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Journal articles on the topic 'Continuous granulator'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Vervaet, Chris, Hans Vermeersch, Mikhael S. Khotz, Luc Massart, and Jean-Paul Remon. "Parameters influencing granule quality using a continuous granulator." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 106, no. 2 (1994): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-5173(94)90314-x.

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2

Metta, Nirupaplava, Michael Ghijs, Elisabeth Schäfer, et al. "Dynamic Flowsheet Model Development and Sensitivity Analysis of a Continuous Pharmaceutical Tablet Manufacturing Process Using the Wet Granulation Route." Processes 7, no. 4 (2019): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7040234.

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In view of growing interest and investment in continuous manufacturing, the development and utilization of mathematical model(s) of the manufacturing line is of prime importance. These models are essential for understanding the complex interplay between process-wide critical process parameters (CPPs) and critical quality attributes (CQAs) beyond the individual process operations. In this work, a flowsheet model that is an approximate representation of the ConsiGma TM -25 line for continuous tablet manufacturing, including wet granulation, is developed. The manufacturing line involves various unit operations, i.e., feeders, blenders, a twin-screw wet granulator, a fluidized bed dryer, a mill, and a tablet press. The unit operations are simulated using various modeling approaches such as data-driven models, semi-empirical models, population balance models, and mechanistic models. Intermediate feeders, blenders, and transfer lines between the units are also simulated. The continuous process is simulated using the flowsheet model thus developed and case studies are provided to demonstrate its application for dynamic simulation. Finally, the flowsheet model is used to systematically identify critical process parameters (CPPs) that affect process responses of interest using global sensitivity analysis methods. Liquid feed rate to the granulator, and air temperature and drying time in the dryer are identified as CPPs affecting the tablet properties.

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3

Behjani, Mohammadreza Alizadeh, Nejat Rahmanian, Nur Fardina bt Abdul Ghani, and Ali Hassanpour. "An investigation on process of seeded granulation in a continuous drum granulator using DEM." Advanced Powder Technology 28, no. 10 (2017): 2456–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2017.02.011.

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4

Fukumori, K., M. Mouri, N. Sato, H. Okamoto, and M. Matsushita. "Continuous Recycling of Vulcanisates." International Polymer Science and Technology 28, no. 6 (2001): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0307174x0102800601.

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Vulcanised EPDM rubber waste produced during the manufacturing process is devulcanised using a screw granulator under controlled conditions of shear stress, temperature and internal stress. During this recycling process, carbon-sulphur bonds are broken selectively so that a devulcanised rubber consisting of a sol component and a gel component is obtained which can be processed like new rubber and re-vulcanised with an accelerated sulphur curing system. The revulcanisates exhibit nearly the same properties as cured new rubber. EPDM rubber which has been devulcanised using the new process is used for the production of rubber products for the automobile industry.

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5

Meng, Wei, Lalith Kotamarthy, Savitha Panikar, et al. "Statistical analysis and comparison of a continuous high shear granulator with a twin screw granulator: Effect of process parameters on critical granule attributes and granulation mechanisms." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 513, no. 1-2 (2016): 357–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.09.041.

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6

Plath, Timo, Carolin Korte, Rakulan Sivanesapillai, and Thomas Weinhart. "Parametric Study of Residence Time Distributions and Granulation Kinetics as a Basis for Process Modeling of Twin-Screw Wet Granulation." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 5 (2021): 645. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13050645.

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Twin-screw wet granulation is a crucial unit operation in shifting from pharmaceutical batch to continuous processes, but granulation kinetics as well as residence times are yet poorly understood. Experimental findings are highly dependent on screw configuration as well as formulation, and thus have limited universal validity. In this study, an experimental design with a repetitive screw setup was conducted to measure the effect of specific feed load (SFL), liquid-to-solid ratio (L/S), and inclusion of a distributive feed screw on particle size distribution (PSD) and shape as well as residence time distribution of a hydrophilic lactose/microcrystalline cellulose based formulation. An intermediate sampling point was obtained by changing inlet ports along the screw axis. Camera-based particle size analysis (QICPIC) indicated no significant change of PSD between the first and second kneading section, except for low L/S and low SFL where fines increase. Mean residence time was approximated as a bilinear fit of L/S and SFL. Moreover, large mass flow pulsations were observed by continuous camera measurements of residence time distribution and correlated to hold-up of the twin-screw granulator. These findings indicate fast granulation kinetics and process instabilities for high mean residence times, questioning current standards of two kneading compartments for wet granulation. The present study further underlines the necessity of developing a multiscale simulation approach including particle dynamics in the future.

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7

Barrera Jiménez, Ana Alejandra, Daan Van Hauwermeiren, Michiel Peeters, Thomas De Beer, and Ingmar Nopens. "Improvement of a 1D Population Balance Model for Twin-Screw Wet Granulation by Using Identifiability Analysis." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 5 (2021): 692. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13050692.

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Recently, the pharmaceutical industry has undergone changes in the production of solid oral dosages from traditional inefficient and expensive batch production to continuous manufacturing. The latest advancements include increased use of continuous twin-screw wet granulation and application of advanced modeling tools such as Population Balance Models (PBMs). However, improved understanding of the physical process within the granulator and improvement of current population balance models are necessary for the continuous production process to be successful in practice. In this study, an existing compartmental one-dimensional PBM of a twin-screw granulation process was improved by altering the original aggregation kernel in the wetting zone as a result of an identifiability analysis. In addition, a strategy was successfully applied to reduce the number of model parameters to be calibrated in both the wetting zone and kneading zones. It was found that the new aggregation kernel in the wetting zone is capable of reproducing the particle size distribution that is experimentally observed at different process conditions as well as different types of formulations, varying in hydrophilicity and API concentration. Finally, it was observed that model parameters could be linked not only to the material properties but also to the liquid to solid ratio, paving the way to create a generic PBM to predict the particle size distribution of a new formulation.

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8

Tanaka, Ryoma, Yusuke Hattori, Yukun Horie, Hitoshi Kamada, Takuya Nagato, and Makoto Otsuka. "Characterization of Amorphous Solid Dispersion of Pharmaceutical Compound with pH-Dependent Solubility Prepared by Continuous-Spray Granulator." Pharmaceutics 11, no. 4 (2019): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11040159.

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A continuous-spray granulator (CTS-SGR) is a one-step granulation technology capable of using solutions or suspensions. The present research objectives were, (1) to reduce the manufacturing operations for solid dosage formulations, (2) to make amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) granules without pre-preparation of amorphous solids of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API), and (3) to characterize the obtained SGR granules by comprehensive pharmaceutical analysis. Rebamipide (RBM), a biopharmaceutical classification system class IV drug, that has low solubility or permeability in the stomach, was selected as a model compound. Five kind of granules with different concentrations of polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate copolymer (PVP-VA) were prepared using a one-step SGR process. All of the SGR granules could be produced in amorphous or ASD form and their thermodynamic stability was very high because of high glass transition temperatures (>178 °C). They were unstable in 20 °C/75%RH; however, their stability was improved according to the proportion of polymer. The carboxy group of RBM was ionized in the granules and interactions appeared between RBM and PVP-VA, with the formation of an ASD confirmed and the solubility was enhanced compared with bulk RBM crystals. The SGR methodology has the possibility of contributing to process development in the pharmaceutical industry.

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9

Lee, Kai T., Andy Ingram, and Neil A. Rowson. "Twin screw wet granulation: The study of a continuous twin screw granulator using Positron Emission Particle Tracking (PEPT) technique." European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 81, no. 3 (2012): 666–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.04.011.

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10

Matsui, Kou, Yosuke Tomita, Naotoshi Doi, and Takuya Nagato. "Effect of API Particle Size Applied to Continuous Granulator against Characteristics of Prepared Granules." Journal of the Society of Powder Technology, Japan 57, no. 4 (2020): 184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4164/sptj.57.184.

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11

Matsui, Yasuhiro, Yuta Ando, Koji Yamamoto, and Satoru Watano. "Analysis of Microstructure of Granules Prepared by Continuous Twin Screw Granulator Using X-Ray Micro-computed Tomography." Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 67, no. 8 (2019): 801–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.c19-00076.

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12

Isobe, Shigemi, Takuma Kanno, and Kazuomi Unosawa. "A Case Study on Process Control Technology in order to Achieve Stable Production in Continuous Wet Granulator." Journal of the Society of Powder Technology, Japan 58, no. 5 (2021): 238–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4164/sptj.58.238.

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13

SUGIMOTO, Masunori, Naoko YOKOTA, and Hiroaki MIYANAGA. "The Simultaneous Operation of Granulation, Grinding and Separation in a Continuous Tumbling Conical Granulator. On the Shape Evaluation of the Granules and Granulating Conditions." Journal of the Society of Powder Technology, Japan 30, no. 8 (1993): 563–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4164/sptj.30.8_563.

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14

Sugimoto, Masunori, Naoko Yokota, and Hiroaki Miyanaga. "Simultaneous process of Granulation, Grinding and Separation in a Continuous Tumbling Conical Granulator – On the Shape Evaluation of the Granules and Granulating Conditions – [Translated]†." KONA Powder and Particle Journal 13 (1995): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.14356/kona.1995021.

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15

Fonteyne, Margot, Jurgen Vercruysse, Fien De Leersnyder, et al. "Blend uniformity evaluation during continuous mixing in a twin screw granulator by in-line NIR using a moving F-test." Analytica Chimica Acta 935 (September 2016): 213–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2016.07.020.

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16

Kornienko, Yaroslav, Vasyl Raida, Roman Sachok, and Oleksiy Tsepkalo. "Mathematical Modelling of Continuous Formation of Multilayer Humic-Mineral Solid Components." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 3, no. 4 (2009): 335–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht03.04.335.

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A mathematical model of continuous granulation process of solid multilayer humic-mineral composites in the fluidized bed unit intended for liquid industrial wastes utilization with obtaining of complex granular fertilizers for environmentally safe agriculture was developed and the stabilization terms of the dispersion composition were defined.

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17

Kornienko, Y. V., P. M. Magaziy, K. O. Gatilov, and R. V. Sachok. "Disperse systems temperature field finding at reception of firm crystal-amorphous structures." Кераміка: наука і життя, no. 4(41) (December 28, 2018): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.26909/csl.4.2018.2.

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The temperature field of firm crystal-amorphous structures receiption from liquid systems in the fluid bed is explored. The stable conducting terms of process are certain. Previous studies have shown that increasing the irrigation density increases the probability of formation of agglomerates, which causes a decrease in temperature; therefore, it is advisable to measure the temperature field in the environment of the dispersant and compare it with the values of temperatures at the characteristic point, according to which the regulation of the flow of liquid phase to the granulator is carried out. The objective of the experimental research was to determine the change of the temperature field in disperse systems in obtaining crystalline-amorphous solid structures in a fluidized-bed apparatus. In case of an increase in the amount of heat flow, an adequate increase in the flow of liquid phase occurs. This results in the local overturning of solid particles and, as a result, the formation of large aggregates and loss of quality of fluidization. To eliminate this disadvantage it is advisable to create conditions for uneven distribution of the coolant speed. In the downstream right and left fluxes, the coolant speed should not exceed the rate of gas filtration through the material. In the left upward flow, in which the direction of motion of the granular material is opposite to the direction of the vector of the linear velocity of the dispersed droplets of the liquid phase, it is expedient to increase the flow of the coolant in a direction that coincides with the downstream flow. To verify these provisions, it is expedient to conduct a study of the continuous process of formation of solid multilayer composites.

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18

Morvai, L., P. Miháltz, and L. Czakó. "The Kinetic Basis of a New Start-Up Method to Ensure the Rapid Granulation of Anaerobic Sludge." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 7 (1992): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0144.

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The control of the granulation process seems to be a kind of microbial selection: the enrichment of Methanothrix sp. against the Methanosarcina sp. Because of a lower KS value of Methanothrix, keeping a low (below 200 mg.dm−3) acetate concentration has been advised to be beneficial for granulation. This method results a 70-100 days start-up time. This approach assumes Monod-type kinetics, although a substrate inhibition model may describe better the biomethanation of acetate. We found that the best fit was yielded by a Haldane-type equation modified by an inhibition response coefficient (n). The major difference between the kinetics of raw and granular sludges has been manifested in this dimensionless parameter. The n was 4 times higher for raw sludge (3.6-4.1) than for granular sludge (0.95-1.13) which means that the granular sludge (formed mainly by Methanothrix sp.) is less sensitive to substrate inhibition. Continuous UASB experiments gave a similar result: the n-value continuously decreased (from 2.3 to 0.2) following granule formation. On the basis of the above findings we developed a new strategy for granulation control which ensured fast (35-40 day) granulation on carbohydrate-containing wastewaters.

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19

Przywara, Mateusz, Robert Dürr, Eric Otto, Achim Kienle, and Dorota Antos. "Process Behavior and Product Quality in Fertilizer Manufacturing Using Continuous Hopper Transfer Pan Granulation—Experimental Investigations." Processes 9, no. 8 (2021): 1439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9081439.

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Fertilizers are commonly used to improve the soil quality in both conventional and organic agriculture. One such fertilizer is dolomite for which soil application in granulated form is advantageous. These granules are commonly produced from ground dolomite powder in continuous pan transfer granulators. During production, the granulator’s operation parameters affect the granules’ properties and thereby also the overall performance of the fertilizer. To ensure product granules of certain specifications and an efficient overall production, process control and intensification approaches based on mathematical models can be applied. However, the latter require high-quality quantitative experimental data describing the effects of process operation parameters on the granule properties. Therefore, in this article, such data is presented for a lab-scale experimental setup. Investigations were carried out into how variations in binder spray rate, binder composition, feed powder flow rate, pan inclination angle, and angular velocity affect particle size distribution, mechanical stability, and humidity. Furthermore, in contrast to existing work samples from both, pan granules and product granules are analyzed. The influence of operation parameter variations on the differences between both, also known as trajectory separation, is described quantitatively. The results obtained indicate an increase in the average particle size with increasing binder flow rate to feed rate and increasing binder concentration and the inclination angle of the pan. Compressive strength varied significantly depending on the operating parameters. Significant differences in properties were observed for the product and the intermediate (pan) samples. In fact, for some operation parameters, e.g., binder feed rate, the magnitude of the separation effect strongly depends on the specific value of the operation parameter. The presented concise data will enable future mathematical modeling of the pan granulation process, e.g., using the framework of population balance equations.

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20

Nguyen, Thien Binh, Thanh Son Le, Thanh Nam Nguyen, and Ngoc Thanh The Vu. "Design of Rotoformer Mechanism and Cooling Steel - Conveyor in Sulfur Granulation Systems." Key Engineering Materials 656-657 (July 2015): 456–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.656-657.456.

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The sulfur granulation roller (rotoformer) mechanism and cooling steel conveyor is important clusters in sulfur granulation system. This paper presents method to design rotoformer, apply goal: create a continuous pressure for a regular granulation on steel conveyor. There are also mechanism that granulates and maintains temperature so that sulfur is not stuck and not solidify in the supplying pipes. Moreover, this paper shows the solution to cool the steel conveyor, filter system has temperature sensors which ensure the decreasing of temperature over the length of steel conveyor. This will help the granulation of sulfur, formed sulfur will has right size and shape.

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21

Wang, J., and H. Q. Yu. "Cultivation of polyhydroxybutyrate-rich aerobic granular sludge in a sequencing batch reactor." Water Supply 6, no. 6 (2006): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2006.966.

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In this study a two-step strategy was adopted to cultivate Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)-rich aerobic granular sludge in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) fed with a synthetic wastewater. In the first step both oxygen and ammonia were initially limited, in order to enhance the PHB-storage ability of sludge. In the second step granular sludge was cultivated to get a high PHB volumetric productivity. The PHB content of sludge increased to 43.1±2.0% in the first step. During the sludge granulation, the PHB content was constant at 40±4.6%. With the granulation, the settling ability of the PHB-rich sludge continuously improved, as evidenced by a decreased sludge volume index. The matured PHB-rich granular sludge presented a buff color and regular morphology with elliptical and flat shape.

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22

Zhang, Ying, Yang Liu, Miao Hu, and Zhao Jiang. "Acclimation of the trichloroethylene-degrading anaerobic granular sludge and the degradation characteristics in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor." Water Science and Technology 69, no. 1 (2013): 120–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.564.

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The granulation process was examined in an 8 L laboratory upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor using synthetic wastewater contained trichloroethylene (TCE). Glucose and lactate were used as primary substrates. The anaerobic bacteria biomass were acclimated and granulated by increasing the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and TCE loadings. Anaerobic sludge was acclimated successfully in 120 days in the anaerobic sludge acclimation appliance. Since start-up, the UASB was operated as a continuous-flow reactor under the following operation conditions: temperature of (35 ± 1)°C, pH ≈ 7.2, hydraulic retention time of 10 h, COD of 2.5 g L−1 and TCE loading rate from 50.5 to 252.3 mg · (L d)−1. The UASB reactor was started successfully. The sludge volume index was 13 mL g−1. The maximum specific methanogenic activity was 1.42 gCOD · (gVSS.d)−1. After 90 days, 85% of COD and 85% of TCE removal efficiencies were achieved. The TCE degrading granular sludge had an average diameter of 2.7 mm and total suspended solid of 52 g L−1. Anaerobic sludge adsorption of TCE reached adsorption equilibrium in 0.5 h, and in 1 h reached desorption equilibrium. Furthermore, cis-dichloroethylene and vinyl chloride were detected, which showed that the removal of TCE was caused by both adsorption and biodegradation but mainly by biodegradation.

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23

Dong, Chun Juan, Qing Ye Pan, Hong Yu Lu, and Ya Quan Sun. "Rapidly Start-Up and Performance of the EGSB Reactor Treating Actual Coking Wastewater when Seeded with Digestion Sludge." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 2567–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.2567.

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To accomplish rapidly the granulation process of digestion sludge for the treatment of actual coking wastewater and meanwhile achieve high COD, phenol, SCN- and CN- removal, the EGSB reactor was employed with two operation stages. StageI: Granular sludge was formed from digestion sludge using brewery wastewater as substrate in the anaerobic way (meanwhile adding little granules, which were 1/7 of the total biomass). StageII: Granular sludge was acclimatized with the actual coking wastewater through continuous micro-oxygenation way. The experimental results showed that the granular sludge could quickly form in 10d in the EGSB reactor seeded with digestion sludge and little loose granules. It took only about 6 months for the successful micro-aerobic acclimating of the granular sludge by the actual coking wastewater. The removal efficiencies of COD, phenol, SCN- and CN- were 72.9, 99.5, 95.7 and 97.5%, respectively, at 12.1h hydraulic retention time (HRT) and for 631-922, 12.8-37.7, 66.7-232.7 and 0.3-57.8mg.L-1 influent COD, phenol, SCN- and CN- concentration.

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24

Saremnia, Betsabe, Akbar Esmaeili, and Mahmoud-Reza Sohrabi. "Removal of total petroleum hydrocarbons from oil refinery waste using granulated NaA zeolite nanoparticles modified with hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 94, no. 2 (2016): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2015-0390.

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Petroleum pollution is a common problem in industrial areas to such an extent that it poses a global threat. The wastes of oil refineries contain a wide variety of hydrocarbons. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility to removal of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) from the Behregan oil refinery, Bushehr, Iran, by granulated nanozeolite NaA particles (NaA-ZNPs) modified with cationic surfactants. Synthesized NaA-ZNPs with a silica source extracted from Hordeum vulgare were granulated by an alginate granulation method and were modified by the cationic surfactant hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The CTAB-modified granulated NaA-ZNPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller theory. Adsorption of TPH was studied using both a batch process and a continuous-flow process in a fixed-bed column. The effect of various parameters, including time, pH, adsorbent dosage, flow rate, and column height, were investigated and the results were analyzed by gas chromatography – mass spectroscopy. The efficiency of the CTAB-modified granulated NaA-ZNPs was evaluated with one-way analysis of variance software SPSS 21. The highest TPH removal efficiency for batch processing (92.3%) was achieved at an adsorbent dosage 0.5 mg, pH = 7, and 20 min of contact time; the highest TPH removal efficiency for continuous processing (87.4%) was achieved at 15 cm column height and a 17.26 mL/min flow rate. The results indicated the potential of CTAB-modified granulated NaA-ZNPs for absorbing TPH in treating oil refinery waste.

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25

Deubner, Franz-Ludwig. "Comments on Solar Convection." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 121 (1990): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100067865.

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AbstractThis contribution discusses observational aspects of the evolution of individual structures of solar convection.It has been shown, that mesogranulation is a convective phenomenon that fits well into the gap between granulation and supergranulation. Apparently this observation justifies the view that the three members of the granulation family represent sections of a broad continuum of convective motions spanning the range of sizes from a yet unknown fraction of 1 Mm to about 50 Mm. Nevertheless, power spectra of velocity and brightness fluctuations exhibit three maxima, separated by intervals with significantly less power near 3 Mm and 7.5 Mm. Do these gaps give reasons for reconsidering the old idea, that each of the three characteristic scales has its own source layer at a certain depth in the convection zone?Power spectra of the granular energy distribution near the observational limit of spatial resolution suggest a continuous transfer of kinetic energy to smaller eddies by turbulent decay of the larger scale elements. Morphological studies of granular evolution and a comparison of the observed spectral line bisectors with theoretical predictions seem to disprove this idea. These observations imply either that the turbulent cascade, if it exists, is buried in the spatially unresolved part of the power distribution, or that radiative losses ultimately limit the life time of individual granules on all scales.

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26

Vervaet, Chris, and Jean Paul Remon. "Continuous granulation in the pharmaceutical industry." Chemical Engineering Science 60, no. 14 (2005): 3949–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2005.02.028.

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27

Forster, Seth P., Erin Dippold, and Tiffany Chiang. "Twin-Screw Melt Granulation for Oral Solid Pharmaceutical Products." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 5 (2021): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13050665.

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This article highlights the advantages of pharmaceutical continuous melt granulation by twin-screw extrusion. The different melt granulation process options and excipients are described and compared, and a case is made for expanded use of twin-screw melt granulation since it is a flexible and continuous process. Methods for binder selection are profiled with a focus on rheology and physical stability impacts. For twin-screw melt granulation, the mechanism of granulation and process impact on granule properties are described. Pharmaceutical applications of melt granulation ranging from immediate release of soluble and insoluble APIs, taste-masking, and sustained release formulation are reviewed, demonstrating the range of possibilities afforded by twin-screw melt granulation.

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28

Cervantes, F. J., T. Duong-Dac, K. Roest, A. D. L. Akkermans, G. Lettinga, and J. A. Field. "Enrichment and immobilization of quinone-respiring bacteria in anaerobic granular sludge." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 6 (2003): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0345.

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The capacity of an anaerobic granular sludge for serving as an immobilizing mechanism for quinone-respiring bacteria was evaluated. The inoculum was continuously fed with a basal medium containing the humic model compound, anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS), as a terminal electron acceptor. Complete reduction of AQDS was achieved by the granular sludge for a prolonged period in an anaerobic bioreactor provided with a mixture of volatile fatty acids as a substrate. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the enrichment and immobilization of AQDS-respiring bacteria appearing as dominant organisms in the microbial population of the AQDS-supplemented reactor, compared to a reactor control operated under methanogenic conditions. The consistent quinone-reducing capacity observed in the consortium indicates that it is feasible to apply quinone-reducing microorganisms in continuous bioreactors and this ability can potentially be important in wastewaters rich in humic substances. The quinone reducing activity could also be applied to accelerate the conversion of xenobiotics susceptible to reductive biotransformations such as azo dyes and polychlorinated compounds in continuous bioreactors.

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29

Papadopoulos, Dimitrios. "Identification of continuous granular flow models." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 490 (March 11, 2014): 012206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/490/1/012206.

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30

Sarkar, Avik, and Carl Wassgren. "Continuous blending of cohesive granular material." Chemical Engineering Science 65, no. 21 (2010): 5687–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2010.04.011.

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31

Tan, Li, Anthony J. Carella, Yukun Ren, and Julian B. Lo. "Process optimization for continuous extrusion wet granulation." Pharmaceutical Development and Technology 16, no. 4 (2010): 302–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10837451003692587.

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32

Glaser, Thomas, Constantijn F. W. Sanders, Fu Y. Wang, et al. "Model predictive control of continuous drum granulation." Journal of Process Control 19, no. 4 (2009): 615–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jprocont.2008.09.001.

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33

Osorio, Juan G., Ridade Sayin, Arjun V. Kalbag, et al. "Scaling of continuous twin screw wet granulation." AIChE Journal 63, no. 3 (2016): 921–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.15459.

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34

Song, Zhuo Fei, Yun Li Feng, Run Ming Feng, and Shao Jiang Yin. "Research on Continuous Cooling Dynamic Transformation of T700." Advanced Materials Research 750-752 (August 2013): 416–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.750-752.416.

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Continuous cooling dynamic transformation regularity of T700 was investigated by gleeble-3500. The results show when the cooling rate is small organization is mainly composed of polygonal ferrite and pearlite and has minor banded organization. With the increase of cooling rate, begin to appear granular bainite. When cooling rate reaches 3/s or more, ferrite changes to quasi polygon, and start to appear small amount of bainite. when the cooling rate is 7°C/s, pearlite is disappeared in structure, granular bainite increases, quasipolygonal ferrite content is gradually decreased. When the cooling rate is increased to 10°C/s or above, organization is granular bainite.

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35

Rahmanian, Nejat, and Mojtaba Ghadiri. "Strength and structure of granules produced in continuous granulators." Powder Technology 233 (January 2013): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2012.09.008.

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Gavrila, Horia, and Doina Elena Gavrila. "Coupled Granular/Continuous Media – Results and Challenges." MRS Advances 2, no. 49 (2017): 2661–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2017.525.

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ABSTRACTWhile the most promising longitudinal recording systems cannot surpass the theoretical limit of about 200 Gb/in2 for areal recording density and the demand for higher densities is permanently increasing, the perpendicular magnetic recording constitutes the realistic issue to the longitudinal one. The perpendicular magnetic recording offers significant advantages, the most important being stronger write and read fields, and therefore the use of media of higher anisotropy, smaller grain size, higher signal-to-noise ratio, and a better thermal stability. Unfortunately, the perpendicular recording has to cope some important physical and technological difficulties. To overcome them, many ingenious solutions were proposed. In this paper the coupled granular/continuous (CGC) media, a subtle association of the continuous and, respectively, granular media, are analysed from the viewpoint of their magnetic and recording properties. The challenges and possible improvements of CGC media are discussed.

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Liang, H. F., L. G. Meng, and C. L. Liu. "Electroforming of continuous Al-AlN granular films." Applied Surface Science 255, no. 5 (2008): 3159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2008.09.019.

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38

Khammar, Merouane, and Yuming Xu. "Continuous liquid extraction from saturated granular materials." Chemical Engineering Science 173 (December 2017): 390–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2017.07.047.

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Sun, Yewei, Bob Angelotti, Matt Brooks, and Zhi-Wu Wang. "Feast/famine ratio determined continuous flow aerobic granulation." Science of The Total Environment 750 (January 2021): 141467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141467.

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40

Reddy, Bathala C., Dodlaty V. S. Murthy, and Chamarti D. P. Rao. "Continuous Rotary Drum Granulation of N-K Fertilizers." Particle & Particle Systems Characterization 14, no. 5 (1997): 257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.199700053.

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Reddy, Bathala C., Dodlaty V. S. Murthy, Madaboosi S. Ananth, and Chamarti D. P. Rao. "Modeling of Continuous Fertilizer Granulation Process for Control." Particle & Particle Systems Characterization 15, no. 3 (1998): 156–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-4117(199817)15:3<156::aid-ppsc156>3.0.co;2-3.

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42

Tu, Wei-Da, Andy Ingram, and Jonathan Seville. "Regime map development for continuous twin screw granulation." Chemical Engineering Science 87 (January 2013): 315–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2012.08.015.

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Forster, Seth P., and David B. Lebo. "Continuous Melt Granulation for Taste-Masking of Ibuprofen." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 6 (2021): 863. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13060863.

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Taste-masking of drugs, particularly to produce formulations for pediatric patients, can be challenging and require complex manufacturing approaches. The objective of this study was to produce taste-masked ibuprofen granules using a novel process, twin-screw melt granulation (TSMG). TSMG is an emerging, high-productivity, continuous process. Granules of ibuprofen embedded in a lipid matrix were produced across a range of process conditions, resulting in a range of output granule particle sizes. The ibuprofen appeared to be miscible with the lipid binder though it recrystallized after processing. The ibuprofen melt granules were tested in simulated saliva using a novel, small-volume dissolution technique with continuous acquisition of the ibuprofen concentration. The ibuprofen release from the granules was slower than the neat API and physical blend, beyond the expected residence time of the granules in the mouth. The ibuprofen release was inversely related to the granule size. A Noyes–Whitney dissolution model was used and the resulting dissolution rate constants correlated well with the granule size.

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44

Keleb, E. "Twin screw granulation as a simple and efficient tool for continuous wet granulation." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 273, no. 1-2 (2004): 183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.01.001.

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Manea, Elena Elisabeta, and Costel Bumbac. "Performance Evaluation of Continuous Flow Aerobic Granular Sludge Configurations." Revista de Chimie 70, no. 1 (2019): 283–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.1.6900.

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Increasing the efficiency and capacity of existing wastewater treatment plants can be carried out by using intensive biological processes. One of the currently studied biological solutions consists in using aerobic granular sludge in order to achieve both organics and nutrients removal simultaneously in one tank and with high efficiency. Aerobic granular sludge is currently used at full scale in sequential batch reactors, research for identifying the optimal solutions for continuous flow systems being carried out worldwide. The paper summarizes the results obtained for two continuous flow configurations with aerobic granular sludge, in terms of organics and nutrients removal for synthetic wastewater in laboratory conditions. Both experimental setups led to wastewater treatment efficiencies, with values ranging between 80 and 99% for COD, 85 and 99% for BOD5, 52 and 98% for NH4+ and 5 to 87% for TP.

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Jang, C. H., Y. H. Kim, Y. B. Cho, and P. C. Wang. "Endoscopy-aided laser therapy for intractable granular myringitis." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 120, no. 7 (2006): 553–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215106000739.

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Objective: We report our technique and results for endoscopy-aided CO2 laser therapy for the treatment of intractable granular myringitis, as an out-patient office procedure.Materials and methods: A total of 21 patients (14 women and seven men; mean age 32.6 years) were retrospectively reviewed, all of whom suffered from intractable granular myringitis and had undergone endoscopy-aided laser treatment. Granulation tissue was vaporized for one to two seconds with a CO2 laser (spot size 0.5–1 mm with a power setting of 5–10 W in continuous mode). The mean follow-up period was 11 months.Results: Eighteen of the 21 patients (85 per cent) were cured after a single treatment. Three patients with the diffuse form of the disease required repeat laser treatments coupled with self-irrigation with a diluted vinegar solution. We noted no perforations of patients' tympanic membranes after laser vaporization. We also observed no recurrences over follow-up periods ranging from three months to 2.6 years. Our laser procedure produced no adverse effect on hearing thresholds, nor were any other complications observed.Conclusion: Our results suggest that endoscopy-aided CO2 laser ablation is a reliable and minimally invasive method associated with low rates of recurrence and a low incidence of complications. It can be conducted as an office procedure.

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Nandi, Uttom, Vivek Trivedi, Steven A. Ross, and Dennis Douroumis. "Advances in Twin-Screw Granulation Processing." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 5 (2021): 624. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13050624.

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Twin-screw granulation (TSG) is a pharmaceutical process that has gained increased interest from the pharmaceutical industry for its potential for the development of oral dosage forms. The technology has evolved rapidly due to the flexibility of the equipment design, the selection of the process variables and the wide range of processed materials. Most importantly, TSG offers the benefits of both batch and continuous manufacturing for pharmaceutical products, accompanied by excellent process control, high product quality which can be achieved through the implementation of Quality by Design (QbD) approaches and the integration of Process Analytical Tools (PAT). Here, we present basic concepts of the various twin-screw granulation techniques and present in detail their advantages and disadvantages. In addition, we discuss the detail of the instrumentation used for TSG and how the critical processing paraments (CPP) affect the critical quality attributes (CQA) of the produced granules. Finally, we present recent advances in TSG continuous manufacturing including the paradigms of modelling of continuous granulation process, QbD approaches coupled with PAT monitoring for granule optimization and process understanding.

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Willson, H. R., and J. B. Eisley. "Evaluation of Soil Insecticides on Continuous Corn in Ohio, 1995." Arthropod Management Tests 21, no. 1 (1996): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/21.1.233.

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Abstract Soil insecticides were evaluated for stand protection and rootworm control at the OARDC Western Branch Field Station near South Charleston. The test included 19 treatments compared to an untreated check treatment on reduced tillage plots that were 18.2 m (60 ft) in length and 2 rows wide for granular treatments and 4 rows wide for liquid treatments. Row spacing was 76.2 cm (30 inches). A RCBD was applied with 4 replicates. Planting time granular applications were applied as a band prior to closure by the press wheel or in-furrow using a 2 row John Deere 7000 planter equipped with Noble granular applicators. Post-emergence applications of liquid formulations were applied as a banded or broadcasted treatment with a boom sprayer equipped with flat spray nozzles and calibrated to deliver desired dosages at 3 mph. Granular treatments were applied 22 May at planting, and post-emergence treatments were applied 5 Jun to coincide with rootworm hatch. Treatments were evaluated 14 Jun for stand loss with counts of the total and injured plants per 15.1 m (50 ft) of row when corn was predominantly at the 4th or 5th leaf stage. Root ratings were conducted 5 Jul on 5 plants per plot using the Iowa 1-6 scale. Grain yields were determined by machine harvest of total plots on 12 Oct.

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Villard, P., and P. Jouve. "Behaviour of granular materials reinforced by continuous threads." Computers and Geotechnics 7, no. 1-2 (1989): 83–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0266-352x(89)90008-6.

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50

Bulanov, A. A., V. P. Strugov, V. A. Tolkachev, and I. A. Yakubovich. "Granular filter with continuous regeneration of filtering material." Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 30, no. 8 (1994): 358–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01147975.

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