Relevant bibliographies by topics / Contingency (Philosophy) Necessity (Philosophy)

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Contingency (Philosophy) Necessity (Philosophy)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Contingency (Philosophy) Necessity (Philosophy)"

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Sattler, Barbara. "Contingency and Necessity." Monist 97, no. 1 (2014): 86–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/monist20149716.

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Schlesinger, George N. "Nomic Necessity and Contingency." Philosophical Quarterly 37, no. 149 (October 1987): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2219566.

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Rosenkrantz, Gary. "Necessity, Contingency, and Mann." Faith and Philosophy 2, no. 4 (1985): 457–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/faithphil1985243.

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Gaskin, Richard, and Jules Vuillemin. "Necessity or Contingency: The Master Argument." Philosophical Review 107, no. 4 (October 1998): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2998385.

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Cresswell, M. J. "Necessity and contingency." Studia Logica 47, no. 2 (June 1988): 145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00370288.

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Tennant, Neil. "Conventional Necessity and the Contingency of Convention." dialectica 41, no. 1-2 (June 1987): 79–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-8361.1987.tb00881.x.

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LEFTOW, BRIAN. "Swinburne on divine necessity." Religious Studies 46, no. 2 (February 5, 2010): 141–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034412509990370.

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AbstractMost analytic philosophers hold that if God exists, He exists with broad logical necessity. Richard Swinburne denies the distinction between narrow and broad logical necessity, and argues that if God exists, His existence is narrow-logically contingent. A defender of divine broad logical necessity could grant the latter claim. I argue, however, that not only is God's existence broad-logically necessary, but on a certain understanding of God's relation to modality, it comes out narrow-logically necessary. This piece argues against Swinburne's overall account of modality and rebuts his argument for narrow-logical contingency.
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VERDÚ BERGANZA, Ignacio. "Dios, libertad y amor en Duns Escoto / God, Freedom and Love in Duns Scot." Revista Española de Filosofía Medieval 15 (October 1, 2008): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.21071/refime.v15i.6198.

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This paper examines the value awarded by Duns Escoto to the defence of god -understood as Lave- who acts in a completely free mannner and is omnipotent. I also studies the implications of his philosophical position when confrontingthe relationships between faith and reason, theology and philosophy, intellect and will, necessity and contingency. His analysis of The Philosopher, Aristotle, is also discussed.
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Pizzi, Claudio. "Necessity and Relative Contingency." Studia Logica 85, no. 3 (June 5, 2007): 395–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11225-007-9044-y.

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Huoranszki, Ferenc. "The Contingency of Physical Laws." Principia: an international journal of epistemology 23, no. 3 (December 31, 2019): 487–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1808-1711.2019v23n3p487.

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The purpose of this paper is to explain the sense in which laws of physics are contingent. It argues, first, that contemporary Humean accounts cannot adequately explain the contingency of physical laws; and second, that Hume’s own arguments against the metaphysical necessity of causal connections are not applicable in this context. The paper concludes by arguing that contingency is an essentially emergent, macroscopic phenomenon: we can understand the contingency of fundamental physical laws only through their relation to the distribution of macroscopic modal properties in the manifest world.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Contingency (Philosophy) Necessity (Philosophy)"

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Zwez, Kimberly. "Hegel's Critique of Contingency in Kant's Principle of Teleology." FIU Digital Commons, 2014. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1194.

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This research is a historical-exegetical analysis of Hegel’s reformulation of Kant’s regulative principle of teleology into a constitutive principle. Kant ascribes teleology to the faculty of reflective judgment where it is employed as a guide to regulate inquiry, but does not constitute actual knowledge. Hegel argues that if Kant made teleology into a constitutive principle then it would be a much more comprehensive theory capable of overcoming contingency in natural science, and hence, bridging the gap between natural science and theology. In this paper I argue that Hegel’s defense of the transition from natural science to theology is ultimately unsuccessful because it is built upon on an instinct of reason, which is the instinctive feature of human rationality to transition beyond the contingency remaining in our empirical understanding of nature, to a theological understanding of nature, in which all aspects of nature are necessarily related.
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Pereira, Reinaldo Sampaio. "Necessidade e contigencia a partir da potencia racional em Aristoteles." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/280130.

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Orientador: Alcides Hector Rodriguez Benoit
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T11:44:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pereira_ReinaldoSampaio_D.pdf: 6973767 bytes, checksum: 4adf120b73d1bb84c7c412ebf15ce026 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006
Resumo: Advertimos que não temos como propósito a releitura de algum ponto específico de alguma parte da obra de Aristóteles ou uma nova interpretação acerca de alguma passagem, conceito ou 'doutrina¿ do corpus. Pretendemos tão somente estabelecer certo percurso de análise de um dos importantes conceitos da sua filosofia, a saber, o lógos, a partir da investigação de outro conceito de fundamental importância nos seus textos, a potência, percurso esse que conduz a um aparente paradoxo (o qual constituir-se-á no objeto norteador da nossa pesquisa), qual seja, por um lado, de uma perspectiva física, o lógos confere potencialidade para o homem não ficar totalmente sujeito à necessidade do mundo sublunar, permitindo-lhe agir na contingência que este comporta; por outro, de um ponto de vista prático, esse mesmo lógos tende a encerrar o homem em certa necessidade.
Abstract: Not informed.
Doutorado
Historia da Filosofia Antiga
Doutor em Filosofia
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Phillips, Kristopher Gordon. "Cartesian modality: God's nature and the creation of eternal and contingent truth." Diss., University of Iowa, 2014. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1380.

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Much ado has been made regarding Descartes's understanding of the creation of what he called the "eternal truths" because he described them, paradoxically, as both the free creations of God, and necessary. While there are many varying interpretations of Cartesian modality, the issue has heretofore been treated in a vacuum, as a niche issue having little import beyond being an interesting puzzle for Descartes Scholars. I argue that this treatment is misguided, and that in order to properly understand Cartesian philosophy at all, one must properly understand Descartes's theory of modality. This, however, is no small feat; in order to understand Descartes's seemingly peculiar view on modality, one must first make sense of what Descartes understood the nature of God to be. One reason for this, I argue, is the systematic nature of Cartesian philosophy; indeed when dealing with a dense inter-connection of philosophical issues, one must move from what is more known in itself to what is more known to us, and not the other way around. I argue that in the literature on Cartesian modality, insufficient attention has been paid to the influence of the French School of Spirituality (in particular the work of Cardinal Bérulle) on the Cartesian notion of the divine. I argue that this influence pushed Descartes to criticize traditional attempts (Aquinas's in particular) to split the horns of Plato's Euthyphro dilemma as violating a proper understanding of the doctrine of divine simplicity. Descartes's commitment to a radical form of the doctrine of divine simplicity leads him to a version of divine voluntarism wherein all `things' depend on God for their existence, and God cannot have had antecedent reason to prefer the creation of anything over anything else. There is little doubt that Descartes embraced the voluntarist horn of the Euthyphro dilemma, but just what that means for Cartesian modality and philosophy generally remains a contentious issue. I argue that Descartes is best read as what I call an `agnostic quietist' regarding God (and modality generally) given textual, historical, and systematic considerations. One virtue of an agnostic quietist reading is that I am able to square the passages where Descartes discusses the inconceivability of God's power with the conclusions reached regarding God's non-deceiving nature in the Meditations and elsewhere. Further virtues that I explore are the effects that a quietist reading has on the Cartesian scientific programme, the infamous mind-body problem, Descartes's seemingly inconsistent view regarding human free-will and Descartes's refusal to engage in "theology." Traditionally, Cartesian epistemology has been understood to be a purely a priori undertaking, which succumbs to deep and insurmountable problems. One of the greatest problems facing the Cartesian was the move from the mind to the world. Simon Blackburn, for example, says of the Cartesian epistemological project in the Meditations that Descartes "has put himself on a desert island from which there is no escape." This view is echoed by, and even motivates some of the contemporary views concerning Cartesian modality. I argue, however, that a proper understanding of the Cartesian doctrine of clear and distinct ideas circumvents this famous problem. By highlighting the proper understanding and application of the doctrine of clear and distinct ideas, I show that such ideas not only guarantee the existence of an external truth-maker, but also that such ideas do not do much more than show that there is a truth-maker. I argue that in instances of clear and distinct perception, the truth of the idea is normatively certain, but what makes it true is yet to be established. In this way, clear and distinct ideas are both powerful, in terms of guaranteeing truth, and relatively unhelpful, in that further work is required in order to determine to what the ideas conform. I argue that this is the case not only for actual truths, but for some clearly intuited truths about possibility. As an illustration of my overall thesis, I address the Cartesian argument for the separability of mind and body, and entertain the various interpretations of Descartes's view of human freedom. I argue that in order to understand Cartesian views on either of these issues, one must first make sense of his modal commitments. In both of these cases Descartes claims that finite minds can know that something is possible, even though what makes it possible is well beyond what they can understand.
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Lundgren, Björn. "Tillfällig nödvändighet : En möjlig(a) värld(arna)s paradox och den aletiska modalitetens gåta." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för kultur och kommunikation, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-69552.

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The writer has attempted to discuss the distinction between the necessary and the contingent. It begins with a criticism against the possibility for a so-called ‘a possible worlds realism’ to give a “philosophical explanation” of this distinction. The writer argues that this is impossible, since it requires that a notion of this distinction be already accepted (more precisely that the necessity of such a theory is already accepted). After this specific criticism, the writer intends to show that this is a more general problem that follows any explanation of the contingent/necessary distinction. The writer then discusses the counter-argument that the requirements placed on these explanations are set to high, therefore the writer shows in theory the problem can be solved and sketches a more specific way how to explain and show the basis for this distinction.
Författaren har avsett att diskutera distinktionen mellan det nödvändiga och det kontingent. Det börjar med en kritik mot möjligheten för en så kallad ’möjliga världars realism’ att ge en ”filosofisk förklaring” av denna distinktion. Författaren argumenterar för att detta är omöjligt, eftersom det kräver att en sådan distinktion redan är accepterad (mer specifikt att nödvändigheten av en sådan teori redan är accepterad). Efter denna specifika kriticism, så avser författaren visa att detta problem är generellt och att det följer alla försök att förklara den kontingenta/nödvändiga distinktionen. Författaren diskuterar sedan motargumentet att de krav som ställts på dessa förklaringar är för högt ställda, därför visar författaren hur problemet kan lösas i teorin och visar också en förenklad modell av en lösningsmetod.
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Lancaster, Philip Charles. "Reason, necessity and genocide." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/9233.

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This work examines core assumptions of the rationalism that underlies liberal political theory by placing it against the background of a dramatic historical phenomenon---genocide. An attempt is made to draw on historical accounts of two genocides to develop a critique of liberal political theory as it has been articulated during the latter years of the 20th Century by John Rawls. Ultimately, this thesis attempts to sort out the conceptual problems arising at the junction point of normative and descriptive theories of politics and argues that the basic elements of both kinds theories would benefit greatly from closer attention to history. The first chapter is devoted to a discussion of the ways in which political reason can be adapted to the needs of state and suggests that there are problems associated with the attempt to universalize the notion of human rights across a community of nations lacking the basic contextual requirements for rights. Chapter two considers the uncomfortable fit between political structure and value in liberal political theory. It argues that the administrative structure of states now exists as an important part of contemporary formal reality and thus ought to be a critical element in any serious study of politics. An argument begins here that works towards the final conclusion that states constitute an arena within which individualist and collectivist values collide. The third chapter examines the relationship between liberal values and rationality. It includes a technical discussion of Max Weber's theory of rationality but limits the discussion to political applications. This chapter raises a series of questions about the concept of rationality used in the construction of political theory. Chapters four, five and six examine the complications that arise when a liberal perspective is taken to issues of ontological existence, community values and the powers inhering in states to shape identity frames in the interests of administrative efficiency. This leads into a more technical discussion of rationality as represented in the theories of John Rawls and Alan Gewirth that is contained in the seventh chapter. Chapters eight and nine are devoted to discussions of elements of the Holocaust and the Rwandan genocide respectively. Both examples are used as a means of illustrating the complex power relations arising out of the various forms of collective agency needed to sustain state sovereignty and which complicate political theory far beyond the explanatory power of liberal rationalism. The examples are used to argue that theories based on notions of disassociated rational persons just fail to support their normative conclusions. The final chapter argues for a re-examination of the way in which political theory is read and suggests that liberal theory, in particular, tends towards abstraction in ways that limit its usefulness as either explanatory or normative theory.
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Lightner, David Eric. "Hume on possibility and necessity /." The Ohio State University, 1996. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487936356159386.

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Taylor, Craig Duncan. "Sympathy, reason and necessity." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338469.

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Pippa, Stefano. "Althusser and contingency." Thesis, Kingston University, 2015. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/35854/.

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This thesis argues that the concept of contingency plays a central role in Althusser's recasting of Marxist philosophy and in his attempt to free the Marxist conception of history from concepts such as teleology, necessity and origin. It is critically placed both against those readings that see the emergence of the problematic of contingency only in the late Althusserm and to the most recent attempts to establish a straightforward continuity in Althusser's work. Drawing on published and unplublished material and covering the entirety of Althusser's philosophical itinerary, the thesis seeks both to unearth the latent presence of this problematic, and its various implications, at each stage in the development of his work. It seeks to clarify, in a systematic way, the conceptual consequences of Althusser's commitment to contingency to the received understanding of his conceptions of structural change, ideology and political action. In particular, it argues that the standpoint of contingency allows us to locate in Althusser's 'Structural Marxism' the emergence of a 'logic of irruption' and structurally under-determined development of becoming. By emphasising this logic of contingency, it then seeks to produce a more nuanced assessment of his theory of ideology through the introduction of the concept of 'overinterpellation'. It finally attempts to distinguish two moments in the emergence (from the early 1970s onward) of a materialism of contingency, first political and then philosophical; the problematic coexistence of these two aspects helps to account for the unstable charactoer of Althusser's late philosophical project.
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Sabbarton-Leary, Nigel. "Naming without necessity." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2010. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1151/.

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In this thesis I argue that we should break with the dominant Kripkean tradition concerning natural kind terms and theoretical identity. I claim that there is just no interesting connection between the metaphysics and semantics of natural kind terms, and demonstrate this by constructing a version of descriptivism that is combined with the same metaphysics – that is, a nontrivial version of essentialism – found in Kripke, but which effectively avoids all of the standard criticisms. With my version of descriptivism in place, I present what I take to be the most reasonable version of metaphysical essentialism, positing only what I call 'thin' essences. I claim that thin essences are perfectly adequate to underpin scientific realism, and moreover that they are sufficient to support the version of descriptivism developed here. In effect, what I offer here is an error theory of the Kripkean tradition: Kripke is right to think that there are interesting things to say about meaning and essence, but just wrong about what those things are. Thus whilst Kripke thinks that it is possible to make discoveries about the meanings of natural kind terms, I think, rather, that we make empirical discoveries that lead to revisions in meaning. Furthermore, whilst Kripke thinks there is a dichotomy between de re and de dicto necessity, and that theoretical identities are necessary de re, I think this distinction is both misleading and inaccurate, and that the necessity of theoretical identities is neither entirely de re nor entirely de dicto. By separating and insulating questions concerning meaning from questions concerning essence I show that whilst scientific discoveries are contingent and a posteriori, the definition of scientific terms are both necessary and a priori.
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Chetelat, Pierre J. "Hegel's logic: Its function, method and necessity." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/9955.

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This thesis is essentially an attempt to grasp the nature of Hegel's logic as a whole. In my first chapter I consider what Hegel is trying to accomplish in the logic. Here we see that Hegel's logic is not only a science of thought but a metaphysics as well. In my second chapter I examine Hegel's famous dialectical method by criticizing two previous interpretations of this method and by arguing for a third interpretation. In my last chapter I develop an interpretation of logical necessity by considering Hegel's comments on this topic as well as his discussion of the concept of necessity at the end of the "Doctrine of Essence".
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Books on the topic "Contingency (Philosophy) Necessity (Philosophy)"

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Vuillemin, Jules. Necessity or contingency: The master argument. Stanford, Calif: Center for the Study of Language and Information, 1996.

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After finitude: An essay on the necessity of contingency. London: Continuum, 2009.

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-1358, Gregory of Rimini, ed. Necessità e contingenza in Gregorio da Rimini. Pisa: ETS, 2011.

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The future of post-human law: A preface to a new theory of necessity, contingency and justice. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2010.

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Osler, Margaret J. 1942. Divine will and the mechanical philosophy: Gassendi and Descartes on contingency and necessity in the created world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

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Osler, Margaret J. Divine will and the mechanical philosophy: Gassendi and Descartes on contingency and necessity in the created world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.

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O'Connor, Timothy. Theism and ultimate explanation: The necessary shape of contingency. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2008.

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O'Connor, Timothy. Theism and ultimate explanation: The necessary shape of contingency. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2008.

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Contingenza e necessità nella ragione politica moderna. Roma: Laterza, 2009.

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The gift of contingency. New York: P. Lang, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Contingency (Philosophy) Necessity (Philosophy)"

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Ben-Menahem, Yemima. "Historical Necessity and Contingency." In A Companion to the Philosophy of History and Historiography, 120–30. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444304916.ch9.

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Guzmán, Luis. "Necessity Is Contingency: The Analytic/Synthetic Distinction." In Relating Hegel’s Science of Logic to Contemporary Philosophy, 72–94. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137454508_4.

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Kekedi, Balint. "Necessity, Contingency, and Freedom in Descartes’ Physiology: Spontaneity in Nature." In Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science, 239–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67378-3_12.

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Leydesdorff, Loet. "Cultural and Biological Evolution." In Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Scientific and Scholarly Communication, 195–208. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59951-5_10.

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AbstractAlthough there is no necessary relation between “big data” and “monism”—the program of reducing cultural and mental processes to computational and biological principles—both these programs reject a dualism between res extensa and res cogitans. Opposing this philosophy of science, I have argued in the above chapter that a second contingency of possible relations and expectations feeds back on the manifest relations. This second contingency cannot be studied from a natural-science or life-sciences perspective, but is the proper domain of the social sciences, where the focus is on what things mean as different from what they are. Next-order selection mechanisms can take evolutionary control. The complexity of the communication evolves against the arrow of time in terms of interacting codes, which generate redundancies and therefore new options. As human beings, we can follow the potentially unintended consequences of the communication dynamics reflexively. Both consciousness and communication are self-organizing and thus resilient against steering.
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Burbidge, John W. "Philosophy and History." In Hegel's Systematic Contingency, 1–15. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230590366_1.

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Burbidge, John W. "Philosophy after Hegel." In Hegel's Systematic Contingency, 175–89. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230590366_14.

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Akiba, Ken. "Analyticity, Apriority, and Necessity." In The Philosophy Major’s Introduction to Philosophy, 64–102. New York, NY: Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003039136-3.

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Wilson, John. "Conceptual Necessity." In What Philosophy Can Do, 60–80. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18171-1_4.

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Fitting, Melvin. "Necessity and Possibility." In Introduction to Formal Philosophy, 323–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77434-3_15.

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Gaskin, J. C. A. "Being and Necessity." In Hume’s Philosophy of Religion, 74–93. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18936-6_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Contingency (Philosophy) Necessity (Philosophy)"

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Arpalı, Ziya. "Philosophy of the 2008 Global Crisis." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00652.

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The crisis in late 2007 and early 2008, re-questioning of capitalism and re-evaluating institutional structures have arisen. Developed countries which directing of the world economy started a process along with the comments that developed countries maintain their existence. By Western economists led to criticism of the crisis inform of "today's form of capitalism, can’t establish compliance with the changing world". The economic model based on the Balance of Imbalance is scheduled to sleep period in future years of the world management system. The sleeping process has been completed by the broken Balance of Imbalance. The process of planning in the field of application and the name given is crisis. This process should have a philosophy that mobilizing the internal dynamics of the economy. At the same time this crisis shown that money-driven economy conversion process is necessity in capitalism. The process of falling asleep economic model, in other words, the output from the crisis, not the money lead the economy but the economy lead the money. Transformation process will be realized at some point. In this study, it is introduced the philosophy of the crisis, in order to put into action the inner dynamics of capitalism’s legal infrastructure, the political preferences of the founders of the political game and to pass system into sleeping process the necessity of the transformation an economic model to the upper structure have been identified.
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Vasileva, Rumelina, Ivanka Yankova, and Kalina Ivanova. "THE PHILOSOPHY OF MODERN DIGITAL VOCATIONAL EDUCATION IS NOT A PRIVILEGE, BUT AN ONTOLOGICAL NEED AND NECESSITY FOR THE MARKET." In 15th International Technology, Education and Development Conference. IATED, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/inted.2021.1176.

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Mohan, Vidit, Ashwin P. Ramesh, Anirudh Toshniwal, and Prakhar Mohan. "Emergency Pipeline Repair System (EPRS) Using Mechanical Connectors." In ASME 2015 India International Oil and Gas Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/iogpc2015-7956.

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In an industry with ever growing concerns of potential failures and increased contingency planning, this paper aims to highlight some of the existing available solutions and future planning options for the emergency repair of subsea pipelines and risers. Focusing on the available technologies and repair scenarios available, the paper will expand to cover the requirements for an Emergency Pipeline Repair System (EPRS), the common gaps and limitations, the philosophy behind the development of a complete EPRS solution and how the use of complementing technologies can be successfully combined. This paper will be supported with a case study of subsea pipeline repairs using mechanical connector. The paper and presentations will be aimed at all levels of pipeline / engineering managers and technical authorities particularly those responsible for their company’s integrity management and contingency planning.
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Malykhina, Yulia. "Utopia as Topos of Boundaries Erosion between Private & Public Sphere." In The Public/Private in Modern Civilization, the 22nd Russian Scientific-Practical Conference (with international participation) (Yekaterinburg, April 16-17, 2020). Liberal Arts University – University for Humanities, Yekaterinburg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35853/ufh-public/private-2020-15.

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The article covers ideas of public life in ancient Greek philosophy having given rise to discussion on the necessity of separation and rapprochement of public and private spheres. This study rests upon the analysis of ‘publicness’ and ‘privacy’ in the philosophical conceptions of such authors as J. Habermas who deems ‘publicness’ as communication, and H. Arendt who refers to ‘publicness’ as the polis-based worldview. Plato’s dialogue ‘The State’, which can be deemed as the first-ever example of a utopian text, provides us with the most detailed and consistent instance of criticism of the private sphere, the necessity to merge it into public life to create society. Only in this way could society become a model of an ideal polis leading to the common good. The utopism of Plato’s pattern determines characteristics of the entire utopian genre arising from the idea of the individual merging with the state, and the private sphere merging into the public sphere. Plato’s ideal polis is contrasted with the concepts of the state formed by Modern Age liberal thought, which have largely determined modern views on the division of these spheres, leading to a revision of the utopian projects and a change in the relationship between the private and the public therein. A comparison of various utopian texts results in finding out that the utopian idea of the refusal of the private sphere of life in favour of serving the common good contradicts the modern ideal of freedom, which is the reason for its criticism and for the increasing number of texts with an anti-utopian character.
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Cai, Yi, Jason Moore, and Yuan-Shin Lee. "Intricate Geometric Design and Manufacturing on Vibration-Assisted Needles for Medical Applications." In ASME 2016 11th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2016-8743.

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This paper presents a unique design of solid surgical needle featured by its 4-plane bevel tip and shaft slots with the aim to further explore the potential of vibratory needle insertion for medical applications. The design philosophy of the needle was introduced. To overcome the challenging issues faced in fabricating the designed needles, a non-traditional manufacturing process using electric discharging machining (EDM) for the tip and slots is presented. Two important parameters for needle cutting edges, the inclination angle and the included angle, were derived from the two fabrication variables of the bevel angle and the interval angle. Needle prototypes of the proposed design were fabricated with different geometries, and they are used to conduct several different experiments. In the first experiment, the needles were inserted into tissue phantom, and the friction slope was chosen as the performance criterion. In the second experiment, the testing medium was skin-mimicking polyurethane sheet, and the puncture force and depth were used to evaluate the performance. In both experiments, different vibration conditions of frequency-amplitude combinations (250Hz-5μm, 250Hz-50μm and 1500Hz-5μm) were applied in terms of frequency and amplitude. The preliminary results showed both weakness and potentials of the proposed design, and indicated the necessity for more experiments. Experiments and results to validate the presented method are also presented. The design and manufacturing techniques presented in this paper can be used for the design and development of surgical needles and cutters for engineering and medical applications.
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Amendola, Gianluca, Ignazio Dimino, Antonio Concilio, Rosario Pecora, and Francesco Amoroso. "Exploitation of Adaptive Trailing Edge Architectures to Small Aircraft." In ASME 2017 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2017-3889.

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Airfoil camber adaptation may be the key for the performance improvement of wings for many specific applications, including shorter take-off distance, compensation of weight variation and so on. Following the successful experiences gained in SARISTU, where an adaptive trailing edge device was developed for medium to large size commercial aircraft, the authors propose to exploit the developed architecture to a small aircraft wing. The basic reasons behind that mainly rely on the associated possibility to access easier implementation onto a real aircraft instead of referring to wing segments for wind tunnel or ground tests. In this way, many operative problems are faced, that would be otherwise neglected in usual lab experimentation. First of all, the integration of the proposed device onto a flying machine, that in turn pose the problem of facing the interface with the existing systems. Secondly, the necessity of including the device into the flap while fully preserving its current functionality. Furthermore, the necessity of developing a robust design process that allows having the release of the permit-to-fly. Each of the above steps, non-exhaustive in illustrating the difficulty of the addressed challenge, is structured in many other sub-segments, ranging from a suitable FHA analysis to a full re-design of the existing high lift systems or the adaptation of the architecture of the reference morphing trailing edge itself. This last item poses the classical challenge of the scaling issues, requiring the structural and the actuation subsystems to entirely fit into the new geometry. The objective of the present research is then to verify the feasibility of applying a certain architectural morphing philosophy onto a real aircraft, taking into account all the operational difficulties related to such an operation. This paper reports the activities related to the exploitation of the reference adaptive structural architecture, to the geometry of a flap of a small aircraft. In detail, the system layout is presented, followed by a FE analysis of the structural system under the operational loads and an estimation of the weight penalty associated to this transformation. Interfaces of the flap system with the main aircraft body are considered as constraints to the design development, so that the only flap is affected.
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Hamah Saeed, Tahseen. "Assumptions and legal and political intellectual principles of positive discrimination of women and their application to the laws in force in the Kurdistan region." In REFORM AND POLITICAL CHANGE. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdiconfrpc.pp149-170.

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"This research enters into the field of philosophy of law. He investigated it about the positive differentiation of women in legal thought. After defining the assumptions of the concept, such as the necessity to distinguish between formal equality, and real equality, because positive differentiation is a privilege given to the disadvantaged as if it appears to create inequality, and it is formed until it compensates them with the forbidden, which was practiced before and is now practiced. And that positive differentiation is not only concerned with women but also with all other disadvantaged groups, such as minorities, children and the elderly, even if the female component is more visible. So it entered into the global legislative policy, whether in international law or in national law, so would hold international agreements, hold conferences and establish international organizations for that. Positive differentiation is considered a subsidiary legal principle and complementary to the principle of equality and fairness, and for this existence is related to the existence of that principle, and it is known that the principle are not often written in legislation, but the legislator must take them into account when setting legal rules. Positive the positive differentiation as a legal principle that is observed in global legislation, and the legislator in the Kurdistan region of Iraq tried to observe the principle at a time when the federal legislator did not pay much attention to the principle, and this legislative policy in the region is more in line with the global legislative policy, and this is why the Kurdistan legislator tried to repeal or amend federal law Or legislate new laws in implementation of the principle that fall within its powers, so the anti-family violence law is a perfect example of this, which has no parallel in Iraq so far."
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Macdonald, Kenneth A., and Craig Russell. "Design and Welding Challenges in the Infield Flowlines of the Encana Deep Panuke Development." In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31626.

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Designing and constructing subsea flowlines to address the implications of aggressive hydrocarbon well fluids — and selecting suitably corrosion-resistant materials for such applications — typically proves challenging and often leads to the specification of clad, lined, or solid corrosion resistant alloy (CRA) linepipe materials. Design and construction guidance for such flowline systems is presently not comprehensive in offshore pipeline standards, even for cases where the thickness of the CRA layer is ignored in the structural design. Acergy are designing, procuring and installing a series of technically challenging infield flowlines within the Encana Deep Panuke gas prospect located off the coast of Sable Island, Nova Scotia. Presently being developed, first gas from the Deep Panuke field is scheduled for the third quarter of 2010 following the tie-in of the infield flowlines to their respective subsea production wellheads. These flowlines are to be installed using the Acergy Falcon, a vessel which has an installation system based on a variable angle J-lay principle and plastic deformation of the pipe. The four 8in production flowlines are clad linepipe comprising a 12.5 mm WT grade 415 (X60) carbon steel substrate with an internal 2.5mm Incoloy Alloy 825 clad layer that is metallurgically bonded to the mother pipe. The single 3in acid gas flowline is solid Inconel Alloy 625. The nominal level of installation plastic strain for the project ranges up to 1.675% in the case of the 8in line. Both lines will be welded by manual GTAW using Inconel 686 filler material. The pipelines are designed and fabricated in accordance with DNV OS-F101 supplemented by new guidance emerging from a DNV joint industry project on clad and lined materials. Metallurgically clad and mechanically bonded (lined) products present a mixture of common and unique challenges when designing and welding flowlines. The existing production limits for pipe dimensions in clad material have for some time now existed on the very cusp of design requirements, especially when using only the thickness of the steel substrate to resist the design loads. Indeed, recently the design demands of some projects have clashed with the available linepipe geometry and the mechanical properties of the clad layer material have of necessity been taken account of in the structural design. The dominant offshore design code, DNV OS-F101, is presently unable to offer specific guidance for including the clad layer and it is only in 2009 that joint industry research has established a viable design methodology for pressure containment wall thickness design which includes the strength effect of the clad layer. In addition to discussing the Deep Panuke design challenges and the welding philosophy for clad pipe, this paper also draws on approaches to welding and NDT successfully taken for the Statoil Tyrihans project in Norway, which used lined pipe material. The general welding philosophy adopted accommodates the continued inability of AUT systems to reliably inspect CRA weldments without false indications from normal metallurgical weld features. A proven approach is taken using intermediate inspection of the root and hot pass using real-time radiography (RTR); effecting any repairs needed; and then re-inspecting the weld upon fill and completion using RTR again. The importance of — and difficulty in — achieving adequate weld metal yield strength in CRA weldments is also discussed.
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Schiffmann, J. "Integrated Design and Multi-Objective Optimization of a Single Stage Heat-Pump Turbocompressor." In ASME 2013 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2013-12180.

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Small scale turbomachines in domestic heat pumps reach high efficiency and provide oil-free solutions which improve heat-exchanger performance and offer major advantages in the design of advanced thermodynamic cycles. An appropriate turbocompressor for domestic air based heat pumps requires the ability to operate on a wide range of inlet pressure, pressure ratios and mass flows, confronting the designer with the necessity to compromise between range and efficiency. Further the design of small-scale direct driven turbomachines is a complex and interdisciplinary task. Textbook design procedures propose to split such systems into subcomponents and to design and optimize each element individually. This common procedure, however, tends to neglect the interactions between the different components leading to suboptimal solutions. The authors propose an approach based on the integrated philosophy for designing and optimizing gas bearing supported, direct driven turbocompressors for applications with challenging requirements with regards to operation range and efficiency. Using previously validated reduced order models for the different components an integrated model of the compressor is implemented and the optimum system found via multi-objective optimization. It is shown that compared to standard design procedure the integrated approach yields an increase of the seasonal compressor efficiency of more than 12 points. Further a design optimization based sensitivity analysis allows to investigate the influence of design constraints determined prior to optimization such as impeller surface roughness, rotor material and impeller force. A relaxation of these constrains yields additional room for improvement. Reduced impeller force improves efficiency due to a smaller thrust bearing mainly, whereas a lighter rotor material improves rotordynamic performance. A hydraulically smoother impeller surface improves the overall efficiency considerably by reducing aerodynamic losses. A combination of the relaxation of the 3 design constraints yields an additional improvement of 6 points compared to the original optimization process. The integrated design and optimization procedure implemented in the case of a complex design problem thus clearly shows its advantages compared to traditional design methods by allowing a truly exhaustive search for optimum solutions throughout the complete design space. It can be used for both design optimization and for design analysis.
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Rakshit, Sushanta Mohan, Michael Hempel, and Hamid Sharif. "A Modular Energy Model for the Low Power Radio Domain in Linear-Topology Hybrid Technology Networking." In 2017 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2017-2299.

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The North American Freight Railroad industry has been exploring ways in which on-board real time or near real-time monitoring of important railcar components and cargo can be accomplished. This approach alleviates the danger from fast occurring catastrophic events like bearing failure, which is not always possible using the traditional wayside monitoring techniques. The use of Wireless Sensor Networks is a viable candidate technology that is being explored for this application. However, popular communication protocols based on IEEE 802.15.4 have been evaluated by the railroad industry and our lab, and were found to perform unacceptably for this application domain, among other reasons, as a consequence of the long linear chain-like network topology of a sensor network deployment on a train. Hybrid Technology Networking (HTN) protocol has been designed to address these issues. HTN structures the network as a communication hierarchy using multiple different network technologies. It allows small clusters to communicate internally using IEEE 802.15.4 and utilizes IEEE 802.11 as the inter-cluster transport method for data delivery over multiple hops to the locomotive. It aims to maximize the benefits afforded by each technology. Energy is a scarce resource in such networks and hence modeling it for energy analysis and optimization is vital. A model that accurately predicts the energy consumption of a particular network deployment is therefore of utmost necessity. However, most modelling efforts concentrate on network deployments utilizing only a single type of communication protocol and the structure of such deployments are often mesh-like. Also the existing modelling approaches tend to model the entire network as a single phenomenon, which is often not the case in network deployments such as those in the freight railroad scenario. It is also expensive to commission large network deployments to evaluate energy consumption profiles. The problem is compounded when this process has to be repeated for several different communication protocols and channel conditions. The task will be made economically viable and massively scalable with the use of a modular energy model. The philosophy behind our approach is to model the important and contributing constituents of the protocol within each node and also external to the node and then utilize inter-dependencies to connect the individual models. This work is the first step towards a modular energy model for the Hybrid Technology Network, and is also applicable to many other networking approaches. In this work we propose a model design that is capable of predicting the network behavior of nodes in a linear chain-like topology utilizing the ContikiMAC duty cycling protocol for multi-hop communication with the sink node. We have used channel emulation to test hardware nodes in a chain-like topology to validate the model predictions, and present our findings in this paper.
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