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1

Public personnel management: A contingency approach. Lexington, Mass: Lexington Books, 1985.

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2

E, Rosenzweig James, ed. Organization and Management: A systems and contingency approach. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1985.

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3

Rowland, N. A. The contingency approach to compensation: Rhetoric or reality? Manchester: UMIST, 1996.

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4

1929-, Rosenzweig James Erwin, ed. Organization and management: A systems and contingency approach. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1985.

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5

Dow, Douglas. A contingency approach to determining host market business strategies. [Parkville, Victoria, Australia]: University of Melbourne, Graduate School of Management, 1994.

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6

Chou, Ting-Jui. Managing information for effective product innovation: A contingency approach. [s.l.]: typescript, 1995.

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7

1943-, Middleton John, and Verspoor Adriaan 1942-, eds. Planning education reforms in developing countries: The contingency approach. Durham [N.C.]: Duke University Press, 1990.

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8

service), SpringerLink (Online, ed. Corporate Sustainability Management in the Energy Sector: An Empirical Contingency Approach. Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag / GWV Fachverlage GmbH, Wiesbaden, 2008.

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9

Massachusetts. Dept. of Environmental Protection. The 1993 Massachusetts contingency plan: A new approach to cleaning up disposal sites. Boston, Mass: Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Executive Office of Environmental Affairs, Dept. of Environmental Protection, 1995.

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10

Tosi, Henry L. The environment/organization/person contingency model: A meso approach to the study of organizations. Greenwich, Conn: JAI Press, 1992.

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11

Townley, Carol. A contingency approach to the implementation of change with special reference to a case study in a secondary school. [Guildford]: [University of Surrey], 1997.

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12

Squires, Geoffrey. Teaching and training: A contingent approach. [Hull]: School of Adult and Continuing Education, University of Hull, 1988.

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13

service), SpringerLink (Online, ed. Optimisation of Production Under Uncertainty: The State-Contingent Approach. Berlin, Heidelberg: Svend Rasmussen, 2011.

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14

Swartz, E. The limitations of contingency planning approaches to information systems crises. Leicester: De Montfort University, Leicester Business School, 1995.

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15

Doherty, Neil A. Price regulation in property-liability insurance: A contingent claims approach. [Urbana, Ill.]: College of Commerce and Business Administration, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1985.

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16

Dillén, Hans. Asset prices in open monetary economies: A contingent claims approach. Uppsala: Dept. of Economics, Uppsala University, 1994.

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17

Willis, K. G. Landscape values: A contingent valuation approach and case study of the Yorkshire Dales National Park. Newcastle upon Tyne: Countryside Change Unit, Dept. of Agricultural Economics & Food Marketing, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 1991.

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18

Willis, K. G. Landscape values: A contingent valuation approach and case study of the Yorkshire Dales National Park. Newcastle upon Tyne: Countryside Change Unit, Dept. of Agricultural Economics & Food Marketing, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 1991.

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19

Poe, Gregory L. A convolutions approach to measuring the differences in simulated distributions: Application to dichotomous choice contingent valuation. Ithaca, N.Y: Dept. of Agricultural Economics, New York State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, 1993.

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20

Stephen, Taylor. Li fe in the old beast yet?: Reassessing contingency approaches to reward management in the light of emerging best hrm prescriptions. Manchester: Manchester School of Management, 1997.

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21

Best, D. J., and J. C. W. Rayner. Contingency Table Approach to Nonparametric Testing. Taylor & Francis Group, 2000.

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22

Best, D. J., and J. C. W. Rayner. Contingency Table Approach to Nonparametric Testing. Taylor & Francis Group, 2000.

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23

Best, D. J., and J. C. Rayner. Contingency Table Approach to Nonparametric Testing. Taylor & Francis Group, 2010.

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24

A Contingency Table Approach to Nonparametric Testing. Chapman & Hall/CRC, 2000.

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25

Organizational behavior and management: A contingency approach. Boston: PWS-Kent Pub. Co., 1990.

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26

1936-, Tosi Henry L., ed. Organizational behavior and management: A contingency approach. Boston: PWS-Kent Pub. Co, 1990.

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27

Tosi, Henry L. Organizational Behavior and Management: A Contingency Approach (Management). Pws Pub Co, 1990.

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28

Decentralization in Environmental Governance: A Post-Contingency Approach. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.

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29

Zuidema, Christian. Decentralization in Environmental Governance: A Post-Contingency Approach. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.

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30

Zuidema, Christian. Decentralization in Environmental Governance: A Post-Contingency Approach. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.

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31

Stevenson, T. Herbert. Contingency planning: A practical approach for community banks and thrifts. Bankers Publishing, 1990.

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32

Zhao, Jihong. Contemporary organizational change in community-oriented policing : a contingency approach. 1994.

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33

Leaving Morality Where It Is: Contingency and the Particularistic Approach to Morality. Lexington Books, 2005.

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34

Wilson, Alastair. The Nature of Contingency. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198846215.001.0001.

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Contingency is everywhere, but what is it? This book defends a radical new theory of contingency as a physical phenomenon. Drawing on the many-worlds approach to quantum theory and on cutting-edge metaphysics and philosophy of science, it argues that quantum theories are best understood as telling us about the space of genuine possibilities rather than as telling us solely about actuality. When quantum physics is taken seriously in the way first proposed by Hugh Everett III, it provides the resources for a new systematic metaphysical framework encompassing possibility, necessity, actuality, chance, counterfactuals, and a host of related modal notions. The framework is a modal realist one, in the tradition of David Lewis: all genuine possibilities are on a par, and the actual world is simply the one that we ourselves inhabit. It departs from Lewisian modal realism in that quantum possible worlds are not philosophical posits but scientific discoveries. Contingency and other modal notions have often been seen as beyond the limits of science. Rationalist metaphysicians argue that the metaphysics of modality is strictly prior to any scientific investigation: metaphysics establishes which worlds are possible, and physics merely checks which of these worlds is actual. Naturalistic metaphysicians respond that science may discover new possibilities and new impossibilities. This book’s quantum theory of contingency takes naturalistic metaphysics one step further, allowing that science may discover what it is to be possible. As electromagnetism revealed the nature of light, as acoustics revealed the nature of sound, as statistical mechanics revealed the nature of heat, so quantum physics reveals the nature of contingency.
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35

Islam, Sardar M. N., and Abdul Ghofar. Corporate Governance and Contingency Theory: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach and Accounting Risk Implications. Springer, 2014.

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36

Islam, Sardar M. N., and Abdul Ghofar. Corporate Governance and Contingency Theory: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach and Accounting Risk Implications. Springer, 2014.

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37

Islam, Sardar M. N., and Abdul Ghofar. Corporate Governance and Contingency Theory: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach and Accounting Risk Implications. Springer, 2016.

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38

Tritten, Tyler. Meillassoux against the Principle of Reason: An Ontology of Factiality. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474428194.003.0002.

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While Meillassoux has famously argued for the necessity of contingency, this chapter offers a critique of Meillassoux in order to pose the possibility of the contingency of necessity. An alternative conception of chaos, in opposition to Meillassoux’s Hyper-Chaos, is offered that is not amenable to an empirical rather than rationalist approach, even if Meillassoux does reject the principle of sufficient reason. In addition, Meillassoux’s argument for factiality and his argument that only contradictory beings are necessary beings, and therefore cannot exist, are exposed as sophistical.
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39

Jonkers, Peter, and Dirk-Martin Grube. Religions Challenged by Contingency: Theological and Philosophical Approaches to the Problem of Contingency. BRILL, 2008.

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40

Dirk-Martin, Grube, and Jonkers Peter 1954-, eds. Religions challenged by contingency: Theological and philosophical approaches to the problem of contingency. Leiden: Brill, 2008.

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41

Solomon, Miriam. “A messy business”: Balancing considerations in revising the psychiatric nosology. Edited by Kenneth S. Kendler and Josef Parnas. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198796022.003.0009.

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This chapter presents a commentary on revisions in psychiatric nosology, as discussed in the previous chapter. It explores five themes present in the previous chapter: the prematurity of the science of psychiatry; pluralism of nosologies; the role of historical contingency; patient advocacy; and “integration” in approach.
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42

Hinings, Bob, and Roston Greenwood. The Opening Up of Organization Theory. Edited by Adrian Wilkinson, Steven J. Armstrong, and Michael Lounsbury. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198708612.013.7.

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This chapter explores the history of an open systems approach to the study of management and organizations, and the way in which it has become a taken-for-granted, institutionalized part of organization theory. Its introduction in the 1960s transformed our understanding of organizations because of its concern with the organization in its environment. It led to contingency theory which became a dominant approach within organization theory. Examined here are three variants of open-systems theory: general systems theory which argues that there are general ideas that can be applied to all systems; specific systems thinking where the concept of interdependent parts is accepted without necessarily accepting that all systems are similar; and approaches that theorize the organization within an environment but without any specific use of systems concepts and metaphors.
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43

Wiener, Zvi, Michel Crouhy, and Dan Galai. Contingency Approaches to Corporate Finance: A World Scientific Reference. World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd, 2019.

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44

Wiener, Zvi, Michel Crouhy, and Dan Galai. Contingency Approaches to Corporate Finance: A World Scientific Reference. World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd, 2018.

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45

Wiener, Zvi, Michel Crouhy, and Dan Galai. Contingency Approaches to Corporate Finance: A World Scientific Reference. World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd, 2018.

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46

Wiener, Zvi, Michel Crouhy, and Dan Galai. Contingency Approaches to Corporate Finance: A World Scientific Reference. World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd, 2018.

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47

Wiener, Zvi, Michel Crouhy, and Dan Galai. Contingency Approaches to Corporate Finance: A World Scientific Reference. World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd, 2018.

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48

Thompson, Kenneth. Globalization and Religion. Edited by Jeffrey C. Alexander, Ronald N. Jacobs, and Philip Smith. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195377767.013.17.

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This article examines the relationship between religious cultures and the forces of globalization. It first considers the distinction between teleological-homogenizing approaches to religious developments in modernity, which assume that secularization is inevitable, and those that emphasize cross-national variability and historical contingency. In particular, it discusses the cultural sociology approach, the value of which can be recognized when accounting for the religious phenomenon that strongly refutes the secularization thesis—the various forms of Pentecostalism that have attracted 500 million adherents, particularly in the Global South. The article goes on to explore how religious cultural systems have been involved with globalization, focusing on Catholicism, Pentecostalism, and Islam. It also proposes a cultural approach that is more sensitive to the ways in which the discourses of religion (particularly Islam) and globalization are connected in a binary relationship to one another.
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49

Rohsenow, Damaris J., and Megan M. Pinkston-Camp. Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches. Edited by Kenneth J. Sher. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199381708.013.010.

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Cognitive-behavioral approaches to treatment are derived from learning principles underlying behavioral and/or cognitive therapy. Only evidence-based approaches are recommended for practice. Support for different approaches varies across substance use disorders. For alcohol use disorders, cognitive-behavioral coping skills training and cue-exposure treatment are beneficial when added to an integrated treatment program. For cocaine dependence, contingency management combined with coping skills training or community reinforcement, and coping skills training added to a full treatment program, produce increased abstinence. For marijuana abuse, contingency management or coping skills training improve outcomes. For opiate dependence, contingency management decreases use of other drugs while on methadone. For smoking, aversive conditioning produces good results and key elements of coping skills training are supported, best when medication is also used. Recent advances include Web-based coping skills training, virtual reality to present cues during cue exposure, and text-messaging to remind clients to use coping skills in the natural environment.
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50

Paul, Sanjukta, Shae McCrystal, and Ewan McGaughey, eds. The Cambridge Handbook of Labor in Competition Law. Cambridge University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108909570.

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As scholars and policymakers around the world seek a systematic approach to the question of 'gig work,' one of its regulatory dimensions – the intersection of labor and competition law – points toward a deeper reconceptualization of the conventional legal and economic categories typically brought to bear upon it. A comparative approach to the question of gig work further reveals the variety and contingency of background assumptions that are often overlooked in the context of domestic policy debates. By combining a detailed comparative doctrinal survey of the regulation of non-employee workers in domestic competition law systems with a set of essays reframing the underlying questions raised – in terms of international legal frameworks, freedom of association norms, alternative approaches to law and economics, and more – The Cambridge Handbook of Labor in Competition Law moves the debates over the fissured workplace and the labor – competition law intersection forward in novel ways.
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