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Journal articles on the topic 'Continuous reactors'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

Lindeque, Rowan, and John Woodley. "Reactor Selection for Effective Continuous Biocatalytic Production of Pharmaceuticals." Catalysts 9, no. 3 (2019): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9030262.

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Enzyme catalyzed reactions are rapidly becoming an invaluable tool for the synthesis of many active pharmaceutical ingredients. These reactions are commonly performed in batch, but continuous biocatalysis is gaining interest in industry because it would allow seamless integration of chemical and enzymatic reaction steps. However, because this is an emerging field, little attention has been paid towards the suitability of different reactor types for continuous biocatalytic reactions. Two types of continuous flow reactor are possible: continuous stirred tank and continuous plug-flow. These react

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2

Slavnic, Danijela, Branko Bugarski, and Nikola Nikacevic. "Oscillatory flow chemical reactors." Chemical Industry 68, no. 3 (2014): 363–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind130419062s.

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Global market competition, increase in energy and other production costs, demands for high quality products and reduction of waste are forcing pharmaceutical, fine chemicals and biochemical industries, to search for radical solutions. One of the most effective ways to improve the overall production (cost reduction and better control of reactions) is a transition from batch to continuous processes. However, the reactions of interests for the mentioned industry sectors are often slow, thus continuous tubular reactors would be impractically long for flow regimes which provide sufficient heat and

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3

Dong, Zhengya, Claire Delacour, Keiran Mc Carogher, Aniket Pradip Udepurkar, and Simon Kuhn. "Continuous Ultrasonic Reactors: Design, Mechanism and Application." Materials 13, no. 2 (2020): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13020344.

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Ultrasonic small scale flow reactors have found increasing popularity among researchers as they serve as a very useful platform for studying and controlling ultrasound mechanisms and effects. This has led to the use of these reactors for not only research purposes, but also various applications in biological, pharmaceutical and chemical processes mostly on laboratory and, in some cases, pilot scale. This review summarizes the state of the art of ultrasonic flow reactors and provides a guideline towards their design, characterization and application. Particular examples for ultrasound enhanced

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4

Breed, A. W., and G. S. Hansford. "Modeling continuous bioleach reactors." Biotechnology and Bioengineering 64, no. 6 (1999): 671–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19990920)64:6<671::aid-bit5>3.0.co;2-x.

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5

Shi, Li. "Integration of Optimization and Model Predictive Control of an Intensified Continuous Three-Phase Catalytic Reactor." International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 13, no. 1 (2015): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2014-0101.

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Abstract Intensified continuous three-phase catalytic reactors working in high-pressure and -temperature conditions are particularly effective at coping with mass transfer limitations during three-phase catalytic reactions. They are highly nonlinear, multivariable systems and behave differently from conventional batch, fed-batch or continuous non-intensified reactors. This paper deals with an integration of real-time optimization and model predictive control (RTO–MPC) of an intensified continuous three-phase catalytic reactor. A steady-state model developed by regression method is used in opti

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Kaballo, Hans-Peter, Yuangang Zhao, and Peter A. Wilderer. "Elimination of p-chlorophenol in biofilm reactors - a comparative study of continuous flow and sequenced batch operation." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 1 (1995): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0013.

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The chlorophenol elimination potential of two identically designed fixed bed biofilm reactors was compared. One of the reactors was operated continuously, and the other in sequenced batch mode. In the continuous flow biofilm reactor (CFBR) a stratification of biomass occurred, whereas biomass in the sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) developed uniformly due to the use of an advanced fill strategy. Recirculation was needed to overcome biosorption during filling and to achieve equal biomass distribution. Under shock loading, degradation in SBBR was better than in CFBR. However, even the CFB

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7

Watts, Paul, and Charlotte Wiles. "Micro reactors, flow reactors and continuous flow synthesis." Journal of Chemical Research 36, no. 4 (2012): 181–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/174751912x13311365798808.

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8

Dragone, Vincenza, Victor Sans, Mali H. Rosnes, Philip J. Kitson, and Leroy Cronin. "3D-printed devices for continuous-flow organic chemistry." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 9 (May 16, 2013): 951–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.9.109.

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We present a study in which the versatility of 3D-printing is combined with the processing advantages of flow chemistry for the synthesis of organic compounds. Robust and inexpensive 3D-printed reactionware devices are easily connected using standard fittings resulting in complex, custom-made flow systems, including multiple reactors in a series with in-line, real-time analysis using an ATR-IR flow cell. As a proof of concept, we utilized two types of organic reactions, imine syntheses and imine reductions, to show how different reactor configurations and substrates give different products.

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9

Neumaier, Jochen M., Amiera Madani, Thomas Klein, and Thomas Ziegler. "Low-budget 3D-printed equipment for continuous flow reactions." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 15 (February 26, 2019): 558–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.15.50.

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This article describes the development and manufacturing of lab equipment, which is needed for the use in flow chemistry. We developed a rack of four syringe pumps controlled by one Arduino computer, which can be manufactured with a commonly available 3D printer and readily available parts. Also, we printed various flow reactor cells, which are fully customizable for each individual reaction. With this equipment we performed some multistep glycosylation reactions, where multiple 3D-printed flow reactors were used in series.

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10

Irfan, Muhammad, Toma N. Glasnov, and C. Oliver Kappe. "Heterogeneous Catalytic Hydrogenation Reactions in Continuous-Flow Reactors." ChemSusChem 4, no. 3 (2011): 300–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201000354.

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11

Schädler, Torben, Anna-Lena Thurn, Thomas Brück, and Dirk Weuster-Botz. "Continuous Production of Lipids with Microchloropsis salina in Open Thin-Layer Cascade Photobioreactors on a Pilot Scale." Energies 14, no. 2 (2021): 500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14020500.

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Studies on microalgal lipid production as a sustainable feedstock for biofuels and chemicals are scarce, particularly those on applying open thin-layer cascade (TLC) photobioreactors under dynamic diurnal conditions. Continuous lipid production with Microchloropsis salina was studied in scalable TLC photobioreactors at 50 m2 pilot scale, applying a physically simulated Mediterranean summer climate. A cascade of two serially connected TLC reactors was applied, promoting biomass growth under nutrient-replete conditions in the first reactor, while inducing the accumulation of lipids via nitrogen

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12

Wanner, J. "Comparison of Biocenoses from Continuous and Sequencing Batch Reactors." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 6 (1992): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0126.

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Sequencing batch reactors (SBR) are often used for research on nutrient removal systems. A model anaerobic-oxic SBR was compared with a compartmentalized continuous-flow system. The levels of COD, phosphorus, and nitrogen removal in both systems were comparable but the biocenoses differed significantly. The SVI values of activated sludge from the continuous reactor ranged between 100 and 200 ml/g although no significant occurrence of filamentous microorganisms was observed. The sequencing batch reactor produced activated sludge with the SVIs below 100 ml/g and with high settling velocities. Fi

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13

Blacker, A. John, and Katherine E. Jolley. "Continuous formation of N-chloro-N,N-dialkylamine solutions in well-mixed meso-scale flow reactors." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 11 (December 2, 2015): 2408–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.11.262.

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The continuous flow synthesis of a range of organic solutions of N,N-dialkyl-N-chloramines is described using either a bespoke meso-scale tubular reactor with static mixers or a continuous stirred tank reactor. Both reactors promote the efficient mixing of a biphasic solution of N,N-dialkylamine in organic solvent, and aqueous sodium hypochlorite to achieve near quantitative conversions, in 72–100% in situ yields, and useful productivities of around 0.05 mol/h with residence times from 3 to 20 minutes. Initial calorimetric studies have been carried out to inform on reaction exotherms, rates an

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14

Qu, Yuan Yuan, Wan Qian Guo, Jie Ding, and Nan Qi Ren. "Effect of L-cysteine on Continuous Fermentative Hydrogen Production." Applied Mechanics and Materials 178-181 (May 2012): 406–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.178-181.406.

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Two continuously stirred tank reactors (CSTR) were used to investigate the effect of L-cysteine on continuous dark fermentative hydrogen production system. L-cysteine was added into one of the reactors at 0.1 g/L continuously, the other reactor was without L-cysteine addition. Liquid end products, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), pH, biomass and hydrogen production rate (HPR) were examined during the operation. The lag time of ethanol generation in the L-cysteine added reactor was shortened to 21 days compared to 25 days in the blank. The HPR increased from 2.73 L/d in the reactor without

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15

Darwin, Darwin, Sarbaini Sarbaini, Satria Purwanto, Fatwa Dhiauddin, Muhammad Ilham, and Afrizal Fazil. "Wastewater Treatment for African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Culture by Using Anaerobic Process." Agritech 37, no. 4 (2018): 462. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/agritech.13058.

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This study aimed to set up an anaerobic treatment system for the treatment of wastewater derived from the farming of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus). In this current study, anaerobic treatment of wastewater derived from the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) aquaculture was conducted in semi-continuous reactor as well as batch reactor under mesophilic condition at 35 °C. The results revealed that the semi-continuous reactors generated higher biogas yield (69.27 mL/g VS) compared with batch reactor (22.81 mL/g VS). High conversion rate of anaerobic treatment process operated in semi-cont

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16

ALVAREZ-RAMIREZ, JOSE, and JESUS VALENCIA. "Composition Control in Continuous Reactors." Chemical Engineering Communications 192, no. 7 (2005): 855–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/009864490510699.

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17

Padilla, Salvador, and Jesús Alvarez. "Control of continuous copolymerization reactors." AIChE Journal 43, no. 2 (1997): 448–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690430218.

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18

Wiles, Charlotte, and Paul Watts. "Continuous flow reactors: a perspective." Green Chem. 14, no. 1 (2012): 38–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1gc16022b.

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19

Allain, Florent, Jean-François Portha, and Laurent Falk. "Analysis of Equilibrium Shifting by Inter-Stage Reactant Feeding in a Series of Isothermal Reactors." International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 12, no. 1 (2014): 163–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2013-0116.

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Abstract This paper focuses on the impact of reactant staging on conversion for one single reversible reaction in a two-stage, isothermal, continuous reactor. The analytical expression of global conversion has been derived for a series of two continuously stirred-tank reactors. Improvements in the overall conversion and yield by staging can be obtained for low Damköhler number systems leading to low conversions, when the volumetric flow rate of the staged reactant has a higher value than that of the other one. The example of triolein transesterification involving three reversible reactions in

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20

Scherer, P. A., S. Dobler, S. Rohardt, et al. "Continuous biogas production from fodder beet silage as sole substrate." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 4 (2003): 229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0260.

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Since April 2000 a two-step anaerobic plant with two subsequent 500 m3 reactors has been producing biogas from fodder beet silage (pH 4.1) as the sole substrate. The plant is located at Kirchlengern near Bielefeld, Germany. Initially the reactors were inoculated with swine manure at 37°C. After a start-up phase the process was sustained at pH 7.5-8.0 by feeding with the silage as sole substrate twice a day. Parallel to the biogas plant at Kirchlengern four one-step laboratory reactors were continuously driven at temperatures of 37°C, 45°C, 60°C and 65°C. They were fed with the same silage, but

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21

Gill, Kirandeep K., Rachel Gibson, Kam Ho Chester Yiu, Patrick Hester, and Nuno M. Reis. "Microcapillary film reactor outperforms single-bore mesocapillary reactors in continuous flow chemical reactions." Chemical Engineering Journal 408 (March 2021): 127860. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.127860.

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22

Nandi, Rajesh, Chayan Kumer Saha, Shiplu Sarker, Md Sanaul Huda, and Md Monjurul Alam. "Optimization of Reactor Temperature for Continuous Anaerobic Digestion of Cow Manure: Bangladesh Perspective." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (2020): 8772. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12218772.

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Converting organic waste into energy through anaerobic digestion is gaining popularity day by day. The reactor temperature is considered as one of the most vital factors for the digestion process. An experiment was conducted in the Biogas Laboratory of Green Energy Knowledge Hub at Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) to examine the influence of temperature on anaerobic digestion of cow-dung. Laboratory-scale continuous stirred tank reactors with a working volume of 15 L were operated for a 30-day retention time. The reactors were set at 20 °C, 25 °C, 30 °C, 35 °C, 40 °C and 45 °C, respect

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23

Gusfiyesi, Hendri Sawir, and Edo Handika. "Development of Batch Photocatalytic Solar Reactor into a Continuous System to Degrade Peat Water into Clean Water." Applied Mechanics and Materials 881 (May 2018): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.881.42.

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TiO2 film has been applied as UV-TiO2 photocatalytic batch reactor to degrade total organic carbon (TOC) in peat water for prolonged use. TOC was degraded as 99% after irradiation for six hours and water became neutral. In this study, solar UV-TiO2 photocatalytic reactor continuous system has been designed as the development of a batch system. Five reactor batches each are coated with TiO2 film that arranged vertically, filled with peat water. Peat water is drained from the top batch of reactors to the reactor batch underneath continuously by vertical pumps. The vertical pump is equipped with

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24

Kasahara, S., K. Maeda, and M. Ishikawa. "Influence of phosphorus on biofilm accumulation in drinking water distribution systems." Water Supply 4, no. 5-6 (2004): 389–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2004.0130.

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Continuous reactor tests using rotating reactors with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) coupons were conducted. Laboratory tap waters with and without 50 μg P/L KH2PO4 (phosphorus water and non-phosphorus water) were supplied to the reactors in the absence of residual chlorine. Numbers of cells attached on the surface of the coupons (biofilm cells) and numbers of cells suspended in the influent and effluent waters (planktonic cells) were enumerated, and then specific growth rates of biofilm cells and planktonic cells were estimated. Concentrations of assimilable organic carbon (AOC) in both feed waters

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25

Watts, Paul, and Chralotte Wiles. "ChemInform Abstract: Micro Reactors, Flow Reactors and Continuous Flow Synthesis." ChemInform 43, no. 33 (2012): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201233234.

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26

Mohd Shafei, Muhammad Syafiq, and Zulkifly Jemaat. "An Attempt to Develop Aerobic Granular Sludge in Continuous Airlift Reactors." Materials Science Forum 1025 (March 2021): 265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1025.265.

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Recent advancement on biological wastewater treatment is via granular sludge technology. It is widely known that, aerobic granular sludge has been developed in a batch operation since its discovery. Yet, most of the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is operated in continuous mode. Now, the real challenge is how to adopt the granular technology while maintaining present operation mode of WWTP. Thus, this study attempts to evaluate the feasibility of developing aerobic granular sludge in continuous airlift reactors feed with two different substrates, namely glucose and acetate. Two identical air

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27

Okafor, Obinna, Andreas Weilhard, Jesum A. Fernandes, Erno Karjalainen, Ruth Goodridge, and Victor Sans. "Advanced reactor engineering with 3D printing for the continuous-flow synthesis of silver nanoparticles." Reaction Chemistry & Engineering 2, no. 2 (2017): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6re00210b.

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3D printing has been employed to manufacture advanced reactor geometries based on miniaturised continuous-flow oscillatory baffled reactors (mCOBRs) and they have been applied for the fouling free continuous-flow synthesis of silver nanoparticles with optimal size control.

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28

Zaquen, Neomy, Maarten Rubens, Nathaniel Corrigan, et al. "Polymer Synthesis in Continuous Flow Reactors." Progress in Polymer Science 107 (August 2020): 101256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2020.101256.

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29

Watts, Paul, and Stephen J. Haswell. "Continuous flow reactors for drug discovery." Drug Discovery Today 8, no. 13 (2003): 586–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6446(03)02732-6.

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30

Mohamed, Dara Khairunnisa Binte, Xingjian Yu, Jiesheng Li, and Jie Wu. "Reaction screening in continuous flow reactors." Tetrahedron Letters 57, no. 36 (2016): 3965–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.07.072.

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31

Crundwell, F. K. "Micro-mixing in continuous particulate reactors." Chemical Engineering Science 49, no. 23 (1994): 3887–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(94)00194-4.

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32

Alvarez, Jesús, and Pablo González. "Constructive control of continuous polymer reactors." Journal of Process Control 17, no. 5 (2007): 463–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jprocont.2006.09.007.

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33

Marques, Marco P. C., Pedro Fernandes, Joaquim M. S. Cabral, Polona Žnidaršič-Plazl, and Igor Plazl. "Continuous steroid biotransformations in microchannel reactors." New Biotechnology 29, no. 2 (2012): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2011.10.001.

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34

Seo, Minseok, Zhihong Nie, Shengqing Xu, et al. "Continuous Microfluidic Reactors for Polymer Particles." Langmuir 21, no. 25 (2005): 11614–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la050519e.

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35

Davtyan, S. P., and A. O. Tonoyan. "Frontal Polymerization in Continuous-Flow Reactors." Review Journal of Chemistry 9, no. 4 (2019): 175–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s2079978019040010.

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36

Erbacher, Christoph, Fiona G. Bessoth, Michael Busch, Elisabeth Verpoorte, and Andreas Manz. "Towards Integrated Continuous-Flow Chemical Reactors." Microchimica Acta 131, no. 1-2 (1999): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s006040050004.

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37

González, Pablo, and Jesús Alvarez. "MW CONTROL OF CONTINUOUS POLYMER REACTORS." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 40, no. 5 (2007): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20070606-3-mx-2915.00128.

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38

Abad, Carlos, Jose C. De La Cal, and Jose M. Asua. "Emulsion copolymerization in continuous loop reactors." Chemical Engineering Science 49, no. 24 (1994): 5025–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(94)00306-8.

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39

Mclaughlin, H. S., and E. B. Nauman. "On gelation continuous flow polycondensation reactors." Chemical Engineering Journal 42, no. 3 (1989): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9467(89)80086-3.

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40

Abad, Carlos, José C. De La Cal, and José M. Asua. "Emulsion copolymerization of vinyl esters in continuous reactors: Comparison between loop and continuous stirred tank reactors." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 56, no. 4 (1995): 419–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1995.070560402.

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41

Navin, Chelliah V., Katla Sai Krishna, Chandra S. Theegala, and Challa S. S. R. Kumar. "Space and time-resolved probing of heterogeneous catalysis reactions using lab-on-a-chip." Nanoscale 8, no. 10 (2016): 5546–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5nr06752a.

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42

Thomson, Christopher G., Ai-Lan Lee, and Filipe Vilela. "Heterogeneous photocatalysis in flow chemical reactors." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 16 (June 26, 2020): 1495–549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.16.125.

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The synergy between photocatalysis and continuous flow chemical reactors has shifted the paradigms of photochemistry, opening new avenues of research with safer and scalable processes that can be readily implemented in academia and industry. Current state-of-the-art photocatalysts are homogeneous transition metal complexes that have favourable photophysical properties, wide electrochemical redox potentials, and photostability. However, these photocatalysts present serious drawbacks, such as toxicity, limited availability, and the overall cost of rare transition metal elements. This reduces the

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43

Song, Meng, Li Ren, Kun Nan Cao, et al. "Design and Test of Saturable Reactor." Advanced Materials Research 516-517 (May 2012): 1342–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.516-517.1342.

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With the expansion of the grid, continuous reactive power compensation is vital for efficient operation of long transmission power lines or cables. Yunnan Electric Power Grid is planning to development saturable reactors for 500 kV long distance AC transmission lines. As the first stage of the development plan, the appropriate saturable reactor structure should be presented and verified by experiment. In this paper, different ferromagnetic materials, core structures and winding arrangements of saturable reactors are analyzed. Then, appropriate saturable reactor structure is determined by simul

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44

Hornung, Christian H., Miguel Á. Álvarez-Diéguez, Thomas M. Kohl, and John Tsanaktsidis. "Diels–Alder reactions of myrcene using intensified continuous-flow reactors." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 13 (January 19, 2017): 120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.13.15.

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This work describes the Diels–Alder reaction of the naturally occurring substituted butadiene, myrcene, with a range of different naturally occurring and synthetic dienophiles. The synthesis of the Diels–Alder adduct from myrcene and acrylic acid, containing surfactant properties, was scaled-up in a plate-type continuous-flow reactor with a volume of 105 mL to a throughput of 2.79 kg of the final product per day. This continuous-flow approach provides a facile alternative scale-up route to conventional batch processing, and it helps to intensify the synthesis protocol by applying higher reacti

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45

Irfan, Muhammad, Toma N. Glasnov, and C. Oliver Kappe. "ChemInform Abstract: Heterogeneous Catalytic Hydrogenation Reactions in Continuous-Flow Reactors." ChemInform 42, no. 37 (2011): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201137230.

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46

Gao, Hao Jie, Yue Zhao Zhu, Hai Jun Chen, Chuan Hua Liao, Yang Du, and Hao Wu. "Pyrolysis of Hailar Lignite: Experiments with a Tubular Reactor and a Continuous Screw Kiln Reactor." Applied Mechanics and Materials 672-674 (October 2014): 665–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.672-674.665.

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Pyrolysis of Hailar lignite (moisture content ~ 34.81 wt%) was investigated at temperatures ranging from 700 °C to 900 °C in two different reactors: A tubular reactor (TR) and a continuous screw kiln reactor (CSKR). Under temperature programmed-heating conditions in the TR reactor, the auto-generated steam from the lignite moisture was vaporized and swept out of the reactor by the N2flow during the long heating process, leading to a weakened effect on the subsequent reactions. However, in the CSKR tests all the volatiles was generated continuously while avoid the carrier gas dilution , signifi

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47

Saternus, Mariola. "Hydrodynamics of the Aluminium Barbotage Process Conducted in a Continuous Reactor." Solid State Phenomena 191 (August 2012): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.191.13.

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Today aluminium obtained from ores (primary) and from scrap (secondary) need to be refined. During this process harmful impurities such as hydrogen, sodium, lithium, oxides, borides or carbides can be removed. There are many different ways of aluminium refining process. The most popular seem to be barbotage that means blowing through aluminium many tiny gas bubbles of refining gas. Reactors applying this methods have been working all over the word. They are of different types: bath and continuous, using ceramic porous plugs, special kinds of nozzles or rotary impeller for generating small gas

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48

Hernández Mata, Karla Miriam, Onofre Monge Amaya, María Teresa Certucha Barragán, Francisco Javier Almendariz Tapia, and Evelia Acedo Félix. "Metallic Biosorption Using Yeasts in Continuous Systems." International Journal of Photoenergy 2013 (2013): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/578729.

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Mining effluents were found to be the main source of pollution by heavy metals of the surface water in the San Pedro River in Sonora, Mexico. The overall objective of this study was to determine the biosorption of Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe with yeasts isolated from San Pedro River in a continuous system. The tests conducted in two reactors packed with zeolite connected in series. The first reactor was inoculated mixing two yeasts species, and the effluent of the first reactor was fed to second reactor. Subsequently, the first reactor was fed with contaminated water of San Pedro River and effluent fro

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49

Hoff, Axel A., Hans H. Diebner, and Gerold Baierc. "Reversible Control of Chemical Reaction Systems." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 50, no. 12 (1995): 1141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1995-1214.

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Abstract Starting from an algorithm for continuous chaos control, a reversible control method based on mutual diffusive coupling of chemical reactors is developed. With sufficient coupling strength, the proposed mutual coupling leads to control even if both reactors are of similar size. The controlling and controlled reactor exchange their roles at a certain size ratio. Insufficient coupling can lead to a more complex dynamics than that of the uncoupled reactors. This method for control via reversible coupling of chemical reactors should be implementable on a purely microscopic level.

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Agarwal, Madhu, Sunny Soni, Kailash Singh, S. P. Chaurasia, and R. K. Dohare. "Biodiesel Yield Assessment in Continuous-Flow Reactors Using Batch Reactor Conditions." International Journal of Green Energy 10, no. 1 (2013): 28–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15435075.2011.647171.

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