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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Continental data'

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Published: 4 June 2025
Last updated: 23 June 2025

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1

Jordà, Sánchez Gabriel. "Towards data assimilation in the Catalan Continental Shelf From data analysis to optimization methods." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/6392.

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L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és implementar un sistema d'assimilació de dades a un model hidrodinàmic de la plataforma continental catalana. Aquest sistema ens permetrà combinar la informació proporcionada per les dades mesurades amb la informació que prové dels models numèrics per tal de fer la millor estimació possible, en termes estadístics, de la realitat.<br/>Per arribar a aquesta fita cal en un primer moment tenir un bon coneixement de la regió d'estudi i els processos físics que hi tenen lloc. La següent passa és disposar de un model numèric que sigui capaç de reproduir de manera realista la dinàmica de la zona.<br/>Acte seguit cal identificar i caracteritzar les fonts d'errors del sistema i la seva dinàmica per, finalment, poder implementar un sistema d'assimilació de dades adequat al problema que tracta. Seguint aquest camí podem aprofitar les dades i les eines desenvolupades per aprofundir en el coneixement de la dinàmica a la plataforma continental catalana des de diversos plantejaments.<br/>- L'estudi de les mesures obtingudes en el marc dels projectes FANS i YOYO ens ha permès caracteritzar la dinàmica de la regió, estudiar l'origen de la variabilitat del corrent de tal·lus tant per altes com per baixes freqüències, estudiar els processos sobre la plataforma i veure l'evolució de les masses d'aigua.<br/>-La implementació del model hidrodinàmic SYMPHONIE s'ha fet amb cura aplicant una novedosa tècnica d'inicialització i s'ha validat amb dades reals per tal d'obtenir un model complet i realista. Un pic aconseguit això l'hem emprat per estudiar l'evolució d'una ona topogràfica de Rossby sobre la plataforma continental, l'efecte del vent en la dinàmica tridimensional i els intercanvis plataforma-tal.lús induïts pel vent i per oscil·lacions del corrent de tal.lús.<br/>-L'ús de la modelització estocàstica ens ha permès descriure la dinàmica dels errors associats a la caracterització del corrent de tal·lus i al camp de vents podent veure que els primers són no lineals però estacionaris mentre que els segons són lineals però no estacionaris. A partir d'aquests resultats també hem definit la base d'EOFs que defineix l'espai d'ordre reduït on es farà l'assimilació de dades.<br/>-Aprofitant els elements mencionats abans hem implementat el sistema d'assimilació de dades SEQUOIA amb un nucli d'anàlisi basat en interpolació òptima d'ordre reduït. <br/>Després d'avaluar el seu comportament hem utilitzat un protocol d'experiències bessones per comparar l'efectivitat de diverses xarxes de mesura per corregir diversos errors del model.<br/>Malgrat tot el treball s'ha centrat a la plataforma continental catalana gran part dels resultats obtinguts i de les tècniques emprades són aplicables a qualsevol altra regió amb característiques similars.<br>The goal of this thesis is to implement a data assimilation scheme into a hydrodynamic model of the Catalan continental shelf. This system would allow us to combine the information provided by measured data with the information coming from the numerical models in order to find the best approach, from a statistical point of view, of reality.<br/>To reach this objective it is needed, in a first moment, to have a good knowledge of the region and of the physical processes therein. The next step is to have a numerical model able to reproduce in a realistic way the dynamics of the area. Afterwards, the error sources of the system and the error dynamics should be characterized to, finally, implement a data assimilation system well suited for the problem. <br/>Following this way we can take profit of the data available and the tools developed to deepen in the the knowledge of the dynamics in the Catalan continental shelf from different approaches.<br/>-The analysis of the measures obtained in the frame of the research projects FANS and YOYO have allowed us to characterize the region dynamics, to study the origin of the slope current variability in the high and low frequencies, to study the processes over the shelf and to see the water mass evolution.<br/>-The implementation of the hydro dynamical model SYMPHONIE has been done carefully applying a new initialization technique (the modal potential vorticity method) and has been validated again real data to obtain a complete and realistic model. Once we had this part done, we have used it to study the evolution of a topographic Rossby wave over the continental shelf, the wind effects over the 3D dynamics and the exchanges shelf-slope induced by the wind and the slope current.<br/>-The stochastic modelling has been used to describe the dynamics of the errors associated to the slope current characterization and the wind field. We have determined that the former are stationary but non linear while the last are non stationary but highly linear. From these results we have also defined the EOFs base which defines the reduced order space where the data assimilation will be carried on. <br/>-Taking profit of the above mentioned elements, we have implemented the SEQUOIA data assimilation system with an analysis kernel based in the reduced order optimal interpolation. After evaluation its behaviour we have used a twin experiments protocol to compare the performance of different observational networks to correct different model errors.<br/>Although all the work have been done in the frame of the Catalan continental shelf, most of the obtained results and the techniques used could be applied to other shelf-slope regions with similar characteristics.
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2

Chalbaud, A. Daniel [Verfasser]. "Imaging the Chilean continental margin using seismic wide-angle data / Daniel Chalbaud." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1024743810/34.

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3

Meléndez, i. Catalán Adrià. "Development of a New Parallel Code for 3-D Joint Refraction and Reflection Travel-Time Tomography of Wide-Angle Seismic Data. Synthetic and Real Data Applications to the Study of Subduction Zones." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/289786.

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This dissertation is devoted to seismic tomography. I have implemented a new modelling tool for 3-D joint refraction and reflection travel-time tomography of wide-angle seismic data (TOMO3D). The reason behind this central objective is the evidence that the information based on 2-D seismic data does not allow to capture the structural complexity of many 3-D targets, and in particular that of the seismogenic zone in subduction margins. The scientific rationale for this statement, which justifies the central part of my thesis work, is based on the analysis of 2-D models obtained in the convergent margin of Nicaragua, a seismically active area where a textbook example of tsunami earthquake took place in 1992. In this application I modelled two perpendicular wide-angle seismic profiles for the characterisation of the overriding plate and the interplate fault. To do this, I applied TOMO2D, a state-of-the-art joint refraction and reflection 2-D travel-time tomography code. The inversion outcomes are two 2-D velocity models along both profiles, together with the 1-D geometry of the interplate boundary. In combination with other geophysical data measurements, namely coincident multichannel seismic profiles and gravity data, these models provide new constraints on the nature and structure of the margin, and in particular add new insights on the nucleation and propagation of the said earthquake and its tsunamigenic behaviour. Ultimately, this case study evidences the aforementioned limitations of 2-D modelling in the investigation of 3-D geological structures and phenomena. Following from this first application and with the idea of increasing the amount of data used in travel-time tomography, I focused on an a priori paradoxical phenomenon related to water-layer multiple phases, that under certain circumstances, is observed on wide-angle record sections. The interest of this study lies in the fact that this phenomenon can provide additional constraints on travel-time tomography models. First, I propose and corroborate the hypothesis explaining the apparent paradox, and then derive the most favourable geological conditions for the phenomenon to occur. Subsequently, the possibility to model this multiple-like phases is introduced in TOMO3D. The development of TOMO3D, which constitutes the core of my work, is founded on TOMO2D, from which it inherits the numerical methods for solving the forward and inverse problems. Source files have been rewritten, redefining and introducing the necessary variables and functions to handle 3-D data inversion. The tests made with the sequential version of the code emphasise the need of parallelisation for practicality reasons. Indeed, the increasing size of data sets along with the modelling of the additional spatial dimension results in computationally demanding inversions. Hence, I parallelised the forward modelling part of the code, which takes up to 90% of the computing time, with a combination of multiprocessing and message-passing interface extensions. Subsequently, the parallel version of TOMO3D is applied to a complex synthetic case simulating a subduction zone. This first 3-D application serves to evaluate the correctness of the code's programming, and as step-by-step description of the modelling procedure, with particular attention on the layer-stripping strategy used to successively model several reflectors. The outcomes demonstrate the ability of the code and the chosen inversion strategy to accurately recover the velocity distribution and the geometry of the two reflectors. Finally, TOMO3D is applied to a real 3-D wide-angle seismic data set acquired at the Pacific margin of Ecuador and Colombia to extract a 3-D velocity model of the overriding and incoming plates, which is then compared to previous results obtained with an extensively tested and used 3-D refraction travel-time tomography code (FAST). The comparison indicates that TOMO3D is more accurate than FAST but at the same time it is computationally more demanding. However, the parallelisation of TOMO3D allows using high-performance computing facilities, which is not the case of FAST or most of the existing codes.<br>Aquesta tesi està dedicada a la tomografia sísmica. Concretament, he implementat una eina de modelització 3D per a la tomografia conjunta de temps de trajecte de refraccions i reflexions (TOMO3D). La raó darrere d'aquest objectiu és l'evidència de que la informació basada en dades sísmiques 2D no permet copsar la complexitat de gran part dels cossos geològics, i en particular de la zona sismogènica en marges de subducció. El desenvolupament del TOMO3D es basa en el TOMO2D, un codi d'avantguarda per a la tomografia conjunta de refraccions i reflexions en 2D. Els arxius de codi han estat reescrits, redefinint i introduint les funcions necessàries per dur a terme la inversió 3D. Els testos fets amb la versió seqüencial del codi posen de manifest la necessitat de paral·lelització ja que l'increment de la mida dels conjunts de dades així com la modelització de la dimensió espacial afegida fan que les inversions siguin computacionalment exigents. La versió paral·lelitzada del TOMO3D ha sigut aplicada a un cas sintètic complex que simula una zona de subducció. Aquesta primera aplicació 3D serveix per avaluar la correcció de la programació del codi, i com a descripció pas a pas del procediment de modelització. Els resultats demostren la capacitat del codi per recuperar acuradament la distribució de velocitat i la geometria dels dos reflectors. Finalment, el TOMO3D és aplicat a un conjunt 3D de dades de sísmica de gran angle adquirit al marge pacífic d'Equador i Colòmbia per extreure'n un model 3D de la velocitat de les plaques cavalcant i subduïda, que és comparat amb el resultat obtingut amb un codi 3D de tomografia de temps de trajecte de refraccions (FAST). La comparació indica que el TOMO3D és més acurat que el FAST però al mateix temps és computacionalment més exigent. Tot i així, la paral·lelització del TOMO3D permet utilitzar plataformes de supercomputació, a diferència del que passa amb el FAST i la majoria de codis existents.
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4

Wosnitza, Elmar M. "Mountains of wax continental collision in scaled thermomechanical analogue experiments and data analysis /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2001. http://www.freidok.uni-freiburg.de/volltexte/329.

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5

Huatuco, Cipriano Antonio Frank. "Diseño e implementación de la red voz y data de la Unidad Minera Breapampa - Compañia de Minas Buenaventura S.A.A." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Continental, 2017. http://repositorio.continental.edu.pe/handle/continental/3568.

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El avance de la tecnología en dispositivos informáticos, herramientas y mejora en los procesos de gestión empresarial ha estimulado que muchas de las organizaciones o empresas, implementen herramientas o tecnologías de información, tratando que sus procesos se ejecuten de manera eficaz y óptima, así mismo, la necesidad de implantar las medidas adecuadas de seguridad informática. Esto se relaciona con la seguridad en las redes de telecomunicaciones. Es de vital importancia que una organización cuente con la implementación de una red informática, la cual permita controlar la seguridad de su información, tanto en la entrada, como en la salida de datos; además, de la velocidad en el acceso.<br>Tesis
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6

Hague, Philip John. "A study of the lower crust using wide-angle multi-channel seismic data." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.314019.

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7

Lewis, Olivia Jane. "Investigations of crustal structure at the Faroes continental margin using multi-channel seismic and ocean bottom seismometer data." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.607912.

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8

Correia, Ricardo Lionel Gonçalves. "Detailed seafloor morphology of the East Antarctic continental shelf, between 128º and 134ºE." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/18063.

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Mestrado em Engenharia Geológica<br>Dados de batimetria multifeixe e de sísmica de alta resolução, adquiridos na plataforma continental da Antártida, região Este, permitiram o reconhecimento de aspetos geomorfológicos derivados da dinâmica glaciar associada a um manto de gelo mais extenso no passado. No âmbito do projeto científico Norte-americano, Vulnerability of East Antarctic ice shelves da NSF (National Science Foundation), e do projeto EAIS-MARGINS do Programa Polar português (PROPOLAR), foi realizada a interpretação e análise quantitativa dos diversos aspetos morfológicos através da morfometria e análise estatística, com o objetivo de melhor entender a dinâmica do manto de gelo no passado. A área de estudo inclui um segmento da plataforma continental compreendida entre os glaciares Frost e Dibble (128ºE e 134ºE). Os dados foram adquiridos na campanha de investigação NBP1503 em Abril de 2015, a bordo do navio RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer dos Estados Unidos da América. Os resultados revelam uma plataforma continental situada entre os 300 e 990 m de profundidade. A zona proximal e intermédia é caracterizada por um aspeto irregular, onde é possível constatar a presença de meltwater channels com mais de 230 m de profundidade e formas semelhantes a drumlins, identificadas entre os 800 e 900 m de profundidade. Sulcos deixados pela deriva de icebergs são esporadicamente observados na zona distal da plataforma continental entre os 380-410 m de profundidade. No limite da plataforma continental encontra-se presente um sistema de gullies que se desenvolvem ao longo do talude. Além disso a análise quantitativa dos aspetos morfológicos associados às formas de drumlin e gullies permitiu uma descrição morfológica mais detalhada, e encontrar padrões que permitiram obter mais informações sobre os fatores de controlo envolvidos durante a sua formação. A distribuição observada das diferentes morfologias identificadas é coerente com estudos anteriormente realizados e constituem uma forte evidência de que o manto de gelo teve uma extensão até ao limite da plataforma continental e que a sua dinâmica foi mais ativa do que se tem constatado.<br>Swath bathymetric and sub-bottom CHIRP data collected on the East Antarctica continental shelf and seaward allowed detailed mapping of the geomorphic features formed during past times of extended grounded ice from an expanded East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS). Under the umbrella of the American National Science Project 'Vulnerability of East Antarctic ice shelves' and the Portuguese PROPOLAR project EAST-MARGINS, the seafloor morphology was interpreted and submitted to quantitative analyses, through morphometry and statistical analysis, to better understand the EAIS dynamic in the past. The study area included a segment of the continental shelf, slope and rise between the Frost and Dibble Glaciers (128ºE and 134ºE). The data were collected during the cruise NBP1503 in April 2015, on board the U.S. RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer. The results revealed a continental shelf with depths varying between 300 m and 990 m. The inner and mid shelf area is characterised by a crudely streamlined landscape where subglacial meltwater channels up to 230 m deep and drumlin-like bedforms at 800-900 m water depth have been identified. Sporadic iceberg scours occur in the outer continental shelf between 380-410 m of water depth. The shelf break is defined by a gully system which extends along the continental slope, followed by sediment mounds observed on the continental rise. Moreover, quantitative analyses on drumlin-like bedforms and gullies allowed a further morphological description to better delineate patterns, and provided more details related to the controlling factors involved during their formation. The distribution of identified glacial features is coherent with other previous studies and constitutes a strong evidence that the grounded ice reached the continental shelf break in the past and was more dynamic than previously thought.
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Smith, Lindsey Katherine. "Crustal structure of Hatton Bank volcanic continental margin from traveltime inversion of wide-angle data." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.612831.

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10

Agarwalla, Yashika. "Prediction of land cover in continental United States using machine learning techniques." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53613.

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Land cover is a reliable source for studying changes in the land use patterns at a large scale. With advent of satellite images and remote sensing technologies, land cover classification has become easier and more reliable. In contrast to the conventional land cover classification methods that make use of land and aerial photography, this research uses small scale Digital Elevation Maps and it’s corresponding land cover image obtained from Google Earth Engine. Two machine learning techniques, Boosted Regression Trees and Image Analogy, have been used for classification of land cover regions in continental United States. The topographical features selected for this study include slope, aspect, elevation and topographical index (TI). We assess the efficiency of machine learning techniques in land cover classification using satellite data to establish the topographic-land cover relation. The thesis establishes the topographic-land cover relation, which is crucial for conservation planning, and habitat or species management. The main contribution of the research is its demonstration of the dominance of various topographical attributes and the ability of the techniques used to predict land cover over large regions and to reproduce land cover maps in high resolution. In comparison to traditional remote sensing methods such as, aerial photography, to develop land cover maps, both the methods presented are inexpensive, faster. The need for this research is in synergy with past studies, which show that large-scale data, processing, along with integration and interpretation make automated and accurate methods of change in land cover mapping highly desirable.
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11

Silva, Janete Carolina Melo da. "Análise de desempenho das entidades gestoras concessionárias dos serviços de águas em Portugal continental." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/6713.

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Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia do Ambiente, perfil de Engenharia Ecológica<br>A água é um recurso estratégico,estruturante e essencial para o desenvolvimento socioeconómico das sociedades modernas. Como resultado, os serviços de água, nomeadamente o abastecimento de água e saneamento de águas residuais, são de interesse geral, devendo obedecer a um conjunto de princípios, como universalidade de acesso, equidade, regularidade e participação dos stakeholders, por forma a garantir a defesa dos utilizadores. Na indústria da água existem diversas falhas de mercado que condicionam o cumprimento desses princípios, colocando em causa o interesse público e a sustentabilidade dos próprios serviços. Neste sentido, a regulação é um mecanismo determinante no controlo e minimização dessas falhas, com intervenção directa ou indirecta na qualidade de serviço e na estruturação económica do sector. Em Portugal, a ERSAR exerce uma actividade regulatória que se baseia na regulação sunshine, a qual se desenvolve principalmente através de técnicas de benchmarking. Desde 2004, esta entidade tem implementado a 1º geração de indicadores de qualidade do serviço com o objectivo de avaliar o desempenho das entidades gestoras, mas também para incentivar a melhoria da sua actividade e, consequentemente, dos próprios serviços. O presente trabalho tem como objecto de estudo as entidades gestora concessionários dos serviços de água portugueses, dividindo-se em duas análises: análise dinâmica da evolução dos serviços de água no período 2004 – 2009 e análise estática dos dados do sector no ano 2009. Na primeira análise, realizada com base em alguns dos indicadores desempenho pertencentes ao sistema de avaliação promovido pela ERSAR, verificou-se que os serviços de água evoluíram de forma favorável durante o período analisado. Contudo, existem aspectos que carecem de ser melhorados, como é o caso da cobertura do serviço e a reabilitação das infra-estruturas de transporte de águas. A segunda análise, executada com o recurso à ferramenta econométrica data envelopment analysis, permitiu determinar os níveis de eficiência de cada entidade gestora e, consequentemente, de cada serviço, existindo um grau de ineficiência significativo, entre 17% e 54%. Em ambas as análises verificou-se a existência de economias de escala e densidade.
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Leite, José Roberto Bairão. "Oscilações inerciais sobre a plataforma continental Sudeste do Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/21/21135/tde-26112014-165554/.

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Variações temporais na tensão de cisalhamento do vento, na Plataforma Continental Sudeste do Brasil (PCSE), perturbam o equilíbrio geostrófico gerando movimentos com frequências próximas à inercial local. Estas perturbações se propagam horizontalmente e verticalmente, interagindo com o fluxo médio e alterando as características hidrográficas e hidrodinâmicas. Foram analisados dados observacionais de corrente, registrados por correntógrafos fundeados às isóbatas de 50 m e 100 m, ao largo de Arraial do Cabo (RJ) e Ubatuba (SP), de vento registrados por bóias meteorológicas e de salinidade e temperatura perfilados em função da profundidade em estações hidrográficas, obtidos no âmbito do Projeto DEPROAS (Dinâmica do Ecossistema de Plataforma da Região Oeste do Atlântico Sul), entre 2001 e 2002. Os resultados das análises indicaram que a média de duração dos eventos de oscilações inerciais é 7,5 dias com desvio padrão de 3,8 dias, sendo 6,8 o número médio de oscilações em cada evento (desvio padrão de 3,3 oscilações). O período inercial efetivo médio foi calculado em 26,5 h com deslocamento médio da frequência inercial em 12,2%, devido ao desvio Doppler causado pelas interações com a vorticidade relativa do fluxo básico. As correntes inerciais horizontais, filtradas a partir das séries correntográficas, apresentaram valores entre 3 e 10 cm/s. Foi observada propagação vertical das oscilações inerciais e calculado o valor da velocidade de grupo vertical em -2,59 .10-2 cm.s-1. A partir desse resultado, foi obtido o valor de 28,3 m de profundidade para o valor máximo de velocidade vertical das partículas de água na onda interna inercial forçada pela oscilação das isotermas, em acordo com resultados observados de máxima corrente inercial logo abaixo da camada de mistura. O valor calculado para a amplitude da oscilação vertical das isotermas foi 17,2 m, próximo aos 19 m registrado com os resultados observacionais em períodos de mudança do campo de ventos. O modelo numérico hidrodinâmico ROMS (Regional Ocean Modelling System) comprovou resultados observacionais em relação à capacidade de mudanças na tensão de cisalhamento do vento, em períodos menores que o inercial local, gerarem oscilações inerciais. Os resultados numéricos com o ROMS permitiram analisar a interação das oscilações inerciais com o fluxo médio em diferentes regiões da PCSE, através de diferentes condições de estratificação da coluna de água e, a partir da trajetória de pseudoderivadores, estimar os raios das trajetórias com ordem 10 km.<br>Temporal variations in the wind stress, on the South Brazil Bight, disturb the geostrophic equilibrium and generate motion with near inertial frequencies. The disturbances propagate horizontally and vertically, interacting with the basic motions and altering the hydrodynamics and hydrographic characteristics. Observational data of currents, collected by currentmeters deployed in the 50 m and 100 m isobaths, offshore Arraial do Cabo (RJ) and Ubatuba (SP), of winds collected in meteorological buoys and of salinity and temperature vertically profiled in hydrographic stations, during the project DEPROAS (Dinâmica do Ecossistema de Plataforma da Região Oeste do Atlântico Sul), in the years of 2001 and 2002, have been analyzed. Results showed that the mean duration of the inertial oscillations events is 7.5 days, with standard deviation of 3.8 days, being 6.8 the mean number of oscillations in each event (standard deviation of 3.3 oscillations). The calculated mean effective inertial period is 26.5 h, with a mean difference of the local inertial frequency of 12.2% due to the Doppler shift caused by interactions with the relative vorticity of the basic flow. The horizontal inertial currents, filtered from the current time series, presented values between 3 and 10 cm/s. Vertical propagation of the inertial oscillations were observed and the calculated value for the vertical group velocity was -2.59 . 10-2 cm/s. From these results, the calculated value for the depth of maximum water vertical velocity was 28.3 m for the internal inertial wave forced by the isotherms oscillations, in accordance with results observed of maximum vertical velocities occurring below the mixing layer. The calculated value for the amplitude of vertical oscillations of isotherms was 17.2 m, approximately equal to the 19 m observed in the data set during periods of wind shift. The numerical hydrodynamical model ROMS (Regional Ocean Modeling System) confirmed the observational results that changes in the wind field with periods smaller than the local inertial period generate inertial oscillations. The numerical results with ROMS allowed to analyze the interaction between the inertial oscillations and the basic flow in different regions of the South Brazil Bight, due to vertical different stratification characteristics of the sea water, and from the trajectories of pseudo-drifters it was possible to estimate the radius of the trajectories as having order of magnitude of 10 km.
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Axelsson, Magnus Bo. "The deep seabed environment of the UK continental margin : integration and interpretation of geological and biological data." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.403818.

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14

Juby, Paul Robert. "Hydrographic conditions of a continental shelf region in the Northwest African Upwelling System from in-situ data." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/19971.

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This study investigates the hydrographic and dynamic properties of the continental shelf region between Cape Juby (28.5 °N) and Agadir (30.4 °N) within the Moroccan Sub-region of the North West African Upwelling System. Data came from two cruises conducted in June (beginning of summer) and November (end of autumn) 2013. Coastal upwelling was obvious in both cruises in the in-situ temperature and salinity data as well as in remotely sensed sea surface temperature maps. ADCP data showed the presence of a strong jet like current associated with enhanced upwelling off Cape Juby. This strong quasi-permanent upwelling center was observed during both cruises. It results from the orientation of this portion of coast which is aligned with the dominant wind direction, as well as a wind intensification near the cape. The presence of a secondary upwelling front was also observed near the shelf break. It was accompanied by an intense baroclinic jet. The EK60 data showed evidence of internal waves as well as small and mesoscale turbulence that were probably strongly interacting with the mean upwelling circulation and made a straightforward interpretation of the data quite challenging. However, this study revealed the main physical processes of this poorly studied region, as well as their seasonal variability.
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Thomas, Ryan Douglas. "3-D multichannel seismic reflection study of variable-flux hydrocarbon seeps, continental slope, northern Gulf of Mexico." Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1176.

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In the northern Gulf of Mexico, seafloor hydrocarbon fluid and gas seepage is an ubiquitous process on the continental margin. Although seafloor seepage and seep-related features (mud volcanoes, carbonate formation) have been studied for many years, little is known about their mechanisms of formation and the relationship of sub-surface structure to current seep activity. In this study, we examined three seafloor seeps in the Garden Banks and Mississippi Canyon areas using exploration and reprocessed 3D multi-channel seismic (MCS) data augmented with side-scan sonar (Garden Banks site) to characterize hydrocarbon seep activity and develop an understanding of the processes that led to their formation. Side-scan sonar data provided high resolution coverage of the seafloor while the exploration seismic data were used to image near and deep sub-surface features. Additionally, the 3D amplitude extraction maps were useful in delineating amplitude anomalies often associated with seep related activity. The reprocessed 3D seismic data were used to map in greater detail near seafloor features and amplitude anomalies. Using remote sensing geophysical data, we were effectively able to map sub-surface features such as salt topography, seep-related faults and geophysical indicators of hydrocarbons and correlate them with seafloor amplitude anomalies and fault traces in order to characterize seep activity level. The southern mud volcano in the Garden Banks site is characterized as an established high flux seep vent owing to signs of active seepage and sediment flows as well as the build-up of hard grounds. The northern mud volcano in the area, with greater hard ground build-up and fewer signs of active seepage represents an established low flux seep vent. In the Mississippi Canyon area, the data suggest that the seep mound can be characterized as a mature high flux vent due to the extensive build-up of hard ground, evidence of gas hydrates and signs of active seepage and sediment flows. The mechanisms of formation are similar between the two study sites. Upwelling salt appears to have fractured the sub-surface leading to the formation of fault induced depressions. Mapping of geophysical indicators of hydrocarbons implies that hydrocarbon migration is occurring along bedding planes to the fault systems underlying the depressions. Here they appear to migrate vertically to the seafloor creating the topographic features and seafloor amplitude anomalies that characterize the seeps
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16

Wilson, Ashley A. "SENSORY STRESSORS IMPACT SPECIES RESPONSES ACROSS LOCAL AND CONTINENTAL SCALES." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2020. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/2224.

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Pervasive growth in industrialization and advances in technology now exposes much of the world to anthropogenic night light and noise (ANLN), which pose a global environmental challenge in terrestrial environments. An estimated one-tenth of the planet’s land area experiences artificial light at night — and that rises to 23% if skyglow is included. Moreover, anthropogenic noise is associated with urban development and transportation networks, as the ecological impact of roads alone is estimated to affect one-fifth of the total land cover of the United States and is increasing in space and intensity. Existing research involving impacts of light or noise has primarily focused on a single sensory stressor and single species; yet, little information is known about how different sources of sensory stressors impact the relationships within tightly-knit and complex systems, such as within plant-pollinator communities. Furthermore, ANLN often co-occur, yet little is known about how co-exposure to these stressors influences wildlife, nor the extent and scale of how these stressors impact ecological processes and patterns. In Chapter 1, we had two aims: to investigate species-specific responses to artificial night light, anthropogenic noise, and the interaction between the two by using spatially-explicit models to model changes in abundance of 140 of the most prevalent overwintering bird species across North America, and to identify functional traits and contexts that explain variation in species-specific responses to ANLN stressors with phylogenetically-informed models. We found species that responded to noise exposure generally decreased in abundance, and the interaction with light resulted in negative synergistic responses that exacerbated the negative influence of noise among many species. Moreover, the interaction revealed negative emergent responses of species that only reacted when both ANLN were presented in combination. The functional trait that was the most indicative of avian response to ANLN was habitat preference. Specifically, species that occupy closed habitat were less tolerant of both sensory stressors compared to those that occupy open habitat. Species-specific responses to ANLN are context-dependent; thus, knowing the information that regulates when, where, how, and why sensory pollutants influence species will help management efforts effectively mitigate these anthropogenic stressors on the natural environment. In Chapter 2, using field-placed light manipulations at sites exposed to a gradient of skyglow, we investigated the influence of direct and indirect light on the yucca-yucca moth mutualism by quantifying chaparral yucca (Hesperoyucca whipplei) fruit set and the obligate moth (Tegeticula maculata maculata) larval density per fruit. Although many diurnal insects are thought to exhibit minimal phototaxis, we show that direct light attracted adult moths and incited higher pollination activity, resulting in an increase in fruit set. However, larval recruitment decreased with elevated light exposure and the effect was strongest for plants exposed to light levels exceeding natural moonlit conditions (> 0.5 lux). Contrarily, increases in ambient skyglow resulted in an increase in both fruit set and larva counts. Our results suggest that plant-pollinator communities may respond in complicated ways to different sources of light, such that novel selection pressures of direct and indirect light have the potential to benefit or disrupt networks within complex diurnal plant-pollinator communities, and ultimately alter the biodiversity reliant on these systems. By analyzing pervasive stressors across a continental-wide scale, we revealed considerable heterogeneity in avian responses to light and noise alone, as well as the interaction between them. Based on overall responses to the interaction between light v and noise, we suggest management efforts should focus on ameliorating excessive noise for overwintering bird species, which should decrease the impact from synergistic responses, as well as the negative impact from noise alone. There is still much to learn about responses to these stressors and smaller-scale studies should take our approach of systematically assessing interaction responses to ANLN. Moreover, our small-scale study revealed both local sources of direct light and skyglow impact the recruitment for both yucca moths and their reciprocal plant hosts. However, it is still unknown if or why other diurnal pollinators experience positive phototaxis, and whether direct lighting influences the physiology, behavior, or multiple factors relating to reproduction and fitness. Correspondingly, it is unknown if the novel selection pressures of direct and indirect light are disrupting complex diurnal plant-pollinator communities. Future research on artificial night light will need to investigate the intricate responses of diurnal pollinators to both direct and indirect light that will identify concrete mechanisms relating to physiological or behavioral susceptibility and inform predictions on how wide-spread communities will shift with this global driver of emerging change.
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Gasnier, Nicolas. "Use of multi-temporal and multi-sensor data for continental water body extraction in the context of the SWOT mission." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022IPPAT002.

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La télédétection spatiale fournit aux hydrologues et aux décideurs des données indispensables à la compréhension du cycle de l’eau et à la gestion des ressources et risques associés. Le satellite SWOT, qui est une collaboration entre les agences spatiales françaises (CNES) et américaine (NASA, JPL), et dont le lancement est prévu en 2022 vise à mesurer la hauteur des lacs, rivières et océans avec une grande résolution spatiale. Il complétera ainsi les capteurs existants, comme les constellations SAR et optique Sentinel-1 et 2 et les relevés in situ. SWOT représente une rupture technologique car il est le premier satellite qui embarque un altimètre de fauchée quasi-nadir. Le calcul des hauteurs d’eau est fait par interférométrie sur les images SAR acquises par SWOT. La détection d’eau dans ces images est donc une étape essentielle du traitement des données SWOT, mais qui peut être difficile, en particulier avec un faible rapport signal sur bruit ou en présence de radiométries inhabituelles. Dans cette thèse, nous cherchons à développer de nouvelles méthodes pour rendre la détection d’eau plus robustes. Pour cela, nous nous intéressons à l’utilisation de données exogènes pour guider la détection, à la combinaison de données multi-temporelles et multi-capteurs et à des approches de débruitage. La première méthode proposée exploite les informations de la base de donnée des rivières utilisée par SWOT pour détecter les rivières fines dans l’image de façon robuste à la fois aux bruit dans l’image, aux erreurs éventuelles de la base de données et aux changements survenus. Cette méthode s’appuie sur un nouveau détecteur de structures linéiques, un algorithme de chemin de moindre coût et une nouvelle méthode de segmentation par CRF qui combine des termes d’attache aux données et de régularisation adaptés au problème. Nous avons également proposé une méthode dérivée des GrabCut qui utilise un polygone a priori contenant un lac pour le détecter sur une image SAR ou une série temporelle. Dans ce cadre, nous avons également étudié le recours à une combinaison multi-temporelle et multi-capteurs (optique et SAR). Enfin, dans le cadre d’une étude préliminaire sur les méthodes de débruitage pour la détection d’eau nous avons étudié les propriétés statistiques de la moyenne géométrique temporelle et proposé une adaptation de la méthode variationnelle MuLoG pour la débruiter<br>Spaceborne remote sensing provides hydrologists and decision-makers with data that are essential for understanding the water cycle and managing the associated resources and risks. The SWOT satellite, which is a collaboration between the French (CNES) and American (NASA, JPL) space agencies, is scheduled for launch in 2022 and will measure the height of lakes, rivers, and oceans with high spatial resolution. It will complement existing sensors, such as the SAR and optical constellations Sentinel-1 and 2, and in situ measurements. SWOT represents a technological breakthrough as it is the first satellite to carry a near-nadir swath altimeter. The estimation of water levels is done by interferometry on the SAR images acquired by SWOT. Detecting water in these images is therefore an essential step in processing SWOT data, but it can be very difficult, especially with low signal-to-noise ratios, or in the presence of unusual radiometries. In this thesis, we seek to develop new methods to make water detection more robust. To this end, we focus on the use of exogenous data to guide detection, the combination of multi-temporal and multi-sensor data and denoising approaches. The first proposed method exploits information from the river database used by SWOT (derived from GRWL) to detect narrow rivers in the image in a way that is robust to both noise in the image, potential errors in the database, and temporal changes. This method relies on a new linear structure detector, a least-cost path algorithm, and a new Conditional Random Field segmentation method that combines data attachment and regularization terms adapted to the problem. We also proposed a method derived from GrabCut that uses an a priori polygon containing a lake to detect it on a SAR image or a time series of SAR images. Within this framework, we also studied the use of a multi-temporal and multi-sensor combination between Sentinel-1 SAR and Sentinel-2 optical images. Finally, as part of a preliminary study on denoising methods applied to water detection, we studied the statistical properties of the geometric temporal mean and proposed an adaptation of the variational method MuLoG to denoise it
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Caroli, Alexandre de. "Correntes e temperaturas na quebra da plataforma continental de Cabo Frio: observações." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/21/21135/tde-06062014-153556/.

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Analisamos aproximadamente três anos de dados correntográficos, em toda a coluna d\'água, e de temperatura junto ao fundo, a fim de avaliar o comportamento hidrodinâmico e termal nas proximidades da Quebra da Plataforma Continental (QPC) de Cabo Frio (CF, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil - 23° 20\'S). A Corrente do Brasil (CB) força movimentos apontando para sudoeste, paralelos à isóbata, em todos os níveis verticais, com variação sazonal das intensidades: médias máximas para o verão (58,7 cm/s) e primavera (41,4 cm/s) e mínimas para inverno (31,0 cm/s) e outono (22,8 cm/s). Foram obtidos máximos significativos de correlação entre as correntes paralelas à isóbata, em toda a coluna d\'água, e o vento na mesma direção, com defasagem na resposta das correntes da ordem do período inercial local (31 h). Também foram obtidos máximos significativos de correlação entre as correntes de fundo normais à isóbata, e a componente paralela do vento, concordantes com mecanismos de intrusões de Água Central do Atlântico Sul (ACAS) na plataforma continental, as quais antecedem a conhecida ressurgência costeira de CF. Sazonalmente, os resultados concordaram principalmente com as variações de posicionamento da frente da CB na QPC e, secundariamente, com a variabilidade dos ventos. Os dados de temperatura indicaram presença quase permanente da ACAS no fundo, e os máximos de correlação obtidos com as correntes paralelas à isóbata indicam que águas mais quentes, oriundas do núcleo da CB (Água Tropical), se aproximam do fundo da QPC, principalmente durante o verão. As correntes de maré se mostraram fracas em todo o período avaliado, com importância decrescendo da superfície para o fundo (20 e 10% da variância, respectivamente)<br>Current data throughout the water column and temperatures at the bottom from about three years have been analyzed in order to evaluate the hydrodynamic and thermal behavior near the Cabo Frio (CF) continental shelf break (23° 20\'S - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). The Brazil Current (BC) forces movements pointing to SW, isobath-aligned, on all vertical levels. The speed varies seasonally, with surface mean currents maximum on summer (58.7 cm/s) and spring (41.4 cm/s), and minimum on winter (31.0 cm/s) and autumn (22.8 cm/s). Significant maximum correlation was found between subinertial winds and driven-wind currents, both isobath-aligned, with a delay next to the local inertial period (31 hours). Significant maximum correlation were also obtained between bottom cross-isobath currents and the isobath-aligned component of the wind, consistent with the South Atlantic Central Water (SACW) transport towards the continental shelf, which antedates the well-known coastal CF upwelling. Seasonally, the results agreed mainly with the positioning variations of the BC to the shelf break and, secondly, with the local winds variability. The temperature values below the 18ºC (SACW thermohaline index) was almost permanent on the bottom of the shelf break, and the maximum correlation obtained with current along the isobath indicates that the warmer water of the BC nucleus (Tropical Water) approaches to the bottom of the shelf break, especially during the summer. Tidal currents were weak during the entire sampling period, decreasing the relative strength from the surface to the bottom (20% and 10% of the variance, respectively)
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Distefano, Salvatore. "Stratigraphic, structural and geomorphological features of the Sicilian continental shelf: study cases from Southern Tyrrhenian and Sicily Channel." Doctoral thesis, Università di Catania, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/3854.

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The Pelagian Archipelago is located in a complex and wide geodynamic system characterized by the occurrence of two independent tectonic processes acting simultaneously: convergence along the Apennine-Maghrebian accretionary wedge and late Miocene-early Pliocene rifting in the Sicily Channel. Through high resolution seismic profiles acquired around the Lampedusa Island offshore, the reconstruction of an updated structural setting of this area and its regional correlation has been performed. The late Miocene-early Pliocene rifting affects directly the structural evolution of the Lampedusa plateau, with the development of a graben and half-graben setting in most of the offshore area, widely filled with the syn-rift deposits. In the northern sector, the activity of the normal faults associated with the rifting is active up to the early Pliocene, whereas it is quiescent since late Miocene in southern sector. This current fabric of the Lampedusa plateau derives by its involvement in regional extensional regime, lying in a dextral-transtensive zone and marked by pull-apart basins. In particular, two systems of the normal faults in the Lampedusa offshore have been recognized. The Master Extensional Faults oriented WNW-ESE represent the main structural alignment of the Lampedusa offshore and reflect the extensional trending of the Sicily Channel. The Second order of Extensional Faults, oriented NNW-SSE, bounds smaller pull-apart basins and are probably associated with the main dextral-transtensive regional regime. From the comparison with some preexisting models, an update stratigraphic-structural model is proposed also to the southeastern continental shelf between the Gela-Catania foredeep and the Hyblean foreland offshore, along the Marina di Ragusa offshore. The seismo-stratigraphic interpretation shows a NE-SW extensional faults system that involves only the late Miocene formations, probably connected to history of the Scicli Line. Furthermore, the late Miocene extensional tectonic activity involves widely affects the offshore portions of the Hyblean foreland and its ramp, but it does not show evidences that this activity has involved the Plio-Pleistocene succession. The deposition of the Gessoso-Solfifera Formation has been widely recognized in the Hyblean foreland ramp, demonstrating that the evaporitic deposition does not is a peculiarity only of the deposits within the semi-isolated and marginal sub-basins or of the thrust top mini-basins of the Appennine-Maghrebides belt, but extends also in areas where the extensional tectonic have been dominant. Through Multibeam bathymetric data, an update characterization of the geomorphological setting of the north-east Sicily continental shelf, between Milazzo Promontory and the area offshore from the Saponara River, is provided. Furthermore, through high-resolution CHIRP seismic profiles interpretation, a reconstruction of the evolution of the last eustatic sea level cycle is performed. The lowstand succession, corresponding with the foreset of the prograding clinoforms of the continental margin deposits, determines the accommodation space for the depositional processes that occur during the rise of the sea level. In fact, the evolution of the transgressive and highstand wedges is strongly influenced by the geometry of the underlying lowstand succession. The transgressive wedge is developed in the 80-100 m bathymetric range and consists of the relict geomorphic elements that represent past landscape. These elements tracked the variations in coastline position during the last sea-level rise, formed during an interval of relatively reduced rate of sealevel rise. Furthermore, a reconstruction of the geomorphological evolution of the past coastal systems during the last transgressive stage is provided. The highstand wedge consists of the Corriolo, Muto, Niceto, Cocuzzaro and Rometta delta deposits that widely develop on the offshore portions of the inner continental shelf.
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20

Liu, Hongxing. "Generation and refinement of a continental scale digital elevation model by integrating cartographic and remotely sensed data : a GIS-based approach /." The Ohio State University, 1999. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1488188894442749.

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21

Alves, Paula Cristina Sampaio. "Desempenho dos Bancos Alimentares Contra a Fome de Portugal Continental : caracterização e análise de eficiência." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/12857.

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Mestrado em Decisão Económica e Empresarial<br>Este relatório está assim dividido em três partes. Na primeira parte podemos encontrar uma breve apresentação relativa aos Bancos Alimentares, incidindo na sua história e funcionamento. Na segunda parte foi realizada uma Análise de Clusters, aos dezoito BAs de Portugal Continental, com o objetivo de classificar os BAs em grupos. Esta foi dividida em duas fases: numa primeira fase os BAs foram agrupados com base nas características internas de cada um, de modo a classificá-los de acordo com a sua dimensão - pequenos, médios ou grandes. Numa segunda fase, a classificação dos BAs não só teve em conta as características internas mas também as características socioeconómicas da região onde se encontra inserido cada BA. O objetivo desta análise foi relacionar a dimensão de um determinado BA com as necessidades da população e com a potencialidade de ofertas a seu favor. Na terceira parte foi realizada uma análise de eficiência ao comportamento de cada Banco Alimentar, usando dados em painel, recorrendo a modelos econométricos, estimados com o Pooled OLS com efeitos fixos no tempo. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar se cada BA está a operar de forma eficiente, para o nível dos seus recursos. Os modelos empíricos foram aplicados às toneladas recolhidas anualmente nas campanhas de angariação junto do público, ao número de voluntários que participam anualmente nas campanhas, ao número de pessoas assistidas anualmente e ao total de entradas anuais em toneladas.<br>This report is divided into three sections: On the first section we can find a small introduction about the Food Bank's, focusing on their story and operation. On the second section we proceeded to a Cluster Analysis to the eighteen Food Bank's from Portugal Continental, with the purpose of classifying them by groups. This was performed in two phases: on the first phase the FB were grouped considering their intern characteristics, with the goal of classifying them by dimension - small, medium or large. On the second phase, the classification take into account not only the internal characteristics but also the socioeconomics characteristics of the region. The goal of this analysis was to relate the dimension of an determinate FB with the population necessities and the potential of offers in their favor. On the third section an analysis to the efficiency has been performed to each FB, utilizing panel data and applying econometrics models, with the Pooled OLS with fixed effects on time. The goal of this study was to analyze if each FB is performing in an efficient manner, considering their level of resources. The empirical models were applied to the Ton's gathered annually in their campaigns close to the public, the number of volunteers that participated annually in this campaigns, the number of persons assisted annually by each FB and the total of annual entries, in Ton's.<br>N/A
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Stamm, Emma. "Hallucinating Facts: Psychedelic Science and the Epistemic Power of Data." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/97368.

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This dissertation is a theoretical study of the relationship between digitality, knowledge, and power in the age of Big Data. My argument is that human medical research on psychedelic substances supports a critique of what I call "the data episteme." I use "episteme" in the sense developed by philosopher Michel Foucault, where the term describes an apparatus for determining the properties associated with the epistemic condition of scientificity. I write that the data episteme suppresses bodies of knowledge which do not bear the epistemic virtues associated with digital data. These include but are not limited to the capacities for positivistic representation and translation into discrete digital media. Drawing from scientific reports, I demonstrate that certain forms of knowledge regarding the therapeutic mechanisms of psychedelics cannot withstand positivistic representation and digitization. Henceforth, psychedelic research demands frameworks for epistemic legitimation which differ from those predicated on the criteria associated with the data episteme. I additionally claim that psychedelic inebriation promotes a form of thinking which has been called, by various theorists, "negative," "abstract," or "idiosyncratic" thought. Whereas the data episteme denies the existence of negative thought, psychedelic research suggests that this mental function is essential to the successful deposition of psychedelic substances as adjuncts to psychotherapy. For the reasons listed above, psychedelic science provides a uniquely salient lens on the normative operations of the data episteme. In the course of suppressing non-digitizable knowledge, the data episteme implements what Foucault conceptualizes "knowledge-power," a term which affirms the fact that there is no meaningful difference between knowledge and power. Here, "power" may be defined as the power to promote but also to retract conditions on which phenomena may exist across all sites of social, intellectual, and political construction. I write that the data episteme seeks to both nullify the preconditions for negative thought and to naturalize the possibility of an infinite expansion of human mental activity, which in turn figures mentality as an inexhaustible resource for the commodity of digital data. The data episteme therefore reifies the logic of ceaseless economic proliferation, and as such, abets technologized capitalism. In the event that the data episteme fulfills its teleological goal to become total, virtually all that is thinkable would yield to economic subordination. I present psychedelic science as a site where knowledge which challenges the data episteme is empirically necessary, and which, by extension, attests to the existence of that which cannot be economically subsumed.<br>Doctor of Philosophy<br>In the age of Big Data, scientists draw upon the ever-expanding quantities of data which are produced, circulated, and analyzed by digital devices every day. As data grow in number, digital tools gain in their ability to yield precise and faithful information about the objects they represent. It would appear that all forms of knowledge may one day be perfectly replicated in the form of digital data. This dissertation claims that certain forms of knowledge cannot be digitized, and that the existence of non-digitizable knowledge has important implications for both science and politics. I begin by considering the fact that digital tools can only produce knowledge about phenomena which permit digitization. I claim that this limitation necessarily restricts the sorts of information which digital devices are capable of generating. I also observe that the digital turn has inaugurated a novel mode of capitalist economic production based on the commodity of digital information. Thus, the increasing dependence of scientific authority on digital methods is also a concern for political economy. I argue that the reliance of scientific authority on digital data restricts the scope of scientific inquiry and makes ceaseless economic expansion appear both necessary and inevitable. It is therefore critical to indicate sites of research and practice where non-digitizable knowledge plays an essential role in informing scientific processes. Such an indication is not only pertinent to scientific research, but points up the ways in which data facilitate unregulated economic growth. Psychedelic drug research serves as my lens on digitality and political economy. Specifically, I explore the ways in which quantitative and computational methodologies have been used and critiqued by scientists who study the psychiatric benefit of psychedelics on human consciousness. Taking a historical approach, I demonstrate that psychedelic scientists have always faced the paradoxical task of translating the unusual and ineffable effects of psychedelics into discrete, measurable variables. This quandary has become more pronounced in the age of digital tool use, as such tools rest on the logic of metrical and discrete analysis. I suggest that the therapeutic mechanisms of psychedelics can only be fully revealed by methodological techniques which explicitly address the epistemic limitations of digital data. Noting that the ascendance of Big Data is contemporaneous with a rise of interest in psychedelics as adjuncts to psychotherapy, I assert that psychedelic science provides abundant materials for a critique of the ostensive epistemic authority of digital data, which operates as an alibi for technologized capitalism.
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23

Ruiz, Alfredo. "Web-based tidal toolbox of astronomic tidal data for the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway, esturaries sic] and continental shelf of the South Atlantic Bight." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5021.

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A high-resolution astronomic tidal model has been developed that includes detailed inshore regions of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway and associated estuaries along the South Atlantic Bight. The unique nature of the model's development ensures that the tidal hydrodynamic interaction between the shelf and estuaries is fully described. Harmonic analysis of the model output results in a database of tidal information that extends from a semi-circular arc (radius ~750 km) enclosing the South Atlantic Bight from the North Carolina coast to the Florida Keys, onto the continental shelf and into the full estuarine system. The need for tidal boundary conditions (elevation and velocity) for driving inland waterway models has motivated the development of a software application to extract results from the tidal database which is the basis of this thesis. In this tidal toolbox, the astronomic tidal constituents can be resynthesized for any open water point in the domain over any interval of time in the past, present, or future. The application extracts model results interpolated to a user's exact geographical points of interest, desired time interval, and tidal constituents. Comparison plots of the model results versus historical data are published on the website at 89 tidal gauging stations. All of the aforementioned features work within a zoom-able geospatial interface for enhanced user interaction. In order to make tidal elevation and velocity data available, a web service serves the data to users over the internet. The tidal database of 497,847 nodes and 927,165 elements has been preprocessed and indexed to enable timely access from a typical modern web server. The preprocessing and web services required are detailed in this thesis, as well as the reproducibility of the Tidal Toolbox for new domains.<br>ID: 029808889; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (M.S.)--University of Central Florida, 2011.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 182-184).<br>M.S.<br>Masters<br>Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering<br>Engineering and Computer Science<br>Civil Engineering
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Head, Matthew Edward. "Use of high-resolution sidescan sonar data to quantitatively map and monitor a mid-continental shelf hardbottom: 23-mile site, Onslow Bay, NC /." Electronic version (PDF), 2004. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2004/headm/matthewhead.pdf.

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25

BOLLINO, ARCANGELA. "QUASI STATIC GRAVITY SIGNATURES IN SLOW TECTONIC ZONES: ASSIMILATION OF NOVEL AEROSPACE DATA AND GEOPHYSICAL MODELING." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2023. https://hdl.handle.net/2434/956505.

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The main aim of my Ph.D. research project was to investigate the gravitational signatures of the mechanisms that regulate slow rate tectonic deformation in areas where the earthquakes enucleate. 2D thermo-mechanical numerical models are used to simulate the crust-mantle dynamics; in particular, complexities such as compositional stratification of crust-lithosphere system, mantle hydration, phase changes and degree of plate coupling are investigated, exploring how they affect the gravity field and its rate of change in different tectonic environments. A strongly integration between modelling, gravitational and GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) data has provided valuable constraints to the analysis. In fact, this work is part of the GravSeis-Gravitational Seismology project, an ESA-founded research project whose objective is to establish a theoretical framework for the detection and characterization of earthquake precursors based on the observations of the gravitational field made by satellite. Gravitational Seismology concept expresses the idea that earthquakes are not generated only by surface displacements but are closely connected to deep masses redistribution involved in the subduction systems. This rearrangement generates density anomalies, which in turn are responsible for the Earth's gravity field anomalies. A first study has been conducted on the Sumatra and Mariana complexes, representative of the two major types of subduction: ocean–continent and ocean–ocean, respectively. In a first phase, a set of numerical tests has been developed, varying three main parameters: prescribed subduction velocity, prescribed subduction dip angle and degree of plate coupling, exploiting how their variation affect the gravity pattern. In a second phase, the study of the EIGEN-6C4 gravitational disturbance patterns of the Sumatra and Mariana subductions has been carried out, allowing to strengthen the analysis of the gravitational signature in ocean–continent and ocean–ocean subductions in terms of the physics of the processes occurring during the convergence of the plates. Model predictions show a good agreement with gravity data, both in terms of wavelengths and magnitude of the gravity anomalies measured in the surroundings of the Sumatra and Marina subductions, supporting that the differences in the style of the gravity anomaly observed in the two areas are attributable to the different environments – ocean-ocean or ocean-continental subduction – that drives a significantly different dynamic in the wedge area. A second study has been carried out developing 2D finite-element thermo-mechanical models, in which the formation of oceanic crust and serpentinite due to the hydration of upwelling mantle peridotite is implemented, to simulate the evolution of the Gulf of Aden from the rift initiation to the development of an active oceanic spreading center. The thermo-mechanical analysis support the hypothesis that the Gulf of Aden developed as a slow passive rift in thin lithosphere with thick crust and that the variations in features along the passive margins could be related to lateral variations in the amount of H2O in the mantle, which determines the different times of mantle melting.
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26

Arndt, Jan Erik [Verfasser], Wilfried [Akademischer Betreuer] [Gutachter] Jokat, and Wolfgang [Gutachter] Bach. "Glacial history of the Northeast Greenland continental shelf and adjacent waters revealed by hydro-acoustic data / Jan Erik Arndt. Betreuer: Wilfried Jokat. Gutachter: Wilfried Jokat ; Wolfgang Bach." Bremen : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1102308978/34.

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27

Schwartz, Sari D. "Atypical depression, body mass, and left vetricular mass analysis of data from CARDIA /." Download the thesis in PDF, 2005. http://www.lrc.usuhs.mil/dissertations/pdf/Schwartz2005.pdf.

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28

Vignes, Lucie. "Etudes de la circulation et des modifications des eaux profondes circumpolaires sur le plateau continental sud-ouest de la mer de Weddell en Antarctique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS384.

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L'Antarctique et les mers l'entourant sont des zones centrales pour la régulation du climat terrestre ainsi qu'une des zones sujettes à de nombreuses modifications sous l'action du changement climatique. Malgré l'importance de cette région, celle-ci reste largement sous-échantillonnée par rapport au reste des grands bassins océaniques. La circulation océanique sur le pourtour antarctique conditionne la fonte des plateformes glaciaires flottantes et leur effet arc-boutant pour la calotte glaciaire dans son ensemble, ainsi que le stockage de chaleur profond lié à la circulation verticale des masses d’eaux. Ainsi, comprendre la circulation des masses d'eaux sur le pourtour antarctique est fondamental pour notre compréhension de la circulation océanique globale, et celle de la contribution de la calotte polaire antarctique à l'élévation du niveau des mers. Dans cette thèse j'étudie une mer se situant sur le pourtour antarctique : la mer de Weddell. Cette mer, en plus d’accueillir la plus volumineuse des plateformes glaciaires du pourtour antarctique, est également une des régions produisant un volume important d’eaux profondes. Cependant les processus d'interactions océan-cryosphère dans cette région sont encore mal compris. Certaines études ont montré que cet équilibre est subtil et que la mer de Weddell, en réponse au changement climatique, pourrait être drastiquement modifiée et connaître une importante fonte de la plateforme glaciaire et une réduction drastique de la formation d'eaux de fond. Cependant, tant que nos observations ne nous permettront pas de mieux comprendre les processus à l'œuvre, nous ne pourrons pas affiner notre compréhension de la mer de Weddell<br>Antarctica and its surrounding seas are an important area regarding the climate regulation as well as an region highly impacted by climate change. Despite the paramount importance of this region, it is still largely under sampled in comparison with the other oceanic basins. Oceanic circulation around the antarctic margins regulates ice shelves melts and their buttressing effect on the antarctic Ice sheet, as well as the deep heat storage induced by vertical water masses movements. Thus understading the water mass circulation around Antarctica is fundamental for our comprehension of the global oceanic circulation, as well as the contribution of the Antarctic ice sheet to the sea level rise. In this manuscript I propose a study of a region on the antarctic margins : the Weddell Sea. This sea is the home region of the largest of the antarctic ice shelf, it is also the region producing the most important volume of deep waters. However the ocean-cryosphere processes in this region as still poorly understood. Some studies showed a subtle equilibrium and that the Weddell Sea, in response to the climate change, could be deeply modified and lead to a important melt of the ice shelf and a drastic reduction of the deep water formation. However, as long as our observations don’t allow us the better understand the processes at work, we can not refine our understanding of the Weddell Sea
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29

Liu, Yonggang. "Patterns and dynamics of ocean circulation variability on the West Florida shelf." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001413.

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30

Sonibare, Wasiu Adedayo. "Structure and evolution of basin and petroleum systems within a transformrelated passive margin setting : data-based insights from crust-scale 3D modelling of the Western Bredasdorp Basin, offshore South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96832.

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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigates the crustal structure, and assesses the qualitative and quantitative impacts of crust-mantle dynamics on subsidence pattern, past and present-day thermal field and petroleum system evolution at the southern South African continental margin through the application of a multi-disciplinary and multi-scale geo-modelling procedure involving both conceptual and numerical approaches. The modelling procedure becomes particularly important as this margin documents a complex interaction of extension and strike-slip tectonics during its Mesozoic continental rifting processes. Located on the southern shelf of South Africa, the Western Bredasdorp Basin (WBB) constitutes the focus of this study and represents the western section of the larger Bredasdorp sub-basin, which is the westernmost of the southern offshore sub-basins. To understand the margin with respect to its present-day structure, isostatic state and thermal field, a combined approach of isostatic, 3D gravity and 3D thermal modelling was performed by integrating potential field, seismic and well data. Complimenting the resulting configuration and thermal field of the latter by measured present-day temperature, vitrinite reflectance and source potential data, basin-scale burial and thermal history and timing of source rock maturation, petroleum generation, expulsion, migration and accumulation were forwardly simulated using a 3D basin modelling technique. This hierarchical modelling workflow enables geologic assumptions and their associated uncertainties to be well constrained and better quantified, particularly in three dimensions. At present-day, the deep crust of the WBB is characterised by a tripartite density structure (i.e. prerift metasediments underlain by upper and lower crustal domains) depicting a strong thinning that is restricted to a narrow E-W striking zone. The configuration of the radiogenic crystalline crust as well as the conductivity contrasts between the deep crust and the shallow sedimentary cover significantly control the present-day thermal field of the study area. In all respects, this present-day configuration reflects typical characteristics of basin evolution in a strike-slip setting. For instance, the orientations of the deep crust and fault-controlled basin-fill are spatially inconsistent, thereby indicating different extension kinematics typical of transtensional pull-apart mechanisms. As such, syn-rift subsidence is quite rapid and short-lived, and isostatic equilibrium is not achieved, particularly at the Moho level. Accompanied syn-rift rapid subsidence and a heat flow peak led to petroleum preservation in the basin since the Early Cretaceous. Two additional post-rift thermal anomalies related to the Late Cretaceous hotspot mechanism and Miocene margin uplift in Southern Africa succeeded the syn-rift control on maturation. This thermal maturity of the five mature source rocks culminated in four main generation and three main accumulation phases which characterise the total petroleum systems of the WBB. The Campanian, Eocene and Miocene uplift scenarios episodically halted source maturation and caused tertiary migration of previously trapped petroleum. Petroleum loss related to the spill point of each trap configuration additionally occurs during the Late Cretaceous-Paleocene and Oligocene-Early Miocene. The timing and extent of migration dynamics are most sensitive to the geological scenario that combined faulting, intrusive seal bypass system and facies heterogeneity. In fact, for models that do not incorporate facies heterogeneity, predicted past and present-day seafloor leakage of petroleum is largely underestimated. This complex interplay of generation and migration mechanisms has significant implications for charging of petroleum accumulations by multiple source rocks. Due to early maturation and late stage tertiary migration, the syn-rift source rocks particularly Mid Hauterivian and Late Hauterivian source intervals significantly control the extent of petroleum accumulation and loss in the basin. Lastly, the modelled 3D crustal configuration and Mezosoic to Cenozoic thermal regime of the WBB dispute classic uniform lithospheric stretching for the southern South African continental margin. Rather, this PhD thesis confirms that differential thinning of the lithosphere related to a transtensional pull-apart mechanism is the most appropriate for accurately predicting the evolution of basin and petroleum systems of the margin. Also, the presented 3D models currently represent the most advanced insights, and thus have clear implications for assessing associated risks in basin and prospect evaluation of the margin as well as other similar continental margins around the world.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek die korsstruktuur en evalueer die kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe impakte van kors-mantel-dinamika op insinkingspatroon, die termiese veld en petroleumstels evolusie aan die suidelike Suid-Afrikaanse kontinentale grens, in die hede en die verlede, deur die toepassing van ’n multidissiplinêre en multiskaal-geomodelleringsprosedure wat beide konseptuele en numeriese benaderings behels. Die modelleringsprosedure veral is belangrik aangesien hierdie kontinentale grens ’n komplekse interaksie van uitbreidings- en strekkingsparallelle tektoniek gedurende die Mesosoïese vastelandskeurprosesse daarvan dokumenteer. Omdat dit op die suidelike platvorm van Suid-Afrika geleë is, maak die Westelike Bredasdorp Kom (WBK) die fokus van hierdie studie uit, en verteenwoordig dit die westelike deel van die groter Bredasdrop-subkom, wat die verste wes is van die suidelike aflandige subkomme. Om die grens met betrekking tot sy huidige struktuur, isostatiese staat en termiese veld te verstaan, is ’n kombinasie benadering bestaande uit isostatiese, 3D-gravitasie- en 3D- termiese modellering gebruik deur potensiëleveld-, seismiese en boorgatdata te integreer Ondersteunend totot die gevolglike konfigurasie en termiese veld van die laasgenoemde deur middel van hedendaagse temperatuur, soos gemeet, vitriniet-refleksiekoëffisiënt en bronpotensiaal data, komskaal-begrawing en termiese geskiedenis en tydsberekening van brongesteentematurasie, is petroleumgenerasie, -uitwerping, -migrasie en -akkumulasie in die toekoms gesimuleer deur gebruik te maak van ’n 3D-kommodelleringstegniek. Hierdie hierargiese modelleringswerkvloei maak dit moontlik om geologiese aannames en hulle geassosieerde onsekerhede goed aan bande te lê en beter te kwantifiseer, veral in drie dimensies. In die hede word die diep kors van die WBK gekarakteriseer deur ’n drieledige digtheidstruktuur (met ander woorde voorrift-metasedimente onderlê deur bo- en benedekors domeine) wat dui op ’n baie wesenlike verdunning, beperk tot ’n dun O-W-strekkingsone. Die konfigurasie van die radiogeniese kristallyne kors, sowel as die konduktiwiteitskontraste tussen die diep kors en die vlak sedimentêre dekking, beheer grotendeels die hedendaagse termiese veld van die studiearea. Hierdie hedendaagse konfigurasie weerspieël in alle opsigte tipiese eienskappe van kom-evolusie in ’n skuifskeur omgewing. Byvoorbeeld, Die oriëntasies van die diep kors en verskuiwingbeheerde komsedimentasie byvoorbeeld is ruimtelik inkonsekwent en dui daardeur op verskillende ekstensiekinematika, tipies van transtensionale tensiemeganisme. As sulks, is sin-rift-versakking taamlik vinnig en kortstondig, en word isostatiese ekwilibrium nie by die Moho-vlak, in die besonder, bereik nie. Samehangende sin-rift vinnige versakking en hittevloeihoogtepunt het gelei tot petroleum behoud in die kom sedert die vroeë Kryt. Twee bykomende post-rift termiese anomalieë wat verband hou met die laat Kryt-“hotspot” meganisme en die Mioseense kontinentale grensopheffing in Suidelike Afrika het die sin-rift-beheer met maturasie opgevolg. Hierdie termiese maturiteit van die vyf gematureerde brongesteentes het in vier hoofgenerasie- en drie hoofakkumulasie fases, wat die totaliteit van die petroleumstelsels van die WBK karakteriseer, gekulmineer. Die Campaniese, Eoseense en Mioseense opheffings senarios het episodies bronmaturasie gestop en tersiêre migrasie van petroleum wat vroeër opgevang was veroorsaak. Addisioneel vind petroleumverlies gekoppel aan die spilpunt van elke opvanggebiedkonfigurasie tydens die laat Kryt-Paleoseen en Oligoseenvroeë Mioseen plaas. Die tydstelling en omvang van migrasiedinamika is die sensitiefste vir die geologiese scenario wat verskuiwing, seëlomseilingstelsel en fasiesheterogeniteit kombineer. Trouens, vir modelle wat nie fasiesheterogeniteit inkorporeer nie, is voorspellings van vroeëre en huidige seebodemlekkasie van petroleum grotendeels onderskattings. Hierdie komplekse wisselwerking van generasie- en migrasiemeganismes het beduidende implikasies vir die laai van petroleumakkumulasies deur veelvoudige brongesteentes. Vanweë vroeë maturasie en laatstadiumtersiêre migrasie, oefen die sin-rift-brongesteentes, veral middel Hauterivium- en laat Hauteriviumbronintervalle, beduidende beheer oor die omvang van petroleumakkumulasie en -verlies in die kom uit. Laastens weerspreek die gemodelleerde 3D-korskonfigurasie en Mesosoïese-tot-Senosoïesetermiese regime van die WBK ’n klassieke uniforme litosferiese rekking vir die suidelike Suid- Afrikaanse kontinentale grens. Inteendeel, hierdie PhD-proefskrif bevestig dat ’n differensiële verdunning van die litosfeer, gekoppel aan ’n transtensiemeganisme, die beste geskik is om ’n akkurate voorspelling oor die evolusie van kom- en petroleumstelsels van die kontinentale grens mee te maak. Verder, verteenwoordig die 3D-modelle, wat hier aangebied word, tans die mees gevorderde insigte, en het hierdie modelle dus duidelike implikasies vir die assessering van verwante risiko’s in kom- en petroleum teikene valuering van die kontinentale grens, so wel as van ander soortgelyke kontinentale grense regoor die wêreld.
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31

Thoué, Frédéric. "Quantification par imagerie tridimensionnelle de l'extension continentale et des déplacements associés : exemples au Kenya et au Yémen." Grenoble 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993GRE10200.

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La description de la geometrie et de la distribution des structures fragiles presentes dans les rifts contribuent a la comprehension des mecanismes de la deformation extensive a l'echelle de la lithosphere. Une analyse quantitative est envisagee sur une portion du rift est-africain (gregory rift au kenya) et sur la marge est de la mer rouge (yemen), a partir de donnees structurales, d'images satellitaires et de donnees topographiques. Les etudes de terrain permettent de preciser la geometrie et la chronologie des deformations pour chaque objet etudie (kenya ou yemen). Le traitement puis l'interpretation des images numeriques spot ou landsat permet (i) de completer les etudes structurales de terrain et de les integrer a petite echelle, (ii) de quantifier la distribution en 2d des failles sur le gregory rift. Ces etudes en 2d s'averent insuffisantes pour la quantification de l'extension. L'utilisation de modeles numeriques de terrain obtenus par auto-correlation de couples stereoscopiques spot conduit a la reconstitution de l'etat initial, ante-deformation, des systemes de blocs bascules qui se developpent au yemen. La restauration de l'etat initial des blocs bascules comporte une etape de basculement ou de depliage selon le modele realise, et une etape d'ajustement manuel des blocs entre eux. L'ajustement est realise en tenant compte de la forme des blocs ou des trajectoires de deformation donnees par le depliage des structures. La comparaison de l'etat initial restaure et la connaissance de l'etat final deforme permet une approche cinematique de l'extension, en terme de deplacements finis. La quantite d'extension est determinee. Les champs de deplacements 2d sont traces pour chaque secteur etudie. Les deplacements 3d sont calcules et projetes sur les plans de failles separant les blocs bascules, afin de calculer le tenseur de contraintes associe. L'interpretation des resultats obtenus fournit (i) les limites de validite de la methode de quantification, (ii) un modele de decoupage en blocs crustaux du sud de la plaque arabique, (iii) la geometrie des phases precoces lors de l'ouverture du golfe d'aden
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32

Shufeldt, Karen A. "Geophysical analysis of the Antarctic continent using NASA scatterometer image data /." Connect to resource, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/38973.

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33

Bousbih, Safa. "Synergie optique-radar pour l'estimation des états de surface continentale." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30278.

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L'agriculture en Tunisie fait partie des secteurs importants sur lesquels reposent l'économie du pays. Elle revêt également son importance par sa contribution à la sécurité alimentaire. Dans un contexte de gestion des ressources naturelles, la caractérisation et le suivi des états de surface est indispensable, particulièrement dans les régions semi-arides où plusieurs contraintes freinent le développement agricole (période de sécheresse, conflits sur le partage des eaux, manque de ressources, surexploitations des nappes, etc.). En Tunisie, près de 80 % des ressources en eau disponibles sont utilisées par l'agriculture avec une efficacité limitée. Là, où les ressources en eau sont très limitées, l'estimation de l'état hydrique de surface est particulièrement nécessaire pour établir les décisions adéquates pour une meilleure gestion de cette ressource. Dans ce contexte, la télédétection fournit une base fondamentale de données pour l'observation de la surface et constitue un outil majeur pour l'acquisition d'informations à distance. Les travaux réalisés au cours de cette thèse sur la plaine de Kairouan, au Centre de la Tunisie et caractérisée par un climat semi aride, contribuent à l'évaluation du potentiel des nouveaux capteurs satellitaires Sentinel-1 (S-1) et Sentinel-2 (S-2) pour la caractérisation des états de surface, spécifiquement l'humidité du sol dans un contexte de gestion durable des ressources en eau et en sol. En effet, ces nouveaux systèmes offrent aujourd'hui des produits opérationnels avec une forte répétitivité temporelle et des résolutions spatiales métriques permettant un suivi régulier. Dans notre contexte, les données radars sont particulièrement sensibles aux conditions de surface, précisément à l'humidité du sol, à la rugosité de surface et à la végétation. Ils se dévoilent comme les outils les plus prometteurs pour un suivi précis à l'échelle de la parcelle ou régionale. Ce travail comprend deux principales parties qui relient directement l'humidité du sol (variable clé pour différents processus) à l'irrigation dans un premier temps, puis à la texture du sol. L'approche adoptée combine les mesures expérimentales à l'utilisation de données de la télédétection multi-capteurs en synergie, ainsi à la modélisation et à la cartographie. La thèse se structure en trois volets. Le premier volet de ce travail évalue le potentiel des données radars en bande C pour une large base de données. Les résultats ont montré à travers des études du comportement et de modélisation que le signal radar permet de suivre la dynamique temporelle et spatiale de l'humidité du sol sur des parcelles de céréales. Le second volet, consiste à évaluer l'utilisation conjointe de données optiques et radars afin de pouvoir prédire l'état hydrique de surface sur une couverture végétale.[...]<br>Agriculture is considered as one of the most important sectors in Tunisia on which the country's economy is predominately based. It is also important because of its contribution to food security. In the context of natural resource management, the characterization and monitoring of surface states is essential, particularly in semi-arid regions where several constraints hamper agricultural development (period of drought, conflicts over water sharing, lack of resources, overpumping of groundwater, etc.). In Tunisia, nearly 80% of available water resources are used by agriculture with limited efficiency. Here, with very limited water resources, the estimation of the surface water state is necessary to establish the appropriate decisions for a better sustainable management. In this context, remote sensing provides a fundamental database for surface observation. It is a major tool for remote sensing data acquisition.The work carried out during this thesis contributes to evaluate the potential of the new Sentinel-1 (S-1) and Sentinel-2 (S-2) satellite for the characterization of surface states, specifically soil moisture in a context of sustainable management of water and soil resources. Indeed, these new systems offer operational products with a high temporal repeatability and metric spatial resolutions allowing regular monitoring. In our context, radar data is particularly sensitive to surface conditions, specifically soil moisture, surface roughness and vegetation cover. They are unveiled as the most promising tools for accurate monitoring at the field or regional scale. This work includes two main parts that directly relate soil moisture (key variable for different processes) to irrigation first, and then to soil texture. The approach adopted combines experimental measurements with the use of different remote sensing data in synergy, modeling and mapping. The thesis is structured in three parts. The first part of this work evaluates the potential of C-band radar data for a large database. The results showed through behavioral and modeling studies that the radar signal could retrieve temporal and spatial dynamics of soil moisture on cereal plots. The second component consists of evaluating the combined use of optical and radar data in order to predict surface water conditions over vegetative cover. With a precision of about 6 vol. %, soil moisture mapping is then proposed at high spatial resolution, by inverting the Water Cloud Model (WCM), a backscattering model for vegetation cover.[...]
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Davy, Richard Gareth. "The continent-ocean transition at the Deep Galicia Margin : insights from wide-angle seismic data." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2017. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/415529/.

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Magma-poor rift margins provide the ideal environment in which to study the processes responsible for continental breakup and the transition to seafloor spreading. The Iberia-Newfoundland rifted margin in the North Atlantic Ocean has long been an archetype of such rifted margins, with previous studies of this margin having shaped the current understanding of how rifted margins evolve. The Deep Galicia margin is situated on the Iberia margin and is characterised by continental hyperextension, observed as a complex pattern of faulting, thin continental fault blocks, and the serpentinisation, with local exhumation of mantle peridotites along an interpreted detachment surface known as the S reflector. West of these features, the enigmatic Peridotite Ridge has previously been inferred to delimit the western extent of this continent-ocean transition. This thesis presents a variety of analyses applied to new wide-angle seismic data collected at the Deep Galicia margin in 2013. Travel-time tomography modelling of a 160-km-long wide-angle seismic profile provides new insights into the transition from continental thinning to the onset of oceanic crust. West of the Peridotite Ridge, mantle exhumation is seen to continue over a short distance (< 25 km), before shallow and sparse Moho reflections indicate the earliest formation (< 122 Ma) of an anomalously thin (0.5 – 1.5 km) oceanic crustal layer. This thin oceanic crust is inferred to be underlain by serpentinised mantle peridotite, indicated by low velocity gradients and a smooth transition to mantle velocities. East of the Peridotite Ridge, a combination of travel-time tomography and time-domain full-waveform inversion were used to produce a high resolution P-wave velocity model of the hyperextended continental crust and the underlying mantle, separated by the S reflector. This model is used to interpret previously unidentified faults and crustal blocks in seismic reflection imaging, giving an increased understanding of the fine-scale patterns of deformation. Velocities below the S reflector are shown to vary between 5.5 and 8.0 km s-1, corresponding to peridotite serpentinisation of 70% to 0% (unaltered), respectively. Lower seismic velocities and higher degrees of serpentinisation are coincident with the terminus of normal faulting, and is interpreted to be the result of preferential mantle hydration along such faults. Additionally, analysis of ambient noise recorded during this seismic experiment has been used to determine the phase velocity dispersion of fundamental Rayleigh waves, which were inverted to give estimates of the shear velocity within the hyperextended domain. Shear wave velocities are seen to be 0.94 ± 0.12 km s-1 in the sediments, 2.21 ± 0.36 km s-1 in the upper crust, 3.48 ± 0.36 km s-1 in the lower crust, and 4.25 ± 0.35 km s-1 in the uppermost mantle.
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Mondon, Jean-Luc Andre. "Analysis of the tectonic and basin evolution of the seychelles microcontinent during the mesozoic to cenozoic, based on seismic and well data." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/4386.

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The Seychelles Microcontinent (SMc) is a fragment of continental lithosphere that experienced multiple phases of rifting and thermal subsidence during its isolation and submergence within the Indian Ocean. Originally part of central Gondwana, along with India and Madagascar, the SMc first emerged during Mesozoic fragmentation of Gondwana (ca. 220 – 180 Ma) along a complex rifted margin. Fragmentation involved three major rift phases, viz.: 1) Middle Triassic – Middle Jurassic (Rift I), associated with the “Karoo rifts” and break-up between [India-Madagascar-Seychelles] and East Africa; 2) Middle Jurassic – Early Cretaceous (Rift II), associated with the rifting and break-up of Madagascar from [India-Seychelles]; 3) Late Cretaceous (Rift III), associated with the rifting and final break-away of the SMc from India. In this study, the tectonic and sedimentary history of the SMc is analysed using 2D seismic reflection datasets and three exploration wells. Seismic to well-log correlations provide a chrono-stratigraphic framework that identifies seven sequences from the Middle Triassic to the Paleogene. This also identified horst and graben structures related to the extensional tectonics and thermal subsidence of this continental fragment. The latter is reflected also in changes of its litho-facies preserved on the SMc, from terrestrial to marine. The oldest sedimentary rocks identified on the SMc are Middle Triassic organic rich claystones (Sequence 7, Rift I), which grade upwards into alternating Upper Triassic sandstones and mudstones (Sequence 6, Rift I) followed by upward coarsening Lower Jurassic mudstones to sandstone units (Sequence 5, Rift I). These sequences are interpreted as lacustrine facies that evolved into fluvial channel migration facies and finally into progradational delta front facies. Sequence 5 is overlain by Middle Jurassic oolitic limestones that grade upwards into organic rich mudstones (Sequence 4, thermal subsidence after Rift I); the latter are interpreted as restricted-marginal marine deposits. Following Sequence 4, separated by a major break-up unconformity (BU), are the Upper Cretaceous open marine deposits comprising limestones, claystones and sandstones, and terminated with basaltic volcanics (ca. 66 Ma) prior to the separation of the SMc from India (Sequence 3, Rift III). This is overlain by the post-rift – thermal subsidence sequences comprising open marine claystones and shelf limestones (Sequence 2) followed by a sequence of shelf limestones (Sequence 1) that form the present carbonate platform, the Seychelles Plateau that lies approximately 200 m below the present sea-level. Backstripping and subsidence analysis quantifies 3 stages of subsidence; Phase A: Slow subsidence (ca. 5-20 m/Ma), from the Middle Jurassic to the Upper Cretaceous that terminated during a major marine transgression during ingression of the Tethys Sea between East Africa and [Madagascar-Seychelles-India]. This created marine conditions and the subsequent deposition of Sequences 4 and 3; Phase B: Accelerated subsidence (ca. 35-60 m/Ma) recorded throughout the Paleocene to the middle Eocene leading to deeper marine conditions and the subsequent deposition of Sequence 2; and Phase C: Reduced subsidence (ca. 10-30 m/Ma) following the interaction between the Carlsberg Ridge and the Reunion hotspot (ca. 55 Ma) that possibly introduced a reduction in subsidence and the subsequent deposition of Sequence 1 as the SMc drifted and thermally subsided to its submerged present location, and is now dominated mainly by marine carbonates. The effects of the Madagascar and Seychelles/India separation (ca. 84 Ma) are not observed in the subsidence analysis, possibly because it involved transcurrent-rotational movement between the two plates over a short period of time.
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36

Benavides, Pinjosovsky Hector Simon. "Assimilation variationnelle des données dans le modèle de surface continentale ORCHIDEE grâce au logiciel YAO." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066590/document.

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Un modèle de surface continentale (LSM en anglais) est un modèle numérique décrivant les échanges d'eau et d'énergie entre la surface terrestre et l'atmosphère. La physique de la surface de la terre comprend une vaste collection de processus complexes. L'équilibre entre la complexité du modèle et sa résolution, confronté à des limitations de calcul, représente une question fondamentale dans le développement d'un LSM. Les observations des phénomènes étudiés sont nécessaires afin d’adapter la valeur des paramètres du modèle à des variables reproduisant le monde réel. Le processus d'étalonnage consiste en une recherche des paramètres du modèle qui minimisent l’écart entre les résultats du modèle et un ensemble d'observations. Dans ce travail, nous montrons comment l'assimilation variationnelle de données est appliquée aux bilans d'énergie et d'eau du modèle de surface continentale ORCHIDEE afin d’étalonner les paramètres internes du modèle. Cette partie du modèle est appelé SECHIBA. Le logiciel YAO est utilisé pour faciliter la mise en œuvre de l'assimilation variationnelle 4DVAR. Une analyse de sensibilité a été réalisée afin d'identifier les paramètres les plus influents sur la température. Avec la hiérarchie des paramètres obtenue, des expériences jumelles à partir d'observations synthétiques ont été mises en œuvre. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent que l'assimilation de la température de surface a le potentiel d'améliorer les estimations de variables, en ajustant correctement les paramètres de contrôle. Enfin, plusieurs assimilations ont été faites en utilisant des observations de données réelles du site SMOSREX à Toulouse, France. Les expériences faites en utilisant différentes valeurs initiales pour les paramètres, montrent les limites de l'assimilation de la température pour contraindre les paramètres de contrôle. Même si l'estimation des variables est améliorée, ceci est dû à des valeurs finales des paramètres aux limites des intervalles prescrit de la fonction de coût. Afin de parvenir à un minimum, il faudrait permettre aux paramètres de visiter des valeurs irréalistes. Les résultats montrent que SECHIBA ne simule pas correctement simultanément la température et les flux et la relation entre les deux n’est pas toujours cohérente selon le régime (ou les valeurs des paramètres que l’on utilise). Il faut donc travailler sur la physique pour mieux simuler la température. En outre, la sensibilité des paramètres à la température n’est pas toujours suffisante, donnant une fonction de coût plate dans l’espace des paramètres prescrit. Nos résultats montrent que le système d'assimilation mis en place est robuste, puisque les résultats des expériences jumelles sont satisfaisants. Le couplage entre l'hydrologie et la thermodynamique dans SECHIBA doit donc être revu afin d'améliorer l'estimation des variables. Une étude exhaustive de l'erreur des mesures doit être menée afin de récupérer des termes de pondération dans la fonction de coût. Enfin, l'assimilation d'autres variables telles que l'humidité du sol peut maintenant être réalisée afin d'évaluer l'impact sur les performances de l’assimilation<br>A land surface model (LSM) is a numerical model describing the exchange of water and energy between the land surface and the atmosphere. Land surface physics includes an extensive collection of complex processes. The balance between model complexity and resolution, subject to computational limitations, represents a fundamental query in the development of a LSM. With the purpose of adapting the value of the model parameters to values that reproduces results in the real world, measurements are necessary in order to compare to our estimations to the real world. The calibration process consists in an optimization of model parameters for a better agreement between model results and a set of observations, reducing the gap between the model and the available measurements. Here we show how variational data assimilation is applied to the energy and water budgets modules of the ORCHIDEE land surface model in order to constrain the model internal parameters. This part of the model is denoted SECHIBA. The adjoint semi-generator software denoted YAO is used as a framework to implement the 4DVAR assimilation. A sensitivity analysis was performed in order to identify the most influent parameters to temperature. With the parameter hierarchy resolved, twin experiments using synthetic observations were implemented for controlling the most sensitive parameters. Results obtained suggest that land surface temperature assimilation has the potential of improving the output estimations by adjusting properly the control parameters. Finally, several assimilations were made using observational meteorology dataset from the SMOSREX site in Toulouse, France. The experiments implemented, using different prior values for the parameters, show the limits of the temperature assimilation to constrain control parameters. Even though variable estimation is slightly improved, this is due to final parameter values are at the edge of a variation interval in the cost function. Effectively reaching a minimum would require allowing the parameters to visit unrealistic values. SECHIBA does not correctly simulates simultaneously temperature and fluxes and the relationship between the two is not always consistent according to the regime (or parameter values that are used). We must therefore work on the physical aspects to better simulate the temperature. Likewise, the parameter sensitivity to temperature is not always sufficient, giving as a result a flat cost function. Our results show that the assimilation system implemented is robust, since performances results in twin experiments are satisfactory. The coupling between the hydrology and the thermodynamics in SECHIBA must be reviewed in order to improve variable estimation. An exhaustive study of the prior errors in the measurements must be conducted in order to retrieve more adapted weighing terms in the cost function. Finally, the assimilation of other variables such as soil moisture should be performed to evaluate the impacts in constraining control parameters
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37

Benavides, Pinjosovsky Hector Simon. "Assimilation variationnelle des données dans le modèle de surface continentale ORCHIDEE grâce au logiciel YAO." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066590.

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Un modèle de surface continentale (LSM en anglais) est un modèle numérique décrivant les échanges d'eau et d'énergie entre la surface terrestre et l'atmosphère. La physique de la surface de la terre comprend une vaste collection de processus complexes. L'équilibre entre la complexité du modèle et sa résolution, confronté à des limitations de calcul, représente une question fondamentale dans le développement d'un LSM. Les observations des phénomènes étudiés sont nécessaires afin d’adapter la valeur des paramètres du modèle à des variables reproduisant le monde réel. Le processus d'étalonnage consiste en une recherche des paramètres du modèle qui minimisent l’écart entre les résultats du modèle et un ensemble d'observations. Dans ce travail, nous montrons comment l'assimilation variationnelle de données est appliquée aux bilans d'énergie et d'eau du modèle de surface continentale ORCHIDEE afin d’étalonner les paramètres internes du modèle. Cette partie du modèle est appelé SECHIBA. Le logiciel YAO est utilisé pour faciliter la mise en œuvre de l'assimilation variationnelle 4DVAR. Une analyse de sensibilité a été réalisée afin d'identifier les paramètres les plus influents sur la température. Avec la hiérarchie des paramètres obtenue, des expériences jumelles à partir d'observations synthétiques ont été mises en œuvre. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent que l'assimilation de la température de surface a le potentiel d'améliorer les estimations de variables, en ajustant correctement les paramètres de contrôle. Enfin, plusieurs assimilations ont été faites en utilisant des observations de données réelles du site SMOSREX à Toulouse, France. Les expériences faites en utilisant différentes valeurs initiales pour les paramètres, montrent les limites de l'assimilation de la température pour contraindre les paramètres de contrôle. Même si l'estimation des variables est améliorée, ceci est dû à des valeurs finales des paramètres aux limites des intervalles prescrit de la fonction de coût. Afin de parvenir à un minimum, il faudrait permettre aux paramètres de visiter des valeurs irréalistes. Les résultats montrent que SECHIBA ne simule pas correctement simultanément la température et les flux et la relation entre les deux n’est pas toujours cohérente selon le régime (ou les valeurs des paramètres que l’on utilise). Il faut donc travailler sur la physique pour mieux simuler la température. En outre, la sensibilité des paramètres à la température n’est pas toujours suffisante, donnant une fonction de coût plate dans l’espace des paramètres prescrit. Nos résultats montrent que le système d'assimilation mis en place est robuste, puisque les résultats des expériences jumelles sont satisfaisants. Le couplage entre l'hydrologie et la thermodynamique dans SECHIBA doit donc être revu afin d'améliorer l'estimation des variables. Une étude exhaustive de l'erreur des mesures doit être menée afin de récupérer des termes de pondération dans la fonction de coût. Enfin, l'assimilation d'autres variables telles que l'humidité du sol peut maintenant être réalisée afin d'évaluer l'impact sur les performances de l’assimilation<br>A land surface model (LSM) is a numerical model describing the exchange of water and energy between the land surface and the atmosphere. Land surface physics includes an extensive collection of complex processes. The balance between model complexity and resolution, subject to computational limitations, represents a fundamental query in the development of a LSM. With the purpose of adapting the value of the model parameters to values that reproduces results in the real world, measurements are necessary in order to compare to our estimations to the real world. The calibration process consists in an optimization of model parameters for a better agreement between model results and a set of observations, reducing the gap between the model and the available measurements. Here we show how variational data assimilation is applied to the energy and water budgets modules of the ORCHIDEE land surface model in order to constrain the model internal parameters. This part of the model is denoted SECHIBA. The adjoint semi-generator software denoted YAO is used as a framework to implement the 4DVAR assimilation. A sensitivity analysis was performed in order to identify the most influent parameters to temperature. With the parameter hierarchy resolved, twin experiments using synthetic observations were implemented for controlling the most sensitive parameters. Results obtained suggest that land surface temperature assimilation has the potential of improving the output estimations by adjusting properly the control parameters. Finally, several assimilations were made using observational meteorology dataset from the SMOSREX site in Toulouse, France. The experiments implemented, using different prior values for the parameters, show the limits of the temperature assimilation to constrain control parameters. Even though variable estimation is slightly improved, this is due to final parameter values are at the edge of a variation interval in the cost function. Effectively reaching a minimum would require allowing the parameters to visit unrealistic values. SECHIBA does not correctly simulates simultaneously temperature and fluxes and the relationship between the two is not always consistent according to the regime (or parameter values that are used). We must therefore work on the physical aspects to better simulate the temperature. Likewise, the parameter sensitivity to temperature is not always sufficient, giving as a result a flat cost function. Our results show that the assimilation system implemented is robust, since performances results in twin experiments are satisfactory. The coupling between the hydrology and the thermodynamics in SECHIBA must be reviewed in order to improve variable estimation. An exhaustive study of the prior errors in the measurements must be conducted in order to retrieve more adapted weighing terms in the cost function. Finally, the assimilation of other variables such as soil moisture should be performed to evaluate the impacts in constraining control parameters
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38

Neuhauser, Mathis. "Etude des lois d’échelle multifractales caractérisant les observations satellitaires des surfaces continentales." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30048.

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Compte tenu de la forte hétérogénéité spatio-temporelle des surfaces continentales, la télédétection spatiale s’est avérée être un moyen indispensable pour réaliser un suivi à la fois régulier, local et global des processus qui régissent ces surfaces. Les facteurs dont ils dépendent, tels que l’humidité du sol ou la végétation sont variables sur de larges gammes d’échelles auxquelles seuls les satellites peuvent accéder. En raison du nombre grandissant d’observations satellitaires présentes à plusieurs échelles spatiales et fondées sur de multiples technologies, diverses méthodes ont alors été développées pour permettre d’analyser et d’extraire au mieux l’information riche et conséquente acquise par satellite. Les méthodes basées sur l’analyse multi-échelle fournissent un moyen efficace pour décrire l’hétérogénéité de ces observations et ainsi mieux comprendre la complexité des processus de surface. En particulier, une possibilité consiste à s’intéresser à l’existence de lois d’échelles statistiques qui offrent un outil conceptuel générique applicable à la caractérisation de tout type de géométrie. Cela peut contribuer à caractériser les processus de surface selon une approche multi-échelle rarement prise en compte dans les modèles actuels de surface.Dans ce contexte, l’objectif de cette thèse est de montrer le potentiel d’une méthode permettant de caractériser sur plusieurs échelles spatiales les comportements de variables géophysiques de surface. Pour cela, différentes observations satellitaires complémentaires ont été analysées au moyen du modèle des Multifractales Universelles (Schertzer and Lovejoy, 1987). Deux cas d’étude ont permis de répondre à cet objectif. La première application porte sur l’analyse multifractale des produits intervenant dans l’algorithme de désagrégation spatiale d’humidité du sol DisPATCh (Disaggregation based on Physical And Theoretical scale Change; Merlin et al., 2008; Molero et al., 2016), sur la partie Sud-Est de l’Australie. Dans le deuxième cas d’étude, nous avons étudié le comportement multi-échelle de réflectances de surface et indices optiques acquis par le satellite Sentinel-2 sur la région Sud-Ouest de la France, et corrigés des effets atmosphériques par la chaine MAJA (MACCS-ATCOR Joint Algorithm; Hagolle et al., 2010, 2015; Rouquié et al., 2017). Dans ces deux cas d’étude, l’analyse de séries temporelles d’images nous a permis de mettre en relation l’évolution temporelle des propriétés d’échelle avec les variations saisonnières de la région d’étude (conditions météorologiques, cycles de cultures).Ce travail a révélé dans les produits de surface la présence de lois d’échelles qui diffèrent en fonction de la gamme d’échelles considérée. Ces comportements différents mettent en évidence des régimes d’échelles spécifiques qui, selon le produit étudié, peuvent s’expliquer de deux manières. D’une part, les régimes observés peuvent traduire la présence de processus de surface non-linéaires tels que les précipitations, le ruissellement ou l’évapotranspiration, agissant à différentes échelles spatiales et modulés par divers facteurs tels que la composition et la structure du sol (distribution de la végétation, présence de parcelles agricoles, etc.). D’autre part, ces comportements d’échelle peuvent également refléter l’impact sur les variables de surface des méthodes d’acquisition (fonction de transfert des capteurs) ou de traitement (combinaison de produits au sein des modèles) qui sont couramment utilisées en télédétection. De cette manière, cette étude a montré le potentiel de l’analyse multifractale pour décrire l’hétérogénéité des surfaces continentales, mais également pour évaluer la fiabilité de produits ou modèles de surface. Cette méthode pourrait être utile à la préparation de futures missions spatiales afin de déterminer les limites des capteurs en termes de propriétés multi-échelles, et ainsi mieux estimer la résolution effective de différents produits satellitaires<br>Considering the strong spatial and temporal heterogeneity of continental surfaces, remote sensing has proved to be an indispensable means for conducting regular, local and global monitoring of the physical and biophysical processes governing these surfaces. The factors on which they depend, such as soil moisture, surface temperature, vegetation, or topography, are variable over wide ranges of scales that only satellites can access. Thus, over the last fifty years, we have seen a growing number of satellite observations defined at multiple spatial scales and based on multiple technologies. Various methods were then developed to analyze and extract the rich and consistent information acquired by satellites. Methods based on multi-scale analysis can provide an effective means to describe the heterogeneity of these observations and thus better understand the complexity of surface processes. In particular, one possibility is to focus on the existence of statistical scaling laws offering a generic tool applicable to the characterization of any type of geometry. The demonstration of specific scaling behaviors can help to characterize surface processes using a multi-scale approach that is rarely taken into account in current surface models.In this context, the objective of this thesis is to demonstrate the potential of a method dedicated to the characterization of the behaviors of surface geophysical variables on several spatial scales. For this, different complementary satellite observations were analyzed using the Universal Multifractal model (Schertzer and Lovejoy, 1987). Two case studies helped to meet this objective. The first application concerns the multifractal analysis of the products involved in the soil moisture disaggregation algorithm called DisPATCh (Disaggregation based on Physical And Theoretical scale Change; Merlin et al., 2008; Molero et al., 2016), on the southeastern part of Australia. In the second case study, we studied the multi-scale behavior of surface reflectances and optical indices acquired by Sentinel-2 satellite over the South-West region of France, and corrected from atmosphere effects by the processing chain MAJA (MACCS-ATCOR Joint Algorithm; Hagolle et al., 2010, 2015; Rouquié et al., 2017). In both case studies, time series of images were analyzed. Thus, for each variable studied, we were able to relate the temporal evolution of scaling properties to the seasonal variations specific to the study area (meteorological conditions, crop cycles).During this work, different scaling laws were observed on different scale ranges. Two arguments were given to explain these different scaling behaviors, depending on the case study and the product. On the one hand, the observed regimes can reflect the presence of non-linear surface processes such as precipitation, runoff or evapotranspiration, acting at different spatial scales and modulated by various factors such as soil composition and structure (distribution of vegetation, presence of agricultural parcels, etc.). On the other hand, these scaling behaviors may also reflect the impact on surface variables of acquisition techniques (sensor transfer function) or processing methods (combination of products within surface models) that are commonly used in remote sensing. In this way, this study showed the potential of multifractal analysis to describe the heterogeneity of continental surfaces, but also to evaluate the reliability of geophysical products and surface models. This method could be useful for the preparation of future space missions in order to determine the limits of satellite sensors in terms of multi-scale properties, and thus to better estimate the effective resolution of different products derived from satellite acquisitions
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39

Vincensini, Anaïs. "Contribution de IASI à l’estimation des paramètres des surfaces continentales pour la prévision numérique du temps." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013INPT0127/document.

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Le sondeur infrarouge hyperspectral IASI (Interféromètre Atmosphérique de Sondage Infrarouge), développé conjointement par le CNES et EUMETSAT à bord du satellite européen Metop, permet, entre autres, le sondage de la température, de l'humidité ainsi que la restitution de paramètres de surface. Bien que l'on tire le meilleur parti de ces données sur la mer, leur utilisation est encore limitée au-dessus des terres dans le contexte de la prévision numérique du temps, à cause de l'incertitude plus grande sur l'émissivité et la température de surface (Ts). Ces erreurs se répercutent sur la qualité des simulations de transfert radiatif et empêche l'utilisation de ces mesures dans les modèles de prévision numérique du temps. Seuls les canaux non sensibles à la surface terrestre sont assimilés de façon opérationnelle, limitant ainsi le potentiel de sondage aux couches atmosphériques les plus élevées. Cette thèse a pour but l'amélioration de la description des paramètres de surface dans le modèle global ARPEGE de Météo-France en vue de l'assimilation des données du sondeur IASI sur les continents. Nous avons d'abord cherché à améliorer la modélisation de la surface (émissivité et Ts) sur les continents dans le modèle ARPEGE. Pour cela, différents atlas d'émissivité ont été intégrés dans ce modèle : l'un a été calculé à partir des données MODIS (Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) par l'Université du Wisconsin et le second a été construit à partir des produits IASI de niveau 2 (L2) développés par EUMETSAT. La Ts a ensuite été restituée à partir de canaux de surface IASI en profitant d'une meilleure connaissance de l'émissivité de surface donnée par ces atlas. Ces Ts ont été évaluées par comparaison avec les produits MODIS de la NASA et les produits IASI L2 d'EUMETSAT. Ces comparaisons nous ont permis de sélectionner une combinaison de canaux qui fournit les meilleures estimations de Ts. L'utilisation d'une modélisation de surface réaliste a contribué à l'amélioration de la qualité des simulations de transfert radiatif pour les canaux sensibles à la surface. Les radiances IASI sensibles à la surface ont alors pu être assimilées sur les continents dans le modèle ARPEGE en ciel clair et en utilisant la paramétrisation de surface définie précédemment. Les impacts sur la qualité des analyses et des prévisions ont été étudiés. La prise en compte d'une émissivité et d'une Ts précises a permis d'augmenter significativement le nombre d'observations assimilées. Les principales améliorations concernent les prévisions de géopotentiel et de température pour des pressions inférieures à 400~hPa (en dehors des tropiques). Enfin, dans un cadre plus spécifique et climatologique, nous nous sommes intéressés à la validation de l'utilisation des données IASI en Antarctique durant la campagne Concordiasi. Cette étude a permis d'améliorer les profils inversés de température et de vapeur d'eau par comparaison avec les profils provenant du modèle. L'amélioration est particulièrement importante pour la température de surface. Dans ce cadre, les Ts restituées dans cette thèse ont été comparées à Concordia et au Pôle Sud avec des mesures in-situ et se sont révélées particulièrement précises à Concordia<br>The Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI), on-board the EUMETSAT Polar System Metop satellite, is developed by CNES in the framework of a co-operation agreement with EUMETSAT. IASI enables, amongst other, infrared soundings of temperature, moisture and retrievals of surface parameters. However in the numerical weather prediction context, these observations are not as intensively used over land as they are over sea because of larger uncertainties about land emissivity and land surface temperature (LST). These uncertainties have an impact on the quality of radiative transfer simulation and hinder the use of these measurements in numerical weather prediction models. Only channels that are not sensitive to the surface are currently assimilated in operations, which limits the potential of sounding instruments to the highest atmospheric layers. This PhD aims to improve the description of land surface parameters in the ARPEGE global model of Météo-France to assimilate IASI data over land. First of all, we tried to improve the surface modelling (surface emissivity and LST) over land in the ARPEGE model. To this end, two emissivity atlases were integrated in this model. The first one is the emissivity climatology computed from the IASI Level-2 products from EUMETSAT and the second one is the global high spectral resolution infrared land surface emissivity database (called UWIREMIS) developed by the Space Science and Engineering Center at University of Wisconsin. Hence, the LST was retrieved from IASI surface channels using these atlases as input parameters in the radiative transfer model. These LSTs were compared to land LST products: the MODIS (Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) products from the NASA and the IASI Level-2 products from EUMETSAT. These comparisons enabled us to choose the IASI channel combination that provided the best LST estimates. The use of a realistic surface modelling contributed to improve the quality of radiative transfer simulations for surface sensitive channels. Then, surface sensitive IASI radiances were assimilated over land in ARPEGE in clear sky conditions using the surface parameters as previously defined. The impact on analysis and forecast quality was studied. The use of good estimates of surface emissivity and LST significantly increased the number of assimilated observations. The main improvements are for geopotential and temperature forecasts for pressure levels lower than 400~hPa (except in the tropics and in the stratosphere). Finally, from a climatological point of view and within the more specific framework of the Concordiasi campaign, we assessed and validated the use of IASI data in Antarctica. The temperature and humidity retrieved in this particular study proved of better quality than the model profiles, as assessed against the sonde measurements. The improvement is particularly striking for surface temperature. In this framework, the LST retrieved in this PhD were compared with in situ measurements at Concordia and at South Pole station. These estimates are of a great accuracy at Concordia
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40

Firetto, Carlino Marco. "Evoluzione tardo-pleistocenica ed olocenica dell'offshore di Augusta (SR) tramite interpretazione di dati geofisici (Swath Bathymetry, Side Scan Sonar, Sub-bottom Chirp) e analisi di pozzi nei settori emersi." Thesis, Universita' degli Studi di Catania, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/112.

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Lo studio proposto consiste nella definizione dei caratteri morfo-strutturali e dell'evoluzione stratigrafica tardo-pleistocenica ed olocenica dei settori sommersi del golfo di Augusta (SR), ubicato lungo il litorale ionico del Plateau Ibleo (Sicilia sud-orientale). Lo studio e' stato effettuato principalmente tramite la creazione e la successiva interpretazione di un ampio database, che deriva essenzialmente dalla sovrapposizione di dati geofidici di elevata risoluzione (Multibeam, Side Scan Sonar, Sub-bottom Chirp). Il tentativo di correlare gli elementi riconosciuti nelle aree sommerse con i corrispondenti a terra, e' stato possibile grazie anche al confronto con l'ampia cartografia disponibile per il settore in esame e con la stratigrafia di nove pozzi, realizzati ai fini di emungimento delle acque di sottosuolo, lungo le aree costiere. Sono state in questo modo definite le caratteristiche morfologiche della piattaforma continentale, le modalita' di prosecuzione dell'assetto strutturale del graben di Augusta nei corrispettivi settori sommersi e l'assetto stratigrafico relativo ai depositi tardo-pleistocenici ed olocenici.<br>The proposed study outlines the morphological and structural features of the offshore area concerning the Augusta Bay (located along the Eastern sector of the Hyblean Plateau, south-eastern Sicily, Italy) proposing its Late-Pleistocene and Olocene structural and stratigraphical evolution, mostly through the interpretation of geophysical data. In addiction, by considering the previous works carried out on the emerged sectors of the study area and the stratigraphy of nine wells it was possible to undestand the offshore prosecution of the structural pattern of the emerged areas and the Late-Pleistocene and Olocene stratigraphical features.
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41

Springer, Anne [Verfasser]. "A water storage reanalysis over the European continent: assimilation of GRACE data into a high-resolution hydrological model and validation / Anne Springer." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1185636242/34.

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42

Springer, Anne [Verfasser]. "A water storage reanalysis over the European continent: assimilation of GRACE data into a high-resolution hydrological model and validation / Anne Springer." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1222672499/34.

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43

Mechri, Rihab. "Désagrégation spatiale de températures Météosat par une méthode d'assimilation de données (lisseur particulaire) dans un modèle de surface continentale." Thesis, Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014VERS0036/document.

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La température des surfaces continentales (LST) est une variable météorologiquetrès importante car elle permet l’accès aux bilans d’énergie et d’eau ducontinuum Biosphère-Atmosphère. Sa haute variabilité spatio-temporelle nécessite desmesures à haute résolution spatiale (HRS) et temporelle (HRT) pour suivre au mieuxles états hydriques du sol et des végétations.La télédétection infrarouge thermique (IRT) permet d’estimer la LST à différentesrésolutions spatio-temporelles. Toutefois, les mesures les plus fréquentes sont souventà basse résolution spatiale (BRS). Il faut donc développer des méthodes pour estimerla LST à HRS à partir des mesures IRT à BRS/HRT. Cette solution est connue sous lenom de désagrégation et fait l’objet de cette thèse.Ainsi, une nouvelle approche de désagrégation basée sur l’assimilation de données(AD) est proposée. Il s’agit de contraindre la dynamique des LSTs HRS/HRT simuléespar un modèle en minimisant l’écart entre les LST agrégées et les données IRT àBRS/HRT, sous l’hypothèse d’homogénéité de la LST par type d’occupation des sols àl’échelle du pixel BRS. La méthode d’AD choisie est un lisseur particulaire qui a étéimplémenté dans le modèle de surface SETHYS (Suivi de l’Etat Hydrique du Sol).L’approche a été évaluée dans une première étape sur des données synthétiques etvalidée ensuite sur des données réelles de télédétection sur une petite région au Sud-Est de la France. Des séries de températures Météosat à 5 km de résolution spatialeont été désagrégées à 90m et validées sur une journée à l’aide de données ASTER.Les résultats encourageants nous ont conduit à élargir la région d’étude et la périoded’assimilation à sept mois. La désagrégation des produits Météosat a été validée quantitativementà 1km à l’aide de données MODIS et qualitativement à 30m à l’aide dedonnées Landsat7. Les résultats montrent de bonnes performances avec des erreursinférieures à 2.5K sur les températures désagrégées à 1km<br>Land surface temperature (LST) is one of the most important meteorologicalvariables giving access to water and energy budgets governing the Biosphere-Atmosphere continuum. To better monitor vegetation and energy states, we need hightemporal and spatial resolution measures of LST because its high variability in spaceand time.Despite the growing availability of Thermal Infra-Red (TIR) remote sensing LSTproducts, at different spatial and temporal resolutions, both high spatial resolution(HSR) and high temporal resolution (HTR) TIR data is still not possible because ofsatellite resolutions trade-off : the most frequent LST products being low spatial resolution(LSR) ones.It is therefore necessary to develop methods to estimate HSR/HTR LST from availableTIR LSR/HTR ones. This solution is known as "downscaling" and the presentthesis proposes a new approach for downscaling LST based on Data Assimilation (DA)methods. The basic idea is to constrain HSR/HTR LST dynamics, simulated by a dynamicalmodel, through the minimization of their respective aggregated LSTs discrepancytoward LSR observations, assuming that LST is homogeneous at the land cover typescale inside the LSR pixel.Our method uses a particle smoother DA method implemented in a land surfacemodel : SETHYS model (Suivie de l’Etat Hydrique de Sol). The proposed approach hasbeen firstly evaluated in a synthetic framework then validated using actual TIR LSTover a small area in South-East of France. Meteosat LST time series were downscaledfrom 5km to 90m and validated with ASTER HSR LST over one day. The encouragingresults conducted us to expand the study area and consider a larger assimilation periodof seven months. The downscaled Meteosat LSTs were quantitatively validated at1km of spatial resolution (SR) with MODIS data and qualitatively at 30m of SR withLandsat7 data. The results demonstrated good performances with downscaling errorsless than 2.5K at MODIS scale (1km of SR)
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44

König, Matthias. "Processing of shipborne magnetometer data and revision of the timing and geometry of the Mesozoic break-up of Gondwana = Auswertung schiffsfester Magnetometerdaten und die Neubestimmung des Zeitpunktes und der Geometrie des Mesozoischen Aufbruchs von Gondwana /." Bremerhaven : Alfred-Wegener-Inst. für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 2006. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0704/2006499118.html.

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45

Mechri, Rihab. "Désagrégation spatiale de températures Météosat par une méthode d'assimilation de données (lisseur particulaire) dans un modèle de surface continentale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014VERS0036.

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La température des surfaces continentales (LST) est une variable météorologiquetrès importante car elle permet l’accès aux bilans d’énergie et d’eau ducontinuum Biosphère-Atmosphère. Sa haute variabilité spatio-temporelle nécessite desmesures à haute résolution spatiale (HRS) et temporelle (HRT) pour suivre au mieuxles états hydriques du sol et des végétations.La télédétection infrarouge thermique (IRT) permet d’estimer la LST à différentesrésolutions spatio-temporelles. Toutefois, les mesures les plus fréquentes sont souventà basse résolution spatiale (BRS). Il faut donc développer des méthodes pour estimerla LST à HRS à partir des mesures IRT à BRS/HRT. Cette solution est connue sous lenom de désagrégation et fait l’objet de cette thèse.Ainsi, une nouvelle approche de désagrégation basée sur l’assimilation de données(AD) est proposée. Il s’agit de contraindre la dynamique des LSTs HRS/HRT simuléespar un modèle en minimisant l’écart entre les LST agrégées et les données IRT àBRS/HRT, sous l’hypothèse d’homogénéité de la LST par type d’occupation des sols àl’échelle du pixel BRS. La méthode d’AD choisie est un lisseur particulaire qui a étéimplémenté dans le modèle de surface SETHYS (Suivi de l’Etat Hydrique du Sol).L’approche a été évaluée dans une première étape sur des données synthétiques etvalidée ensuite sur des données réelles de télédétection sur une petite région au Sud-Est de la France. Des séries de températures Météosat à 5 km de résolution spatialeont été désagrégées à 90m et validées sur une journée à l’aide de données ASTER.Les résultats encourageants nous ont conduit à élargir la région d’étude et la périoded’assimilation à sept mois. La désagrégation des produits Météosat a été validée quantitativementà 1km à l’aide de données MODIS et qualitativement à 30m à l’aide dedonnées Landsat7. Les résultats montrent de bonnes performances avec des erreursinférieures à 2.5K sur les températures désagrégées à 1km<br>Land surface temperature (LST) is one of the most important meteorologicalvariables giving access to water and energy budgets governing the Biosphere-Atmosphere continuum. To better monitor vegetation and energy states, we need hightemporal and spatial resolution measures of LST because its high variability in spaceand time.Despite the growing availability of Thermal Infra-Red (TIR) remote sensing LSTproducts, at different spatial and temporal resolutions, both high spatial resolution(HSR) and high temporal resolution (HTR) TIR data is still not possible because ofsatellite resolutions trade-off : the most frequent LST products being low spatial resolution(LSR) ones.It is therefore necessary to develop methods to estimate HSR/HTR LST from availableTIR LSR/HTR ones. This solution is known as "downscaling" and the presentthesis proposes a new approach for downscaling LST based on Data Assimilation (DA)methods. The basic idea is to constrain HSR/HTR LST dynamics, simulated by a dynamicalmodel, through the minimization of their respective aggregated LSTs discrepancytoward LSR observations, assuming that LST is homogeneous at the land cover typescale inside the LSR pixel.Our method uses a particle smoother DA method implemented in a land surfacemodel : SETHYS model (Suivie de l’Etat Hydrique de Sol). The proposed approach hasbeen firstly evaluated in a synthetic framework then validated using actual TIR LSTover a small area in South-East of France. Meteosat LST time series were downscaledfrom 5km to 90m and validated with ASTER HSR LST over one day. The encouragingresults conducted us to expand the study area and consider a larger assimilation periodof seven months. The downscaled Meteosat LSTs were quantitatively validated at1km of spatial resolution (SR) with MODIS data and qualitatively at 30m of SR withLandsat7 data. The results demonstrated good performances with downscaling errorsless than 2.5K at MODIS scale (1km of SR)
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46

Araujo, Sebastián. "Travel time tomography of the crust and the mantle beneath Ecuador from data of the national seismic network." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAU015/document.

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Bien que de nombreuses études géodynamiques et tectoniques aient été effectuées à partir l'activité sismique en Equateur, il n'existait pas à ce jour une tomographie complète utilisant l'ensemble des données du réseau sismologique Equatorien (RENSIG), mise à part une étude prélimaire sur la partie centrale de l'Equateur menée en 1994 par Prévot et coll. et de plusieurs profils sismiques déterminés à la suite des campagnes marines SALIERI et SISTEUR. Inverser les centaines de millier de temps d'arrivées d'ondes P et S, de qualité inégale, formant le catalogue RENSIG était le défi qu'a constitué le sujet de cette thèse.Nous décrivons comment nous avons complété le catalogue RENSIG par des données provenant du Nord du Pérou et comment nous avons homogénéisé et filtré l'ensemble de données résultant, comportant plus de 800 000 temps d'arrivée correspondant à plus de 50 000 séismes. Pour inverser ces données nous avons adopté une approche Bayésienne. Nous montrons comment le problème peut être reformulé dans un contexte Gaussien par un changement de variables, tout en imposant une statistique robuste aux données, qui conduit à un problème de moindre carrés non linéaire. Nous détaillons particulièrement la régularisation du problème au travers des noyaux de covariance qui conduit à définir des paramètres de contrôle fort utils pour l'inversion. Nous montrons également qu'inverser des différences de données revient à introduire des termes spécifiques de corrélation dans la matrice de covariance des données, tout en conservant les données brutes. Nous indiquons finalement comment le calcul de l'indice de restitution permet de définir une zone de confiance du modèle résultant de l'inversion.L'inversion a été menée pratiquement en utilisant les codes informatiques (en Fortran 2003 par B. Potin, B. Valette, V. Monteiller): LOCIN (localisation) et INSIGHT (tomographie). La région finale d'étude est constituée par une boite parallélipipédique de dimension 590$times$770 km$^2$ de base et de 244 km de hauteur qui contient la topographie de la surface. Le modèle est constitué d'une part des valeurs de $v_P$ et $v_P/v_S$ sur une grille ayant 5 km de pas horizontal et 2 km de pas vertical et, d'autre part, des paramètres d'identification spatiale et temporelle des séismes. Un ensemble de tests nous a permis de déterminer des valeurs raisonables de ces paramètres au travers d'un analyse de type courbe en L.Nous avons obtenu une amélioration de la localisation de la sismicité, qui nous a permis de mieux décrire les essaims superficiels comme ceux de Pisayambo, Macas et du Reventador et d'identifier des linéaments en relation avec la Tectonique. Nous avons également obtenu une image de la sismicité à profondeur intermédiaire qui est dominée par la présence de 4 nids sismiques, ceux de Madonaldo, La Man'a et de Guayaquil à des profondeurs entre 75 et 115 km et celui de Puyo à de plus grandes profondeurs. La zone de Wadati-Benioff nous a permis de définir la profondeur du slab jusqu'à des profondeurs de 100-150 km en fonction de la latitude et d'observer la décroissance du pendage de 25° environ au nord et au centre de l'Equateur jusqu'à environ 10° au sud puis au nord du Pérou. Par ailleurs, l'analyse du champ de vitesse des ondes P suggère fortement que le slab est coupé en deux morceaux, le morceau sud passant sous le morceau nord au niveau du nid sismique de Puyo. Le modèle $v_P/v_S$ présente une forte anomalie positive de ce rapport le long de la cordillère occidentale à des profondeurs entre 30 et 50 km qui caractérise des matériaux partiellement fondus et correspond au réservoir d'alimentation profond de l'arc volcanique. Enfin, nous avons déduit de notre modèle un modèle de profondeur de Moho en prenant la profondeur de maximum de la norme du gradient de vitesse entre les vitesses de 7.2 et 7.4 km/s et en incorporant l'information sur la profondeur de Moho provenant des campagnes SALIERI et SISTEUR dans la marge active<br>Although there have been numerous studies on the geodynamics and the tectonics in Ecuador based on the seismic activity, there has not been to date a comprehensive tomography study using the entire database of the National Seismic Network (RENSIG). Only a preliminary limited study was performed by Prevot et al. to infer a simple P velocity model in central Ecuador, and several profiles in the South-Colombian-Ecuador margin were also investigated by using travel time inversion of wide-angle seismic data obtained during the two marine experiments SISTEUR and SALIERI. Inverting the hundreds of thousands of arrival times of P and S waves of uneven quality that constitutes the RENSIG catalogue is the challenging subject of this thesis.We describe how we complemented the RENSIG catalogue with data from the Northern Peru network and how we homogenized and filtered the resulting dataset of more than 800 000 first arrival times of P and S waves corresponding to more than 50 000 earthquakes. To invert these data for both the velocity models and the event locations we adopted a Bayesian approach. We show how the problem can be recast in the Gaussian framework by changes of variable while imposing a robust statistics to the data, and how it leads to a generalized nonlinear least squares problem. We detail in particular the regularization of the models through the smoothing and damping properties of the covariance kernels. We also show that inverting differences in data instead of the raw data amounts to the introduction of specific correlation terms in the data covariance matrix, while keeping the same set of data. We finally indicate how the computation of the averaging index allows the delimitation of a confidence region for the resulting model.The practical inversion has been carried out by using the two Fortran 2003 codes (B. Potin, B. Valette, V. Monteiller): LOCIN (prior localization) and INSIGHT (tomography). The final study region is a parallelepipedic box of 590$times$770 km$^2$ area and 244 km height that contains the topography of the surface. The models consist of the $v_P$ and $v_P/v_S$ fields discretized over a grid, the spacing of which is 5 km in the horizontal directions and 2 km in the vertical one, and of the spatial and temporal parameters of the seismic events. A battery of tests allowed us to set reasonable values for these tuning parameters through an L-curve analysis.We obtained the spatial distribution of the seismicity with an improved accuracy which allows us to describe with more details the shallow seismic clusters, as those of Pisayambo, Macas, Reventador, and to identify lineaments in the seismicity in relation with tectonics. We obtained also a clear image of the intermediate depth seismicity wich is dominated by 4 nests, namely the Maldonado, La Man'a, and Guayaquil nests, at depths ranging between 75 km and 115 km, and the Puyo nest at much deeper depths. The Wadati-Benioff zone allowed us to clearly defined the topography of the slab only to a depth to about 110-150 km, depending on the latitude, and to observe the decrease of the dip angle from about 25° in northern and central Ecuador down to about 10° in southern Ecuador and northern Peru. On the other hand, the analysis of the P velocity clearly suggests that the slab is broken in two pieces, the southern one passing under the northern at the level of the Puyo nest. The $v_P/v_S$ model presents a high anomaly of the ratio along the western cordillera at a depth ranging between 30 km and 50 km that characterized partially melted rocks and corresponds to the feeding reservoir of the volcanic arc. Finally, we deduced the Moho depth from our model by taking the depth for which the norm of the velocity gradient is maximum between 7.2 and 7.4 km/s and by incorporating information on the Moho depth provided by the SISTEUR and SALIERI experiments in the convergent margin
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47

Brinkerhoff, Alonzo R. "Mapping Middle Paleozoic Erosional and Karstic Patterns with 3-D Seismic Attributes and Well Data in the Arkoma Basin, Oklahoma." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2007. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/907.

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Newly available industry well data and seismic attribute analysis reveal that late Ordovician-early Devonian Hunton Group strata are more widespread (i.e., not removed by mid-Devonian erosion) in the central and southern portions of the Arkoma Basin in eastern Oklahoma than previously thought. This study demonstrates the value of applying seismic attribute analysis to problems of quantifying and mapping stratigraphic features caused by erosions and/or karstification. Well and seismic isochron data in the Red Oak petroleum field for the Viola-Woodford interval (the units that lie stratigraphically beneath and above, respectively, the Huton Group) show isolated ~40-m thick lenses of Hunton rocks, on average measuring 3 km in diameter, with a surrounding halo of karsted rock. This distribution can be explained in two different ways: 1) Hunton occurrences could represent isolated erosional remnants reflecting incomplete removal of the Hunton Group during Middle Devonian time (pre-Woodford unconformity) or 2) due to karsting and collapse of stratigraphically lower units (Viola or Bromide carbonates), lenses of Hunton rocks would have sagged into sinkholes where they were preserved beneath regional base level. Using formation tops from a well data set correlated with attribute and structure maps from a proprietary 3-D seismic data set, we identify three seismic characteristics in the middle Paleozoic interval that correlate well with: 1) absent Hunton seismic markers, indicating that Hunton rocks were completely removed, 2) the Hunton contacts, indicating where a seismically visible section of Hunton rocks remains, 3) absent Hunton but with a thin horizon included within lower carbonate strata that is interpreted to be an incipient karst zone, which is consistently adjacent to areas containing Hunton rocks. The base of the Sylvan Shale and the top of the Woodford Shale, the respective lower and upper adjoining units, form significant chronostratigraphic surfaces. As such, anomalous thicknesses of these units are depositionally related; thick Woodford sections often correlate to thin or absent Hunton rocks, possibly indicating back-filled pre-Woodford channels eroded into or through the Hunton Group. Conversely, when there is little or no Woodford thickening over Hunton lenses and when adjacent areas show thinning and partially karsted Viola rocks, we propose that karstic collapse of Viola strata was responsible for the Hunton rocks preservation. A combination of these models may be necessary to account for areas where we see thinning both in the Woodford and Viola, suggesting that a Hunton lens is structurally lowered due to karsting, but due to its erosionally resistive nature, the lens forms a depositional high, causing the Woodford to thin over it. The 3-D approach is absolutely necessary to reveal the subtle waveform details that illustrate the karstic and erosional processes involved in the preservation of the Hunton wedges. These findings were interpolated, constrained by well data, over the entire Oklahoma portion of the Arkoma basin in order to produce a new Hunton isopach map and 20 separate cross-sections (two shown herein). These show a broad linear region of absent Hunton. Eustatic sea levels rose throughout the middle and late Devonian, so this large area of eroded Hunton is interpreted as a post-Hunton, pre-Woodford structural uplift. Other Hunton wedges, similar in size and extant to that seismically imaged in this study, were also found in the well data. The karstic collapse of the Viola and subsequent preservation of Hunton rocks occurred on both limbs of the arch.
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48

Pinheiro, João Marcelo. "Modeling onshore-offshore based in wide-angle seismic data across the Alagoas-Sergipe passive margins, NE Brazil." Thesis, Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0157/document.

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La présente thèse s'insère dans le projet SALSA (Sergipe Alagoas Seismic Acquisition), mené en collaboration entre le Département de Géosciences Marines; I'IFREMER, I'IUEM, la Faculté des sciences de I'Université de Lisbonne (IDL, Portugal), I'Université de Brasilia (Brésil) et la PETROBRAS (Brésil). Des acquisitions conjointes de sismique réflexion (MCS) et de sismique grand-angle (OBS) ont été réalisées sur le N/O L'Atalante (IFREMER) Ie long de 12 profils sur la région du point triple de Camamú, NE, Brazil. Le point triple de Camamú, où le système de rift avorté Recôncavo-Tucano-Jatobá est relié aux systèmes de rift Jequitinhonha-Camamú-Almada et Jacuípe-Sergipe-Alagoas, a joué un rôle essentiel dans l'ouverture de I'océan Atlantique Sud. Parmi eux, cinq ont été prolongés à terre par des stations sismiques terrestres (LSS). Les modèles de vitesse d'onde P ont été construits sur Ia base de I'interprétation conjointe de données sismiques réflexion et grand-angle en utilisant le logiciel RAYINVR. Nous présentons des modèles de vitesse le long de deux profils parallèles situés dans le bassin de Sergipe-Alagoas (SL01 et SL02), s'étendant sur 220 km et 200 km, respectivement du plateau continental au bassin profond de Sergipe au nord de la zone de transfert de Vaza-Barris. L'un d'eux, le profil SL02 se prolonge sur 150 km à travers le continent, dans la partie continentale du bassin de Sergipe -Alagoas. La modélisation de la marge passive du bassin de Sergipe Alagoas contraint précisément les géométries crustales et la segmentation. Les différences entre les profils éclairent I'influence de I'héritage tectonique résultant de Ia zone de transfert de Vaza-Barris. Ces informations intégrées permettent de nouvelles conjectures autour de I'histoire géodynamique de la région<br>The present thesis is inserted in the SALSA project (Seryipe Alagoas Seismic Acquisition), which was conducted by a collaboration between the Department of Marine Geosciences : IFREMER, the Laboratory of Oceanic Domain IUEM, the Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa (IDL, Portugal), the Universidade de Brasilia (Brazil) and PETROBRAS (Brazil).Seismic shot, Multi-Channel Seismic acquisition (MCS) and Ocean Bottom Seismometers (OBS) deployments were performed by the R/V L'Atalante (IFREMER) along 1-2 profiles.Among them, five were extended onshore by Land Seismic Stations (LSS). P-wave velocity models were constructed based on the joint interpretation of multichannel and wide-angle seismic data using the RAYINVR software.We present models derived from wide-angle refraction and coincident reflection data along two parallel profiles located on the Sergipe-Alagoas basin (SL01 and SL02), extending approximately 220 km and 200 km from the continental shelf to the distal Sergipe basin north to the Vaza-Barris Transfer zone, and one of them, the SL02 prolongates for 150 km through the continent, on Sergipe -Alagoas continental basin and its basement, the Sergipana FoId Belt.The foward modelling of the passive margin in the Sergipe Alagoas basin precisely constrains crustal geometries and segmentation. The crustal geometry puts in question the origin of the Sergipana Fold Belt, when compared with the geometries of the adjacent geological domains, the Sao Francisco Craton and the Borborema Province.The differences between the profiles illuminate the influence of the tectonic inheritance resulted by the Vaza-Barris Transfer Zone. These integrated information allowed some new conjectures around the geodynamic history of the region
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49

Caland, Fabrice. "Décomposition tensorielle de signaux luminescents émis par des biosenseurs bactériens pour l'identification de Systèmes Métaux-Bactéries." Phd thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00934507.

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La disponibilité et la persistance à l'échelle locale des métaux lourds pourraient être critiques notamment pour l'usage futur des zones agricoles ou urbaines, au droit desquelles de nombreux sites industriels se sont installés dans le passé. La gestion de ces situations environnementales complexes nécessitent le développement de nouvelles méthodes d'analyse peu invasives (capteurs environnementaux), comme celles utilisant des biosenseurs bactériens, afin d'identifier et d'évaluer directement l'effet biologique et la disponibilité chimique des métaux. Ainsi dans ce travail de thèse, nous avons cherché à identifier, à l'aide d'outils mathématiques de l'algèbre multi-linéaire, les réponses de senseurs bactériens fluorescents dans des conditions environnementales variées, qu'il s'agisse d'un stress engendré par la présence à forte dose d'un métal ou d'une carence nutritive engendrée par son absence. Cette identification est fondée sur l'analyse quantitative à l'échelle d'une population bactérienne de signaux multidimensionnels. Elle repose en particulier sur (i) l'acquisition de données spectrales (fluorescence) multivariées sur des suspensions de biosenseurs multicolores interagissant avec des métaux et sur (ii) le développement d'algorithme de décomposition tensoriels. Les méthodes proposées, développées et utilisées dans ce travail s'efforcent d'identifier " sans \textsl{a priori} " (\textsl{a minima}), la réponse fonctionnelle de biosenseurs sous différentes conditions environnementales, par des méthodes de décomposition de tenseurs sous \hyphenation{con-train-tes} des signaux spectraux observables. Elles tirent parti de la variabilité des réponses systémiques et permettent de déterminer les " sources " élémentaires identifiant le système et leur comportement en fonction des paramètres extérieurs. Elles sont inspirées des méthodes CP et PARALIND . L'avantage de ce type d'approche, par rapport aux approches classiques, est l'identification unique des réponses des biosenseurs sous de faibles contraintes. Le travail a consisté à développer des algorithmes efficaces de séparations de sources pour les signaux fluorescents émis par des senseurs bactériens, garantissant la séparabilité des sources fluorescentes et l'unicité de la décomposition. Le point original de la thèse est la prise en compte des contraintes liées à la physique des phénomènes analysés telles que (i) la parcimonie des coefficients de mélange ou la positivité des signaux "source", afin de réduire au maximum l'usage d'a priori ou (ii) la détermination non empirique de l'ordre de la décomposition (nombre de sources). Cette posture a permis aussi d'améliorer l'identification en optimisant les mesures physiques par l'utilisation de spectres synchrones ou en apportant une diversité suffisante aux plans d'expériences. L'usage des spectres synchrones s'est avéré déterminant à la fois pour améliorer la séparation des sources de fluorescence, mais aussi pour augmenter le rapport signal sur bruit des biosenseurs les plus faibles. Cette méthode d'analyse spectrale originale permet d'élargir fortement la gamme chromatique des biosenseurs fluorescents multicolores utilisables simultanément. Enfin, une nouvelle méthode d'estimation de la concentration de polluants métalliques présents dans un échantillon à partir de la réponse spectrale d'un mélange de biosenseurs non-spécifiques a été développée.
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50

Sassi, Mohamed Zied. "Apport de la synergie des observations satellitaires pour la définition de la température de surface en prévision numérique." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30240.

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La modélisation des échanges radiatifs surface-atmosphère est cruciale en prévision numérique du temps. La température de surface est un paramètre clé dans cette modélisation. Sur mer, la température de surface varie sur des grandes échelles spatiales (environ 100 km) et plus lentement que sur continents, au-dessus desquels sa variabilité est beaucoup plus importante spatialement et plus rapide, ce qui rend son observation ainsi que sa prévision plus difficiles. L'évolution des techniques d'observation météorologique, notamment les satellites météorologiques, a permis de mieux observer la température de surface sur continents (LST). Toutefois, la LST n'est pas directement observée par les instruments satellitaires mais elle est restituée à partir de mesures de rayonnement au sommet de l'atmosphère. Or la LST est importante pour exploiter pleinement les luminances satellitaires dans les modèles de prévision numérique du temps. À Météo-France, l'approche adoptée pour certains instruments infrarouges consiste à utiliser, pour chaque instrument séparément, un canal fenêtre pour restituer la LST en ciel clair qui est ensuite utilisé pour l'assimilation des autres canaux de ce même instrument. Cependant, ces LST ne sont pas assimilées dans le système d'analyse de surface du modèle AROME. Ce travail de thèse consiste à étudier l'accord entre les LST restituées à partir de différents capteurs puis à évaluer l'impact de leur assimilation dans le modèle AROME [Seity et al., 2011]. Des comparaisons entre les LST restituées à partir du capteur infrarouge SEVIRI (Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager) [Aminou, 2002] et des observations locales aux stations de Toulouse Météopole-Flux [Maurel, 2019] et d'Evora [Kabsch et al., 2008] montrent un bon accord global du cycle diurne, en particulier pendant les mois d'été. En ce qui concerne les comparaisons entre les LST restituées à partir des capteurs infrarouges SEVIRI et IASI, les différences moyennes sont de l'ordre du degré, avec des écarts-types plus faibles de nuit que de jour. Concernant les capteurs micro-ondes, les comparaisons entre les LST restituées à partir de SEVIRI et les LST de AMSU-A et MHS montrent un moins bon accord qu'entre les capteurs infrarouges, avec des écarts-types de l'ordre de 4K. En effet, les canaux fenêtre des instruments micro-ondes sont sensibles aux premiers centimètres du sol, contrairement aux capteurs infrarouges qui sont sensibles uniquement à la couche superficielle. Par la suite, des simulations de températures de brillance de plusieurs instruments utilisant des températures de surface différentes ont permis d'évaluer la pertinence des LST restituées à partir d'un capteur pour l'assimilation de canaux d'autres instruments. Ainsi, pour les capteurs infrarouges, l'utilisation d'une LST restituée à partir de SEVIRI a donné une meilleure simulation des températures de brillance de IASI par rapport à l'utilisation de la température de surface prévue par le modèle AROME. Une meilleure simulation des températures de brillance SEVIRI a été également obtenue avec la LST IASI qu'avec la température de surface prévue par AROME.[...]<br>Modeling surface-atmosphere radiative exchanges is crucial in numerical weather prediction. The surface temperature is a key parameter in this modelization. Above sea, the surface temperature varies on large space and time scales, unlike the continents above which its variability is much larger. This makes its observation and prediction more difficult. Developments in meteorological observation techniques, in particular meteorological satellites, allow to better observe the surface temperature on continents (LST). However, the LST is not directly observed by satellite instruments but it is retrieved from radiation measurements at the top of the atmosphere. However, a good LST accuracy is important for the assimilation of satellite luminances in numerical weather prediction models. At Météo-France, the adopted approach consists in using a window channel to retrieve the LST in clear sky conditions, which is then used to assimilate the other satellite channels of the infrared instruments in the model. However, these LSTs are not assimilated in the surface analysis system of the AROME model [Seity et al., 2011]. This phD work consists in studying the agreement between the LSTs retrieved from different sensors and then in evaluating the impact of their assimilation in the AROME model. Comparisons between the LSTs retrieved from SEVIRI [Aminou, 2002] and local observations from infrared sensor at the Toulouse Météopole-Flux [Maurel, 2019] and Evora [Kabsch et al., 2008] stations show a good overall agreement of the diurnal cycle description, especially during the summer months. Regarding the comparisons between the LSTs retrieved from the infrared sensors SEVIRI and IASI, the average differences are around one degree, with smaller standard deviations of differences at night-time than during daytime. Regarding microwave sensors, comparisons between LSTs retrieved from SEVIRI and LSTs from AMSU-A and MHS show less agreement than between infrared sensors, with standard deviations of the order of 4K. In fact, the window channels of microwave instruments are sensitive to the first few centimeters of the ground, unlike infrared sensors which are sensitive only to the surface skin layer. Subsequently, brightness temperature simulations of several sensors using different surface temperatures are used to assess the suitability of the LSTs retrieved from one sensor for the assimilation of channels from other instruments. For the infrared sensors, the use of an ST retrieved from SEVIRI gave a better simulation of the brightness temperatures of IASI compared to the use of the surface temperature from AROME model forecasts, and a better simulation of SEVIRI brightness temperatures was also obtained with the IASI LST than with the surface temperature from AROME forecasts. Following this preparatory study, we set up an assimilation experiment of the LSTs retrieved from SEVIRI instrument in the AROME NWP model. The assimilation of SEVIRI LSTs slightly improve the assimilation of the satellite radiances of different sensors in the atmospheric model on most analysis networks. [...]
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