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1
Back, Alexander, and William Keith. "Valuation of Contingent Convertible Bonds." Thesis, KTH, Matematisk statistik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-188984.
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Contingent convertible bonds are hybrid capital instruments, contingent on some form of indicator of financial distress of the issuing bank. Following the financial crisis, these instruments are proposed as a solution to the moral hazard issue of banks too big to fail. With the increased capital requirements of the Basel III directive, contingent capital enables banks to increase their capitalization without issuing expensive equity. Also, in times of historically low interest rates, these instruments might be interesting for investors in search of higher yields, as well as long term investors wanting to implement countercyclical investment strategies. However, due to the high complexity of these instruments, valuation has proven diffcult. The purpose of this thesis is to value instruments contingent on the bank's common equity tier 1 to risk-weighted assets ratio. We build our model upon the work of Glasserman & Nouri (2012), and extend it to include contingency on risk-weighted assets, instant non-continuous conversion to equity, and a combination of fixed imposed loss and fixed conversion price as terms of conversion. We use a capital structure model in continuous time to define asset dynamics, asset claims and the event of conversion and liquidation of the bank. Thereafter we use two important results from Glasserman & Nouri (2012) to value the discounted cash flows to holders of debt and contingent debt. From this, we arrive at closed form solutions for the coupon rates of these securities.<br>Contingent convertible bonds (villkoradeobligationer) är hybrida kapitalinstrument som beror på någon form av indikator på finansiell instabilitet i den emitterande banken. Efter finanskrisen har dessa finansiella produkter föreslagits som en lösning på dilemmat som uppstår när banker är för stora för att låtas gå omkull. Villkorade obligationer är en väg för banker att ta in kapital och uppfylla de ökade kapitalkrav som ställs av direktiven i Basel III utan att emittera kostsamt aktiekapital. I dessa tider av historiskt låga räntesatser är den relativt höga avkastning, tillsammans med de kontracykliska effekter produkterna ger dessutom intressanta för många investerare. Att värdera dessa produkter har dock visat sig svårt då de är mycket komplexa. Syftet med denna uppsats är att värdera villkorade obligationer som beror på relationen mellan bankens kärnprimärkapital och riskviktade tillgångar. Vi använder omvandling till aktiekapital som förlustabsorberingsmekanism och använder en kombination av fixerade konverteringspris och fixerade ålagda förluster som villkor för konversion. Vi använder en kapitalstrukturell modell i kontinuerlig tid för att definiera tillgångarnas rörelser, fordringar på tillgångarna och händelsen av konversion av kontraktet eller likvideringen av banken. Därefter använder vi två viktiga resultat från Glasserman & Nouri (2012) för att värdera de diskonterade kassaflöden till ägaren av obligationer och villkorade obligationer. Från detta hittar vi analytiska lösningar för storleken av kupongräntorna på obligationerna, villkorade som normala.
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Baarsma, Barbara Elisabeth. "Monetary valuation of environmental goods alternatives to contingent valuation /." [Amsterdam : Amsterdam : Thela Thesis] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2000. http://dare.uva.nl/document/83364.
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Liu, Chih-Chen. "Three essays on contingent valuation method." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2008.
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Schläpfer, Felix. "The contingent valuation of public goods revisited /." Zürich, 2007. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?sys=000253366.
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Vadnjal, Dan. "Environmental conflict, contingent valuation and porperty rights." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363870.
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Zanetta, Mar?ia Cecilia. "Essays in contingent valuation of urban services /." The Ohio State University, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487842372896167.
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Hudson, Sara P. "Using contingent valuation data to simulate referendums." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-03302010-020112/.
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Frykblom, Peter. "Questions in the contingent valuation method : five essays /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 1998. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/1998/91-576-5511-1.gif.
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Wilson, Benjamin John Morley. "Eliciting preservation values using the contingent valuation method /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1993. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09EC/09ecw7462.pdf.
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Yin, Wen Xun. "Credit contingent claims valuation under imperfect market conditions." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.271663.
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Foster, Alec. "A Contingent Valuation of Tampa’s Urban Forest Resource." Scholar Commons, 2010. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3551.
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Urban forests provide environmental, social, and economic benefits to urban residents. These benefits are often overlooked when making spatial and financial distributive decisions in urban areas. The City of Tampa has demonstrated interest in its urban forest resource and estimated its extent and some of the benefits provided. Estimating economic values for benefits that have not been quantified can help to ensure that resources are distributed more efficiently. Five methods to estimate urban forest benefits in the City of Tampa are reviewed, with contingent valuation being the method chosen out of this review process. A mailed, dichotomous choice contingent valuation survey was executed with two points of contact, yielding 107 responses for a 21.4 percent response rate. Despite positively rating the City’s urban forest, the majority of respondents (62.6 percent) were willing to pay for it to increase. The Turnbull distribution-free estimator was used to estimate a lower bound of $3.23 for willingness to pay to increase Tampa’s urban forest resource by 250,000 trees. Willingness to pay was positively associated with income and education. The survey responses also yielded important attitudinal and behavioral information that can help local decision makers increase the efficiency of urban forest distribution, maintenance, and promotion.
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Roschewitz, Annette. "Der monetäre Wert der Kulturlandschaft : eine Contingent Valuation Studie /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1998. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=12935.
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Svedsater, Henrik. "On the validity of contingent valuation : a psychological perspective." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2001. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2264/.
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This thesis addresses the validity of the Contingent Valuation (CV) methodology. Unlike conventional economic approaches, this is based on stated preferences in hypothetical market scenarios and is used in attempts to estimate economic benefits of non-marketed public goods, most notably natural resources. However, the methodology is not without controversy and many researchers question people's ability to provide valid economic values for environmental amenities in these contexts. The present research applies a psychological perspective to this area, and hence adopts a different approach than mainstream work in the field that has traditionally been more concerned with methodological procedures and how well data fit with economic theory. The first section presents the rationale of the CV methodology and reviews a number of conceptual problems and empirical anomalies that have been demonstrated across studies and contexts. It sets these within a theoretical framework that, it is envisaged, will contribute to our understanding of people's responses to CV questions. In the empirical section a number of hypotheses derived from this theorising are tested. The results indicate that statements of economic value, particularly for complex amenities, are unresponsive to the magnitude or importance of the resource being valued. Some people also tend to provide, often seemingly 'reasonable' responses, irrespective of their ambivalence toward the valuation procedure. It is further demonstrated that there is a high degree of uncertainty involved in reported economic value, indicating that CV responses are quite imprecise representations of underlying preferences. Finally, hypothetical willingness to pay are shown to be a poor indicator of real economic commitments, resulting partly from the self-image people strive to achieve in these contexts, particularly when choices appear inconsequential. The major conclusions of the thesis are that responses in CV studies to a large extent are motivated by expressive rather than instrumental considerations, that respondents' interpretations of the valuation task do not always correspond with the intention by the researcher, and that situational and contextual factors have important implications for the assessment of environmental benefits.
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Escobar, Colette M. "Contingent Valuation of Early Intervention Programs for Handicapped Children." DigitalCommons@USU, 1986. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4100.
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Early intervention programs for handicapped preschool children may have long-term implications for the children and their families. Economic eva luations of these programs have been conducted to measure costs and bene fit s, but parental wi l lingness-to-pay has been overlooked in these analyses. Parental willingness-to-pay, as a measure of consumer surplus, could complete the measure of benefits and provide both policymakers and practitioners with useful information for decisionmaking. In this study, the impli cations of eliciting willingness-to-pay responses for an early intervention program for handicapped preschoolers are discussed. A survey technique, known as the contingent valuation method (CVM) , is applied to program to empirically estimate wil lin gness-to-pay for the total program and for particular components of the program. Also investigated are the implications of using a rationality test in the survey to determine if consumer responses are in accordance with assumptions for rational consumer behavior. Results indicate relatively high willingness-to-pay for the program as whole, but low value is associated with program components. This implies that parents may value these programs more for the respite rather than specialized services offered. Results of the rationality test support the hypothesis that such a measure is necessary in survey designs of this nature.
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Clouston, Elizabeth M. "Linking the ecological and economic values of wetlands a case study of the wetlands of Moreton Bay /." Connect to this title online, 2002. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20030828.140330/.
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Dong, Yanyan. "Contingent valuation of Yangtze finless porpoises in Poyang Lake, China." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-64715.
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Yangtze finless porpoises (YFPs) are the only fresh-water adapted porpoises in the world and they are
endemic to Yangtze River system, including Poyang Lake. They are threatened by many factors, such
as illegal fishing and overfishing, sand dredging, intensive shipping traffic, and pollution from
agriculture and industry. Consequently, their population is decreasing at a great rate and they are listed
as an endangered rare species on the red list of the International Union for Conservation of Nature
(IUCN) since 1996. Moreover, a hydroelectricity project in Poyang Lake is in planning by the state of
Jiangxi province, which will generate further serious threats to YFPs by cutting off their migration
route and fragmenting their habitat. Therefore, it is very urgent to take some protection measures for
YFPs.
A special nature reserve is one possibility to protect YFPs, such as a nature reserve area, which is
located in Poyang Lake. In order to find out whether a nature reserve is worthwhile, an economic
analysis valuing the benefit of YFPs has been conducted. An appropriate method, the contingent
valuation approach, has been chosen. The overall aim of such a contingent valuation study is to
estimate the total benefits of YFPs by asking individuals’ willingness to pay for the porpoise
conservation project. Because many people are unfamiliar with YFPs and the species’ total values
consist of mainly non-use values, preference construction and estimating a demand function is a
complex task. Therefore, the valuation workshop method, a group-based approach, which can make
respondents motivated and well-informed so that they thoroughly consider the questions, provides a
realistic decision-making environment. This method was selected to help respondents construct their
preference.
Within this study, a series of such valuation workshops were successfully organized and data and
information were collected. The findings of the study have both methodological and policy-related
implications. From the perspective of methodology, the important findings include:
1) Valid response rates are high enough to support further analysis and large mean WTP for
porpoise conservation are obtained. Therefore, it can be concluded that the valuation workshop
method as has been chosen in this study, is suitable for valuing porpoise conservation. The
valuation workshop method can make people well informed about environmental goods and
services, such as rare species, so that they can build their preference about them, which is quite a
complex task for many individuals.
IV
2) Distance effects are verified to fail to work on willingness to pay (WTP) for porpoise
conservation, which is mostly driven by non-use values. Therefore, distance need not be included in
the aggregation analysis of total benefits of YFPs. Similarly, the market for conservation of YFPs
can be defined as the nation of China. And the sampling frame of such an evaluation of a rare
species can be all the Chinese population.
3) Income effects are confirmed to be significantly influential for both Chinese respondents and
German respondents. Hence, the aggregation of total values of YFPs should consider about
individuals’ income levels and their ability to pay (ATP). It is inferred from the fact of smaller mean
WTP in China as compared with Germany that some low-income respondents’ WTP bids are
possibly distorted by their ATP, which needs further confirmation in follow-up research.
In addition, there are also some policy-related implications, which are closely related with the
mentioned methodological aspect:
The total economic values of porpoise conservation are predicted to be appreciably huge. Definitely,
their total benefits should be taken into account by politicians and decision-makers. This study
makes explicit people’s attitudes and preference on the trade-off between economic growth and
ecological use. The establishment of a special nature reserve for YFPs is still an open question.
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Pelz, Sonna [Verfasser], and Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] Ahlheim. "Contingent valuation and money attitudes / Sonna Pelz. Betreuer: Michael Ahlheim." Hohenheim : Kommunikations-, Informations- und Medienzentrum der Universität Hohenheim, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1080558535/34.
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Raybould, Michael, and n/a. "Attitudes and Information Effects in Contingent Valuation of Natural Resources." Griffith University. Australian School of Environmental Studies, 2006. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20061009.150949.
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This thesis investigated the effects of photographic and text information on respondents' attitudes and willingness-to-pay for a proposed beach protection scheme in the erosion prone Gold Coast region on the east coast of Australia. The research developed two alternative expectancy-value attitude-behaviour models to test residents' attitudes toward relevant targets and behavioural intention, expressed through stated willingness-to-pay, and compared the proposed models with one established attitude-behaviour model. The thesis set out to investigate three central research questions; one question relating to the effects of information on attitudes and willingness-to-pay, and two questions relating to the relationships between attitudes and willingness-to-pay. It was hypothesised that photographs that depicted severe erosion damage would result in more positive attitudes toward, and greater willingness-to-pay for, beach protection than photographs that showed only mild levels of erosion damage. Positive relationships were hypothesised between variables representing attitudes toward beach erosion, attitude toward beach protection, attitude toward paying for beach protection, and willingness-to-pay. Finally, it was hypothesised that the relationships between attitudes and willingness-to-pay could be adequately explained by the proposed attitude-behaviour models. The thesis describes how seven information treatments and eight attitude measurement scales were developed and tested in a pilot experiment before use in a survey of homeowners in the region of interest. Analysis of variance showed that, while respondent's attitude toward beach protection was affected by the information treatments, their willingness-to-pay for the proposed program was insensitive to information. There were no significant effects that could be attributed exclusively to text descriptions of the good but there were significant effects that could be attributed to photographic information treatments. However, none of the effects on attitudes resulted in significant effects on the behavioural intention expressed in stated willingness-to-pay. Analysis of respondents with low previous knowledge of the proposed good revealed more extensive information effects on attitudes, but still not on willingness-to-pay, and this suggests that high levels of previous knowledge in a large proportion of the sample had a moderating effect on attitude change caused by the information treatments. Regression analysis showed that seven of the eight attitude and behaviour variables in the proposed attitude-behaviour model were significant predictors of willingness-to-pay. In the final phase of the analysis, goodness-of-fit indices, estimated using Structural Equation Modelling, indicated a good fit between the data and the attitude-behaviour models tested. Standardised coefficients on the model indicated that perceived behavioural control, expected utility of outcomes, and subjective norms all had strong direct relationships with stated willingness-to-pay, and strong indirect relationships on willingness-to-pay via attitudes toward payment. These results are consistent with the relationships proposed in attitude-behaviour models and the moderating effects of these variables explain why significant information treatment effects were observed on attitude to beach protection but not on willingness-to-pay. This research showed that respondent's willingness-to-pay in a contingent valuation experiment is quite insensitive to photographic treatments when previous knowledge is high and that costly and time consuming testing procedures, recommended by authorities, may not be necessary under these conditions. It also demonstrated that measures of attitude, consistent with an attitude-behaviour model, can be collected easily in a contingent valuation study and can contribute to understanding of participant responses and to identification of protest responses.
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Pruse, Baiba. "The economic importance of wild salmon - applying contingent valuation method." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-260081.
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Wild salmon face an alarming decline in numbers around the globe due to various reasons from which a great part serves the decrease of water quality and habitat destruction. Keeping in mind the benefits associated with wild salmon new measures and forms of social involvement are urgent before it becomes impossible to safeguard the species of interest. Followed by the international recommendations this study supported the use of a bottom-up working approach taking into account public opinion. A socio-economic field study was conducted regarding the values associated with wild salmon followed by the examples of several case studies obtained in Europe and overseas. The study used a contingent valuation method in order to draw the attitudes and the willingness to pay for the re-introduction of wild salmon in the River Ogre, Latvia. The study included analyses of different opinions towards the values of wild salmon. Two distinct respondent groups i.e. anglers/fisherman and non-anglers/fisherman living within the municipality of Ogre, Latvia were included in the sample reaching a response rate of 56 per cent. The average estimate as a single payment in 2015 of the willingness to pay reached a value of around 27±9, 95%, CI EUR/household/this year excluding zero and protest bids where the value lowered to 12±4, 95% CI EUR/household/this year when zero bids were included. The Welch Two sample t-test indicated that respondents under certain social categories such as fishermen/angler, men, respondents with family members fishing/angling and environmentally aware respondents were willing to pay more. Besides providing estimates on the willingness to pay, the study revealed that also non-fishermen/anglers gave a high importance of the values associated with wild salmon. A great deal of respondents ranked the benefits driven by non-use and non-consumptive values of wild salmon as “important” or “very important”. The outcome of the study has provided one of the first insights of the importance of wild salmon held by Latvian citizens. It is up to the public and researchers to be heard by the decision makers.
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Smith, Richard David. "The contingent valuation of healthcare benefits : methodological issues and development." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.439830.
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Raybould, Michael. "Attitudes and Information Effects in Contingent Valuation of Natural Resources." Thesis, Griffith University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367928.
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This thesis investigated the effects of photographic and text information on respondents' attitudes and willingness-to-pay for a proposed beach protection scheme in the erosion prone Gold Coast region on the east coast of Australia. The research developed two alternative expectancy-value attitude-behaviour models to test residents' attitudes toward relevant targets and behavioural intention, expressed through stated willingness-to-pay, and compared the proposed models with one established attitude-behaviour model. The thesis set out to investigate three central research questions; one question relating to the effects of information on attitudes and willingness-to-pay, and two questions relating to the relationships between attitudes and willingness-to-pay. It was hypothesised that photographs that depicted severe erosion damage would result in more positive attitudes toward, and greater willingness-to-pay for, beach protection than photographs that showed only mild levels of erosion damage. Positive relationships were hypothesised between variables representing attitudes toward beach erosion, attitude toward beach protection, attitude toward paying for beach protection, and willingness-to-pay. Finally, it was hypothesised that the relationships between attitudes and willingness-to-pay could be adequately explained by the proposed attitude-behaviour models. The thesis describes how seven information treatments and eight attitude measurement scales were developed and tested in a pilot experiment before use in a survey of homeowners in the region of interest. Analysis of variance showed that, while respondent's attitude toward beach protection was affected by the information treatments, their willingness-to-pay for the proposed program was insensitive to information. There were no significant effects that could be attributed exclusively to text descriptions of the good but there were significant effects that could be attributed to photographic information treatments. However, none of the effects on attitudes resulted in significant effects on the behavioural intention expressed in stated willingness-to-pay. Analysis of respondents with low previous knowledge of the proposed good revealed more extensive information effects on attitudes, but still not on willingness-to-pay, and this suggests that high levels of previous knowledge in a large proportion of the sample had a moderating effect on attitude change caused by the information treatments. Regression analysis showed that seven of the eight attitude and behaviour variables in the proposed attitude-behaviour model were significant predictors of willingness-to-pay. In the final phase of the analysis, goodness-of-fit indices, estimated using Structural Equation Modelling, indicated a good fit between the data and the attitude-behaviour models tested. Standardised coefficients on the model indicated that perceived behavioural control, expected utility of outcomes, and subjective norms all had strong direct relationships with stated willingness-to-pay, and strong indirect relationships on willingness-to-pay via attitudes toward payment. These results are consistent with the relationships proposed in attitude-behaviour models and the moderating effects of these variables explain why significant information treatment effects were observed on attitude to beach protection but not on willingness-to-pay. This research showed that respondent's willingness-to-pay in a contingent valuation experiment is quite insensitive to photographic treatments when previous knowledge is high and that costly and time consuming testing procedures, recommended by authorities, may not be necessary under these conditions. It also demonstrated that measures of attitude, consistent with an attitude-behaviour model, can be collected easily in a contingent valuation study and can contribute to understanding of participant responses and to identification of protest responses.<br>Thesis (PhD Doctorate)<br>Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)<br>Australian School of Environmental Studies<br>Full Text
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Heinke, Antonia [Verfasser]. "The Role of Incentives in Contingent Valuation Surveys / Antonia Heinke." Aachen : Shaker, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1051574226/34.
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Vargas, Perez Andres Mauricio. "Deliberative Monetary Valuation Methods for Decision Making: Background Inequalities, Communicative Capacity and Internal Exclusion." Thesis, Griffith University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366855.
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Deliberative Monetary Valuation (DMV) aims to make the process of environmental decision making more democratic than conventional economic methods of monetary valuation. This research assesses the limitations of DMV, in particular, the difficulty it has in allowing for the background social/cultural inequalities of participants and the differences in their communicative competence. The PhD makes an original contribution to the understanding of the conditions under which DMV can meet its democratic promise by taking a capability-based approach to address these limitations. The research involved a deliberative forum and a survey relating to a forest conservation issue in rural Colombia.<br>Thesis (PhD Doctorate)<br>Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)<br>Griffith School of Environment<br>Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology<br>Full Text
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Payre, Camille. "Influence of context in contingent valuation : application to the monetary valuation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01E051/document.
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Le recours de plus en plus fréquent à l’évaluation monétaire des impacts sanitaires permet de les intégrer aux processus de décision, souvent fondés sur des critères essentiellement économiques, et de prendre en compte les préférences des personnes concernées. Il conduit à s’interroger sur la fiabilité des méthodes et sur leur adaptation au contexte de la décision. Ce travail se propose de déterminer la robustesse des valeurs monétaires des impacts sanitaires estimées par évaluation contingente en traitant de la question suivante : la cause de l’impact sanitaire influence son évaluation ? La théorie économique précise d’une part que l’évaluation d’un impact sanitaire ne devrait dépendre que de ses caractéristiques et non de ses causes, et d’autre part, qu’il faut fournir l’ensemble des informations nécessaires à l’évaluation. En pratique, les évaluations contingentes énoncent parfois des causes, avec des résultats variables. Une évaluation contingente a été conduite pour analyser l’influence des causes de la bronchite pulmonaire chronique obstructive sur son évaluation, en comparant quatre versions du questionnaire : la cause n'est pas citée ; la cause est principalement imputable au tabac et à la pollution de l’air ; la cause n'est que la pollution de l’air ; ou que le tabac. Les résultats montrent que la mention des causes possibles et crédibles augmente l’acceptabilité du questionnaire. Lors de la détermination du consentement à payer, les divers contextes ont moins d’influence que les caractéristiques des personnes interrogées, en particulier leur santé et l’environnement (alimentation saine, activité physique, pollution du lieu de vie). Par conséquent, fournir des informations sur les causes de l’impact sanitaire évalué permettrait d’améliorer la fiabilité de l’évaluation. Il faut noter que les incertitudes restent importantes, notamment parce que l’exercice reste inusité en France où la Sécurité Sociale couvre en grande partie les dépenses de santé<br>Monetary valuation of health impacts is increasingly used to support decision process, often relying mainly on economic criteria, and to take into account preferences of concerned people. This use leads to questioning the reliability of the methods and their adaptation to the context of decisions support. This work aims at determining the robustness of monetary values of health impacts estimated by contingent valuation via the following question: does the cause of the assessed health impact influence its monetary value? Economic theory outlines that, on the one hand monetary value of an health impact should depend on its characteristics only and not on its causes, on the other hand all information useful to the valuation should be provided. In practice, contingent valuations sometimes state the causes, with inconsistent results. A contingent valuation was conducted to analyze the effect of cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, with four versions of the questionnaire: the cause is not indicated, the causes are said to be mainly smoking and air pollution, the cause is said to be air pollution only, and smoking only. Results show that stipulating the possible causes increases the acceptability of the questionnaire. The willingness to pay depends less on the causes but more on the personal characteristics of the respondents, especially their health and environment (healthy diet, sport practice, pollution in living area). To conclude, providing information about the causes of the valued health impact would increase the reliability of the assessment. Uncertainties remain high in particular as this valuation stays unusual in France where the National Health Service covers most of health expenses
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Wynne-Jones, Catherine. "The valuation of Intaka Island : a comparison of the contingent valuation method and hedonic pricing analysis." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10846.
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Includes bibliographical references (p. 47-48).<br>There are an increasing number of techniques used in the valuation of environmental services. Contingent valuation is the most frequently used stated preference technique, while hedonic pricing analysis is an alternative revealed preference technique employed for the determination of the value attached to a public good. This paper uses both techniques to study the utility generated by Intaka Island, a 16-hectare nature area situated in a rapidly developing area of Cape Town.
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Ekvall, Niklas. "Studies in complex financial instruments and their valuation." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Economic Research Institute, Stockholm School of Economics [Ekonomiska forskningsinstitutet vid Handelshögsk.] (EFI), 1993. http://www.hhs.se/efi/summary/358.htm.
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Ntshingila, Sincengile Nokubonga. "Domestic water uses and value in Swaziland a contingent valuation approach /." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02192007-171458.
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Thesis (M. Sc.(Agric))(Agricultural Economics)--University of Pretoria, 2006.<br>Includes summary. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 81-95). Available on the Internet via the World Wide Web.
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Kriström, Bengt. "Valuing environmental benefits using the contingent valuation method : an econometric analysis." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi, 1990. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-90578.
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The purpose of this study is to investigate methods for assessing the value people place on preserving our natural environments and resources. It focuses on the contingent valuation method, which is a method for directly asking people about their preferences. In particular, the study focuses on the use of discrete response data in contingent valuation experiments.The first part of the study explores the economic theory of the total value of a natural resource, where the principal components of total value are analyzed; use values and non-use values. Our application is a study of the value Swedes' attach to the preservation of eleven forest areas that contain high recreational values and contain unique environmental qualities. Six forests were selected on the basis of an official investigation which includes virgin forests and other areas with unique environmental qualities. In addition, five virgin forests were selected.Two types of valuation questions are analyzed, the continuous and the discrete. The first type of question asks directly about willingness to pay, while the second type suggests a price that the respondent may reject or accept. The results of the continuous question suggest an average willingness to pay of about 1,000 SEK per household for preservation of the areas. Further analysis of the data suggests that this value depends on severi characteristics of the respondent: such as the respondent's income and whether or not the respondent is an altruist.Two econometric approaches are used to analyze the discrete responses; a flexible parametric approach and a non-parametric approach. In addition, a Bayesian approach is described. It is shown that the results of a contingent valuation experiment may depend to some extent on the choice of the probability model. A re-sampling approach and a Monte-Carlo approach is used to shed light on the design of a contingent valuation experiment with discrete responses. The econometric analysis ends with an analysis of the often observed disparity between discrete and continuous valuation questions.A cost-benefit analysis is performed in the final chapter. The purpose of this analysis is to illustrate how the contingent valuation approach may be combined with opportunity cost data to improve the decision-basis in the environmental policy domain. This analysis does not give strong support for a cutting alternative. Finally, the results of this investigation are compared with evidence from other studies.The main conclusion of this study is that assessment of peoples' sentiments towards changes of our natural environments and resources can be a useful supplement to decisions about the proper husbandry of our natural environments and resources. It also highlights the importance of careful statistical analysis of data gained from contingent valuation experiments.<br>digitalisering@umu
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Kanya, Gladys Lucy Wanjiru. "Investigating the criterion validity of contingent valuation-willingness to pay methods." Thesis, Brunel University, 2018. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/17210.
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With theoretical foundations in welfare theory, the cost benefit analysis (CBA) technique is a powerful tool for assessing benefits particularly where markets do not exist or would fail (for example due to the existence of public goods) or have become potentially politically excluded (such as the health sector). Unlike other economic evaluation techniques, costs and benefits are measured in monetary terms allowing for comparisons within and between different sectors of the economy for resource allocation decisions. Using contingent valuation (CV) techniques, people's preferences for goods are determined by finding out what they would be willing to pay (WTP) for specified benefits or improvements; or accept (WTA), as compensation for withdrawal or loss of benefit. While the use of WTP methods has grown in other sectors, the uptake in health has been limited. A long-standing criticism is that stated WTP estimates may be poor indicators of actual WTP, calling into question their validity and the use of such estimates for welfare valuation. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the criterion validity of CV-WTP studies. A four-pronged approach including critical appraisals of the available literature and evidence on criterion validity and empirical analyses was adopted. The thesis established the scarcity in criterion validity assessments, particularly in the health sector and that evidence on the criterion validity of CV-WTP is more varied than authors are presenting. The variety in the methods used to assess and report criterion validity assessments is demonstrated. Further, the impact of the analysis of hypothetical WTP on criterion validity assessments and conclusions thereof is demonstrated. The empirical analyses further demonstrate the differences in predictions and predictors of WTP analyses, discussing the effect of these on criterion validity assessments and conclusions. Finally, the thesis offers suggestions for the reporting of criterion validity assessments, in efforts to improve the method.
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Paulrud, Anton. "Economic valuation of sport-fishing in Sweden : empirical findings and methodological developments /." Umeå̊̊ : Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2004. http://diss-epsilon.slu.se/archive/00000604/.
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Thesis (doctoral)--Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2004.<br>Includes five papers submitted for publication elsewhere, three co-authored with others. Includes bibliographical references. Issued also electronically via World Wide Web in PDF format; online version lacks appended papers.
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Klein, Christian. "Die monetäre Bewertung der Walderholung mittels der contingent valuation method eine kritische Analyse theoretischer und anwendungsbezogener Bewertungsaspekte /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2002. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB9966996.
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Kim, Yong-ju. "An economic valuation of environmental risks from residential radon radiation : a choice experiment and contingent valuation study." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.400014.
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Naeem, Afif. "Two Essays on Non-market Valuation." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1405447102.
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Vecchiato, Daniel <1976>. "The wood of Mestre: what are the benefits? Valuation models as governance drivers: choice experiments versus contingent valuation." Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/610.
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McComb, Greg. "A contingent valuation study of Winnipeg municipal water quality using bounded rationality." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0019/MQ56139.pdf.
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陳劍雄 and Kim-hung Chan. "The contingent valuation method in valuing public goods: its uses and problems." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1991. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31976451.
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Wasike, Wilson S. K. "Contingent valuation of river pollution control and domestic water supply in Kenya." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2169.
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The basic theme of this study is that determination of the economic value of water resources is a necessary condition for rational decision-making and management of these environmental assets, and their associated public goods, in developing countries. The research particularly evaluates the contingent valuation (CV) method as a technique for evaluating increments and decrements in environmental and natural resource service flows, and estimates households' evaluations for improvements in river water quality and connections to piped water supply for domestic uses. The study objectives were to (a) estimate the economic value of piped water supply and improved water quality in the Nzoia River Basin, Kenya, (b) evaluate the feasibility of using the CV technique to value an environmental amenity and its related quasi-public service in rural settings where respondents have limited education and monetary resources, (c) examine the role of temporal dimensions of bid payments (i e, frequency of payments) in contingent values for environmental commodities, (d) empirically investigate embedding effect bias in contingent valuation of improvements in river water quality improvement in a less developed economy, and (e) evaluate the role of water connection charges in households' willingness to hook onto piped water supply in Webuye Division, Kenya. Empirical analysis and estimates of the non-market value which local people assign to water quality in the Nzoia River and a private household water connection is based on a detailed survey of a representative sample of 311 households in Webuye Division of Bungoma District, Kenya. In an on-site survey carried out in May through September 1995, contingent markets were developed for the two goods, (1) improved river water quality, and, (2) provision of a private connection to water supply. The corresponding willingness to pay (WTP) values are explained using Ordinary Least Square regression models. Whatever the good, the WTP is seen to increase with income. However, the effects of other factors are more specific to the contingent good. In order of strength, the other determinants of WTP "quality" are sex, age, household ranking of status of domestic water source, distance from river to household residence, the other factors affecting WTP "connections" are existing source of water supply, household size, ranking of river water quality, and age of household head. On the whole, residents accepted the exercise of contingent valuation and were willing to pay important amounts (Ksh 459 and Ksh 386 on average per household per year, respectively, for goods 1 and 2). Discussion issues include policy significance of the resulting WTPs in terms of the demand for river pollution control and individual household water connections, the effect of the goods upon the CV evaluation process, the "Third World" impacts of frequency of payments in contingent valuation, including perceived-frequency and income-smoothing routes, the embedding effect in WTP values for water pollution abatement in the Nzoia River basin, the importance of pricing influences, specially payment profiles for initial connection charges, on household decisions to connect to piped water systems, and limitations of the study.
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Costello, Catherine Ann. "Minimising design bias in a contingent valuation study of animal welfare improvements." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322617.
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Carvalho, Diogo Francisco do Nascimento e. "Contingent valuation of landscape beauty : a case study of Lagoa de Óbidos." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/19949.
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Mestrado em Economia<br>A beleza da paisagem não deve mais ser sujeita a uma avaliação subjectiva. Uma abordagem objetiva da beleza da paisagem, para mensurar seus benefícios económicos no bem-estar do ser humano, deve ser adoptada nas políticas públicas e nos processos de tomada de decisão. No campo Económico, a beleza da paisagem é um conceito pouco desenvolvido, deixado para elaboração adicional em todas as discussões. Este estudo vai mais longe no estudo e começa enquadrando o campo económico em relação à beleza da paisagem e à definição de paisagem, a fim de melhor entender e avaliar a beleza de uma paisagem. Este estudo analisa a valoração económica da beleza da paisagem de Lagoa de Óbidos através da aplicação da abordagem direta do Método de Avaliação Contingente (MAC). Para construirmos o MAC, elaboramos um questionário que possibilitou não apenas encontrar a disposição dos consumidores de pagar, mas também atingir o Valor Económico Total da beleza da paisagem.<br>Landscape beauty should no longer be subjected to a subjective valuation. An objective approach of the landscape beauty, for measuring its economic benefits in human well-being should be adopted in public policies and decision-making processes. In the Economic field, landscape beauty is an undeveloped concept, left for further elaboration in every discussion. The chosen valuation framework goes further in the analysis and starts by framing the economic field regarding the landscape beauty and the definition of landscape in order to better understand and evaluate the beauty of a landscape. This study analyses the economic valuation of the beauty of Lagoa de Óbidos' landscape through the application of the direct approach of Contingent Valuation Method (CVM). To support the CVM, we have designed a questionnaire that made it possible not only to find the consumers? willingness to pay but also to achieve the Total Economic Value of landscape beauty.<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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Franic, Duska M. "Relating quality adjusted life years to contingent valuation : acute versus chronic conditions /." The Ohio State University, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1488199501404994.
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Mataria, Awad. "Contingent valuation and health sector reform in developing countries : the palestinian case." Aix-Marseille 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX24003.
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Cette thèse a comme but d'assister à établir un mécanisme complémentaire de financement des services de santé dans le contexte de la crise socioéconomique actuelle de l'émergeant Etat Palestinien. Elle vise à élaborer un mécanisme de recouvrement des coûts, efficient et équitable, pour les services de soins de santé primaire, basé sur la valeur d'une amélioration de la qualité du point de vue des patients. L'étude met en œuvre l'évaluation contingente pour estimer la valeur, pour les patients, d'une amélioration de la qualité de soins. Un questionnaire d'évaluation contingente basé sur un scénario décomposé d'évaluation et la carte de paiement comme technique de révélation des préférences a été conçu. Le questionnaire a été administré sur un échantillon de patients se rendant dans de différents types de centre de soins situés dans le district de Ramallah pendant l'été 2001. Les valeurs révélées sont destinées à informer les décideurs sur le prix maximum que les patients seraient prêts à payer pour bénéficier d'une amélioration de la qualité. Ces valeurs sont utilisées pour modéliser la fonction de demande et estimer l'élasticité prix, et l'impact d'un changement dans la structure de prix sur les revenues des centres. Le questionnaire a été ré-administré 19 mois plus tard pour évaluer l'impact de la seconde Intifada palestinien et l'appauvrissement concomitant de la population sur les consentements et capacité à payer des patients. Les résultats démontrent la faisabilité et la " bonne " validité de la méthode lorsqu'elle est appliquée dans les pays en développement. Il s'avère que l'augmentation des tarifs aurait un impact négatif sur la demande de soins, avec une élasticité prix qui augmente avec le niveau de prix. Un prix optimum pourrait être estimé pour maximiser les revenus des centres ; cependant, ceci serait accompagné par des conséquences sociales catastrophiques. L'étude recommande la suspension de toute initiative d'augmentation des coûts sur le compte des patients, surtout, dans le contexte actuel où la pauvreté pourrait avoir un impact négatif sur la capacité des patients à exprimer leurs préférences<br>This Thesis aims to help establish a complementary funding mechanism for health services in the context of the current socioeconomic crisis in the emerging Palestinian State. It focuses on the design of an efficient and equitable cost-recovery mechanism for primary health care services, based on the value of improving the quality of care from the patients' perspective. The study makes use of contingent valuation method to assess the value, for the patients, of improving the quality of care, by eliciting patients' willingness to pay values for the different quality improvements. A contingnent valuation questionnaire was designed based on a decomposed valuation scenario and the payment card elicitation technique, with user-based financial contributions at the point of consumption being the payment vehicle. The questionnaire was administered on a sample of patients seeking care in different primary health care centers in Ramallah district during summer 2001. The elicited values were used to inform decision-makers about the highest extra user fee patients would be willing to pay to benefit from specified improvements in the quality of care. The values were used to model the demand function for improved care and to estimate demand price-elasticity and the impact of changing the pricing structure on centers' revenues. The questionnaire was re-administered 19 months later to detect the impact of the explosion of the second Palestinian Intifada and the concomitent steep impoverishment of the Palestinian population on patients' willingness and ability to pay for health care. The results demonstrate the feasibility and the “good” validity of contingent valuation when applied to developing countries. Increasing user fees seems to have a negative impact on demand for health care with price-elasticity increasing with rising user fees. An optimal user fee level could be attained to maximize centers' revenues; however, this would be accompanied with catastrophic social consequences. The study recommends suspending and attempt to put more burden on the patients in the present context, where poverty could adversly affect patients' ability to properly express their prefereces
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Johnson, Van R. "Measuring Nonuse Values for Wilderness Designation in Utah-by Contingent Valuation Method." DigitalCommons@USU, 1995. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/3998.
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Since 1964, when Congress wrote the Wilderness Act, there has been an increasing amount of controversy between opponents and advocates of wilderness. Wilderness areas in Utah are not immune to this controversy. Public policy makers and land managers are in the middle of this debate. They have the responsibility to assess the resource and estimate the benefits and costs associated with creating policy.
This thesis focusses on helping policy makers and land managers recognize a benefit currently not being assessed. Nonuse values are values other than in situ use, where individuals have a value for existence of wilderness or a bequesting value for future generations. If these values exist, current policy would underestimate the benefits.
The results of this thesis revealed Utah citizens have a value for wilderness designation other than in situ use value, with estimation by contingent valuation.
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Ternent, Laura. "Testing methods to value health outcomes in low income countries using contingent valuation and discrete choice experiment methods." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2012. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=185657.
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This thesis is concerned with examining issues of theoretical validity and bias in contingent valuation (CV) and discrete choice experiment (DCE) methods in low income countries. This thesis contributes to the small body of literature on the application of CV and DCEs in low income countries and in populations which have little or no formal education. Theoretical validity is examined by testing whether willingness to pay corresponds to theoretical expectations focusing on gender and willingness to pay, sensitivity to scope, starting point bias, and strategic bias in CV. The theoretical validity of the DCE method in populations with no formal education is also explored. It is found that whilst iterative methods to elicit willingness to pay often mimic local market conditions in low income countries they are prone to starting point bias and strategic bias. An association between gender and willingness to pay was also found. Issues of gender, starting point bias and strategic behaviour can be tested for and controlled for in the estimation of willingness to pay and do not present an insurmountable problem. Willingness to pay was also found to be insensitive to the size of the benefit in CV. Using the DCE method, it was found that with the use of visual aids, DCEs can be used among respondents with no formal education. It is concluded that CV and DCEs are feasible and valid in populations with low levels of education when surveys are conducted using trained enumerators and administered using face-to-face interviews. This suggests that both techniques are capable of being used in wide variety of settings. The exception to this is a lack of evidence on sensitivity to scope. Further research is therefore required into sensitivity to scope. Further research is also required to examine the association between gender and willingness to pay.
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Manjate, Graca. "Scope effects in contingent valuation : an application to the valuation of irrigation water quality improvements in Infulene Valley Mozambique." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/65910.
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This study uses the double-bounded bid elicitation format to test whether the willingness to pay (WTP) of 244 randomly selected residents of Maputo and Matola cities for wastewater quality improvements in the Infulene Valley is sensitive to internal and external scope. The Infulene Valley was selected because its wastewater is used as an input in vegetable irrigation. WTP was elicited and compared when the level of wastewater treatment was 100 % and when it was 50 %. The results show that the majority of those interviewed display high levels of knowledge regarding the risks associated with poor quality irrigation water, and that they have attitudes and perceptions receptive to a policy that aims to improve irrigation water quality. The WTP responses passed the bottom up (t= 15.28, p=0.000) and top down (t=14.07, p=0.000) internal and external (t=13.43, p=0.000) scope tests, suggesting that the level of wastewater treatment significantly influences households’ WTP. The following variables were statistically significant in the WTP model: income, age, education level, household size, gender, whether the household considers water scarcity as a priority issue, knowledge of the unsuitability of Infulene Valley water for vegetable irrigation, and whether the household is aware that the Infulene Valley is an important supplier of fresh vegetables to Maputo and Matola residents. The study concluded that the level of water treatment (high quality of treated wastewater) is a significant factor of preference over the alternative policy in wastewater treatment. The following recommendations derive from the study: policy makers should consider wastewater treatment planning and they should develop an irrigation water pricing system, as well as conservation practices to manage pollution problems at Infulene Valley. While this study provides an estimate of household values for irrigation water quality improvements in the Infulene Valley, is ultimately up to policy makers at the city and country levels to implement any changes.<br>Dissertation (MSc (Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2018.<br>Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development<br>MSc (Agric)<br>Unrestricted
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Awatere, Shaun. "The Price of Mauri: Exploring the validity of Welfare Economics when seeking to measure Mātauranga Māori." The University of Waikato, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2631.
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Since the 1980s New Zealand has pursued neo-classical or market-based policies with a particular fervour. Market-based options are seen by resource management decision makers as essential frameworks for efficiently allocating resources, an approach that continues to support the view of the inherent dominance of Western knowledge. This is particularly concerning, given that Māori (the indigenous people of New Zealand), have an important role to play in New Zealand resource management and perceive their own knowledge systems have been marginalised. The primary goal of this thesis is to explore the validity of welfare economics when seeking to measure quantitatively Mātauranga Māori or Māori views of the environment through the contingent valuation method. A contingent valuation study is carried out using three separate samples drawn from the general Māori population in Auckland city, a hāpu/sub-tribe indigenous to the Auckland isthmus, and drivers of motor vehicles in Auckland city. Data collection modes include a postal survey and face-to-face interviews. This thesis challenges the validity of political-legal ethnicity constructs to measure Mātauranga Māori. The search for a central tendency will lead to biased, misleading and inaccurate results. The thesis also challenges the validity of contingent valuation to produce true economic measures and to measure and identify Mātauranga Māori. Despite advances in analytical techniques, economic efficiency measures are always deficient, given the difficulty of capturing and anticipating all impacts and valuing them appropriately. Mātauranga Māori is derived from a Māori epistemology and should be considered or analysed with primary reference to this body of knowledge. Economic analysis is only one important cog in the machinery of resource management policy. Given that an economist's contribution to local and regional resource management is most valuable when focusing on the economic efficiency of the proposed resource allocation, it is appropriate that other perspectives such as Mātauranga Māori be considered.
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Kruse, Sarah A. "Creating an interdisciplinary framework for economic valuation a CVM application to dam removal /." Connect to this title online, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1103559899.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.<br>Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xv, 180 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes bibliographical references (p. 115-121).
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Fernandez, Raquel Negrisoli. "Efeitos das queimadas de cana-de-açúcar sobre o bem-estar das famílias: uma aplicação do método de avaliação contingente." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/96/96131/tde-19052008-084521/.
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Estudos sobre a relação da poluição atmosférica e saúde apontam que há relação entre as queimadas de cana-de-açúcar e internações hospitalares, gerando custos para a sociedade. Este trabalho apresenta uma aplicação do Método de Avaliação Contingente para valorar os custos do bem-estar causados pela queimada de cana-de-açúcar. O fogo utilizado em um largo processo gera vários problemas para os moradores, passando por problemas de saúde pelo inconveniente causado pela fuligem que cai sobre as cidades no período de abril a novembro. A aplicação é feita na cidade de Ribeirão Preto, um dos maiores produtores de cana-de-açúcar e álcool no Brasil. Por meio dos métodos logit censurado, Heckman em dois estágios adaptado e Máxima Verossimilhança, calculou-se a disposição a pagar média e os resultados obtidos indicam que o custo estimado é em torno de R$ 180 milhões, para o período de 2009 a 2017. Tal valor está provavelmente subestimado já que o custo do bem-estar envolvendo as queimadas de cana-de-açúcar também passa pelos gastos com as internações hospitalares por doenças respiratórias. Dessa forma, propôs-se a verificação da relação entre as internações e a presença de cana-de-açúcar nos municípios do Estado de São Paulo. De acordo com dados do DATASUS, a região Sudeste gasta em torno de R$ 20 milhões por ano com esse tipo de internação, porém esse custo também está subestimado já que não leva em consideração os custos com inalação, atendimento ambulatorial e outros tratamentos posteriores à internação.<br>Studies on the relation of air pollution and health said that there is a relationship between sugar cane burning and hospital attendance, generating costs to society. This work presents an application of Contingent Valuation Method to evaluate the welfare costs of sugar cane fire. The use of fire in the process of sugar cane leads to many problems to near fire residents such as health problems caused by the soot over the cities from April to November. The application was made for the city of Ribeirão Preto, the major city in production of sugar cane and alcohol in Brazil. Using Censored Logit, Two Stage Heckman adapted and Maximum Likelihood methods an average willing to pay was estimated and the results indicate that the estimated cost is about R$ 180 millions from 2009 to 2017. This estimated value probably is underestimated since welfare costs of sugar cane burning for health also involve spending in hospitals admissions and respiratory diseases. Therefore, it is verified the relation of hospital admissions and the presence of sugar cane in São Paulo State cities. Using DATASUS database the Southeast region of Brazil spends R$ 20 millions a year with this type of hospital admissions, however this cost is also underestimated because it doesn\'t account for inhalation costs, ambulatory services and posterior treatment due admission.
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Tkac, Jennifer May. "Estimating willingness to pay for the preservation of the Alfred bog wetland in Ontario : a multiple bounded discrete choice approach." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=29480.
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The Alfred Bog wetland is the largest high quality bog ecosystem and one of the most important natural areas in southern Ontario. The 4,200 hectare bog provides habitat to a large number of rare and endangered species and plays an integral role as a natural water filter. This study used the contingent valuation survey method to estimate respondents' willingness to pay for the preservation of the Alfred Bog wetland, which is threatened by the competing activities of drainage, burning, and the extraction of peat. A multiple bounded discrete choice model was used to analyze the survey results. Results indicated that respondents were willing to pay an average of $79.22, in the form of a one-time voluntary contribution to a hypothetical preservation fund, for the preservation of the Alfred Bog wetland. Conservation club membership, visits to the bog, donations to wetland preservation programs, attitudes, distance from the bog, household income, and education level were found to be important predictors of willingness to pay. Aggregate willingness to pay to preserve the bog was estimated to be between $2.2 million to $663,000 depending upon the inclusion or exclusion of protest bids. The survey results suggested that most of this value was nonuse value attributed to option, bequest, and altruistic values. Thus, the failure of policy makers and resource managers to consider nonuse values in decision making processes can understate the value of preserving the Alfred Bog.
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Aldred, Jonathan Simon. "Value conflicts in environmental decision-making." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343404.
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Kim, Soo-Il. "Essays on the temporal insensitivity, optimal bid design and generalized estimation models in the contingent valuation study." Connect to this title online, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1101915517.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.<br>Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 173 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes bibliographical references (p. 148-154).