Journal articles on the topic 'Continuation Acre'

Abstract Models that estimate per acre basal area, number of stems, quadratic mean diameter, volumes to specified top diameters, and biomass per acre by stand age and site index were developed and fitted to data for 14 forest types in Minnesota. The resulting equations were developed from linear and nonlinear least squares analyses using USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis data. These equations are intended for projecting future forest characteristics including yield on a statewide basis assuming the continuation of the level of management inherent in the data. Parameter estimates and goodness-of-fit statistics are provided for each model. Also discussed are the implementation procedures, assumptions, consistency of estimates, estimates for mixed species stands, and other considerations in applications. North. J. Appl. For. 10(2): 75-85.

The presence and intraorgan distribution of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE)- positive nerve structures in the guinea-pig spleen were studied by means of the direct thiocholine method. Visualized AChE-positive nerve fibres entered the guinea-pig spleen at its hilum in the vicinity of the splenic artery branches and intra parenchyma were gradually distributed to form thicker periarterial nerves and also fine adventitial nerve plexus. In described topography the AChE-positive nerve fibres were identified in association with the central artery running through the white pulp. Some of the perivascular nerve fibres associated with the central artery extended away and passed into the periarterial lymphatic sheath (PALS) to reach the marginal zone and in continuation entered into the mantle zone of lymphatic follicles. Several AChE-positive nerve fibres were seen in the red pulp but less in the splenic capsule. We did not find any AChE – positive nerve cells in the guinea-pig spleen.

Introduction: Hidradenitis suppurativa and synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, osteitis syndrome are chronic, debilitating diseases involving apocrine gland-bearing skin inflammation and bone inflammation, respectively. Although both often present with multiple comorbidities, single patient co-presentation is rare. Methods/Results: This study reports the 8-year treatment course of a 40-year-old man with hidradenitis suppurativa and synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, osteitis syndrome, and reviews relevant literature. Initial oral and topical antibiotics had little effect. Intralesional corticosteroid injections were effective for localized inflammatory lesions but insufficient for hidradenitis suppurativa control. Adalimumab initiation and local excision of a persistent HS lesion led to stabilization. Adalimumab provided dramatic back pain improvement. Synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, osteitis was diagnosed; adalimumab continuation with subsequent methotrexate addition resulted in hidradenitis suppurativa-synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, osteitis control. Conclusions: Literature regarding comorbid hidradenitis suppurativa and synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, osteitis syndrome therapy is scarce but growing. Adalimumab, methotrexate, intralesional corticosteroid, and lifestyle changes successfully maintained a severe hidradenitis suppurativa–synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, osteitis–syndrome case. Further studies beyond a case-based review could yield more definitive treatment plans.

In continuation of our natural and medicinal research programme on tropical rainforest plants, a bioassay guided fractionation of ethanolic extract of leaves ofCanarium patentinerviumMiq. (Burseraceae Kunth.) led to the isolation of scopoletin(1), scoparone(2), (+)-catechin(3), vomifoliol(4), lioxin(5), and syringic acid(6). All the compounds exhibited antiacetylcholinesterase activity with syringic acid, a phenolic acid exhibiting good AChE inhibition (IC5029.53 ± 0.19 μg/mL). All compounds displayed moderate antileishmanial activity with scopoletin having the highest antileishmanial activity (IC50163.30 ± 0.32 μg/mL). Given the aforementioned evidence, it is tempting to speculate thatCanarium patentinerviumMiq. represents an exciting scaffold from which to develop leads for treatment of neurodegenerative and parasitic diseases.

SummaryConstruction planning always requires labour productivity estimation. Often, in the case of monolithic construction works, the available catalogues of productivity rates do not provide a reliable assessment. The paper deals with the problem of labour estimation for reinforcement works. An appropriate model of labour prediction problem is being introduced. It includes, between others, staff experience and reinforcement buildability. In the paper it is proposed, that labour requirements can be estimated with aggregated classifiers. The work is a continuation of earlier studies, in which the possibility of using classifier ensembles to predict productivity in monolithic works was investigated.

Current developments in Pakistan highlight the unresolved issue of proprietary rights for long-standing tenants of state-owned farms comprising thousands of acres in various districts of Punjab. The pendulum of state response to the hereditary claims of people who have lived and worked on this land for generations swings presently towards expropriation, rather than respect for rural people’s basic rights. The scenario is further complicated because the military is a significant party to these disputes. This article scrutinises the handling of these protracted disputes over land rights and identifies emerging patterns of land governance in Pakistan that will alter the future relationship of these farmers with the government. The article shows that in this specific case, the problems are not merely a continuation of traditional local feudal powers, but now relate to new postcolonial realities, especially Pakistan’s economic co-operation with China.

Abstract This work is a continuation of an earlier article published in this journal (no. 91/1: “Current aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome I: definition, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and complications”). As the pathology of polycystic ovary syndrome is not fully known, the treatments used do not constitute a causal therapy, only pathogenetical interventions to break the vicious circles of pathological events. It does not currently have a universal therapeutic procedure or an approved specific drug. Treatment may be aimed at reducing hyperandrogenism, inducing ovulation and preventing complications. The patient’s complaints and desire for becoming pregnant should also be taken into account. In mild cases, an appropriate lifestyle (prevention/treatment of obesity) is sufficient, i.e. a 5-10% reduction in body weight can already result in significant improvement and also serves to prevent late complications (diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, hyperlipidemia). Oral contraceptives and antiandrogens are mainly used to treat hyperandrogenism (hirsutism, acne, and alopecia). A contraceptive whose progestogen component has antiandrogenic properties, or at least is androgen-neutral, is preferred, such as third-generation contraceptives. However, combined contraceptives (containing gestodene, desogestrel, drospirenone and cyproterone acetate) may increase the risk of venous thromboembolism and are therefore contraindicated in case of hypercoagulability. Antiandrogens (cyproterone acetate, spironolactone, finasteride, etc.) can also be used independently, but only with effective contraception (as these can cause feminization of the male fetus). Insulin resistance plays a crucial role in the development of this disease. Metformin is used as primary therapy, as it also has many other beneficial effects (e.g. cardiovascular and anti-cancer) described in recent years. These pleiotropic effects and their subtle mechanisms are discussed in detail. We highlight the possibilities of avoiding side effects and the current interpretation of rare contraindications (acidosis, hypoxic conditions, renal damage). Insulin resistance lowering agents include thiazolidinediones, acarbose, GLP-1 agonists, vitamin D, resveratrol, octreotide, but the beneficial effects of myoinositol and D-chiro-inositol are also mentioned. In the last part of the paper, the treatment options for infertility are discussed, highlighting the efficacy of clomiphene citrate, gonadotropins (“step-up”, “step- down” methods), IVF techniques, and ovarian drilling used for ovulation induction. We detail the importance and possibilities of the prevention of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome and multiple pregnancies.

Abstract Abstract 3786 Background: Dasatinib and nilotinib are now standard frontline therapy for patients (pts) with CML-CP. Transient treatment interruptions and dose reductions occur frequently in pts treated with these agents, most frequently due to adverse events (AE). (Cortes et al. JCO 2010). The impact that such interruptions may have over the clinical outcome is not known. Aim: To determine the causes, frequency, and time to dose reductions of 2nd generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), dasatinib and nilotinib when used as initial therapy for CML-CP and to investigate the impact that dose reduction has over outcome. Methods: We analyzed 204 pts with CML-CP treated with frontline dasatinib (n=99) at an initial dose of 100mg QD (n=66) or 50mg BID (n=33) or nilotinib at a starting dose of 400mg BID (n=105) in parallel trials. Data on dosing, treatment interruptions and reasons for dose adjustment were collected prospectively. The protocols included guidelines for treatment interruptions and dose reductions for drug-related grade 3–4 AEs, or persistent grade 2 AEs. Results: The median age for the 204 pts was 47 years (range, 17 to 86), 58% were males. A complete hematological response was achieved by 99%, complete cytogenetic response (CCyR) by 95%, major molecular response (MMR) by 87%, and complete molecular response (CMR; BCR-ABL/ABL ≤0.0032% IS) by 62%. A total of 71 pts (35%) required a dose reduction due to an AE, including 39/99 (39%) treated with dasatinib (23/66 -35%- at 100mg QD, 16/33 -48%- at 50mg BID) and 32/105 (30%) with nilotinib. Thirty-one pts (44%) required a second or subsequent dose reduction. The first dose reduction occurred within 3 months from start of therapy in 21 (54%) of pts treated with dasatinib while 18 (46%) (n=18) required it after 3 months. For pts treated with nilotinib 21 (66%) required a dose reduction within 3 months and 11 (34%) after 3 months of start of treatment. The most common AEs grade 2–4 leading to dose reductions on dasatanib included pleural effusion (n=24), headache (n=11), peripheral neuropathy (n=6), myelosuppression (n=6) (5 thrombocytopenia, 1 neutropenia), cough (n= 5), dizziness (n=4), generalized body pain (n=3), fatigue (n=3), rash (n=3), chest pain (n=2), anxiety/mood alteration(n=2), memory impairment (n=2), A.fib (n=2), and pneumonia, bradycardia, MI, CHF and depression (1 each) (>1 AE could be coded as reason for dose reduction if concomitant). For nilotinib causes were increased bilirubin (n=6), increased LFT's (n=6), myelosuppression (n=5) (2 thrombocytopenia, 3 neutropenia), rash (n=5), head ache (n=3), chest pain (n=3), lipase (n=2), bone pain (n=2), fatigue (n=2), nausea/vomiting (n=2), and bradycardia, pericarditis, PVC's, and abdominal pain (1 each). Only 3 pts had a re-escalation of dose after their dose reduction. Median dose for pts requiring a dose reduction on nilotinib was 400 mg/day (range was 200–400) and the median dose for dasatinib was 80mg/d (range 20–80mg/d). The outcome of patients with or without dose reduction is presented in Table 1. Conclusion: Although dose reductions are frequently required for pts with CML treated with dasatinib or nilotinib, dose reductions did not lead to adverse outcome. Dose adjustments can be used when required to manage AEs. This approach allows in most instances continuation of these highly effective therapies. Disclosures: Kantarjian: BMS: Research Funding; Novartis: Research Funding. Quintas-Cardama:Novartis: Consultancy; BMS: Consultancy. Ravandi:Bristol Myers Squibb: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Novartis: Honoraria. Jabbour:BMS: Honoraria; Novartis: Honoraria. Cortes:BMS: Consultancy, Research Funding; Novartis: Consultancy, Research Funding.

Late Permian to Early Jurassic strata in northern Peru allows us to carry out a seismo-stratigraphic, litho-tectonic and chemostratigraphic analysis connecting the Andean-Amazonian foreland basins of Huallaga, Ucayali, southern Marañón, and the Eastern Cordillera. This analysis and data integration from Ecuador to western Brazil and southern Peru and Bolivia, allow us to redefine the timing of the major documented tectonic phases and corresponding palaeogeographies of western Gondwana from the late Permian to Triassic. Three litho-tectonic sequences and four associated deformation stages are recognized: 1) A sequence, tectonic relaxation, during late Permian; 2) A-B intra-sequence, folding-and-thrusting attributed to a continuation in time of the Gondwanide Orogeny, during the Early to Middle Triassic; 3) B sequence, rifting, attributed to Gondwana breakup during the Middle and Late Triassic; and 4) C Sequence, thermal sag, during the Late Triassic. Evaporites and carbonates (A sequence) dominated a low subsidence basin with southern restricted marine inflow at the Permian-Triassic boundary. A novel palaeogeographic model for these evaporites suggests that this saline basin extended up to 50,000 km2 in a restricted environment area with a potential bullseye pattern. The last pulse of the Gondwanide Orogeny and associated fold and thrust belt (A-B intra-sequence) exhumed previous the sequence generating emerged areas with little to no sedimentation. Red beds (B sequence) characterize the rifting stage, representing the syn-depositional infill of continental grabens, likely extending to the Acre Basin in Brazil. Finally, during the thermal sag, a marine inflow likely from the northwestern part of Peru generated sedimentation of carbonates and evaporites (C Sequence) to the west and east of the Peruvian margin. This sediment differentiation was, in part, controlled by the existence of pre-existing grabens associated to the previous rifting stage. This interpretation, together with other evaporitic occurrences attributed here to a Late Triassic epoch in south and north Peru and west Brazil, suggest the existence of an evaporitic basin filling an undeformed area of probably ca. 170,000 km2. It is therefore suggestive of the existence of a Late Triassic (Norian to Rhaetian; 217 to 204 Ma) salt giant controlled by thermal sag in western Gondwana. Our results are of great relevance for any future interpretation related to mass extinctions, paleoclimatic analysis and ocean dynamics during the Permian and Triassic as well as natural resources distribution between Ecuador and Bolivia.

BackgroundA systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to investigate the efficacy and safety of conversion from calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) to mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors (mTORi) in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs).MethodsMEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, and Cochrane Library were searched to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared the continuation of CNI with conversion to mTORi therapy.ResultsTwenty-nine RCTs (5,747 KTRs) were included in our analysis. Meta-analysis of the glomerular filtration rate (SMD 0.20; 95%CI 0.10–0.31; P<0.01) and malignancy (RR 0.74; 95%CI 0.55–0.99; P=0.04) demonstrated a significant advantage of mTORi conversion over CNI continuation. However, the risk of acute rejection (RR 1.58; 95%CI 1.22–2.04; P<0.01), infection (RR 1.55; 95%CI 1.01–1.31; P=0.04), proteinuria (RR 1.87; 95%CI 1.34–2.59; P<0.01), leukopenia (RR 1.56; 95%CI 1.27–1.91; P<0.01), acne (RR 6.43; 95%CI 3.43–12.04; P<0.01), and mouth ulcer (RR 11.70; 95%CI 6.18–22.17; P<0.01) were higher in the mTORi group. More patients in the conversion group had to discontinue study medication (RR 2.52; 95%CI 1.75–3.63; P<0.01). There was no significant difference between the two groups with regard to death, graft loss, diabetes, chronic allograft nephropathy, and interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy.ConclusionsPosttransplant patients have a better graft function and lower incidence of malignancy after conversion from CNI to mTORi therapy. However, this conversion strategy may be prevented by the higher drug discontinuation rate due to mTORi-associated adverse events, such as more acute rejection, infection, proteinuria, leukopenia, acne, and mouth ulcer, indicating that conversion therapy may only be a treatment option in selected patients.

Abstract Certain AChE reactivators, asoxime, obidoxime, K027, K048, and K075, when taken in overdoses and sometimes even when introduced within therapeutic ranges, may injure the different organs. As a continuation of previously published data, in this study, Wistar rats have sacrificed 24 hrs and 7 days after single im application of 0.1LD50, 0.5LD50 and 1.0LD50 of each reactivator, and examinated tissue samples were obtained for pathohistological and semiquantitative analysis. A severity of tissue alteration, expressed as different tissue damage scores were evaluated. Morphological structure of examinated tissues treated with of 0.1LD50 of all reactivators was comparable with the control group of rats. Moderate injuries were seen in visceral tissues treated with 0.5LD50 of asoxime, obidoxime and K027. Acute damages were enlarged after treatment with 0.5LD50 and 1.0LD50 of all reactivators during the next 7 days. The most prominent changes were seen in rats treated with 1.0LD50 of K048 and K075 (P < 0.001 vs. control and asoxime-treated group). All reactivators given by a single, high, unitary dose regimen, have an adverse effect not only on the main visceral tissue, but on the whole rat as well, but the exact mechanism of cellular injury remains to be confirmed in further investigation.

On March 4th and 5th, 2016, Bo Nelson and Mark Walters returned to the T. M. Sanders site (41LR2) to inspect the property after Julia Trigg Crawford, the main landowner of the site, informed us that the fields at the site had been prepped for this year ’s planting. This article summarizes the findings from these archaeological investigations, which also included the surface examination of the 40 acres of the Sanders site owned by the Sanders family. The Sanders site is a large and impressive ancestral Caddo mound center and village situated on an alluvial terrace (450 ft. amsl) at the mouth of Bois d’Arc Creek and the Red River (Figure 1). The Sanders site was first investigated by archaeologists from the University of Texas in 1931 (Chelf 1939; Jackson 2000; Jackson et al. 2000; Krieger 1946, 2000; Pearce and Jackson 1931), where the work concentrated on the excavation of a number of burial features in Mound No. 1 or the East Mound, the trenching of Mound No. 2 or the West Mound, and the trenching of thick midden deposits that were present between the two mounds. The collections from this work are at the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory at The University of Texas at Austin. Members of the Dallas Archeological Society excavated burial features and obtained surface collections in the 1940s-1950s (Hanna 1950; Harris 1953; Housewright 1940) from the Sanders site. R. King Harris, in particular, amassed a large collection of artifacts from the Sanders site that are now held by the National Museum of Natural History at the Smithsonian Institution (Perttula et al. 2015). Other than a number of bioarchaeological studies of the human remains from the East Mound burial features (Hamilton 1997; Maples 1962; Wilson 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997; Wilson and Cargill 1993), there were no professional archaeological investigations conducted at the Sanders site again until 2011, when survey and/or test excavations were carried out in the proposed right-of-ways for the Keystone pipeline where they crossed non-mound habitation areas (Acuna et al. 2011; Perttula and Marceaux 2011; Peyton 2013). This work renewed attention to the significance of the Caddo archaeological deposits at the Sanders site, including both mound and non-mound areas, and with the permission of the Crawford family and the Sanders family, periodic archaeological and geophysical investigations have been conducted across much of the 200+ acres of the Sanders site since 2013 (Perttula 2013; Perttula et al. 2014, 2015, 2016; Perttula and Nelson 2016; Walker and Perttula 2016). The 2016 work represents a continuation of this effort.

Kangatarianism is the rather inelegant word coined in the first decade of the twenty-first century to describe an omnivorous diet in which the only meat consumed is that of the kangaroo. First published in the media in 2010 (Barone; Zukerman), the term circulated in Australian environmental and academic circles including the Global Animal conference at the University of Wollongong in July 2011 where I first heard it from members of the Think Tank for Kangaroos (THINKK) group. By June 2017, it had gained enough attention to be named the Oxford English Dictionary’s Australian word of the month (following on from May’s “smashed avo,” another Australian food innovation), but it took the Nine Network reality television series Love Island Australia to raise kangatarian to trending status on social media (Oxford UP). During the first episode, aired in late May 2018, Justin, a concreter and fashion model from Melbourne, declared himself to have previously been a kangatarian as he chatted with fellow contestant, Millie. Vet nurse and animal lover Millie appeared to be shocked by his revelation but was tentatively accepting when Justin explained what kangatarian meant, and justified his choice on the grounds that kangaroo are not farmed. In the social media response, it was clear that eating only the meat of kangaroos as an ethical choice was an entirely new concept to many viewers, with one tweet stating “Kangatarian isn’t a thing”, while others variously labelled the diet brutal, intriguing, or quintessentially Australian (see #kangatarian on Twitter).There is a well developed literature around the arguments for and against eating kangaroo, and why settler Australians tend to be so reluctant to do so (see for example, Probyn; Cawthorn and Hoffman). Here, I will concentrate on the role that ethics play in this food choice by examining how the adoption of kangatarianism can be understood as a bargain struck to help to manage grief in the Anthropocene, and the limitations of that bargain. As Lesley Head has argued, we are living in a time of loss and of grieving, when much that has been taken for granted is becoming unstable, and “we must imagine that drastic changes to everyday life are in the offing” (313). Applying the classic (and contested) model of five stages of grief, first proposed by Elisabeth Kübler-Ross in her book On Death and Dying in 1969, much of the population of the western world seems to be now experiencing denial, her first stage of loss, while those in the most vulnerable environments have moved on to anger with developed countries for destructive actions in the past and inaction in the present. The next stages (or states) of grieving—bargaining, depression, and acceptance—are likely to be manifested, although not in any predictable sequence, as the grief over current and future losses continues (Haslam).The great expansion of food restrictive diets in the Anthropocene can be interpreted as part of this bargaining state of grieving as individuals attempt to respond to the imperative to reduce their environmental impact but also to limit the degree of change to their own diet required to do so. Meat has long been identified as a key component of an individual’s environmental footprint. From Frances Moore Lappé’s 1971 Diet for a Small Planet through the United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organisation’s 2006 report Livestock’s Long Shadow to the 2019 report of the EAT–Lancet Commission on Healthy Diets from Sustainable Food Systems, the advice has been consistent: meat consumption should be minimised in, if not eradicated from, the human diet. The EAT–Lancet Commission Report quantified this to less than 28 grams (just under one ounce) of beef, lamb or pork per day (12, 25). For many this would be keenly felt, in terms of how meals are constructed, the sensory experiences associated with eating meat and perceptions of well-being but meat is offered up as a sacrifice to bring about the return of the beloved healthy planet.Rather than accept the advice to cut out meat entirely, those seeking to bargain with the Anthropocene also find other options. This has given rise to a suite of foodways based around restricting meat intake in volume or type. Reducing the amount of commercially produced beef, lamb and pork eaten is one approach, while substituting a meat the production of which has a smaller environmental footprint, most commonly chicken or fish, is another. For those willing to make deeper changes, the meat of free living animals, especially those which are killed accidentally on the roads or for deliberately for environmental management purposes, is another option. Further along this spectrum are the novel protein sources suggested in the Lancet report, including insects, blue-green algae and laboratory-cultured meats.Kangatarianism is another form of this bargain, and is backed by at least half a century of advocacy. The Australian Conservation Foundation made calls to reduce the numbers of other livestock and begin a sustainable harvest of kangaroo for food in 1970 when the sale of kangaroo meat for human consumption was still illegal across the country (Conservation of Kangaroos). The idea was repeated by biologist Gordon Grigg in the late 1980s (Jackson and Vernes 173), and again in the Garnaut Climate Change Review in 2008 (547–48). Kangaroo meat is high in protein and iron, low in fat, and high in healthy polyunsaturated fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid, and, as these authors showed, has a smaller environmental footprint than beef, lamb, or pork. Kangaroo require less water than cattle, sheep or pigs, and no land is cleared to grow feed for them or give them space to graze. Their paws cause less erosion and compaction of soil than do the hooves of common livestock. They eat less fodder than ruminants and their digestive processes result in lower emissions of the powerful greenhouse gas methane and less solid waste.As Justin of Love Island was aware, kangaroo are not farmed in the sense of being deliberately bred, fed, confined, or treated with hormones, drugs or chemicals, which also adds to their lighter impact on the environment. However, some pastoralists argue that because they cannot prevent kangaroos from accessing the food, water, shelter, and protection from predators they provide for their livestock, they do effectively farm them, although they receive no income from sales of kangaroo meat. This type of light touch farming of kangaroos has a very long history in Australia going back to the continent’s first peopling some 60,000 years ago. Kangaroos were so important to Aboriginal people that a wide range of environments were manipulated to produce their favoured habitats of open grasslands edged by sheltering trees. As Bill Gammage demonstrated, fire was used as a tool to preserve and extend grassy areas, to encourage regrowth which would attract kangaroos and to drive the animals from one patch to another or towards hunters waiting with spears (passim, for example, 58, 72, 76, 93). Gammage and Bruce Pascoe agree that this was a form of animal husbandry in which the kangaroos were drawn to the areas prepared for them for the young grass or, more forcefully, physically directed using nets, brush fences or stone walls. Burnt ground served to contain the animals in place of fencing, and regular harvesting kept numbers from rising to levels which would place pressure on other species (Gammage 79, 281–86; Pascoe 42–43). Contemporary advocates of eating kangaroo have promoted the idea that they should be deliberately co-produced with other livestock instead of being killed to preserve feed and water for sheep and cattle (Ellicott; Wilson 39). Substituting kangaroo for the meat of more environmentally damaging animals would facilitate a reduction in the numbers of cattle and sheep, lessening the harm they do.Most proponents have assumed that their audience is current meat eaters who would substitute kangaroo for the meat of other more environmentally costly animals, but kangatarianism can also emerge from vegetarianism. Wendy Zukerman, who wrote about kangaroo hunting for New Scientist in 2010, was motivated to conduct the research because she was considering becoming an early adopter of kangatarianism as the least environmentally taxing way to counter the longterm anaemia she had developed as a vegetarian. In 2018, George Wilson, honorary professor in the Australian National University’s Fenner School of Environment and Society called for vegetarians to become kangatarians as a means of boosting overall consumption of kangaroo for environmental and economic benefits to rural Australia (39).Given these persuasive environmental arguments, it might be expected that many people would have perceived eating kangaroo instead of other meat as a favourable bargain and taken up the call to become kangatarian. Certainly, there has been widespread interest in trying kangaroo meat. In 1997, only five years after the sale of kangaroo meat for human consumption had been legalised in most states (South Australia did so in 1980), 51% of 500 people surveyed in five capital cities said they had tried kangaroo. However, it had not become a meat of choice with very few found to eat it more than three times a year (Des Purtell and Associates iv). Just over a decade later, a study by Ampt and Owen found an increase to 58% of 1599 Australians surveyed across the country who had tried kangaroo but just 4.7% eating it at least monthly (14). Bryce Appleby, in his study of kangaroo consumption in the home based on interviews with 28 residents of Wollongong in 2010, specifically noted the absence of kangatarians—then a very new concept. A study of 261 Sydney university students in 2014 found that half had tried kangaroo meat and 10% continued to eat it with any regularity. Only two respondents identified themselves as kangatarian (Grant 14–15). Kangaroo meat advocate Michael Archer declared in 2017 that “there’s an awful lot of very, very smart vegetarians [who] have opted for semi vegetarianism and they’re calling themselves ‘kangatarians’, as they’re quite happy to eat kangaroo meat”, but unless there had been a significant change in a few years, the surveys did not bear out his assertion (154).The ethical calculations around eating kangaroo are complicated by factors beyond the strictly environmental. One Tweeter advised Justin: “‘I’m a kangatarian’ isn’t a pickup line, mate”, and certainly the reception of his declaration could have been very cool, especially as it was delivered to a self declared animal warrior (N’Tash Aha). All of the studies of beliefs and practices around the eating of kangaroo have noted a significant minority of Australians who would not consider eating kangaroo based on issues of animal welfare and animal rights. The 1997 study found that 11% were opposed to the idea of eating kangaroo, while in Grant’s 2014 study, 15% were ethically opposed to eating kangaroo meat (Des Purtell and Associates iv; Grant 14–15). Animal ethics complicate the bargains calculated principally on environmental grounds.These ethical concerns work across several registers. One is around the flesh and blood kangaroo as a charismatic native animal unique to Australia and which Australians have an obligation to respect and nurture. Sheep, cattle and pigs have been subject to longterm propaganda campaigns which entrench the idea that they are unattractive and unintelligent, and veil their transition to meat behind euphemistic language and abattoir walls, making it easier to eat them. Kangaroos are still seen as resourceful and graceful animals, and no linguistic tricks shield consumers from the knowledge that it is a roo on their plate. A proposal in 2009 to market a “coat of arms” emu and kangaroo-flavoured potato chip brought complaints to the Advertising Standards Bureau that this was disrespectful to these native animals, although the flavours were to be simulated and the product vegetarian (Black). Coexisting with this high regard to kangaroos is its antithesis. That is, a valuation of them informed by their designation as a pest in the pastoral industry, and the use of the carcasses of those killed to feed dogs and other companion animals. Appleby identified a visceral, disgust response to the idea of eating kangaroo in many of his informants, including both vegetarians who would not consider eating kangaroo because of their commitment to a plant-based diet, and at least one omnivore who would prefer to give up all meat rather than eat kangaroo. While diametrically opposed, the end point of both positions is that kangaroo meat should not be eaten.A second animal ethics stance relates to the imagined kangaroo, a cultural construct which for most urban Australians is much more present in their lives and likely to shape their actions than the living animals. It is behind the rejection of eating an animal which holds such an iconic place in Australian culture: to the dexter on the 1912 national coat of arms; hopping through the Hundred Acre Wood as Kanga and Roo in A.A. Milne’s Winnie-the-Pooh children’s books from the 1920s and the Disney movies later made from them; as a boy’s best friend as Skippy the Bush Kangaroo in a fondly remembered 1970s television series; and high in the sky on QANTAS planes. The anthropomorphising of kangaroos permitted the spectacle of the boxing kangaroo from the late nineteenth century. By framing natural kangaroo behaviours as boxing, these exhibitions encouraged an ambiguous understanding of kangaroos as human-like, moving them further from the category of food (Golder and Kirkby). Australian government bodies used this idea of the kangaroo to support food exports to Britain, with kangaroos as cooks or diners rather than ingredients. The Kangaroo Kookery Book of 1932 (see fig. 1 below) portrayed kangaroos as a nuclear family in a suburban kitchen and another official campaign supporting sales of Australian produce in Britain in the 1950s featured a Disney-inspired kangaroo eating apples and chops washed down with wine (“Kangaroo to Be ‘Food Salesman’”). This imagining of kangaroos as human-like has persisted, leading to the opinion expressed in a 2008 focus group, that consuming kangaroo amounted to “‘eating an icon’ … Although they are pests they are still human nature … these are native animals, people and I believe that is a form of cannibalism!” (Ampt and Owen 26). Figure 1: Rather than promoting the eating of kangaroos, the portrayal of kangaroos as a modern suburban family in the Kangaroo Kookery Book (1932) made it unthinkable. (Source: Kangaroo Kookery Book, Director of Australian Trade Publicity, Australia House, London, 1932.)The third layer of ethical objection on the ground of animal welfare is more specific, being directed to the method of killing the kangaroos which become food. Kangaroos are perhaps the only native animals for which state governments set quotas for commercial harvest, on the grounds that they compete with livestock for pasturage and water. In most jurisdictions, commercially harvested kangaroo carcasses can be processed for human consumption, and they are the ones which ultimately appear in supermarket display cases.Kangaroos are killed by professional shooters at night using swivelling spotlights mounted on their vehicles to locate and daze the animals. While clean head shots are the ideal and regulations state that animals should be killed when at rest and without causing “undue agonal struggle”, this is not always achieved and some animals do suffer prolonged deaths (NSW Code of Practice for Kangaroo Meat for Human Consumption). By regulation, the young of any female kangaroo must be killed along with her. While averting a slow death by neglect, this is considered cruel and wasteful. The hunt has drawn international criticism, including from Greenpeace which organised campaigns against the sale of kangaroo meat in Europe in the 1980s, and Viva! which was successful in securing the withdrawal of kangaroo from sale in British supermarkets (“Kangaroo Meat Sales Criticised”). These arguments circulate and influence opinion within Australia.A final animal ethics issue is that what is actually behind the push for greater use of kangaroo meat is not concern for the environment or animal welfare but the quest to turn a profit from these animals. The Kangaroo Industries Association of Australia, formed in 1970 to represent those who dealt in the marsupials’ meat, fur and skins, has been a vocal advocate of eating kangaroo and a sponsor of market research into how it can be made more appealing to the market. The Association argued in 1971 that commercial harvest was part of the intelligent conservation of the kangaroo. They sought minimum size regulations to prevent overharvesting and protect their livelihoods (“Assn. Backs Kangaroo Conservation”). The Association’s current website makes the claim that wild harvested “Australian kangaroo meat is among the healthiest, tastiest and most sustainable red meats in the world” (Kangaroo Industries Association of Australia). That this is intended to initiate a new and less controlled branch of the meat industry for the benefit of hunters and processors, rather than foster a shift from sheep or cattle to kangaroos which might serve farmers and the environment, is the opinion of Dr. Louise Boronyak, of the Centre for Compassionate Conservation at the University of Technology Sydney (Boyle 19).Concerns such as these have meant that kangaroo is most consumed where it is least familiar, with most of the meat for human consumption recovered from culled animals being exported to Europe and Asia. Russia has been the largest export market. There, kangaroo meat is made less strange by blending it with other meats and traditional spices to make processed meats, avoiding objections to its appearance and uncertainty around preparation. With only a low profile as a novelty animal in Russia, there are fewer sentimental concerns about consuming kangaroo, although the additional food miles undermine its environmental credentials. The variable acceptability of kangaroo in more distant markets speaks to the role of culture in determining how patterns of eating are formed and can be shifted, or, as Elspeth Probyn phrased it “how natural entities are transformed into commodities within a context of globalisation and local communities”, underlining the impossibility of any straightforward ethics of eating kangaroo (33, 35).Kangatarianism is a neologism which makes the eating of kangaroo meat something it has not been in the past, a voluntary restriction based on environmental ethics. These environmental benefits are well founded and eating kangaroo can be understood as an Anthropocenic bargain struck to allow the continuation of the consumption of red meat while reducing one’s environmental footprint. Although superficially attractive, the numbers entering into this bargain remain small because environmental ethics cannot be disentangled from animal ethics. The anthropomorphising of the kangaroo and its use as a national symbol coexist with its categorisation as a pest and use of its meat as food for companion animals. Both understandings of kangaroos made their meat uneatable for many Australians. Paired with concerns over how kangaroos are killed and the commercialisation of a native species, kangaroo meat has a very mixed reception despite decades of advocacy for eating its meat in favour of that of more harmed and more harmful introduced species. Given these constraints, kangatarianism is unlikely to become widespread and indeed it should be viewed as at best a temporary exigency. As the climate warms and rainfall becomes more erratic, even animals which have evolved to suit Australian conditions will come under increasing pressure, and humans will need to reach Kübler-Ross’ final state of grief: acceptance. In this case, this would mean acceptance that our needs cannot be placed ahead of those of other animals.ReferencesAmpt, Peter, and Kate Owen. Consumer Attitudes to Kangaroo Meat Products. Canberra: Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, 2008.Appleby, Bryce. “Skippy the ‘Green’ Kangaroo: Identifying Resistances to Eating Kangaroo in the Home in a Context of Climate Change.” BSc Hons, U of Wollongong, 2010 <http://ro.uow.edu.au/thsci/103>.Archer, Michael. “Zoology on the Table: Plenary Session 4.” Australian Zoologist 39, 1 (2017): 154–60.“Assn. 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