a découlé du programme FSP-Maghreb qui est un projet franco-maghrébin initié par la FMSH (Fondation Maison des Sciences Humaines et Sociales). Ce projet vise à promouvoir l'échange et le partage de connaissances dans le domaine des sciences humaines et sociales. Ce projet consiste en la construction et la mise en œuvre d’un Wiktionnaire (dictionnaire électronique implémenté sous la technologie wiki sémantique) multilingue et multiculturel pour les sciences humaines et socialesThis thesis concerns the construction and the evolution of Topic Maps as semantic ressource used to describe and organise multidisciplinary and multilingual contents. This Topic Map aims to support variation of meaning to ensure a better information retrieval in content.The problematic of this research work is resulted from a project initiated by the FMSH called FSP-Maghreb. This project allows exchanges between Maghrebi and French researchers. It also allows the sharing of knowledge related to the two cultures and to the two societies in the human and social sciences. This project consists of the construction of an on-line multicultural and multilingual dictionary based on wiki technology
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Stern, Reuben E. "Can the Contextualist Win the Free Will Debate?" Digital Archive @ GSU, 2011. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/philosophy_theses/101.
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This thesis explores the merits and limits of John Hawthorne’s contextualist analysis of free will. First, I argue that contextualism does better at capturing the ordinary understanding of ‘free will’ than competing views because it best accounts for the way in which our willingness to attribute free will ordinarily varies with context. Then I consider whether this is enough to conclude that the contextualist has won the free will debate. I argue that this would be hasty, because the contextualist, unlike her competitors, cannot tell us whether any particular agent is definitively free, and therefore cannot inform any practices that are premised on whether a particular agent is morally responsible. As such, I argue that whether the contextualist “wins the free will debate” depends on whether it is more important to capture the ordinary understanding of ‘free will’ or more important to inform our practices of ascribing moral responsibility.
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Fields, Benjamin. "Contextualize your listening : the playlist as recommendation engine." Thesis, Goldsmiths College (University of London), 2011. http://research.gold.ac.uk/6477/.
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It is not hyperbole to note that a revolution has occurred in the way that we as a society distribute data and information. This revolution has come about through the confluence of Web-related technologies and the approaching universal adoption of internet connectivity. Add to this mix the normalised use of lossy compression in digital music and the increase in digital music download and streaming services; the result is an environment where nearly anyone can listen to nearly any piece of music nearly anywhere. This is in many respects the pinnacle in music access and availability. Yet, a listener is now faced with a dilemma of choice. Without being familiar with the ever-expanding millions of songs available, how does a listener know what to listen to? If a near-complete collection of recorded music is available what does one listen to next? While the world of music distribution underwent a revolution, the ubiquitous access and availability it created brought new problems in recommendation and discovery. In this thesis, a solution to these problems of recommendation and discovery is presented. We begin with an introduction to the core concepts around the playlist (i.e. sequential ordering of musical works). Next, we examine the history of the playlist as a recommendation technique, starting from before the invention of audio recording and moving through to modern automatic methods. This leads to an awareness that the creation of suitable playlists requires a high degree of knowledge of the relation between songs in a collection (e.g. song similarity). To better inform our base of knowledge of the relationships between songs we explore the use of social network analysis in combination with content-based music information retrieval. In an effort to show the promise of this more complex relational space, a fully automatic interactive radio system is proposed, using audio-content and social network data as a backbone. The implementation of the system is detailed. The creation of this system presents another problem in the area of evaluation. To that end, a novel distance metric between playlists is specified and tested. We then conclude with a discussion of what has been shown and what future work remains.
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Johanek, Cynthia L. "A contextualist research paradigm for rhetoric and composition." Virtual Press, 1998. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1115713.
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The unresolved nineteenth-century debate--"is rhetoric an art or a science?"--hashindered our attempt to establish an inclusive research paradigm for rhetoric and composition. The newly dominant paradigm is quickly narrowing to prefer the qualitative designs that suit our literary ideals, relieve our math and statistics anxiety, and fulfill political ideologies. Such qualitative work has given us great insight into the mind of the researcher, a stronger voice to the individual, and a powerful tool for groups traditionally oppressed by our field.At the same time, however, our field needs quantitative research that examines the scope of certain issues or that tests the effectiveness of solutions to problems, and we should remain prepared to understand such research from other fields. But the quantitative/qualitative division in composition cannot be healed through "methodological pluralism" or by examining the epistemologies governing those methodological choices.A Contextualist Theory of Epistemic Justification (Annis, 1978) provides a new lens through which we may recontextualize the competing epistemologies our field has outlined, providing a new decision-making framework through which we may appreciate the intersection of research issues (issue/question, purpose, method, and publication) and rhetorical issues (writer, audience, and subject) that form the varied contexts for our work: contexts highlighted in a matrix of questions representing a Contextualist Research Paradigm for Rhetoric and Composition.To illustrate such a paradigm, Eileen Oliver's (1995) "The Writing Quality of Seventh, Ninth, and Eleventh Graders, and College Freshmen: Does Rhetorical Specification in Writing Prompts Make a Difference?" is reprinted with an interview with Oliver, in which she detailed the context for her study. To further demonstrate a Contextualist Paradigm at work, my own study--"Red Ink / Blue Ink: Does it Really Make a Difference?"--responds to the largely untested anecdotal evidence that discourages writing teachers' use of red pens.A Contextualist Research Paradigm is necessary for composition to heal the artificial divisions between qualitative and quantitative research, to direct our attention fully to context rather than politics, form, and numbers, and to conduct not only the research we like, but also the research we and our students need.Department of English
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Luescher, Samuel. "Beyond visualization : designing interfaces to contextualize geospatial data." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/82428.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts and Sciences, 2013.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 71-74).
The growing sensor data collections about our environment have the potential to drastically change our perception of the fragile world we live in. To make sense of such data, we commonly use visualization techniques, enabling public discourse and analysis. This thesis describes the design and implementation of a series of interactive systems that integrate geospatial sensor data visualization and terrain models with various user interface modalities in an educational context to support data analysis and knowledge building using part-digital, part-physical rendering. The main contribution of this thesis is a concrete application scenario and initial prototype of a "Designed Environment" where we can explore the relationship between the surface of Japan's islands, the tension that originates in the fault lines along the seafloor beneath its east coast, and the resulting natural disasters. The system is able to import geospatial data from a multitude of sources on the "Spatial Web", bringing us one step closer to a tangible "dashboard of the Earth."
Samuel Luescher.
S.M.
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Ouedraogo, Wendpanga Francis. "Gestionnaire contextualisé de sécurité pour des « Process 2.0 »." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ISAL0132/document.
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Compte tenu de l’environnement économique globalisé et de plus en plus concurrentiel, les entreprises et en particulier les PME/PMI, pour rester compétitif,doivent développer de nouvelles stratégie de collaborations (intra et inter-entreprises) et se restructurer pour rendre leur organisation et le système d’information agile. Alors que jusqu'à présent le Web 2.0 permettait de collaborer sur les données elles-mêmes, nous proposons de passer à une logique de « process 2.0 » permettant de rechercher / composer sémantiquement des services existants pour collaborer directement en partageant des fonctionnalités et non plus seulement des données. Couplé au développement du Cloud Computing, facilitant l’hébergement, une telle stratégie permettrait de coupler plus fortement les niveaux SaaS et PaaS. Toutefois, ceci pose d’évidents problèmes de gestion des contraintes de sécurité. Le développement de stratégies de sécurité est usuellement basé sur une analyse systématique des risques afin de les réduire en adoptant des contre-mesures. Ces approches sont lourdes, complexes à mettre en œuvre et sont souvent rendues caduques car les risques sont évalués dans un monde « fermé », ce qui n’est pas le cas d’une approche par composition de services métier réutilisable où le contexte d’utilisation des différents services au niveau métier et plateforme est inconnu a priori. Dans ce type d’approche, le contexte au niveau métier évoque à la fois les fonctionnalités apportées par chaque service, l’organisation (Qui fait à quoi ?) et l’enchainement de ces services ainsi que les types de données (d’ordre stratégique ou pas,..) que manipulent ces services. Au niveau plateforme, le contexte dépend de l’environnement (privé, public,..) dans lequel les services vont s’exécuter. C’est donc sur la base de l’analyse du contexte que l’on peut définir les contraintes de sécurités propres à chaque service métier, pouvoir spécifier les politiques de sécurités adéquates et mettre en œuvre les moyens de sécurisation adaptés. En outre, il est aussi nécessaire de pouvoir propager les politiques de sécurités sur tout le processus afin d’assurer la cohérence et une sécurité globale lors de l’exécution du processus. Pour répondre à ces enjeux, nous proposons d’étudier la définition des politiques de sécurité à base de « patrons » apportant une réponse graduée en fonction de la confiance que l’on a sur l’environnement. Ainsi des patrons de sécurité qui répondent à des besoins de sécurité métiers et à des besoins de sécurité plateforme seront définis et permettront d’exprimer l’ensemble des politiques de sécurité. La sélection et de mise en œuvre de ces politiques de sécurités se feront à partir de patrons de contexte. Notre proposition simple à appréhender par des non spécialistes, permettra, par des transformations de modèles, d’intégrer ces politiques au niveau technologique afin de garantir un niveau de qualité de protection constant quel que soit l’environnement de déploiementTo fit the competitive and globalized economic environment, companies and especially SMEs / SMIs are more and more involved in collaborative strategies, requiring organizational adaptation to fit this openness constraints and increase agility (i.e. the ability to adapt and fit the structural changes). While the Web 2.0 allows sharing data (images, knowledge, CV, micro-blogging, etc...) and while SOA aims at increasing service re-using rate and service interoperability, no process sharing strategies are developed. To overcome this limit, we propose to share processes as well to set a "process 2.0" framework allowing sharing activities. This will support an agile collaborative process enactment by searching and composing services depending on the required business organization and the service semantics. Coupled with the cloud computing deployment opportunity, this strategy will lead to couple more strongly Business, SaaS and PaaS levels. However, this challenges security constraints management in a dynamic environment. The development of security policies is usually based on a systematic risks analysis, reducing them by adopting appropriate countermeasures. These approaches are complex and as a consequence difficult to implement by end users. Moreover risks are assessed in a "closed" and static environment so that these methods do not fit the dynamic business services composition approach, as services can be composed and run in different business contexts (including the functionalities provided by each service, the organization (Who does what?), the coordination between these services and also the kind of data (strategic or no...) that are used and exchanged) and runtime environment (public vs private platform…). By analyzing these contextual information, we can define specific security constraints to each business service, specify the convenient security policies and implement appropriate countermeasures. In addition, it is also necessary to be able to propagate the security policies throughout the process to ensure consistency and overall security during the process execution. To address these issues, we propose to study the definition of security policies coupling Model Driven Security and Pattern based engineering approach to generate and deploy convenient security policies and protection means depending on the (may be untrusted) runtime environment. To this end, we propose a set of security patterns which meet the business and platform related security needs to set the security policies. The selection and the implementation of these security policies will be achieved thank to context-based patterns. Simple to understand by non-specialists, these patterns will be used by the model transformation process to generate these policies in a Model@Runtime strategy so that security services will be selected and orchestrated at runtime to provide a constant quality of protection (independent of the deployment)
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Cocton, Marie-Noëlle. "L' improvisation contextualisée en français langue étrangère : le cas d'apprenants japonais." Nantes, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NANT3026.
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Pourquoi ne pas improviser en classe de FLE alors que l’improvisation est quotidienne ? La première partie s’applique à définir ce que sont les concepts de communication et d’improvisation, ce que recouvre la communication dans une réalité quotidienne, plus loin que le seul échange linguistique. Créativité tantôt spontanée, tantôt réfléchie, l’improvisation subit des contraintes qui la placent dans un contexte relationnel lié à la culture. La deuxième partie trace un portrait des traits essentiels de la culture des apprenants japonais. Cette présentation de l’acteur social permet de poser la démarche à adopter et d’expliciter le modèle de transcription retenu (Tabensky, 1997). Enfin, une analyse détaillée du corpus expose les bienfaits de l’improvisation – spontanéité, engagement, créativité – et offre ainsi une réflexion sur l’improvisation comme lieu de rencontre interculturelle. Ceci aboutit à une proposition didactique qui se donne pour objectif de découvrir les rôles de l’apprenant et de l’enseignant dans l’apprentissage créatif et de créer un système d’évaluation prenant en compte l’apprenant, le joueur et l’acteurWhy not improvise in a French as a Foreign Language class when improvisation is an every day practice ? The first section aims to define the concepts of communication and improvisation, as well as the scope of communication in daily reality, beyond simplelinguistic exchange. At times spontaneous, at times planned, improvisation is limited by the constraints of the cultural context in which it occurs. The second section describes the main features of the Japanese learners’ culture. This description of the social actor allows the approach to adopt to be defined and to explain the chosen transcription model (Tabensky, 1997). Finally, a detailed analysis of the corpus outlines the benefits of improvisation (i. E. Spontaneity, learner engagement, creativity) and provides a reflection on improvisation as an intercultural meeting. This leads to a didactic approach, which sets out to discover the roles of the learner and the teacher in creative learning, and to create a system of evaluation which takes into account the learner, the role-player and the actor
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Tabet, Chiara. "Inferences in context : contextualism, inferentialism and the concept of universal quantification." Thesis, St Andrews, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/688.
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Bartholomew, Alice de la F. W. "Playing along : a contextualised study of children's advertising experiences." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/24919.
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This thesis explores the advertising experiences of children in Primary 7 and Secondary 1. It aims to provide a broader, richer, more contextualised understanding of children's interaction with advertising. It is hoped that it will inform debates about children and advertising and that it may have implications for public policy making and provide guidance for appropriate, socially responsible advertising to children. Literature is reviewed on the current environment of children's relationship with advertising. Attention is then given to cognitive and effects based studies, followed by research into the context of children's everyday lives and new theoretical perspectives relating to their advertising experiences. Employing an interpretive approach, qualitative methods and techniques were used to explore children's relationship with advertising from their own perspective. The fieldwork was carried out with 39 boys and girls drawn from a playscheme and three different schooling locations. Individual 'lifeworld' interviews were carried out in the children's homes. These were autodriven by informants through photographs they had taken of their bedrooms and a week in their lives. Children's advertising experiences were subsequently explored through 13 small group discussions based on existing friendship relationships. Far from being passive, the children were actively engaged with advertising and adopted a purposeful and often critical approach to its consumption. The lifeworld interviews revealed that the children shared two existential and dialectical concerns based on the needs for autonomy and affiliation. While the autonomy theme comprised the children's focus on mastering, controlling and criticising, affiliation involved their emphasis on bonding, belonging and becoming. Together these concerns were found to motivate and shape the children's everyday experiences and the many advertising roles they assumed. The thesis concludes with a discussion of the implications of the study for public policy makers and advertising practitioners and suggests avenues for future research.