Relevant bibliographies by topics / Contingency factor

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Contingency factor'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Contingency factor"

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Engberg-Pedersen, Anders. "Wallenstein's Contingency Media." Romanticism 24, no. 3 (2018): 231–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/rom.2018.0383.

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In the history of warfare various media and technologies have been devised both to enable contingent events in the form of scenarios and simulations and to reign them in and bring the proliferation of possible futures under control. War games, horoscopes, astrolabes, celestial and topographical maps have in different ways served as ‘contingency media’, i.e. tools that enable strategic thought and action under conditions of uncertainty. Through the prism of Schiller's Wallenstein from 1799, this essay examines the development of military contingency media from the 17th to the early 19th century. Delving into the disagreements between Johannes Kepler and the historical Wallenstein about the reach and power of astrological star charts and horoscopes, the essay analyzes Schiller's late Enlightenment critique of astrological contingency media as well as his transformation of them into productive poetic devices. Finally, it situates the play in the context of military theory around 1800 in which contingency emerged as a central factor of large-scale warfare. A historically complex document, Wallenstein serves as an archive of the shifting conceptions of war and of the media devised to manage its uncertain futures.
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Lam, Terence Y. M., and Njavwa Siwingwa. "Risk management and contingency sum of construction projects." Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction 22, no. 3 (2017): 237–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfmpc-10-2016-0047.

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Purpose Most organisations do not have established guidelines for the estimation and management of contingency funds. The purpose of this paper is to identify the risk factors at the construction phase causing project cost overruns, and a reliable method for the estimation of contingency sum is established. Design/methodology/approach Combined qualitative–quantitative exploratory methods were used. Qualitative interviews were conducted with five expert practitioners working in a Public Works Department in Zambia to determine how contingency sum is estimated and to explore what risk factors should be considered. Quantitative regression used cost and risk data collected from 30 recently completed building and refurbishment projects. Findings The qualitative study indicated that the project budget overruns constitute a major issue. This finding is in line with the paired-samples t-test results which show that the difference between the total variations and the initial contingency sum tends to be significant. The regression analysis proved that the contingency sum was positively correlated to the estimated contract sum. The qualitative interview results and Pearson correlation analysis also showed that contingency sum and project complexity tend to have a significant correlation. The research also demonstrates that the type of works is not a direct significant factor. Research limitations/implications Because the projects used for the study were relatively short, duration of the project and economic factor of tax rate, exchange rate and inflation rate were not examined in the multiple regression analysis. Further studies should be conducted on longer projects to test out whether these risk factors are significant in influencing the project contingency. Practical implications The results demonstrate that the multiple regression method can be applied as a reliable tool to predict contingency sums. Accurate contingency sums and project budget estimates benefit construction clients and their project managers. Individual project conditions should be carefully examined when assessing the contingency. Originality/value This research establishes a reliable regression method for the assessment of the contingency for the pre-tender estimate which has significant impact on the project feasibility and cost control, using related risk factors involved in construction contingency and client’s contingency.
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Oesterle, Severin, Jan Jöhnk, Robert Keller, Nils Urbach, and Xin Yu. "A contingency lens on cloud provider management processes." Business Research 13, no. 3 (2020): 1451–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40685-020-00128-8.

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AbstractTraditional ways of managing information technology (IT) service providers are no longer applicable as companies use more and more services provisioned in the cloud. Therefore, organizations are looking for new ways to manage their relationship with cloud providers. The shift from IT-as-a-product to IT-as-a-service puts clients in a continued dependency on cloud service providers (CSPs), making provider management a critical factor for companies’ success. In this paper, we (1) identify cloud-specific challenges in managing CSPs, (2) develop a corresponding process framework for CSP management, and (3) discuss and extend this framework. Our final cloud management framework comprises ten processes for effective CSP management based on a literature study and twelve expert interviews. Furthermore, we unpack three major contingency factors, i.e., client–provider ratio, specificity, and service delivery model, which influence the reasonability and configuration of the cloud management processes. Drawing on two specific cases from our interview study, we explicate the contingency factors’ influence. Thus, our paper contributes to cloud sourcing research by deepening the understanding of client–provider relationships and by introducing a viable CSP management instrument contingent on three salient factors of cloud service provisioning.
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Siciliano, Roberta, and Ab Mooijaart. "Three-factor association models for three-way contingency tables." Computational Statistics & Data Analysis 24, no. 3 (1997): 337–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-9473(97)87024-7.

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Bohn, Cornelia, Riccardo Prandini, and Monica Martinelli. "Twofold Freedom and Contingency." Simmel Studies 22, no. 1 (2018): 45–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1051007ar.

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The paper shows that the semantic complex of freedom assumes the form of a twofold freedom as horizontally differentiated realms of meaning gain autonomy: on the one side, individual and interpersonal freedom, and, on the other side, the freedom and self-determination of social fields or subsystems, both of which presuppose, stabilize, and destabilize one another. This co-constitution is proven with three exemplary thinkers. Simmel sees money as a decisive factor in the genesis of the modern social form of freedom and individuality. His argument is brought into systematic comparison with Constant’s prior work on individual freedom in European modernity, and with Luhmann’s later notion of contingency and constitutionally guaranteed freedom of communication as prerequisite for factual differentiation. It is demonstrated that in Simmel’s work, the modern variant of the social form of freedom is described as a specific interrelation that ties the objectification of culture to a depersonalisation of social differentiation as well as to a temporalization of dependencies.
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Ran, Bing, and Huiting Qi. "Contingencies of Power Sharing in Collaborative Governance." American Review of Public Administration 48, no. 8 (2017): 836–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0275074017745355.

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Studies on dynamics of power relationship play a significant role in the collaborative governance literature because many issues and challenges in collaborative governance can be linked to power asymmetry in collaboration. This article proposes a contingency framework on power asymmetry in collaborative governance that includes six contingency factors of power sharing from contextual, network, and node perspectives. We focus on how each contingency factor influences the relationship between power sharing and the effectiveness of collaborative governance and suggest that, instead of focusing on the attempt to balance power and share power in collaboration, it will be more fruitful to design and implement collaborative arrangements based on the dynamic contingencies.
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Kostov, Belchin, Mónica Bécue-Bertaut, and François Husson. "Multiple Factor Analysis for Contingency Tables in the FactoMineR Package." R Journal 5, no. 1 (2013): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32614/rj-2013-003.

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Ama, Njoku O. "One Parameter Model for Three-Factor Interactions in Contingency Tables." Biometrical Journal 36, no. 7 (1994): 855–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bimj.4710360708.

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Cucculelli, Marco, Cristina Bettinelli, and Angelo Renoldi. "How small-medium enterprises leverage intangibles during recessions. Evidence from the Italian clothing industry." Management Decision 52, no. 8 (2014): 1491–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-01-2014-0034.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to focus on how investments in research and development (R&D) and advertising affect the performance of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) during recessions. Design/methodology/approach – Contingency theory is applied to a data set of 376 Italian clothing SMEs during the period 2000-2010 to test whether investment in R&D and advertising impacts financial performance differently when contingent factors (such as market share, financial leverage and business model change) are taken into account. Findings – Empirical results confirm that market share and leverage moderate the effects of investments in R&D and advertising (i.e. intangibles) on performance, and also that changes in business models are an important contingent factor that explains performance. Specifically, the paper ascertains that a novelty-centered business model, together with investments in intangibles, positively affects performance during recessions. Originality/value – This study offers an input to the debate on how SMEs develop and sustain their competitive advantage during the recession. It contributes to existent theory by showing whether and how contingencies, such as a firm's market share and leverage, moderate the relationship between performance and investments in R&D and advertising in SMEs. Second, it addresses the call for additional data “about the strategic effects of business models and how they influence the positioning of firms in their competitive environment” (Amit and Zott, 2008, p. 20) by introducing business model change/innovation as a new contingency factor and by empirically testing its effects on “objective measures of firm performance” (Bock et al., 2012, p. 301).
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Zárraga, A., and B. Goitisolo. "Simultaneous analysis and multiple factor analysis for contingency tables: Two methods for the joint study of contingency tables." Computational Statistics & Data Analysis 53, no. 8 (2009): 3171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2008.04.020.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Contingency factor"

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Looney, John P. "Knowledge as a contingency factor : achieving coordination in interorganizational systems." Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/10564.

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Organizational research shows how mismatches between organizational design characteristics and contingency factors lead to lower performance. In addition to classic contingency factors, knowledge is a powerful resource that influences performance. This research explores knowledge as a structural contingency factor for interorganizational systems. It explores the performance effects of different types of knowledge (i.e., tacit and explicit) interacting with organizational coordination mechanisms (e.g., direct supervision and mutual adjustment) in the highly complex environment of crisis events (e.g., natural disasters) where multiple organizations often rapidly develop reciprocal interdependencies. In those events, teams of boundary spanners often work to coordinate the interorganizational response; hence, understanding how performance is affected by the interaction of knowledge types available and various coordination mechanisms is useful to managers. Using a mixed methodology design, this research extends structural contingency theory to the interorganizational level. First, immersive qualitative field research is conducted to observe widely dispersed organizations during a developing crisis. Those observations help formulate a baseline agent-based computational organizational model. Using that baseline, theoretically driven changes are made to create unique models that populate each quadrant of a two factorial experiment design. A Monte Carlo simulation of each model generates performance effects (e.g., speed and project risk) of different types of coordination mechanisms interacting with different types of knowledge. This research shows that a mutual adjustment coordination mechanism is most fit when teams are made up of people with a high level of tacit knowledge. During a crisis or disaster response situation, however, managers may not have much control over the type of knowledge available within the boundary spanning teams. This research also shows some interesting interaction effects across the different performance variables; hence, managers faced with reciprocal interdependencies should apprise themselves of the knowledge types associated with interacting boundary spanning teams.
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Yu, Yuan. "Tests of Independence in a Single 2x2 Contingency Table with Random Margins." Digital WPI, 2014. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/625.

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In analysis of the contingency tables, the Fisher's exact test is a very important statistical significant test that is commonly used to test independence between the two variables. However, the Fisher' s exact test is based upon the assumption of the fixed margins. That is, the Fisher's exact test uses information beyond the table so that it is conservative. To solve this problem, we allow the margins to be random. This means that instead of fitting the count data to the hypergeometric distribution as in the Fisher's exact test, we model the margins and one cell using multinomial distribution, and then we use the likelihood ratio to test the hypothesis of independence. Furthermore, using Bayesian inference, we consider the Bayes factor as another test statistic. In order to judge the test performance, we compare the power of the likelihood ratio test, the Bayes factor test and the Fisher's exact test. In addition, we use our methodology to analyse data gathered from the Worcester Heart Attack Study to assess gender difference in the therapeutic management of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) by selected demographic and clinical characteristics.
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Bhatta, Dilli. "A Bayesian Test of Independence for Two-way Contingency Tables Under Cluster Sampling." Digital WPI, 2013. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-dissertations/128.

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We consider a Bayesian approach to the study of independence in a two-way contingency table obtained from a two-stage cluster sampling design. We study the association between two categorical variables when (a) there are no covariates and (b) there are covariates at both unit and cluster levels. Our main idea for the Bayesian test of independence is to convert the cluster sample into an equivalent simple random sample which provides a surrogate of the original sample. Then, this surrogate sample is used to compute the Bayes factor to make an inference about independence. For the test of independence without covariates, the Rao-Scott corrections to the standard chi-squared (or likelihood ratio) statistic were developed. They are ``large sample' methods and provide appropriate inference when there are large cell counts. However, they are less successful when there are small cell counts. We have developed the methodology to overcome the limitations of Rao-Scott correction. We have used a hierarchical Bayesian model to convert the observed cluster samples to simple random samples. This provides the surrogate samples which can be used to derive the distribution of the Bayes factor to make an inference about independence. We have used a sampling-based method to fit the model. For the test of independence with covariates, we first convert the cluster sample with covariates to a cluster sample without covariates. We use multinomial logistic regression model with random effects to accommodate the cluster effects. Our idea is to fit the cluster samples to the random effect models and predict the new samples by adjusting with the covariates. This provides the cluster sample without covariates. We then use a hierarchical Bayesian model to convert this cluster sample to a simple random sample which allows us to calculate the Bayes factor to make an inference about independence. We use Markov chain Monte Carlo methods to fit our models. We apply our first method to the Third International Mathematics and Science Study (1995) for third grade U.S. students in which we study the association between the mathematics test scores and the communities the students come from, and science test scores and the communities the students come from. We also provide a simulation study which establishes our methodology as a viable alternative to the Rao-Scott approximations for relatively small two-stage cluster samples. We apply our second method to the data from the Trend in International Mathematics and Science Study (2007) for fourth grade U.S. students to assess the association between the mathematics and science scores represented as categorical variables and also provide the simulation study. The result shows that if there is strong association between two categorical variables, there is no difference between the significance of the test in using the model (a) with covariates and (b) without covariates. However, in simulation studies, there is a noticeable difference in the significance of the test between the two models when there are borderline cases (i.e., situations where there is marginal significance).
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Abou, dalle Asma. "Eléments sur l’émergence de la diversité des formes de la fonction contrôle de gestion : le cas des entreprises du marché libanais de l’assurance." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0121.

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Notre recherche est focalisée sur le rôle du contrôleur de gestion dans les compagnies d’assurance d’un pays appartenant à une région de perturbations économiques et politiques continues tel que le Liban.Ainsi, notre thèse vise à saisir les conditions dans lesquelles les sociétés d’assurance libanaises choisissent leurs pratiques de contrôle de gestion, et plus précisément à déterminer les différents facteurs de contingence qui peuvent influer sur la fonction contrôle de gestion des compagnies d’assurance au Liban. L’emploi de deux méthodologies a permis d’obtenir un éclairage approfondi des pratiques de contrôle de gestion dans les sociétés d’assurance au Liban. L’étude exploratoire menée auprès de sept compagnies d’assurance a mis en exergue l’existence de deux types de fonction contrôle de gestion, qui se distinguent par leur autonomie relative vis-à-vis de la direction générale de l’entreprise.Plus particulièrement, le rôle du contrôleur de gestion dépend de sa position dans la structure, et sa marge d’autorité varie selon son rattachement hiérarchique.Une typologie plus large est réalisée ensuite par une étude quantitative approfondie à l’aide d’un questionnaire, menée auprès de seize compagnies d’assurance libanaises. L’étude quantitative a apporté un éclairage plus précis en mettant en exergue l’existence de trois types du système de contrôle de gestion dans les sociétés d’assurance libanaises : le système de contrôle de gestion organisationnel, le système de contrôle de gestion partagé, et le système d’information général. L’adoption d’un de ces trois types diffère selon des facteurs de contingence comme la taille, l’internationalisation de la société, la nature de l’actionnariat…, mais aussi la conception de la fonction de contrôle de gestion par la gouvernance de l’organisation<br>Our research focuses on the role of the management controller in insurance companies in a country belonging to a region of continuous economic and political disturbances such as Lebanon.Thus, our thesis aims to capture the conditions under which Lebanese insurance companies choose their management control practice, and more specifically to determine the different contingency factors that can influence the management control function of insurance companies in Lebanon.The use of two methodologies has provided an insight into management control practices in insurance companies in Lebanon.The exploratory study conducted within seven insurance companies highlighted the existence of two types of management control functions, which are distinguished by their relative autonomy vis-à-vis of the company general management.More particularly, the role of the management controller depends on his position within the structure, and his authority margin varies according to his hierarchical connection.A broader typology is then carried out by a thorough quantitative study using a survey conducted among sixteen Lebanese insurance companies.The quantitative study shed more light on the existence of three types of management control systems in Lebanese insurance companies: the organizational management control system, the shared management control system, and the general information system. The adoption of one of these three types differs according to several contingency factors such as the company’s size, the internationalization of the company, the nature of the shareholding ..., and also according to the conception of the management control function designated by the governance of the organization
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Wei, Nan. "A Line Outage Study for Prediction of Static Power Flow Redistribution." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/72887.

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Transmission line is a crucial role in power transmission network which connects generating units to consumers. Some unpredicted failure events such as lightening or system faults can cause transmission line tripped, which may bring about a large interruption to the system and causes damage. When line outage happens, the power flow on the tripped line will be redistributed to the rest of lines in the system. It may cause risk of overload happens on other lines, and results in a cascading failure and system collapse. Reasonably, a single line outage will not affect all other lines in the system. Therefore, when a line outage happens, it is important for the system operator to have a preview of which lines will have serious impact and which lines will not, so that the operator can only focus on monitoring certain lines which will be seriously affected, rather than keeping monitoring the whole system. In this thesis, A Line Outage Distribution Factor (LODF) method is proposed and implemented in the IEEE 118 bus system to estimate active power flow redistribution after a line outage. After that, a definition of Thevenin electrical distance between two transmission lines is derived and applied to calculate electrical distances between the outage line and each line in the system. An exponential convergence tendency is found between maximum possible LODF predicted power flow variations and electrical distance, and an exponential regression method is applied to analyze this tendency. The contribution of this work is a rule has been found that starting from the outage line, the maximum possible active power flow variation on transmission lines exponentially decreases exponentially while the electrical distance increases. With only the information of system's normal operating condition and topological information, the maximum possible active power change on each lines caused by single line outage, and the margin of the impact of single line outage on power flow variations may propagate along electrical distance can be easily and quickly predicted. Ultimately, the goal of this work is to allow operators at the control center can concentrate on lines within a certain electrical distance instead of keeping monitoring the whole system when a line outage happens.<br>Master of Science
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Gedikli, Bahar. "Strategic Spatial Planning And Its Implementation In Turkey: Sanliurfa Provincial Development Planning Case." Phd thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12605550/index.pdf.

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This thesis aims at analyzing the strategic spatial planning, which has received widespread acceptance both in developed and developing countries. Turkey is one of the countries that has been trying to adopt this new tendency. Recently, Provincial Development Planning has been introduced into the Turkish planning system as a stratgeic planning attempt. This thesis evaluates the Sanliurfa Provincial Development Planning case with respect to a set of criteria<br>underlines the role of continent factors (specific actors in the process and their roles) in the satisfaction of these criteria<br>and highlights the role of place-specific factors (quality of social capital, level of economic development) in the planning process. The strategic planning is not merely concerned with the plannng process<br>but also with implementation and monitoring stages. Therefore, the thesis stresses that these three integral stages --planning, implementation, monitoring-- should be eqaully considered with agents, roles and resources so that the plans can be implemented.
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Hugentobler, Florian. "IT Governance in Multibusiness Firms Structures, Trends & Contingency Factors /." St. Gallen, 2008. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/org/biblio/edoc.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/02602621002/$FILE/02602621002.pdf.

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Ross, Andrew David. "A model of contingency factors affecting contractors' economic organisation of projects." Thesis, University of Salford, 2005. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/2169/.

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The identification of factors that affect the performance of temporary multi disciplinary organisational teams has been a central aim of management research in the construction industry for over 40 years. This study contributes to what is known about the formation of a construction project organisation by identifying the contingent factors that affect contractor's gathering and analysis of price information from supply chain organisations during the ex ante processes to contract formation. The research methodology adopted a combined approach to data collection and analysis, and used a theoretical framework adapted from transaction economics to identify and explicate a model of contingency factors. The research method for data collection in the dominant quantitative first phase used a postal survey of 760 estimators working for contracting organisations in the United Kingdom in December 2003. The resultant data set was analysed using descriptive statistics. A multi variable general linear model and principal component analysis defined the parameters of a model that informed the second phase of data collection and analysis. This model was explicated using a multiple case study approach that gathered and analysed interview data from estimators working for organisations that had been purposively selected. The findings of this research identified the contingency factors that affect contractors', seeking, gathering, analysing and synthesising of supply chain price data, that can be grouped into four categories, which are; external environment, project environment, task environment and inter-organisational relations. The research also found that the existence and strength of effect of the contingency factors was differentiated by organisational size, and identified the factors that may be influenced by the intervention of the client procurement system, (or the organisation) in the ex ante process of supply chain organisation team development.
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Warry, Christopher John Bevan. "Factors affecting human self-control in a local versus global choice paradigm." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327606.

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Pan, Xuemei. "Factors influencing the mixture index of model fit in contingency tables showing indenpendence." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/4101.

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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2006.<br>Thesis research directed by: Measurement, Statistics and Evaluation. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Books on the topic "Contingency factor"

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Codita, Roxana. Contingency Factors of Marketing-Mix Standardization. Gabler, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-6169-3.

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Harrison, M. Contingent factors in lateral influence attempts. Oxford Brookes University, 1995.

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Kyprianou, Andreas I. Contingency analysis in power systems using the concept of distribution factors. UMIST, 1995.

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Codita, Roxana. Contingency Factors of Marketing-Mix Standardization: German Consumer Goods Companies in Central and Eastern Europe. Gabler Verlag / Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, Wiesbaden, 2011.

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Drelichman, Mauricio, and Hans-Joachim Voth. Risk Sharing with the Monarch. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691151496.003.0008.

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This chapter analyzes the role of contingent scenarios and nature of the defaults. Over the last 800 years, many periods of debt accumulation have been followed by default. Despite these disruptions, the market for sovereign debt did not disappear. At least, in the case of asiento lending to Philip II, excusable defaults were an important factor. Studying the loan documents directly, the chapter shows that a significant share of short-term loans contained contingency clauses. It then explores the different types of loan modifications along with their impact on cash flows and loan maturity. These modifications allowed effective risk sharing between king and bankers—an institutional solution that offered many of the desirable properties that contingent debt would have today.
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Lee, Buchheit, and Gulati G Mitu. Part III Complicating Factors, 18 Sovereign Contingent Liabilities. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199671106.003.0018.

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Jackle, Mary J. CONTINGENT EMPLOYMENT IN NURSING: FACTORS AFFECTING CAREER CHOICE. 1993.

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The Contingent Valuation of Natural Parks: Assessing the Warmglow Propensity Factor (New Horizons in Environmental Economics). Edward Elgar Publishing, 2002.

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Pruss, Alexander R., and Joshua L. Rasmussen. An Argument from Possible Causes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198746898.003.0004.

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A contemporary version of the argument from contingency is given that utilizes a logically weak causal premise about possibilities. There is an explanation of how this argument has advantages over the classic arguments from contingency. In particular, it is shown how skeptics of traditional cosmological arguments may accept the proposed weak causal premise, since that premise leaves open whether some events and contingent states have no explanation or cause. Evidence is also given from the results of a survey that suggests that some skeptics of traditional cosmological arguments in fact do find plausible the premises in this weakened argument from possible causes. Instructive objections are then considered and a concluding assessment follows.
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Tritten, Tyler. Boutroux’s Alternative: An Ontology of the Fact. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474428194.003.0003.

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Boutroux, approximately 150 years prior to Meillassoux, already argued for the contingency of laws of nature, as well as truths of logic and mathematics. Boutroux, however, does not espouse factiality, namely, the necessity of contingent beings, but he rather offers a veritable ontology of the fact. Boutroux does not abandon necessity, but he does show how all necessity is itself consequent, that is, a matter of fact. He does this by arguing for the laws of nature as nothing but the habit of nature, which springs not from chance but from spontaneity. Being bottoms out in pontaneity rather than in simple randomness.
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Book chapters on the topic "Contingency factor"

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Bavaud, François. "Generalized Factor Analyses for Contingency Tables." In Classification, Clustering, and Data Mining Applications. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17103-1_56.

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Steinhoff, Fee. "Product Innovativeness in Success Factor Research – Influencing Factor or Contingency Factor?" In Innovation performance accounting. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01353-9_1.

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Codita, Roxana. "Introduction." In Contingency Factors of Marketing-Mix Standardization. Gabler, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-6169-3_1.

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Codita, Roxana. "International Marketing Standardization: A Literature Review." In Contingency Factors of Marketing-Mix Standardization. Gabler, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-6169-3_2.

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Codita, Roxana. "Conceptual Framework." In Contingency Factors of Marketing-Mix Standardization. Gabler, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-6169-3_3.

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Codita, Roxana. "Empirical Conceptualization and Operationalization of the Product Cultural Specificity Construct." In Contingency Factors of Marketing-Mix Standardization. Gabler, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-6169-3_4.

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Codita, Roxana. "Testing the Contingency Model of Marketing-Mix Standardization and Its Performance Outcomes." In Contingency Factors of Marketing-Mix Standardization. Gabler, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-6169-3_5.

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Codita, Roxana. "Discussion." In Contingency Factors of Marketing-Mix Standardization. Gabler, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-6169-3_6.

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Codita, Roxana. "Implications, Limitations and Future Research." In Contingency Factors of Marketing-Mix Standardization. Gabler, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-6169-3_7.

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Albers, Sascha. "Contingency Factors of Alliance Governance Systems." In The Design of Alliance Governance Systems. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-24711-9_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Contingency factor"

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Raman, Gopi, D. Suresh Babu, P. S. Venkataramu, and M. S. Nagaraja. "Sensitivity factor based improvement studies incorporating facts devices under line outage contingency." In 2013 International Conference on Power, Energy and Control (ICPEC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpec.2013.6527625.

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Stanislawek, Mikolaj. "Well Design for Subsea Exploration Drilling in Shallow Formations of Barents Sea." In SPE/IADC International Drilling Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204033-ms.

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Abstract Subsea exploration drilling in relatively new and not yet fully recognized frontiers like Barents Sea continues to be a focus for Oil &amp; Gas Companies. Safety and robust well barriers are important as ever. This paper describes well design process and execution of a challenging subsea exploration well in shallow formations of Barents Sea by Equinor. Case study for planning and well design process is presented, followed by drilling experiences during execution. Several well design concepts and contingency scenarios that were evaluated and risk assessed in the planning phase are presented, which required extra focus on well design and well barriers. Compensating measures along with high focus on well control and well barriers in shallow drilling environment of Barents Sea were developed during planning phase of this well, and reviewed with planning and execution teams. Design approach encompasses casing design in shallow reservoir well with narrow margin between required formation integrity and fracture pressures, low kick tolerance, drilling in unstable formations, low temperature and pressures. Robust well design in shallow and weak formations is feasible with conventional casing design approach, and well challenges can be overcome by proper planning and contingency measures involving additional preparation of drilling crew, and by use of advanced drilling technology and procedures. Safety and well control is the most important factor in well design. Relevant contingency scenarios should be prepared with equipment and procedures in place. Importance of drilling a pilot hole in unrecognized area near main well and its influence on main well design is crucial. This is a good example of planning and drilling process for challenging well in unrecognized area with limited reference well data, challenging logistics, and weather conditions of Barents Sea. It will demonstrate how many contingency scenarios were fully prepared in planning phase and their rationale, versus encountered drilling experiences, to be a more precise reference for future wells in the area.
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Liu, Mingye, and Hong Xia. "Awareness of Danger: A Factor May Improve Public Acceptance to Nuclear if Included in Education." In 2014 22nd International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone22-30856.

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In this paper, facts are traditionally considered as negative in nuclear related education, e.g. the invisible nuclear radiation, harmful release, even nuclear accidents, are discussed. This paper puts that the factors may let the public be against to nuclear are possible to be converted and improve public acceptance to nuclear industry. The premise is: awareness of those factors are included in nuclear education as a highlighted part, unlike the way they were treated before: never be mentioned or even be hidden on purpose. Nuclear education used to merely show the “perfection” of nuclear power, such as it is clear, green and effective, which is absolutely correct. However, people know that there is no silver bullet. The disadvantages of nuclear are almost never included in nuclear education, not mention the accidents or solutions to nuclear emergency. This type of education helps little to improve public acceptance to nuclear, what is worse, it prevents the public from seeing a whole picture of nuclear and nuclear industry; the public may be puzzled and tend to reject nuclear, because that they don’t have proper awareness of danger, and tend to magnify it indefinitely. This paper focuses on how the information and knowledge of nuclear radiation, NPP accident, and other “dark” facts may affect the impression of nuclear to the public. This paper also discusses the parts are necessary to be included in nuclear education, such as radiation protection, contingency plan and factors mentioned above. Additionally, this paper proves that if dealt correctly, the facts to be treated negative are turned to have a miraculous effect on improving public acceptance to nuclear.
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Onishi, Yuko, Satoru Kawasaki, and Masami Kato. "Study on Applicability of Simple Conversion Factor for In-Situ Activity Measurement." In 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone18-30166.

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In Japan, the clearance system has been in effect since December 2005, and at present, the cleared material is recycled at a site in affiliation with the nuclear installation. In the near future, it is assumed that a considerable amount of cleared material will be transported from nuclear facilities that are being decommissioned, so that the material can be recycled and used by general industry. In order to operate the clearance system with certainty, it is essential to devise a method for promptly measuring the radionuclide concentration of cleared materials that are suspected of exceeding the clearance level. That is, preparation for the contingency that an uncertain radiation source mixes with a clearance item by chance. In general, in-situ measurement of low-level radionuclide concentration is difficult since accurate information on the shape of the target, as well as on the distribution of radionuclide concentration in the target, is required. Therefore, we investigated a method for simple and rapid determination of radionuclide concentration, which does not require accurate information on the volume and density of the target. To avoid the influence of volume or density, we examined the adoption of a conversion factor with units of “(Bq/g)/cps”. ISOCS (In-situ Object Counting System) Calibration Software (Model S573 Version 4.0, CANBERRA Inc.) was used to determine the conversion factor. Metal or concrete was assumed to be stored and piled in a stockyard of a recycling facility. The piled objects were arranged as a cone with a gradient of 50%, in accordance with the limitations specified by the “Waste Management and Public Cleansing Law”. The volume and bulk density were assumed to be 0.1–10 m3 and 0.5–10 g/cm3, respectively. The conversion factor for a cone with volume of 1 m3 and density of 1 g/cm3 could be applied to the piled objects having a volume greater than or equal to 1 m3 and a density greater than or equal to 0.5 g/cm3, resulting in an increase in tolerance by a factor of two. These results show that in-situ measurements of radionuclide concentration can be simplified by using a conversion factor with units of “(Bq/g)/cps”. This approach can be used to carry out prompt measurements on suspected materials in the field.
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Vykuka, Roman, and Lucie Nohacova. "Sensitivity factors for contingency analysis." In 2015 16th International Scientific Conference on Electric Power Engineering (EPE). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/epe.2015.7161162.

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Ongowarsito, Henkie, Meyliana, Raymond Kosala, and Harjanto Prabowo. "IT governance contingency factors in cloud computing services." In 2017 International Conference on Innovative and Creative Information Technology (ICITech). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/innocit.2017.8319137.

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Bernabeu, E., Y. Chen, P. Dajewski, and J. Sexauer. "Voltage Distribution Factors for Post Contingency Local Load Relief Warning." In 2018 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pesgm.2018.8585880.

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Mauderer, Michael, David R. Flatla, and Miguel A. Nacenta. "Gaze-Contingent Manipulation of Color Perception." In CHI'16: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858320.

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Dwivedi, Megha, Astik Dhandhia, and Vivek Pandya. "Optimization of weighting factors of performance index to improve contingency ranking." In 2017 7th International Conference on Power Systems (ICPS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpes.2017.8387313.

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Al-Digs, Abdullah, Sairaj V. Dhople, and Yu Christine Chen. "Time-varying injection shift factors to predict post-contingency dynamic line flows." In 2017 55th Annual Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing (Allerton). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/allerton.2017.8262752.

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Reports on the topic "Contingency factor"

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Crespi, Gustavo, Lucas Figal Garone, Alessandro Maffioli, and Ernesto H. Stein. Research Insights: Does R&D Activity Stimulated by Chile’s FONDEF and FONTEC Programs Lead to Knowlege Spillovers? Inter-American Development Bank, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002928.

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Chile's FONDEF and FONTEC R&amp;D grant programs both boost the productivity of direct beneficiaries, increasing total factor productivity (TFP) by around 4.2 percent. However, spillover effects are contingent on program design. Only FONDEF funded projects (requiring collaboration between firms and research centers) generate positive spillovers. FONTEC projects, which fund R&amp;D within the firm, do not. Spillover effects are nonlinear according to the share of firms within a sectorregion receiving subsidies. Positive knowledge spillovers dominate when the share of treated firms is small. However, if the program supports a large share of a firms rivals, spillovers decline as a result of a business-stealing effect.
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Beltrán Rodríguez, Fabiola, and Yudith Caicedo. Factores que impidieron el crecimiento de las microempresas constituidas entre los años 2005 a 2010 en la ciudad de Popayán. Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22490/ecacen.4267.

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Si bien es cierto que cada año en la ciudad de popayán, se registran en promedio 900 empresas ante la cámara de comercio, empresas que decidieron legalizarse o que inician su emprendimiento, también es visible que aproximadamente el 50% de ellas no renuevan su matrícula mercantil después de los 10 años de supervivencia, esto teniendo en cuenta datos suministrados por la cámara de comercio del cauca, esta es la razón principal que da pie a esta investigación; por medio de la cual se pretende encontrar los factores que impiden el crecimiento de las microempresas en la ciudad de popayán tomando como objeto de estudio las constituidas entre el año 2005 y el año 2010 en la ciudad de popayán. Muy seguramente nos encontraremos con microempresas que han cumplido con los requisitos legales para seguir en el mercado pero que no han crecido como empresa sino simplemente han sobrevivido; si a tiempo detectamos las razones por las que no han crecido tal vez podemos evitar sus cierres. Sin lugar a duda las microempresas hacen un gran aporte en el empleo del país, según el informe de confecamaras, en el 2.019 ocuparon el 99.6% del total de empresas registradas (http://www.confecamaras.org.co/); pero algo está fallando, muchas cierran antes de completar el año de nacimiento y otras siguen vivas en el mercado pero igual de pequeñas e incluso más pequeñas que cuando iniciaron; las razones pueden ser muchas y gracias al aporte de los microempresarios podemos realizar un estudio que muy seguramente será de valiosa ayuda para quienes han decido emprender formando una microempresa en la ciudad de popayán. La investigación se fundamenta teóricamente en; la teoría de la organización, el enfoque contingente, teoría de la agencia, teoría de los costes, teoría del enfoque de recursos y capacidades y la teoría de la ventaja competitiva: de michael porter En cuanto a la metodología, se desarrolla con un enfoque cualitativo, alcance exploratorio, utilizando la entrevista como técnica y fuentes secundarias para la recolección de información correspondiente a cada uno de los objetivos planteados.
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