Relevant bibliographies by topics / Continuous flow reactor synthesis

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Continuous flow reactor synthesis'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 5 June 2025
Last updated: 24 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Continuous flow reactor synthesis"

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Lindeque, Rowan, and John Woodley. "Reactor Selection for Effective Continuous Biocatalytic Production of Pharmaceuticals." Catalysts 9, no. 3 (2019): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9030262.

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Enzyme catalyzed reactions are rapidly becoming an invaluable tool for the synthesis of many active pharmaceutical ingredients. These reactions are commonly performed in batch, but continuous biocatalysis is gaining interest in industry because it would allow seamless integration of chemical and enzymatic reaction steps. However, because this is an emerging field, little attention has been paid towards the suitability of different reactor types for continuous biocatalytic reactions. Two types of continuous flow reactor are possible: continuous stirred tank and continuous plug-flow. These reactor types differ in a number of ways, but in this contribution, we focus on residence time distribution and how enzyme kinetics are affected by the unique mass balance of each reactor. For the first time, we present a tool to facilitate reactor selection for continuous biocatalytic production of pharmaceuticals. From this analysis, it was found that plug-flow reactors should generally be the system of choice. However, there are particular cases where they may need to be coupled with a continuous stirred tank reactor or replaced entirely by a series of continuous stirred tank reactors, which can approximate plug-flow behavior. This systematic approach should accelerate the implementation of biocatalysis for continuous pharmaceutical production.
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Dragone, Vincenza, Victor Sans, Mali H. Rosnes, Philip J. Kitson, and Leroy Cronin. "3D-printed devices for continuous-flow organic chemistry." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 9 (May 16, 2013): 951–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.9.109.

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We present a study in which the versatility of 3D-printing is combined with the processing advantages of flow chemistry for the synthesis of organic compounds. Robust and inexpensive 3D-printed reactionware devices are easily connected using standard fittings resulting in complex, custom-made flow systems, including multiple reactors in a series with in-line, real-time analysis using an ATR-IR flow cell. As a proof of concept, we utilized two types of organic reactions, imine syntheses and imine reductions, to show how different reactor configurations and substrates give different products.
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Hollenbach, Rebecca, Delphine Muller, André Delavault, and Christoph Syldatk. "Continuous Flow Glycolipid Synthesis Using a Packed Bed Reactor." Catalysts 12, no. 5 (2022): 551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12050551.

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Glycolipids are a class of biodegradable biosurfactants that are non-toxic and based on renewables, making them a sustainable alternative to petrochemical surfactants. Enzymatic synthesis allows a tailor-made production of these versatile compounds using sugar and fatty acid building blocks with rationalized structures for targeted applications. Therefore, glycolipids can be comprehensively designed to outcompete conventional surfactants regarding their physicochemical properties. However, enzymatic glycolipid processes are struggling with both sugars and fatty acid solubilities in reaction media. Thus, continuous flow processes represent a powerful tool in designing efficient syntheses of sugar esters. In this study, a continuous enzymatic glycolipid production catalyzed by Novozyme 435® is presented as an unprecedented concept. A biphasic aqueous–organic system was investigated, allowing for the simultaneous solubilization of sugars and fatty acids. Owing to phase separation, the remaining non-acylated glucose was easily separated from the product stream and was refed to the reactor forming a closed-loop system. Productivity in the continuous process was higher compared to a batch one, with space–time yields of up to 1228 ± 65 µmol/L/h. A temperature of 70 °C resulted in the highest glucose-6-O-decanoate concentration in the Packed Bed Reactor (PBR). Consequently, the design of a continuous biocatalytic production is a step towards a more competitive glycolipid synthesis in the aim for industrialization.
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Bálint, Erika, Ádám Tajti, Katalin Ladányi-Pára, Nóra Tóth, Béla Mátravölgyi та György Keglevich. "Continuous flow synthesis of α-aryl-α-aminophosphonates". Pure and Applied Chemistry 91, № 1 (2019): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0923.

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AbstractThe synthesis of α-aryl-α-aminophosphonates was performed by the three-component Kabachnik-Fields reaction of primary amines, benzaldehyde derivatives and dialkyl phosphites in a continuous flow microwave reactor. The target compounds could be obtained in high (~90%) yields without any catalyst in simple alcohols as the solvent. The flow process elaborated required shorter reaction times and lower excess of the reagent, as compared to the “traditional” batch reactions, and allowed the synthesis of the α-aminophosphonates on a somewhat larger scale.
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Silva, Renan Rodrigues de Oliveira, and Mauri Sergio Alves Palma. "Flow synthesis of n-substituted 5-benzylidinethiazolidine-2,4-dione." STUDIES IN ENGINEERING AND EXACT SCIENCES 3, no. 2 (2022): 385–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.54021/sesv3n2-006.

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Process intensification based on micro reactor technology allows safe manner and a new pathway to run organic synthesis due to its intrinsic characteristics, and can reduce time-to-market of new drugs. The main objective of this work was to study the batch and flow reaction of five n-substituted 5-benzylidenethiazolidine-2,4-dione heterocyclic intermediates present in the synthesis of glitazone class drugs, in capillary micro reactor. Batch process was conducted with ethanol as solvent at the boiling point and pyrrolidine as promoting base of the reaction. Higher yields were obtained in shorter reaction times in temperatures above solvent boiling point. Also, we evaluated that 3.8 micro reactors in parallel would be necessary to reach the same mean molar flow rate of a 60 mL batch reactor. Kinetic and thermodynamic study indicated that the reaction followed the second-order model and allowed estimating its main thermodynamic parameters. The continuous flow micro reactor proved to be an efficient alternative to the batch process in scaling up the production of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient intermediates (APIs).
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Okafor, Obinna, Andreas Weilhard, Jesum A. Fernandes, Erno Karjalainen, Ruth Goodridge, and Victor Sans. "Advanced reactor engineering with 3D printing for the continuous-flow synthesis of silver nanoparticles." Reaction Chemistry & Engineering 2, no. 2 (2017): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6re00210b.

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3D printing has been employed to manufacture advanced reactor geometries based on miniaturised continuous-flow oscillatory baffled reactors (mCOBRs) and they have been applied for the fouling free continuous-flow synthesis of silver nanoparticles with optimal size control.
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Suwanpitak, Kittipat, Pornsak Sriamornsak, Inderbir Singh, Tanikan Sangnim, and Kampanart Huanbutta. "Three-Dimensional-Printed Vortex Tube Reactor for Continuous Flow Synthesis of Polyglycolic Acid Nanoparticles with High Productivity." Nanomaterials 13, no. 19 (2023): 2679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13192679.

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Polyglycolic acid (PGA) nanoparticles show promise in biomedical applications due to their exceptional biocompatibility and biodegradability. These nanoparticles can be readily modified, facilitating targeted drug delivery and promoting specific interactions with diseased tissues or cells, including imaging agents and theranostic approaches. Their potential to advance precision medicine and personalized treatments is evident. However, conventional methods such as emulsification solvent evaporation via batch synthesis or tubular reactors via flow chemistry have limitations in terms of nanoparticle properties, productivity, and scalability. To overcome these limitations, this study focuses on the design and development of a 3D-printed vortex tube reactor for the continuous synthesis of PGA nanoparticles using flow chemistry. Computer-aided design (CAD) and the design of experiments (DoE) optimize the reactor design, and computational fluid dynamics simulations (CFD) evaluate the mixing index (MI) and Reynolds (Re) expression. The optimized reactor design was fabricated using fused deposition modeling (FDM) with polypropylene (PP) as the polymer. Dispersion experiments validate the optimization process and investigate the impact of input flow parameters. PGA nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized for size and polydispersity index (PDI). The results demonstrate the feasibility of using a 3D-printed vortex tube reactor for the continuous synthesis of PGA nanoparticles through flow chemistry and highlight the importance of reactor design in nanoparticle production. The CFD results of the optimized reactor design showed homogeneous mixing across a wide range of flow rates with increasing Reynolds expression. The residence time distribution (RTD) results confirmed that increasing the flow rate in the 3D-printed vortex tube reactor system reduced the dispersion variance in the tracer. Both experiments demonstrated improved mixing efficiency and productivity compared to traditional tubular reactors. The study also revealed that the total flow rate had a significant impact on the size and polydispersity index of the formulated PGA nanoparticle, with the optimal total flow rate at 104.46 mL/min, leading to smaller nanoparticles and a lower polydispersity index. Additionally, increasing the aqueous-to-organic volumetric ratio had a significant effect on the reduced particle size of the PGA nanoparticles. Overall, this study provides insights into the use of 3D-printed vortex tube reactors for the continuous synthesis of PGA nanoparticles and underscores the importance of reactor design and flow parameters in PGA nanoparticle formulation.
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Baxendale, Ian R., Christian Hornung, Steven V. Ley, Juan de Mata Muñoz Molina, and Anders Wikström. "Flow Microwave Technology and Microreactors in Synthesis." Australian Journal of Chemistry 66, no. 2 (2013): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch12365.

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A bespoke microwave reactor with a glass containment cell has been developed for performing continuous flow reactions under microwave heating. The prototype unit has been evaluated using a series of standard organic chemical transformations enabling scale-up of these chemical processes. As part of the development, a carbon-doped PTFE reactor insert was utilized to allow the heating of poorly absorbing reaction media, increasing the range of solvents and scope of reactions that can be performed in the device.
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Lange, Paul P., Lukas J. Gooßen, Philip Podmore, Toby Underwood, and Nunzio Sciammetta. "Decarboxylative biaryl synthesis in a continuous flow reactor." Chemical Communications 47, no. 12 (2011): 3628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0cc05708h.

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Andreev, D. V., L. L. Makarshin, A. G. Gribovskii, et al. "Triethanolamine synthesis in a continuous flow microchannel reactor." Chemical Engineering Journal 259 (January 2015): 252–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2014.07.118.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Continuous flow reactor synthesis"

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Baker, Alastair. "Flow reactors for the continuous synthesis of garlic metabolites." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2015. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/86704/.

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Garlic secondary metabolites are organosulfur compounds that possess prophylactic properties. The chemical composition of garlic oil extracts consists of a combination of these compounds. The instability of a major component, allicin 5, limits the commercial viability of garlic oil extracts. The synthesis of garlics organosulfur compounds has been performed in batch reactors. In this thesis, flow reactors were utilised to improve the throughput, reduce the operating conditions. The thermolysis of allicin 5 is the solitary approach to produce the garlic metabolite, ajoene 14. Ajoene 14 has greater stability compared to allicin 5 that possesses interesting biological activity. The primary three-step synthesis investigated consisted of dialkyl polysulfide synthesis, subsequent oxidation and finally the terminal thermolysis. In addition, other garlic metabolites have also been produced. The synthesis of unsymmetrical monosulfides and their subsequent oxidation was investigated using novel heterogeneous packed-bed flow reactors. The stable amino acid, alliin 15, is the precursor of allicin 5. Alliin 15 was also synthesised in homogeneous flow mode. The telescoped synthesis of alliin 15 was successfully completed using a semi-batch reactor. Development of novel approaches to synthesise garlics organosulfur compounds is reported in this thesis. Finally, the flow reactor systems, experimental details and characterisation of the compounds are described.
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Hook, Benjamin D. A. "The development of a continuous-flow photochemical reactor and its application to the synthesis of stemoamide." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.441339.

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Wang, Yantao. "Synthesis and conversion of furfural-batch versus continuous flow." Thesis, Compiègne, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019COMP2474/document.

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Le furfural, identifié comme l'un des 30 principaux produits chimiques biologiques, est une molécule importante en terme de chimie verte et développement durable. L'objectif de ce travail de doctorat est de réaliser la synthèse et la conversion du furfural en flux continu et par lots. Ici, nous avons développé des méthodes plus éco-efficiente pour la synthèse du furfural, et valorisé le furfural en produits à haute valeur ajoutée, tels que le 2-furonitrile, l'alcool furfurylique, etc... Plusieurs questions clés ont été identifiées afin de concevoir des processus plus écologiques que les processus actuels. En détail, des expériences de synthèse du furfural ont été réalisées dans l'eau pure ou dans un mélange eau-solvants organiques lorsque des co-solvants (verts ou écologiques) sont nécessaires. L'irradiation par micro-ondes a été choisie comme méthode de chauffage pour accélérer le processus de déshydratation, et un réacteur à flux continu à micro-ondes a également été utilisé pour améliorer la productivité du furfural. En partant du furfural pour produire des produits chimiques à haute valeur ajoutée, des réacteurs à flux efficace, tels que Pheonix, H-cube Pro ainsi que des micro-ondes à flux continu avec micro-réacteur, ont également été identifiés comme des alternatives intéressantes pour améliorer la productivité des composés cibles. En conséquence, certains résultats prometteurs ont été obtenus du point de vue de l'industrie<br>Furfural, which has been identified as one of top 30 bio-based chemicals, is an important green platform molecule, The aim of this PhD work is to realize the synthesis and conversion of furfural in batch and continuous flow. Here, we developed sorne greener methods for furfural synthesis, and valorized furfural into high value-added products, such as 2-furonitrile, furfuryl alcohol etc. Several keys issues were identified in order to design processes greener than the current ones. ln detail, experiments for furfural synthesis were performed in water or in water and organic solvent when co-solvents (green or eco-friendly) are necessary. Microwave irradiation has been chosen as the heating method to accelerate the dehydration process, and microwave continuous flow reactor was also applied to improve furfural productivity. When starting from furfural to produce high value-added chemicals, efficient flow reactors, suc as Pheonix, H-cube Pro as well as microwave continuous flow With micro-reactor, were also identified as interesting alternatives to improve the productivities of target compounds. As a result, some promising results were obtained in the viewpoint of industry
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Thompson, Lisa Alice. "Chemo- and bio-catalysis for the synthesis of chiral amines in continuous flow reactors." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/18514/.

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The prevalence of chiral amines in pharmaceutical compounds means that efficient synthetic methods are highly desirable. Asymmetric catalysis offers the opportunity for enantioselective synthesis of chiral amines under milder reaction conditions. Chemical and biological catalysts both offer specific advantages and disadvantages that are different to the other catalyst type. Therefore, the combination of catalysts would allow for the advantages of each to be exploited, whilst overcoming the associated disadvantages. This research investigates the combination of chemical and biological catalysts for the production of chiral amines and essential medicines using continuous reactors. Continuous reactors are increasingly seen as a method to improve synthesis routes due to their improved productivity and safety compared to batch reactors. In addition to continuous reactors, immobilised catalysts and design of experiments (DoE) strategies were employed for the development of optimised procedures. Firstly, the enzymatic kinetic resolution of a chiral primary amine was studied in a continuous packed bed reactor (PBR) using an immobilised lipase enzyme. Optimum reaction conditions were determined using a one variable at a time (OVAT) approach to give the maximum 50% conversion with high product ee in only a 6 min residence time (tRes). The PBR system was then applied to an expanded substrate set, including chiral amines and alcohols, to act as a comparison to the standard amine. Secondly, metal catalysed racemisation was investigated as a method to utilise the waste enantiomer from the enzymatic resolution in a dynamic kinetic resolution process (DKR). Homogeneous and heterogeneous Ir, Ru and Pd catalysts were tested for the amine racemisation step. However, the amount of racemisation observed was not sufficient and uncontrolled dimerisation primarily occurred. Next, the enzymatic PBR was applied to the production of essential medicines via enzymatic ammoniolysis. The development of cheaper more efficient methods to produce essential medicines is vital to make them more affordable and accessible to the developing world. In this instance, the reaction conditions were optimised using DoE with the objective being to maximise conversion. Nicotinamide and pyrazinamide were produced in 94% and 100% yields with a tRes of 60 min and 20 min, respectively. The ammoniolysis of a chiral substrate was also tested; however, this was not successful using the experimental conditions described. Finally, metal catalysed N-alkylation using Ir was investigated for the N-alkylation of the chiral primary amine as an alternative method to utilise the waste enantiomer from the continuous resolution. DoE and microwave heating techniques were employed to optimise the reaction conditions and reduce the amount of waste associated with development. In this example, the formation of un-desired dimeric products was problematic and so the optimisation objectives were both maximum conversion and maximum selectivity for the desired product. Overall, the transferal of processes into continuous PBR and optimisation techniques allowed for the intensification of reaction conditions, which led to more productive, efficient routes. However, the difficulties in combining chemical and biological catalysts were also highlighted when the combination of reactions was attempted.
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Gruar, R. I. J. "Synthesis and characterisation of nanomaterials produced using laboratory and pilot scale continuous hydrothermal flow reactors." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2013. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1386635/.

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Due to their small particle size, nanoparticles ( < 100 nm in diameter) have an increased surface area to volume ratio compared to larger particles, meaning that surface attributes become increasingly important over bulk properties. Chemically, this means more atoms in the material have unsatisfied coordination environments compared to atoms in the bulk of the particle. In many cases, this leads to materials with significantly different bulk properties compared to much larger particles; some of these unique properties are desirable in high technology applications such as sun screens, catalysts, etc. This thesis explores the use of Continuous Hydrothermal Flow Synthesis (CHFS) reactors as a niche technology to controllably produce nanoparticles at different process scales. In CHFS, a metal ion feed is mixed with superheated water (the latter is typically above the critical temperature and pressure of water, i.e. 374 °C, 22.1 MPa), and nanoparticles are precipitated. This thesis presents data relevant to an evaluation of a laboratory scale CHFS process (able to produce ca. 100 g a day of nanoparticles). This included the development of a new type of mixer for this type of process suitable for the continuous precipitation of nanoparticles. The knowledge gained from in situ measurements and particle property measurements was then applied to the successful scale up of the technology to produce up to ca. 2 kg per hour of nanoparticles. It was demonstrated that the versatility of a flow process and the rapid crystallising environment in a CHFS system could be effectively exploited for the production of target nanoparticles when appropriate synthesis conditions were used. This thesis has also demonstrated the versatility of CHFS in that as formed particles could be surface functionalised in flow by use of an additional feed in process. The outcomes of this thesis have been demonstrated using a variety of material compositions; Hydroxyapatite, ZnO, iron oxides, yttrium oxyhydroxide, yttrium oxide and the binary oxide series Ce-Zn. Where each material composition was used to probe different aspect of the continuous hydrothermal process reported in this work. In summary, the CHFS process has been evaluated and developed to allow for synthesis of a wide range of nanoparticle compositions with different particle properties. Process modifications have been evaluated and shown to be suitable for the synthesis of target materials.
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Martin, Alex D. "A Convergent Approach to the Continuous Synthesis of Telmisartan via a Suzuki Reaction between Two Functionalized Benzimidazoles." VCU Scholars Compass, 2015. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3750.

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A direct and highly efficient synthesis has been developed for telmisartan, the active ingredient in the widely prescribed antihypertensive drug Micardis®. This approach brings together two functionalized benzimidazoles using a high-yielding Suzuki reaction that can be catalyzed by a homogeneous palladium source or palladium on a solid support. The ability to perform the cross-coupling reaction was facilitated by the regio-controlled preparation of a 2-bromo-1-methylbenzimidazole precursor. The method developed is the first reported selective bromination at the 2-position of a benzimidazole and produces the first major precursor in high yield (93%). The second precursor, potassium (4-methyl-2-propylbenzimidazol-6-yl) trifluoroborate, was prepared from commercially available 4-bromo-2-methyl-6-nitroaniline. An optimized preparation is described that provides a direct three-step process to prepare the benzimidazole and install the borate; this synthetic sequence yields the second precursor with a 90% yield and no isolated intermediates. The two prepared precursors were combined with a third, commercially available methyl-4’-(bromomethyl)-[1,1’-biphenyl]-2-carboxylate, utilizing a short sequence of high yielding reactions to produce the telmisartan with an 83% yield from these advanced intermediates. This new convergent approach provides the active drug ingredient with an overall yield of 74% while circumventing many issues associated with the previously reported processes. Additionally, a flow-based synthesis of telmisartan was achieved with no intermediate purifications or solvent exchanges. The continuous process utilizes a tubular reactor system coupled with a plug flow cartridge, ultimately delivering telmisartan in an 86% isolated yield.
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Chassillan, Louis. "New Chiral Bifunctional Organocatalysts : Synthesis and Application in Enantioselective Reactions Under Batch and Continuous-Flow Conditions." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASF027.

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Au cours des dernières années, l’organocatalyse asymétrique a connu un engouement sans précédent et de nombreux catalyseurs organiques ont été synthétisés dans le but d’effectuer des réactions plus rapides et plus sélectives. Cependant, étant donné la demande croissante de molécules chirales dans l’industrie, il demeure crucial de développer de nouveaux outils afin de rendre leur production plus efficace. Pour ce faire, l’utilisation de la catalyse bifonctionnelle apparait comme une évidence du fait de sa capacité à activer simultanément le nucléophile et l’électrophile et ainsi permettre un meilleur contrôle de la sélectivité. De plus, au cours des dernières années, le recyclage des catalyseurs est devenu une préoccupation importante. En effet, recycler les catalyseurs permet de réduire les coûts liés à l’extraction, au transport ou encore au traitement de ces derniers. C’est pourquoi, l’hétérogénéisation des catalyseurs chiraux semble être une approche attractive pour les applications industrielles. Nous avons donc décidé de concentrer nos efforts sur la synthèse de nouveaux catalyseurs organiques bifonctionnels homogènes et hétérogènes afin d’effectuer la synthèse de composés chiraux en batch et en flux-continu. Dans un premier temps, de nouveaux catalyseurs guanidine-thiourées ont été synthétisés et utilisés avec succès pour la réaction d’hydrophosphonylation asymétrique d’imines et l’addition-1,4 de malonates sur le trans-β-nitrostyrène. Dans un second temps le catalyseur le plus performant a été hétérogénéisé par polymérisation avec du styrène et utilisé pour la réaction d’hydrophosphonylation asymétrique d’imines en flux-continu. Enfin, de nouveaux catalyseurs de type proline-amide ont aussi été préparés et leurs efficacités ont été évaluées dans la réaction d’aldolisation entre l’acétone et la trifluoro acétophénone<br>Asymmetric organocatalysis field has known an important expansion in the past years and powerful synthetic tools have been developed to perform fast and selective reactions. However, regarding the increasing use of chiral molecules and drugs in the industry, especially in pharmaceutical industry, it is crucial to design new catalysts in order to synthesize valuable chiral molecules in a more efficient manner. For that, bifunctional organocatalysts appear to be an efficient approach as the synergistic activation of nucleophile and electrophile usually allows better control of the selectivity and shorter reaction times. Moreover, the reusability of catalysts has become a major concern in the recent years as recycling allows a significant reduction in resources commonly associated with extraction or transportation and processing of industrial catalysts. Therefore, the heterogenization of chiral catalysts seems to be a very attractive approach for industrial applications. Considering all those concerns, we decided to focus on synthesizing novel chiral bifunctional catalysts and heterogenizing them to perform heterogeneous catalysis under batch and continuous-flow conditions. In the first part, guanidine-thiourea catalysts were successfully synthesized and applied for the enantioselective hydrophosphonylation reaction of imines providing a large scope of α-amino phosphonates with high yields and high ee. The 1,4-Michael addition of malonates to trans-β-nitrostyrene was also investigated. In the second part, the newly synthesized guanidine-thiourea catalysts were heterogenized by polymerization with styrene and the resulting polymer was used for the asymmetric Pudovik reaction under continuous-flow conditions. Finally, new prolineamide catalysts were synthesized in the last part and their efficiency for the aldol reaction of trifluoro acetophenone and acetone was investigated
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Zhu, Cuiju. "Sustainable Synthesis by 3d Transition Metal Electro-Catalyzed C─H Activation." Doctoral thesis, Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/21.11130/00-1735-0000-0005-12F3-4.

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Medina-Ramos, Wilmarie. "Water and carbon dioxide for sustainable synthesis and separation of pharmaceutical intermediates." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/52915.

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The research projects presented in this thesis are mainly focused toward green chemistry and engineering: developing innovative strategies to minimize waste, improve process efficiency and reduce energy consumption. Specifically, the work was centered on the design and applications of green solvents and processes for the sustainable production of pharmaceuticals. The first project was focused on the use of CO₂ to enhance Suzuki coupling reactions of substrates containing unprotected primary amines. This work established that exceptionally challenging substrates like halogenated amino pyridines (i.e. 4-amino-2-bromopyridine and 4-amino-2-chloropyridine) are suitable substrates for Suzuki coupling reactions under standard conditions using CO₂ pressures, without the need for protection/deprotection steps which are traditionally considered to be necessary for these reactions to proceed cleanly. The second project explored the use of water at elevated temperatures (WET) for the sustainable and selective removal of protecting groups. The favorable changes that occur in the physiochemical properties (i.e. density, dielectric constant and ionization constant) of water at elevated temperatures and pressures make it an attractive solvent for the development of sustainable, environmentally green processes for the removal of protecting groups. The water-mediated selective removal of protecting groups such as N-Boc, N-Acetyl and O-Acetyl from a range of organic model compounds was successfully achieved by tuning the temperature (125 to 275°C) or properties of water. The third project investigated the use of Organic-Aqueous Tunable Solvents (OATS) for the rhodium catalyzed hydroformylation of p-methylstyrene. This enables the reactions to be carried out efficiently under homogeneous conditions, followed by a carbon dioxide (CO₂) induced heterogeneous separation. Modest pressures of CO₂ induced the aqueous-rich phase (containing the catalyst) to separate from the organic-rich phase (containing the reactant), thus enabled an easy separation and recycling of catalyst. The use of Al(OtBu)₃ as a potent catalyst toward continuous Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley (MPV) reductions was established in the fourth project. The MPV reduction of model compounds like benzaldehyde and acetophenone to their corresponding alcohols was investigated in continuous mode as a function of temperature and catalyst loading. These results established a roadmap for the pharmaceutical industry to document the implementation of continuous flow processes in their manufacturing operations.
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Charney, Reagan R. "Coupling reactions and separations for improved synthetic processes." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/26675.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.<br>Committee Chair: Dr. Charles Liotta; Committee Co-Chair: Dr. Charles Eckert; Committee Member: Dr. David Collard; Committee Member: Dr. Facundo Fernandez; Committee Member: Dr. Rigoberto Hernandez. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
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Books on the topic "Continuous flow reactor synthesis"

1

Tundo, Pietro. Continuous flow methods in organic synthesis. Ellis Horwood, 1991.

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Saito, Yuki. Multistep Continuous Flow Synthesis of Fine Chemicals with Heterogeneous Catalysts. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7258-4.

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Tundo, Pietro. Continuous Flow Methods In Organic Synthesis. Ellis Horwood, Ltd., 1996.

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Tundo, Pietro. Continuous Flow Methods In Organic Synthesis. Ellis Horwood, Ltd., 1996.

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Pálinkó, István, and Pál Sipos. Continuous Flow Synthesis of Fine Chemicals Via Heterogeneous Catalysis. Elsevier, 2022.

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Rodrigo Octavio Mendonca Alves de Souza. Flow Chemistry for Pharmaceuticals: Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Synthesis by Continuous-Flow Technology. de Gruyter GmbH, Walter, 2022.

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Rodrigo Octavio Mendonca Alves de Souza. Flow Chemistry for Pharmaceuticals: Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Synthesis by Continuous-Flow Technology. de Gruyter GmbH, Walter, 2022.

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Rodrigo Octavio Mendonca Alves de Souza. Flow Chemistry for Pharmaceuticals: Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Synthesis by Continuous-Flow Technology. de Gruyter GmbH, Walter, 2022.

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Multistep Continuous Flow Synthesis of Fine Chemicals with Heterogeneous Catalysts. Springer, 2023.

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Saito, Yuki. Multistep Continuous Flow Synthesis of Fine Chemicals with Heterogeneous Catalysts. Springer, 2022.

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Book chapters on the topic "Continuous flow reactor synthesis"

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Fukuyama, Takahide, Akihiro Furuta, and Ilhyong Ryu. "Continuous Flow Synthesis Using Recyclable Reaction Media." In Sustainable Flow Chemistry. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527689118.ch2.

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Noël, Timothy, Yuanhai Su, and Volker Hessel. "Beyond Organometallic Flow Chemistry: The Principles Behind the Use of Continuous-Flow Reactors for Synthesis." In Organometallic Flow Chemistry. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3418_2015_152.

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A. Lapkin, Alexei, Konstantin Loponov, Giovanna Tomaiuolo, and Stefano Guido. "Solids in Continuous Flow Reactors for Specialty and Pharmaceutical Syntheses." In Sustainable Flow Chemistry. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527689118.ch11.

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Zhang, Lianshan, Wolfgang Rapp, and Ernst Bayer. "Continuous flow peptide synthesis: Dependence of the kinetics upon the nature of polymeric support, method of activation and reaction conditions." In Peptides 1990. Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3034-9_80.

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Frank, R., H. Leban, M. Kraft, and H. Gausepohl. "Continuous flow peptide synthesis." In Peptides. Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9595-2_63.

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Colella, Marco, Claudia Carlucci, and Renzo Luisi. "Supported Catalysts for Continuous Flow Synthesis." In Topics in Current Chemistry Collections. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36572-1_2.

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Glasnov, Toma. "Continuous Flow Synthesis: A Short Perspective." In Continuous-Flow Chemistry in the Research Laboratory. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32196-7_1.

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Alcázar, Jesus, and Juan de M. Muñoz. "Microwave-Assisted Continuous Flow Organic Synthesis (MACOS)." In Microwaves in Organic Synthesis. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527651313.ch25.

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Chang, Chih-Hung. "Synthesis of Nanomaterials Using Continuous-Flow Microreactors." In Microreactors in Preparative Chemistry. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527652891.ch07.

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Kulkarni, Amol A., and Rajashri B. Jundale. "Chapter 9. Continuous Flow Synthesis of Nanomaterials." In Green Chemistry Series. Royal Society of Chemistry, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781788016094-00316.

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Conference papers on the topic "Continuous flow reactor synthesis"

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Schael, Frank, Krishna Nigam, and Patrick Rojahn. "Green engineering approach with microstructured coiled flow inverter for CMF and HMF continuous flow synthesis." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/ikvz3189.

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Since the first publication of the 12 green engineering principles by Anastas and coworkers in 2003 a considerable body of literature developed the idea and its systematic application further. Nowadays several chemical process assessment tools include green engineering principles. This talk gives an overview on the status of green engineering in process assessment and presents a process development example following green engineering principles such as employment of renewable rather than depleting feedstocks and maximization of mass, energy, space and time efficiency among others.&#x0D;In particular, investigations of the technical synthesis of 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural HMF and 5-(chloromethyl) furfural CMF from sugars and sugar containing waste streams is presented. HMF and CMF attracted a lot of attention in recent literature as potential candidates for new platform chemicals. However, mainly studies of batch processes are so far available. &#x0D;In continuation of earlier investigations process development for a continuous flow synthesis of HMF and CMF is performed by means of a reactive extraction which allows to beneficially combine separation and reaction unit operations in a single processing step. A coiled flow inverter reactor concept with reactor diameters on the scale of millimeter and submillimeter is used. The hydrodynamic properties of the reactor concept in conjunction with small reactor diameters assure efficient heat and mass transfer, narrow residence time distribution and improved safety when compared to regular batch processes. The continuous flow approach allows more easy adaption to changing processing demands and better process control. &#x0D;In systematic investigations environmentally benign extraction solvents, reaction temperature, initial sugar concentrations, and reactor geometry is varied. Kinetic details as well as the influence of flow regimes of the two-phase mixture and hydrodynamic aspects of the reactor operation are elucidated. This information is of relevance for optimization for a later scale-up of the process in line with green engineering principles.
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Perala, Sivaramakrishna, Madan Avulapati, Ravikrishna R.V., and Sanjeev Kumar. "Continuous Synthesis of Calcium Carbonate Nanoparticles using a Mist Flow Reactor." In 5th Asian Particle Technology Symposium. Research Publishing Services, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-07-2518-1_164.

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Palanisamy, Barath, and Brian Paul. "Ultrasound Induced Synthesis of CdS Nanocrystals Under Continuous Flow." In ASME 2013 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the 41st North American Manufacturing Research Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2013-1225.

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Cadmium sulfide nanoparticles generally exhibit quantum confinement effects when the particle size is less than 10 nm and approaches the Bohr exciton radius. It is a widely used buffer material in solar cells owing to its wide band transmission of solar light and hence used as a window layer in photovoltaic devices. Sonochemical synthesis permits the rapid heating of reactant baths by acoustic cavitation leading to high local temperatures. In this research, results from batch trials for heating and synthesis are reported. These results were used to design experiments for the continuous synthesis of CdS nanoparticles using a sonochemical reactor consisting of a flow cell and a high intensity horn. By utilizing the continuous synthesis approach a more than hundred fold reduction in processing time over batch synthesis for similar product was reported.
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Matsumura, Takeko, M. Kishihara, and U. Urushihara. "Development of Coaxial Type flow microwave reactor and application to microwave reactions." In Ampere 2019. Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ampere2019.2019.9897.

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We have developed a flow microwave reactor with a coaxial cavity. It comprises a cylindrical cavity of 100 mm inside diameter, a metal rod along its center axis, and a spiral glass tube for flowing solvents and reactants, as shown in Fig.1. When the input port of microwave is placed at the end of the metal rod, the TEM mode is excited in the cylindrical chamber due to the presence of the metal rod. Simulations of the electric field and the magnetic field within the coaxial cavity are shown in Fig.2. This configuration was confirmed suitable for rapid and continuous microwave syntheses of various functional metal complexes. Experimental results are presented of Ir(Ⅲ) complexes for OLED dopants and Ru(Ⅱ) complexes for various sensors. The application to rapid and continuous microwave synthesis of various functional metal complexes were performed in success. In the similar manner as the coaxial reaction chamber of 2.45GHz, a coaxial reaction chamber for 5.8GHz IMS band, dimension of 51mm in diameter and 50mm in height, is designed The electric field distributions in the chamber and the temperature profiles of solvent are simulated using the commercial simulator (COMSOL Multiphysics) for 5.8 GHz, 5W microwave input. Using the simulation results appropriate dimensions of the chamber are determined for the 5.8 GHz operation. When water is used as a solvent the simulation shows that the temperature rises from20℃ to 95℃ after 300 seconds of the microwave irradiation.
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Kurt, Safa Kutup, Mohd Akhtar, Krishna Deo Prasad Nigam, and Norbert Kockmann. "Modular Concept of a Smart Scale Helically Coiled Tubular Reactor for Continuous Operation of Multiphase Reaction Systems." In ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels collocated with the ASME 2016 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2016 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2016-8004.

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Process intensification (PI) via microstructured devices has often been applied by research and development (R&amp;D) and industry for a decade, as they offer a large specific surface area that enhances the mass and the heat transfer. Helically coiled tubular reactors (HCTR) in micro-scale can further increase the performance in terms of transport phenomena, as the secondary flow (Dean vortices) enhances the radial mixing along the tube. Therefore, a narrow residence time distribution (RTD) that is required for the operation of complex chemical reaction systems can be achieved for the long residence times (RTs) at laminar flow regimes In this study, the continuous precipitation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) was investigated by using a smart scale HCTR, i.e. modular coiled flow inverter (CFI) made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tubes (di = 3.2 mm). Modular CFI consists of 90° bends connecting the helical coils in order to enhance the radial mixing further. For precipitation process calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) solution and gaseous CO2/synthetic air mixture were contacted prior to the reactor inlet via a Y-mixer. Slug flow profile was maintained and CaCO3 was precipitated along the reactor tube. To avoid further reaction of CaCO3 with water that is saturated with CO2 (pH ≲ 8.6), which promotes the consecutive parallel reaction forming soluble calcium bicarbonate (Ca(HCO3)2), the RT of the reactor was easily varied by changing the tube length of the modular CFI. Precipitated CaCO3 particles with a conversion of ca. 90% were separated from the suspension by vacuum filtration. Influence of volumetric flow ratio of the gases (R = V̇CO2/V̇air) and the RT were investigated on the precipitation process at constant flow rates. A comparison is presented between a batch reactor and a modular CFI. Results showed that narrower particle size distribution (PSD) with median particle diameters (d50,2) around 28 μm and more uniform morphology can be achieved by using a CFI for the continuous production of the powders.
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Morgan, Eric R., and Tom Acker. "Methanol From Electricity, Water and Carbon Dioxide: Operational Results." In ASME 2015 9th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2015 Power Conference, the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2015 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2015-49793.

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A chemical reactor has been developed that takes only carbon dioxide, water and electricity as inputs and produces a mixture of methanol and water. The system includes an electrolyzer that splits water into oxygen and hydrogen; and data logging capabilities for four temperatures probes, two pressure probes and three flow rates. The methanol synthesis unit was run under a number of flow conditions to help characterize its operation. One day of continuous temperature, pressure and flow rate data from the reactor will be presented to illustrate the system robustness. Finally, synchronized flow, temperature, and pressure data will be presented for the system as it undergoes step changes in the synloop flow rate. The results show that the flow rate through the reactor strongly influences the reactor temperature, which, in turn, influences the rate of methanol production.
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U, Ayyappan, Indu M.S, Adithya G. Murickan, Balagopal J, Arun S. Kumar, and Priya K L. "Continuous flow electrocoagulation system for the treatment of coir industry wastewater." In International Web Conference in Civil Engineering for a Sustainable Planet. AIJR Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.112.29.

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Coir industry, a prominent industry in Kerala, uses huge amount of water and chemical reagents for its functioning. The effluent from these industries has high BOD, COD, toxic chemicals, oils and grease etc. Of the various pollutants, synthetic dyes are the most concerning. Electrocoagulation has advantages over other systems, as it doesn’t produce any secondary pollutants. In this study, a continuous flow electrocoagulation reactor is designed and operational parameters like flow rate, voltage, pH, electrolyte concentration, dye concentration and electrode orientation are optimized. The influence of these parameters are assessed by measuring colour removal efficiency (CRE) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The optimum flow, voltage, electrolyte concentration, pH and electrode orientation were 1000 mL/hr., 8V, 1000 mg/L, 7 and parallel respectively. The optimized parameters were used for performance evaluation of the system in treating coir industry wastewater. Under these optimized conditions, colour removal efficiency, turbidity, pH, COD removal efficiency and BOD removal efficiency for the treated coir industry wastewater was found as 92.17%, 25 NTU, 8.7, 95.49%, and 92.20% respectively.
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Xu, Jian, Aodong Zhang, Ming Hu, Lingling Xia, and Ya Cheng. "Ultrafast laser-assisted manufacture of UV photochemical fused silica microchannel reactors for continuous-flow synthesis of vitamin D3." In Laser-based Micro- and Nanoprocessing XVIII, edited by Rainer Kling, Wilhelm Pfleging, and Koji Sugioka. SPIE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.3001235.

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"Kinetics study of nutrients removal from synthetic wastewater using media as submerged in continuous activated sludge system." In Sustainable Processes and Clean Energy Transition. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644902516-12.

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Abstract. Domestic wastewater effluents are one of the main sources of environmental contaminants such as nutrients. Wastewater has been treated with biological processes for over a century to remove contaminants. Conventional wastewater treatment plants continue to struggle to meet Malaysian discharge limits. Stringent regulation enforced by governing authorities makes it obligatory to comply with discharge guidelines to fulfill ammonia and nitrate levels. To assist the system in meeting these limits, it is recommended that a submerged attached growth Palm Oil Clinker (POC) can be incorporated into the conventional treatment system. The study was conducted in a continuous submerged attach growth conventional activated sludge which was evaluated for the treatment of wastewater (CSAR). A basket was installed in the aeration tank of the reactor to submerge (POC). Two identical reactors were operated for each reactor of study which (A) was referred to as submerged media reactor while (B) was referred to as control. The studies were carried out at various influent flow rates between 5 and 30 L/d, and constant organic load rate OLR. Parameters such as NH4-N, and NO3-N, were monitored. Generally, Ammonia and Nitrate were highly removed. At all conditions of flow rate (5-30 L/d), the maximum and minimum NH4-N removal is 92% and 85%. The experimental data were validated through well-established mathematical bio-kinetic models such as the First order model, and Monod models. The kinetic coefficients R2 of the first-order model of the substrate removal rate were 0.97 for Ammonia. The steady-state data was fitted to both models obtained at various flowrate. Monod's kinetic model was appropriate for describing experimental results in terms of microbial growth parameters. The kinetic coefficients R2 (0.984) and Ks 303 for the removal of Ammonia, respectively. While µmax 10 g/L.d for Ammonia removal respectively.
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Jia, L., and F. Gitzhofer. "Collection of Nano-Powders Generated by Radio Frequency (RF) Plasma Spray Synthesis (PSS) Processing, using a Sampling Probe." In ITSC2005, edited by E. Lugscheider. Verlag für Schweißen und verwandte Verfahren DVS-Verlag GmbH, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2005p1444.

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Abstract A particle-sampling probe has been designed and constructed for the continuous collection of nano-powders produced by the plasma spray synthesis (PSS) process. The probe comprises a powder sampling line (inner tube), a quench gas line (outer tube) and a water-cooling jacket surrounding the outer tube. A sample holder is disposed at the exit of the inner tube to hold a standard 3.08 mm diameter TEM copper grid which is used to collect the powders by means of the pumping pressure differential. Quenching gas is introduced to the probe, via the outer tube to quench and entrain the as-synthesized clusters. After each sample collection event, the inner tube can be cleaned in-situ by means of a water injection, and then dried using a compressed gas flow. The results obtained to date indicate that the sampling probe location in the plasma reactor and the quenching gas flow rate employed are the most important parameters involved in the satisfactory operation of the sampling probe.
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Reports on the topic "Continuous flow reactor synthesis"

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Aloisi, Marc, Emily Luteran, Jordan Harper, and Paul Peterson. Cost-efficient temperature mediation of DPMS synthesis in flow using continuous flow chemistry. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2377683.

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Lee, D. D., and J. L. Collins. Continuous-flow stirred-tank reactor 20-L demonstration test: Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/752984.

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Ahlquist, J. T., and N. N. Watkins. Modeling Continuous-Flow Reactor Improvements over Batch Reactions for Enzyme Catalyzed Microsphere Surface Reactions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1568027.

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Pullammanappallil, Pratap, Haim Kalman, and Jennifer Curtis. Investigation of particulate flow behavior in a continuous, high solids, leach-bed biogasification system. United States Department of Agriculture, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600038.bard.

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Recent concerns regarding global warming and energy security have accelerated research and developmental efforts to produce biofuels from agricultural and forestry residues, and energy crops. Anaerobic digestion is a promising process for producing biogas-biofuel from biomass feedstocks. However, there is a need for new reactor designs and operating considerations to process fibrous biomass feedstocks. In this research project, the multiphase flow behavior of biomass particles was investigated. The objective was accomplished through both simulation and experimentation. The simulations included both particle-level and bulk flow simulations. Successful computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of multiphase flow in the digester is dependent on the accuracy of constitutive models which describe (1) the particle phase stress due to particle interactions, (2) the particle phase dissipation due to inelastic interactions between particles and (3) the drag force between the fibres and the digester fluid. Discrete Element Method (DEM) simulations of Homogeneous Cooling Systems (HCS) were used to develop a particle phase dissipation rate model for non-spherical particle systems that was incorporated in a two-fluid CFDmultiphase flow model framework. Two types of frictionless, elongated particle models were compared in the HCS simulations: glued-sphere and true cylinder. A new model for drag for elongated fibres was developed which depends on Reynolds number, solids fraction, and fibre aspect ratio. Schulze shear test results could be used to calibrate particle-particle friction for DEM simulations. Several experimental measurements were taken for biomass particles like olive pulp, orange peels, wheat straw, semolina, and wheat grains. Using a compression tester, the breakage force, breakage energy, yield force, elastic stiffness and Young’s modulus were measured. Measurements were made in a shear tester to determine unconfined yield stress, major principal stress, effective angle of internal friction and internal friction angle. A liquid fludized bed system was used to determine critical velocity of fluidization for these materials. Transport measurements for pneumatic conveying were also assessed. Anaerobic digestion experiments were conducted using orange peel waste, olive pulp and wheat straw. Orange peel waste and olive pulp could be anaerobically digested to produce high methane yields. Wheat straw was not digestible. In a packed bed reactor, anaerobic digestion was not initiated above bulk densities of 100 kg/m³ for peel waste and 75 kg/m³ for olive pulp. Interestingly, after the digestion has been initiated and balanced methanogenesis established, the decomposing biomass could be packed to higher densities and successfully digested. These observations provided useful insights for high throughput reactor designs. Another outcome from this project was the development of low cost devices to measure methane content of biogas for off-line (US$37), field (US$50), and online (US$107) applications.
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Varga, Gabriella A., Amichai Arieli, Lawrence D. Muller, Haim Tagari, Israel Bruckental, and Yair Aharoni. Effect of Rumen Available Protein, Amimo Acids and Carbohydrates on Microbial Protein Synthesis, Amino Acid Flow and Performance of High Yielding Cows. United States Department of Agriculture, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568103.bard.

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The effect of rumen available protein amino acids and carbohydrates on microbial protein synthesis, amino acid flow and performance of high yielding dairy cows was studied. A significant relationship between the effective degradabilities of OM in feedstuffs and the in vivo ruminal OM degradation of diets of dairy cows was found. The in situ method enabled the prediction of ruminal nutrients degradability response to processing of energy and nitragenous supplements. The AA profile of the rumen undegradable protein was modified by the processing method. In a continuous culture study total N and postruminal AA flows, and bacterial efficiency, is maximal at rumen degradable levels of 65% of the CP. Responses to rumen degradable non carbohydrate (NSC) were linear up to at least 27% of DM. Higher CP flow in the abomasum was found for cows fed high ruminally degradable OM and low ruminally degradable CP diet. It appeared that in dairy cows diets, the ratio of rumen degradable OM to rumenally degradable CP should be at least 5:1 in order to maximize postruminal CP flow. The efficiency of microbial CP synthesis was higher for diets supplemented with 33% of rumen undegradable protein, with greater amounts of bacterial AA reaching the abomasum. Increase in ruminal carbohydrate availability by using high moisture corn increased proportions of propionate, postruminal nutrients flow, postruminal starch digestibility, ruminal availability of NSC, uptake of energy substrates by the mammory gland. These modifications resulted with improvement in the utilization of nonessential AA for milk protein synthesis, in higher milk protein yield. Higher postruminal NSC digestibility and higher efficiency of milk protein production were recorded in cows fed extruded corn. Increasing feeding frequency increased flow of N from the rumen to the blood, reduced diurnal variation in ruminal and ammonia, and of plasma urea and improved postruminal NSC and CIP digestibility and total tract digestibilities. Milk and constituent yield increased with more frequent feeding. In a study performed in a commercial dairy herd, changes in energy and nitrogenous substrates level suggested that increasing feeding frequency may improve dietary nitrogen utilization and may shift metabolism toward more glucogenesis. It was concluded that efficiency of milk protein yield in high producing cows might be improved by an optimization of ruminal and post-ruminal supplies of energy and nitrogenous substrates. Such an optimization can be achieved by processing of energy and nitrogenous feedstuffs, and by increasing feeding frequency. In situ data may provide means for elucidation of the optimal processing conditions.
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Page, Martin, Bruce MacAllister, Marissa Campobasso, et al. Optimizing the Harmful Algal Bloom Interception, Treatment, and Transformation System (HABITATS). Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42223.

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Harmful algal blooms (HABs) continue to affect lakes and waterways across the nation, often resulting in environmental and economic damage at regional scales. The US Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) and collaborators have continued research on the Harmful Algal Bloom Interception, Treatment, and Transformation System (HABITATS) project to develop a rapidly deployable and scalable system for mitigating large HABs. The second year of the project focused on optimization research, including (1) development of a new organic flocculant formulation for neutralization and flotation of algal cells; (2) testing and initial optimization of a new, high-throughput biomass dewatering system with low power requirements; (3) development, design, assembly, and initial testing of the first shipboard HABITATS prototype; (4) execution of two field pilot studies of interception and treatment systems in coordination with the Florida Department of Environmental Protection and New York State Department of Environmental Conservation; (5) conversion of algal biomass into biocrude fuel at pilot scale with a 33% increase in yield compared to the previous bench scale continuous-flow reactor studies; and (6) refinement of a scalability analysis and optimization model to guide the future development of full-scale prototypes.
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Lahav, Ori, Albert Heber, and David Broday. Elimination of emissions of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide from confined animal and feeding operations (CAFO) using an adsorption/liquid-redox process with biological regeneration. United States Department of Agriculture, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695589.bard.

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The project was originally aimed at investigating and developing new efficient methods for cost effective removal of ammonia (NH₃) and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) from Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFO), in particular broiler and laying houses (NH₃) and hog houses (H₂S). In both cases, the principal idea was to design and operate a dedicated air collection system that would be used for the treatment of the gases, and that would work independently from the general ventilation system. The advantages envisaged: (1) if collected at a point close to the source of generation, pollutants would arrive at the treatment system at higher concentrations; (2) the air in the vicinity of the animals would be cleaner, a fact that would promote animal growth rates; and (3) collection efficiency would be improved and adverse environmental impact reduced. For practical reasons, the project was divided in two: one effort concentrated on NH₃₍g₎ removal from chicken houses and another on H₂S₍g₎ removal from hog houses. NH₃₍g₎ removal: a novel approach was developed to reduce ammonia emissions from CAFOs in general, and poultry houses in particular. Air sucked by the dedicated air capturing system from close to the litter was shown to have NH₃₍g₎ concentrations an order of magnitude higher than at the vents of the ventilation system. The NH₃₍g₎ rich waste air was conveyed to an acidic (0&lt;pH&lt;~5) bubble column reactor where NH₃ was converted to NH₄⁺. The reactor operated in batch mode, starting at pH 0 and was switched to a new acidic absorption solution just before NH₃₍g₎ breakthrough occurred, at pH ~5. Experiments with a wide range of NH₃₍g₎ concentrations showed that the absorption efficiency was practically 100% throughout the process as long as the face velocity was below 4 cm/s. The potential advantages of the method include high absorption efficiency, lower NH₃₍g₎ concentrations in the vicinity of the birds, generation of a valuable product and the separation between the ventilation and ammonia treatment systems. A small scale pilot operation conducted for 5 weeks in a broiler house showed the approach to be technically feasible. H₂S₍g₎ removal: The main goal of this part was to develop a specific treatment process for minimizing H₂S₍g₎ emissions from hog houses. The proposed process consists of three units: In the 1ˢᵗ H₂S₍g₎ is absorbed into an acidic (pH&lt;2) ferric iron solution and oxidized by Fe(III) to S⁰ in a bubble column reactor. In parallel, Fe(III) is reduced to Fe(II). In the 2ⁿᵈ unit Fe(II) is bio-oxidized back to Fe(III) by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (AF).In the 3ʳᵈ unit S⁰ is separated from solution in a gravity settler. The work focused on three sub-processes: the kinetics of H₂S absorption into a ferric solution at low pH, the kinetics of Fe²⁺ oxidation by AF and the factors that affect ferric iron precipitation (a main obstacle for a continuous operation of the process) under the operational conditions. H₂S removal efficiency was found higher at a higher Fe(III) concentration and also higher for higher H₂S₍g₎ concentrations and lower flow rates of the treated air. The rate limiting step of the H₂S reactive absorption was found to be the chemical reaction rather than the transition from gas to liquid phase. H₂S₍g₎ removal efficiency of &gt;95% was recorded with Fe(III) concentration of 9 g/L using typical AFO air compositions. The 2ⁿᵈ part of the work focused on kinetics of Fe(II) oxidation by AF. A new lab technique was developed for determining the kinetic equation and kinetic parameters (KS, Kₚ and mₘₐₓ) for the bacteria. The 3ʳᵈ part focused on iron oxide precipitation under the operational conditions. It was found that at lower pH (1.5) jarosite accumulation is slower and that the performance of the AF at this pH was sufficient for successive operation of the proposed process at the H₂S fluxes predicted from AFOs. A laboratory-scale test was carried out at Purdue University on the use of the integrated system for simultaneous hydrogen sulfide removal from a H₂S bubble column filled with ferric sulfate solution and biological regeneration of ferric ions in a packed column immobilized with enriched AFbacteria. Results demonstrated the technical feasibility of the integrated system for H₂S removal and simultaneous biological regeneration of Fe(III) for potential continuous treatment of H₂S released from CAFO. NH₃ and H₂S gradient measurements at egg layer and swine barns were conducted in winter and summer at Purdue. Results showed high potential to concentrate NH₃ and H₂S in hog buildings, and NH₃ in layer houses. H₂S emissions from layer houses were too low for a significant gradient. An NH₃ capturing system was designed and tested in a 100-chicken broiler room. Five bell-type collecting devices were installed over the litter to collect NH₃ emissions. While the air extraction system moved only 10% of the total room ventilation airflow rate, the fraction of total ammonia removed was 18%, because of the higher concentration air taken from near the litter. The system demonstrated the potential to reduce emissions from broiler facilities and to concentrate the NH₃ effluent for use in an emission control system. In summary, the project laid a solid foundation for the implementation of both processes, and also resulted in a significant scientific contribution related to AF kinetic studies and ferrous analytical measurements.
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