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Lutsinge, Tshilidzi Bridget. "Biosurfactant enhanced biodegradation of high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a two-stage continuous stirred tank bioreactors and biofilm tank." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/66214.
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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) do not dissolve easily in water, due to their hydrophobic properties. PAHs are unavailable to most aromatic compound degrading organisms, due to these properties. In this study, a biosurfactant producing culture enhancing dissolution of PAHs was isolated, to make them bioavailable. The culture was introduced to the system to improve the dissolution of PAHs and degrade the PAHs thereafter. The aim of the study was to use a strategy with a biofilm process, subsequent to a continuous stirred tank bio-reactors (CSTRs) to successfully remove PAHs from water, with microorganisms that can degrade these pollutants. The open system could easily be controlled and set to optimum conditions, stimulating the growth of PAH degraders. The feed rate and influent concentration can be controlled and the system can easily be cleaned. Biodegradation was achieved, using optimum conditions obtained from the conducted batch studies in a CSTR process ensuring a feasible biodegradation process. Two cultures, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and microbial consortia, were used during the biosurfactant production and PAHs degradation preliminary batch studies. The biosurfactants produced, were identified as Lipopeptides and degradation results indicated great degradation of fluoranthene and triphenylene with a mixed culture consortium present in the system. 90.1% of fluoranthene and 79.6% of triphenylene was degraded after 22 d of incubation in the batch system. Degradation of fluoranthene was studied using biosurfactants and microbial consortium in a three-stage continuous flow system. Reactor 2A fluoranthene influent (60.89%) was degraded, 70.02% of Reactor 2B fluoranthene influent was degraded and 77.17% of biofilm tank fluoranthene influent was degraded. Kinetic studies were conducted, using a Monod model to describe the substrates degradation for batch systems. The highest degradation rate for fluoranthene was determined to be 0.29 h-1 and for triphenylene was 0.13 h-1 with half saturation values of 991.84 mg/L and 451 mg/L respectively, indicating that fluoranthene was degraded faster than triphenylene, when incubated for 22 d. The study demonstrated that biosurfactant production and biodegradation of fluoranthene can be achieved in an open CSTR system, as much as it can be done in a batch system. The biological remediation of PAHs in wastewater plants can be introduced and applied for wastewaters rich, with PAHs.Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Chemical Engineering
MSc
Unrestricted
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Strandberg, Per Erik. "Mathematical models of bacteria population growth in bioreactors: formulation, phase space pictures, optimisation and control." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Mathematics, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2337.
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There are many types of bioreactors used for producing bacteria populations in commercial, medical and research applications.
This report presents a systematic discussion of some of the most important models corresponding to the well known reproduction kinetics such as the Michaelis-Menten kinetics, competitive substrate inhibition and competitive product inhibition. We propose a modification of a known model, analyze it in the same manner as known models and discuss the most popular types of bioreactors and ways of controlling them.
This work summarises much of the known results and may serve as an aid in attempts to design new models.
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Samer, Charles J. "Polymer-stabilized miniemulsion polymerization in a continuous stirred-tank reactor." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11142.
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Lee, Hsueh-Chi. "Emulsion polymerization in a seed-fed continuous stirred-tank reactor." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11860.
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Mushonga, Sylvester Paul. "pH control using two continuous stirred tank reactors in series." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1595785.
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The control of pH is one of the most difficult chemical control schemes in industry. Often, large tanks are used to control pH. The pH in these large tanks frequently overshoots the desired pH set-point and usually takes a long time to reach the desired set-point. In this work, a conceptual pH control process was developed and tested by using two small continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTRs). In this two-step system, the bulk of the neutralization is carried out in the first reactor and then fine-tuned in the second reactor. The conceptual neutralization model was built by analyzing the chemistry behind pH. Because pH is a nonlinear function of hydrogen ion concentration (pH= -log [H+]), the hydrogen ion concentration was chosen as the process measured variable. The slope (Gain) was calculated from a titration curve obtained from a polynomial derived from neutralization chemistry and a practical titration. The process dynamics were then fitted into the classic proportional, integral, and differential (PID) controller using the Internal Model Control (IMC) tuning method. The robust tuning parameters produced by the IMC method were able to bring the pH in the first CSTR to the desired set-point. In addition, disturbances from vibrations produced by the pump and magnetic stirrer, slight variations in reactant concentration, and pH probe lags were easily eliminated. Most importantly, pH in the second CSTR settled on the desired neutral set-point of pH 7.0 after brief oscillations. The process was repeatable when the reactors where scaled up one hundred times using synthetic waste water. Autotune variation results produced similar process dynamics to those produced by calculating the slope from the titration curve.
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Regestein, Lars [Verfasser]. "Design and application of calorimeters for monitoring biological processes in stirred tank bioreactors / Lars Regestein." Aachen : Hochschulbibliothek der Rheinisch-Westfälischen Technischen Hochschule Aachen, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1031109536/34.
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Adkins, Carol Leslie Jones Seinfeld John H. Flagan Richard C. "Use of a continuous stirred tank reactor for the study of aqueous aerosol chemistry." Diss., Pasadena, Calif. : California Institute of Technology, 1988. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechTHESIS:12042009-080025691.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--California Institute of Technology, 1988. UM #88-03,381.Advisor names found in the Acknowledgments pages of the thesis. Title from home page. Viewed 02/19/2010. Includes bibliographical references.
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Loubière, Céline. "Characterization and impact of the hydrodynamics on the performance of umbilical-cord derived stem cells culture in stirred tank bioreactors." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0220/document.
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Les cellules souches mésenchymateuses (CSM) interviennent de plus en plus dans le domaine de la médecine régénérative, notamment pour traiter des maladies aujourd’hui difficilement curables avec les moyens actuels. Deux verrous scientifiques limitent pourtant leur utilisation et leur commercialisation. D’une part, de grandes quantités de cellules sont nécessaires pour répondre à la forte demande médicale. D’autre part, les cellules étant elles-mêmes le médicament final, délivré chez le patient, leur qualité doit être préservée (phénotype souche, capacité de différenciation). La mise en culture de ces cellules, sur des microporteurs, en bioréacteur agité, semble répondre à ces enjeux. Cependant, une connaissance plus précise de l’impact, sur la réponse physiologique des cellules, des technologies utilisées et de l’hydrodynamique générée est nécessaire pour améliorer les lois d’extrapolation des bioréacteurs de culture de CSM. Dans ce contexte, des travaux ont été mis en œuvre pour étudier l’influence du mode d’agitation (orbital ou mécanique) sur l’attachement, l’expansion et le détachement de CSM issues de la gelée de Wharton (GW-CSM) de cordons ombilicaux, sur des microporteurs de différentes compositions. Pour contribuer à la quantification de l’expansion cellulaire, une méthode de comptage automatique in situ a été développée pour estimer le nombre de cellules par microporteur, ainsi que leur répartition, sans avoir à procéder à leur détachement. Des microporteurs commerciaux ont ensuite pu être comparés à des microporteurs synthétisés dans un laboratoire partenaire, en termes d’attachement et expansion cellulaire, ainsi que de facilité de détachement. En parallèle de ces travaux, l’impact de la conception du mobile d’agitation, en bioréacteur mécaniquement agité, sur la mise en suspension de microporteurs a été analysé. A l’issue de cette étude, une analyse dimensionnelle et des simulations CFD ont été mises en place et deux modèles reliant la fréquence minimale de juste mise en suspension (Njs) avec la géométrie du mobile d’agitation (forme, taille, position dans la cuve) et les propriétés matérielles des particules et de la phase liquide ont été proposés. Une stratégie d’optimisation des paramètres géométriques d’un mobile en minibioréacteur, dédié à la culture de CSM sur microporteurs, a été mise en place, à partir de paramètres caractérisant les contraintes hydromécaniques perçues par la phase solide, judicieusement choisis et intégrés lors des simulations CFD. Selon un plan d’expérience, et les résultats extraits des simulations, des surfaces de réponse ont été construites et une optimisation multi-objective a été réalisée afin de déterminer la géométrie minimisant les contraintes perçues par les particules, et donc par les cellules adhérées. Des cultures de GW-CSM en minibioréacteurs équipés de différents mobiles ont finalement été validées, avec une comparaison préliminaire de l’impact de ces géométries sur l’expansion cellulaireMesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are becoming increasingly involved in the regenerative medicine field, particularly to treat diseases that are not effectively curable with the current therapies. Two scientific barriers are nevertheless responsible for MSC use and commercialization limitations. On one side, large amounts of cells are needed to reach the high cell dose requirements. On the other side, cells being the final product themselves, directly injected into the patient, their quality have to be controlled (stem cell phenotype, differentiation capability). MSC cultivation on microcarriers in a stirred bioreactor seems to meet these challenges. However, a precise knowledge about the impact of the technologies and the hydrodynamics generated, on the physiological cell response, is necessary to improve the scale-up of MSC cultures in bioreactors. In this context, present work is dedicated to the study of the impact of the agitation mode (orbital or mechanical) on the cell attachment, expansion and detachment on various microcarrier types, in the case of MSC derived from the Wharton’s jelly (WJ-MSC) of umbilical cords. To quantify more precisely cell distribution and expansion on microcarriers, an automatic and in situ counting method was developed, which need no detachment step. This allowed the identification of commercial microcarriers suitable for WJ-MSC cultures, which were then compared to home-made microcarriers, synthesized by a partner laboratory, in terms of cell attachment and expansion, and detachment efficiency. In parallel to these works, the impact of the impeller design on the microcarrier suspension in stirred tank bioreactors was investigated. Based on a dimensional analysis and CFD simulations, it resulted in the establishment of two models relating the minimal agitation rate to ensure all particle suspension (Njs) with the impeller geometrical characteristics (design, size, off-bottom clearance) and the material properties of both the solid and the liquid phases. CFD models validation allowed then to develop a strategy to optimize the geometrical configuration of an impeller, dedicated to MSC cultures on microcarriers in a minibioreactor. Parameters characterizing the hydromechanical stress encountered by the solid phase were wisely chosen and integrated into CFD simulations. Based on a design of experiments, and the hydrodynamics data recovered from simulations, response surfaces were built and a multiobjective optimization was achieved in order to determine the geometry minimizing the particle stress, and also by adhered cells. WJ-MSC cultures in minibioreactors equipped with impellers displaying various geometries were finally validated, with a preliminary comparison of the impact of these geometries on the cell expansion
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Amoabediny, Ghassem. "A new method to quantify the CO2 sensitivity of micro-organisms in shaken bioreactors and scale up to stirred tank fermentors." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=982158823.
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Brito, Bernardo Nascimbeni de. "Effect of the sulfide, pH and temperature on anammox activity in a continuous flow stirred-tank reactor." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2015. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/7373.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Um promissor processo biológico para a remoção de elevadas concentrações de nitrogênio de águas residuárias vem sendo estudado nos últimos 20 anos. O processo possibilita uma redução substancial nos requisitos de aeração, fontes de carbono e baixa produção de biomassa. Durante 9 meses, um reator continuo de mistura completa com nitrificação parcial e processo anammox ocorrendo simultaneamente em único estágio foi operado com medições e análises regulares. Foram avaliados o desempenho do reator e sua capacidade de recuperação após exposição a curto-prazo da adição de sulfeto, pH em condições ácidas e temperaturas abaixo dos valores ótimos. O reator demonstrou ser sensível a pequenas variações de pH. Observou-se que o reator operando com valores de pH inferiores a 6,71 ± 0,01, apresentou perda na eficiência de remoção de amônia. As concentrações de 0,1 e 0,25 mg S L -1 de sulfeto testados apresentaram efeito inibitório. A faixa de temperatura de 36 – 25°C testada, não comprometeu a performance do reator.
A new biological process that removes high concentrations of nitrogen from residual waters has been studied for the last twenty years. Such process allows for a substantial reduction on aeration and carbon sources requirements while also producing low levels of biomass. For nine months, a continuum reactor composed of a complete mixture with partial nitrification and the anammox process occurring simultaneously was operated with regular mediation and analysis. An evaluation was conducted on short-term effects of sulfide's addition, pH in acidic conditions and the temperature below optimum values of reactor's functioning, as well as its capacity to recover after exposed. The reactor showed sensitivity to small variations on pH. Losses in ammonia removal efficiency were observed when the reactor operated at pH values lower than 6.71 ± 0.01. The tested sulfide concentrations, i.e. 0.1 and 0.25 mg S L -1 , have caused inhibitory effect. The temperature range of 36 - 25 o C did not compromised the reactor's performance.
Título em inglês do resumo, difere da ficha catalográfica, folha de aprovação e termo de autorização anexado ao formulário 7, enviado por e-mail, pelo departamento em 21/03/2016.
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Hatton, Taylor Stephen. "Productivity Studies Utilizing Recombinant CHO Cells In Stirred-Tank Bioreactors: A Comparative Study Between The Pitch-Blade And The Packed-Bed Bioreactor Systems." DigitalCommons@USU, 2012. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1267.
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A recombinat Chinese Hamster Ovary (rCHO) cell line designated as CHO SEAP was utilized in this investigation to optimize protein production. Two bench top stirred-tank bioreactors, namely a pitched-blade and a packed-bed basket bioreactor, were utilized for a comparative study to determine which bioreactor would produce the best results in terms of protein production. The objective of this research project was to provide basic data that shows cells cultured in a packed-bed basket bioreactor in perfusion mode will generate more protein product than cells in batch mode suspension culture with a pitched-blade bioreactor. The packed-bed bioreactor creates a homeostatic environment similar to the environment found in vivo, where waste products are constantly removed and fresh nutrients are replenished. Closed batch cultures do not provide a homeostatic environment. In batch culture systems, nutrients are depleted and waste products accumulate. The results from this experiment could help investigators involved in protein and/or vaccine production facilities select the appropriate bioreactor and mode of operation to optimize cell productivity for generation of a specific protein product. CHO cells have been used for the production of vaccines, recombinant therapeutic proteins, and monoclonal antibodies, and these cells are now the cell line of choice in the biopharmaceutical industry. Traditional vaccine production methods in egg embryos are slow and outdated, whereas roller bottle-based cell culture techniques are time consuming and have limited scalability. These limitations justify the need for development of stirred tank bioreactors. Cells cultured in a packed-bed bioreactor are not exposed to hydrodynamic forces, as is the case with pitched-blade bioreactors, allowing for maximum growth and protein expression. This mode of operation involves the constant removal of media depleted of nutrients and the addition of fresh media with more nutrients to keep the cells growing. Long run times decrease the constant need for re-seeding cells and re-establishing seed cultures, thus, reducing setup time and labor dramatically. Secreted products are automatically separated from cells in perfusion, eliminating filtration and membrane fouling. A detailed description of both modes of operation are discussed in this thesis.
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Ambriano, John Robert. "The development of a continuous stirred tank membrane reactor for determining an accurate rate equation for the production of citric acid by Saccharomycopsis lipolytica." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11898.
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Muga, Julius N’gon’ga. "Design and implementation of IEC 61499 standard-based nonlinear controllers using functional block programming in distributed control platform." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2381.
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Thesis (DTech (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016.Majority of the industrial systems encountered are significantly non-linear in nature, so if they are synthesised and designed by linear methods, then some of salient features characterising of their performance may not be captured. Therefore designing a control system that captures the nonlinearities is important. This research focuses on the control design strategies for the Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) process. To control such a process a careful design strategy is required because of the nonlinearities, loop interaction and the potentially unstable dynamics characterizing the system. In these systems, linear control methods alone may not perform satisfactorily. Three different control design strategies (Dynamic decoupling, Decentralized and Input-output feedback linearization controller) are proposed and implemented .in the Matlab/Simulink platform and the developed strategies are then deployed to the design of distributed automation control system configuration using the IEC 61499 standard based functional block programming language. Twin CAT 3.1 system real-time and Matlab/Simulink (www.mathworks.com) environment are used to test the effectiveness of the models The simulation results from the investigation done between Simulink and TwinCAT 3 software (Beckhoff Automation) platforms in the case of the model transformation and closed loop simulation of the process for the considered cases have shown the suitability and the potentials of merging the Matlab/Simulink control function blocks into the TwinCAT 3.1 function blocks in real-time. The merits derived from such integration imply that the existing software and software components can be re-used. This is in line with one of the IEC 6144 standard requirements such as portability and interoperability. Similarly, the simplification of programming applications is greatly achieved. The investigation has also shown that the integration the of Matlab/Simulink models running in the TwinCAT 3.1 PLC do not need any modification, hence confirming that the TwinCAT 3.1 development platform can be used for the design and implementation of controllers from different platforms. Also, based on the steps required for model transformation the between the Matlab/Simulink to the TwinCAT 3 functional blocks, the algorithms of the control design methodologies developed, simulation results are used to verify the suitability of the controls to find whether the effective set-point tracking control and disturbance effect minimisation for the output variables can be achieved in real-time using the transformed Simulink blocks to the TwinCAT 3 functional blocks, then downloaded to the Beckhoff CX5020 PLC for real-time execution. Good set-point tracking control is achieved for the MIMO closed loop nonlinear CSTR process for the considered cases of the developed control methodologies. Similarly, the effects of disturbances are investigated. TwinCAT functional modules achieved good set-point tracking with these disturbances minimization under all the cases considered.
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Schwedhelm, Ivo Peter [Verfasser], Jan [Gutachter] Hansmann, Philipp [Gutachter] Wiedemann, and Heike [Gutachter] Walles. "A non-invasive microscopy platform for the online monitoring of hiPSC aggregation in suspension cultures in small-scale stirred tank bioreactors / Ivo Peter Schwedhelm ; Gutachter: Jan Hansmann, Philipp Wiedemann, Heike Walles." Würzburg : Universität Würzburg, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1202013600/34.
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Lerond, Lionel. "Optimisation de la cristallisation d'un sel diastéréoisomère lors d'une résolution optique en réacteur fermé, et développement d'un mode de cristallisation continu." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008INPL092N/document.
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L’énantiomère R (énantiomère cible) d’un mélange racémique d’une molécule organique est isolé par cristallisation du sel diastéréoisomère qu’il forme préférentiellement en s’associant à l’acide énantiomériquement pur R-acétyl(L)valine. Cependant l’énantiomère S (contre-énantiomère) peut aussi cristalliser sous forme d’un sel de R-acétyl(L)valine. Les solubilités des deux sels sont déterminées par des cristallisations par refroidissement en réacteur fermé. La modélisation de ces données expérimentales permet de maximiser la quantité d’énantiomère R cristallisé en sel pur en réacteur fermé à une température choisie. Cette température est ensuite augmentée : la durée de filtration des cristaux, systématiquement obtenus sous forme d’aiguilles, est avantageusement réduite. Une réduction est encore obtenue en appliquant un profil de refroidissement favorisant la croissance des cristaux : au final, l’amélioration de la filtrabilité des cristaux est corrélée aux augmentations conjointes du facteur d’élongation et de la longueur des cristaux. La cristallisation est ensuite transposée à un mode de fonctionnement continu en injectant les réactifs séparément dans un réacteur ouvert. Afin d’atteindre des performances égales à celles du réacteur fermé, le temps de passage et la concentration de la solution de R-acétyl(L)valine sont ajustés : il en résulte une productivité accrue de la cristallisation. La filtrabilité des cristaux obtenus en réacteur continu reste cependant médiocre. Bien que toujours inférieur à celui atteint en réacteur fermé optimal, le facteur d’élongation des cristaux est tout de même augmenté en optant pour une configuration de cascade de deux réacteurs continusThe R enantiomer (target enantiomer) of the racemic mixture of an organic molecule is isolated by a preferential crystallization of the salt it forms by association with the enantiomerically pur acid R-acetyl(L)valine. The S enantiomer (counter enantiomer) may somehow also crystallize under the form a R-acetyl(L)valinate salt. Solubilities of the two salts are measured by cooling crystallizations in a batch reactor, carried out for various stoechiometric conditions. The interpretation and the modelisation of the experimental data gathered lead to the maximisation of the quantity of R enantiomer crystallized as a pur salt in a batch reactor by cooling crystallization to a given temperature. This temperature is then increased : the filtration duration of the crystals, always exhibiting the shape of needles, is thus advantageously decreased. A further decrease is made possible by applying a temperature cooling profile that promotes the growth of crystals. Finally, the enhancement of the filterability of crystals is correlated to an increase of the elongation factor of crystals. The crystallization is then transposed to a continuous operating mode : reactants are injected separately in a continuous stirred tank reactor. With a view to match the results of the optimized batch reactor, the residence time and the R-acetyl(L)valine concentration are adjusted : a better productivity is then obtained, though filterability remains lower. The elongation factor is slightly increased by implementing two continous stirred tank in serie. The complete range of possible enhancements of crystals morphology by such cascades could be further studied for such needle-like crystals
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Laus, Raffaele. "Confronto tra configurazioni di bioreattori anaerobici per la produzione di biometano da oli alimentari esausti." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019.
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Ad oggi il riutilizzo degli oli da cucina esausti (WCO) è prevalentemente indirizzato alla produzione di biodiesel dato che i tempi di digestione anaerobica della componente lipidica sono molto più lunghi di quanto non possano essere i processi chimici di transferificazione per la produzione di biodiesel. Nel presente elaborato si è, tuttavia, cercato di valorizzare i WCO per la produzione di biogas e nello specifico biometano andando a valutare la validità o meno di un approccio diverso da tradizionali sistemi di digestione anaerobica. Si è studiato nello specifico una tipologia di sistema anaerobico con funzionamento simile all’più comune Air-lift a cui si è dato il nome di Gas-lift in cui a determinare la miscelazione è lo stesso biogas generato dalla digestione anaerobica che avviene all’interno del reattore. Questo sistema è stato messo a confronto con un altro sistema già noto nell’ambito della digestione anerobica ovvero un Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) di dimensioni più ridotte ma con le stesse proporzioni di WCO, terreno d’idratazione (HM) e inoculo (Rhodococcus opacus). Si sono svolte tre sperimentazioni differenti due delle quali realizzate in condizioni batch e una terza ed ultima fase realizzata in semi-continuo mediante il prelievo/immissione di un certo quantitativo HM e immissione di nuovo WCO. Il sistema Gas-lift così realizzato ha i duplice scopo di avvicinare la componente batterica anaerobica all’unica fonte di carbonio disponibile, ovvero il WCO, che in quanto costituito da lipidi crea una situazione bifasica separata dalla soluzione e al contempo di favorire la miscelazione della fase liquida. Si sono effettuate durante il periodo di studio analisi relative alla quantità e alla composizione del biogas prodotto e analisi di Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), N-NH4 e acidi grassi volatili (VFAs) al fine di avere un inquadramento generale dei processi di degradazione in corso all’interno di entrambi i sistemi anaerobici.
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Edwiges, Thiago. "Biodigestão anaeróbia de resíduos vegetais provenientes de central de abastecimento." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2017. http://tede.unioeste.br/handle/tede/3029.
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The economical development and urbanization process have contributed to the increase in solid waste generation and problems related to final disposal. Thus, the National Solid Waste Policy reinforces treatment in order to improve efficiency in the management of solid waste as one of its priorities and stimulates to recover and use energy. Anaerobic digestion has been suggested as a promising approach to the treatment of organic fraction of solid waste, mainly because it represents an opportunity to reduce environmental pollution and minimizes impacts concerning the energy crisis. So, this trial aimed at evaluating FVW biogas potential, collected in a wholesale market (Unit from Foz do Iguaçu/PR) through batch and semicontinuous tests. Fruits and vegetables trading from that unit generates approximately 70,500 t year-1, with 2,800 kg d-1 solid waste, composed of almost 85% organic matter. The influence of chemical composition of twelve FVW different samples with different compositions on biochemical methane potential (BMP) was analyzed. The BMP ranged from 288 LN CH4 kg VS-1 to 516 LN CH4 kg VS-1, with significant statistical differences among means. This was explained by in the waste chemical composition over time. BMP variation was most strongly correlated for lipid content and high calorific values (HCV). Linear regression analyses were carried out to develop statistical models to predict as fast as possible methane potential of this kind of waste. The models were analyzed according to chemical compounds and HCV based on simple and multiple regression. The model with the best statistical metrics included lipid, protein, cellulose, lignin, and HCV, with a 92.5% R² and lignin content negatively correlated to BMP. Since HCV and lipids were strongly correlated, and because HCV can be determined more rapidly than chemical composition, HCV may be useful for predicting BMP. In addition to batch tests, the performance of anaerobic digestion was also investigated in a semicontinuous mode using a FVW mixture as a single substrate. The performance of a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) was monitored along with the gradual increase of organic loading rates (OLR) from 0.5 gVS L–1 d–1 to 5.0gVSL–1d–1. BMP of FVW used as a feedstock to CSTR was 370 LN CH4 kg VS-1 with 81% biodegradability. During the whole trial pH was stable and there was an adequate level of buffering capacity in the system. Volumetric biogas production (LN biogas L–1 d–1) increased linearly (R² = 94.4%) according to OLR increase. On the other hand, the specific methane production (LN CH4 kg VS-1) has registered the best performance at an OLR of 3.0 g VS L–1 d–1 and 30 days of hydraulic retention time, with 285 LN CH4 kg VS-1 added, reaching 74% of BMP measured by batch tests. A clear accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFA) was monitored with a decreased specific methane yield was detected with an OLR above 3.0 g VS L–1 d–1.
O crescimento econômico e o processo de urbanização vêm contribuindo para o aumento da geração de resíduos sólidos e problemas relacionados à disposição final. A Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos reforça o tratamento com o intuito de melhorar a eficiência quanto ao gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos no país, como uma de suas prioridades e enfatiza o incentivo à recuperação e ao aproveitamento energético. A biodigestão anaeróbia tem sido apontada como uma abordagem promissora ao tratamento da fração orgânica dos resíduos sólidos, sobretudo por representar oportunidade de reduzir a poluição ambiental e minimizar os impactos da crise energética. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de produção de biogás de resíduos de frutas e hortaliças (RFH) coletados na Central de Abastecimento (CEASA – Unidade de Foz do Iguaçu/PR) a partir de testes em batelada e em regime semicontínuo. A comercialização de frutas e hortaliças da unidade é de aproximadamente 70.500 t ano-1, com geração de resíduos sólidos de 2.800 kg d-1, compostos por aproximadamente 85% de matéria orgânica. A influência da composição química de doze amostras de RFH com diferentes composições sobre o potencial bioquímico de metano (PBM) foi analisada. O PBM dos resíduos variou entre 288 LN CH4 kg SV-1 e 516 LN CH4 kg SV-1, com diferenças estatísticas significativas entre as médias, o que pôde ser explicado pela variação na composição química dos resíduos ao longo do tempo. A variação do PBM foi mais fortemente correlacionada à variação do teor de lipídeos e do poder calorífico superior (PCS). Foram realizadas análises de regressão linear visando desenvolver modelos estatísticos para estimar, de forma mais rápida, o potencial metanogênico deste tipo de resíduo. Os modelos foram analisados considerando os componentes químicos e o PCS a partir de regressão linear simples e múltipla. O modelo com as melhores métricas estatísticas foi obtido considerando lipídio, proteína, celulose, lignina e PCS, com R² de 92,5% e com teor de lignina negativamente correlacionado ao PBM. Como o PCS e os lipídeos apresentaram forte correlação, e como o PCS pode ser determinado, em geral, de forma mais rápida que a composição química, o PCS pode ser considerado um parâmetro útil para a estimava do PBM. Além dos testes em batelada, investigou-se também o desempenho da biodigestão anaeróbia em regime semicontínuo utilizando-se uma mistura de RFH como único substrato. O desempenho de reator de mistura completa (do inglês CSTR) foi monitorado juntamente com o aumento gradativo da carga orgânica volumétrica (COV) de 0,5 g SV L-1 d-1 até 5,0g SV L-1 d-1. O PBM dos RFH utilizado para alimentar o reator foi 370 LN CH4 kg SV-1 com biodegradabilidade de 81%. Durante todo o ensaio o pH se manteve estável e o sistema apresentou boa capacidade tampão. A produção volumétrica de biogás (LN biogás L-1 d-1) aumentou de forma linear (R² = 94,4%) de acordo com aumento da COV. Já a produção específica de metano (LN CH4 kg SV-1) indicou o melhor desempenho com COV de 3,0 g SV L-1 d-1 e 30 dias de tempo de retenção hidráulica, com 285 LN CH4 kg SV-1 adicionados, e atingiu 74% de PBM, medido a partir dos testes em batelada. Observou-se um acúmulo evidente de ácidos graxos voláteis (AGV), com consequente redução da produção de metano a partir da COV acima de 3,0 g SV L-1 d-1.
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Ribas, Santos Eduardo. "Contribution au diagnostic qualitatif des procédés en intelligence artificielle." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1996. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1996_RIBAS_SANTOS_E.pdf.
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L’objectif de la supervision des procédés est de surveiller le fonctionnement d'une unité afin d'assurer la réalisation des objectifs fixés, quels que soient les incidents et perturbations extérieures pouvant intervenir. Il est nécessaire d'avoir une vue générale afin d'être en mesure de réagir et de se focaliser sur les points clés. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons une modélisation de la connaissance du fonctionnement des procédés adaptée à la représentation généralement choisie par les spécialistes lors d'un problème donné: à l'aide d'un modèle complet du fonctionnement normal de l'unité, ils cherchent à trouver des fautes ou des combinaisons de fautes possibles. Les concepts proposés sont fondés sur une réflexion du processus d'acquisition de la connaissance qui permet au spécialiste de progresser dans l'analyse des activités en production. Ce processus inclut la formulation, à partir des modèles mathématiques contenant la description du comportement dynamique ou statique des systèmes, d'un modèle préliminaire, de telle manière qu'un spécialiste, pour améliorer ses connaissances, puisse s'appuyer sur celles composant un modèle crée par un autre spécialiste. Dans un premier temps, nous introduisons une méthodologie pour la définition des connaissances permettant au spécialiste (ou, en général, à un individu placé au sein d'une organisation industrielle) de mieux représenter formellement les descriptions de problèmes afin de reproduire ses raisonnements. Dans un deuxième temps, nous proposons une formulation pour la représentation de la connaissance et pour le diagnostic, ou la construction de la base de connaissances comprend des étapes résultant du processus d'acquisition de la connaissance qualitative. Les concepts sont illustrés par des procédés simples choisis dans le domaine du génie des procédés. Ainsi, le diagnostic qualitatif d'un réacteur idéal continu parfaitement agité est examiné en détail dans le cadre général précédemment étudié
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SANTOS, Tarcísio David KOnna Nunes. "Simulação em CFP de um reator CSTR para produção de biodíesel." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2016. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/301.
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TARCISIO DAVID KONNA NUNES SANTOS - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEQ 2016..pdf: 1645201 bytes, checksum: 6f9773a951b06aacdb26ff5287e21e18 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-20T13:04:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TARCISIO DAVID KONNA NUNES SANTOS - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEQ 2016..pdf: 1645201 bytes, checksum: 6f9773a951b06aacdb26ff5287e21e18 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-23
Este trabalho propôs um modelo matemático para um reator do tipo CSTR (continuous stirred-tank reactor) partindo de dados experimentais da cinética da reação de transesterificação entre o óleo de soja e o acetato de metila, tendo como catalisador uma enzima, a Candida Antartica. Um volume foi proposto para reator para que o tempo médio de residência da mistura reacional fosse suficiente tal que o rendimento esperado, com base nos dados obtidos pelo Matlab®, fosse obtido na saída do reator. O estudo reacional fluidodinâmico foi feito utilizando o software comercial ANSYS® versão 15.0. Duas configurações do reator foram propostas otimização, afim de tornar o processo o mais homogêneo possível, tentando atingir as configurações do reator de mistura perfeita. Os impelidores utilizados foram o tipo pás retas inclinadas e o ripo Ribbon (Âncora), afim de avaliar qual dos impelidores consegue o rendimento satisfatório com menor potência de operação. A potência requerida foi determinada através das equações para misturadores mecânicos, sendo avaliado apenas como variável a rotação das pás.
This work proposes a mathematical model to a reactor of CSTR-type (Continuous Stirred-tank reactor) starting from experimental data of the kinetics of transesterification of soybean oil and methyl acetate, with the catalyst enzyme, Candida Antarctica. A reactor volume was proposed for the average residence time of the reaction mixture was sufficient such that the expected yield, based on data obtained by Matlab, was obtained in the reactor outlet. The reaction fluid dynamic study was done using the commercial software ANSYS® version 15.0. The optimization of the reactor was proposed by comparing the reactor operation with two impellers separately in order to make the process more homogeneous as possible, trying to achieve the perfect blend of reactor configurations. The impellers used were the type inclined straight blades and Ribbon RIPO (Anchor), to determine which of the impellers can the satisfactory performance with lower power operation. The required power was determined by the equations for mechanical mixers, being rated only as a variable rotation of the blades
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Baumlin, Sébastien. "Craquage thermique des vapeurs de pyrolyse-gazéification de la biomasse en réacteur parfaitement auto-agité par jets gazeux." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006INPL041N/document.
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ALes gaz issus des procédés de pyrolyse-gazéification de la biomasse doivent être épurés. Ils contiennent des vapeurs condensables (goudrons), des aérosols, des particules solides fines, des composés soufrés et des métaux alcalins qu’il s’agit d’éliminer avant leur utilisation sur des turbines (production d’électricité) ou comme gaz de synthèse. Les expériences rapportées dans ce travail concernent les vapeurs condensables et leur conversion par craquage thermique. Les vapeurs sont produites par pyrolyse de la biomasse dans un premier réacteur (RP) à 540°C. Elles sont ensuite craquées dans un réacteur parfaitement auto-agité par jets gazeux (RPAA) associé en série avec le RP. Le RPAA fonctionne à plus haute température (550-1030°C) et le temps de séjour de la phase gazeuse dans le craqueur est compris entre 0,1 et 1 s. Tous les produits de réaction (charbon, vapeurs condensables et gaz permanents) sont récupérés et analysés. Le RPAA étant uniforme en température et en concentration, la détermination de constantes de vitesse à temps de séjour donné est assez aisée à partir de bilans de matière en vapeurs et gaz. Des schémas réactionnels globaux rendant compte du craquage des vapeurs en gaz mais aussi de leur possible maturation en composés plus réfractaires sont proposés et leurs constantes de vitesse optimisées à partir des résultats expérimentaux. Ces modèles permettent de simuler le craquage thermique d’une charge type issue d’un gazogène. On détermine les conditions optimales de fonctionnement (température, temps de séjour) du réacteur de craquage qui aboutissent à une concentration en vapeurs condensables la plus faible possible. On comparera ainsi l’efficacité du craquage thermique à celle des autres procédés d’épuration des goudronsPyrolysis and gasification processes give rise to gases containing by-products such as condensable vapors (tars), aerosols, dust, sulfur compounds and inorganics which may considerably lower the efficiency of catalysts (if chemical synthesis is foreseen) or cause severe damages to motors and turbines (in case of electricity production). Hence, efficient gas treatments are needed. The experiments reported in the present work are related to thermal cracking of condensable vapors. These vapors are produced in a first reactor by biomass pyrolysis (PR) at 540°C. They undergo further cracking in a second vessel, a continuous serf stirred tank reactor (CSSTR), assembled in series with the PR. The CSSTR is operated at temperatures ranging from 550 to 1030°C and gas phase mean residence times ranging from 0,1 to 1 s. Reaction products (char, condensable vapors and permanent gases) are recovered and analyzed. Temperature as well as composition are uniform at any point of the CSSTR. Therefore, it is easy to derive values of kinetic constants from mass balances at a given residence time. Global vapor cracking schemes including gas formation as well as possible maturation into more refractory compounds are proposed. Their kinetic constants are optimized from the experimental results. These models are used to simulate the thermal cracking of a typical load flowing out from a gasifier. Optimal operating conditions of the cracking reactor (in terms of temperature and residence time) are determined to reach the lowest condensable vapors concentration. Thus, efficiency of thermal cracking can be compared to other gas treatment processes
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Valente, Raquel Sofia Corredoura. "Enrichment of a PHA producing microbial community in a continuous bioreactor setup." Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/13893.
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Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biosynthetic polyesters, biodegradable and biocompatible making them of great interest for industrial purposes. The use of low value substrates with mixed microbial communities (MMC) is a strategy currently used to decrease the elevated PHA production costs. PHA production process requires an important step for selection and enrichment of PHA-storing microorganisms which is usually carried out in a Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR).
The aim of this study was to optimize the PHA accumulating culture selection stage using a 2-stage Continuous Stirrer Tank Reactor (CSTR) system. The system was composed by two separate feast and famine bioreactors operated continuously, mimicking the feast and famine phases in a SBR system. Acetate was used as carbon source and biomass seed was highly enriched in Plasticicumulans acidivorans obtained from activated sludge. The system was operated under two different sets of conditions (setup 1 and 2), maintaining a system total retention time of 12 hours and an OLR of 2.25 Cmmol/L.h-1. An average PHB-content of 3.3 % wt was obtained in setup 1 and 4.8% wt in setup 2. Several other experiments were performed in order to better understand the continuous system behaviour, using biomass from the continuous system. With the fed-batch experiment a maximum of 8.1% PHB was stored and the maximum substrate uptake and specific growth rates obtained in the growth experiment (1.15 Cmol Cmol-1.h-1 and 0.53 Cmol Cmol-1.h-1) were close to the ones from continuous system (1.12 Cmol Cmol-1.h-1 and 0.59 Cmol Cmol-1.h-1). The microbial community was characterized trough microscopic visualization, Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis and Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). The last studied performed mimicked the continuous system by building up a SBR system with all the same operational conditions while adding an extra acetate dosage during the 12 h cycle, simulating the substrate passing from the feast to the famine reactors under continuous operation. It was shown that possibly the continuous system was not able to efficiently select for PHB storing organisms under the operational conditions imposed, although the selected culture was capable of consuming the substrate and grow fast. This main conclusion might have resulted from two major factors affecting the system performance: the ammonium concentration in the Feast reactor and the amount of substrate leaching from the Feast to the Famine reactor.
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林家慶. "Production of PHBV by a Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/93647100180640654961.
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碩士大葉大學
食品工程研究所
90
PHB (poly-hydroxybutyrate) and PHBV (poly-hydroxybutyrate- co-hydroxy-valerate), having physical properties similar to poly- propylene, is a kind of polyesters produced by microorganisms. The application of PHBV is quite extensive because it can be easily processed by current techniques. PHB and PHBV can be produced by many strains including Ralstonia eutropha, Alcaligenes latus, Azotobacter vinelandi, Methylotrophs sp., Pseudomonas sp., and recombinant DNA’s Escherichia coli. A continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) is used to study the effect of limiting nutrients on the microbial growth and product accumulation. The Ralstonia eutropha was cultivated by using a continuous stirred tank reactor with various dilution rates and concentrations of sodium propionate in the feeding substrates in order to explore the microbial growth, the PHBV accumulation, the consumption of glucose, nitrogen and sodium propionate substrates during fermentation. Results show that there is no HV (hydroxyvalerate) accumulation if the concentration of sodium propionate in the feeding substrates is less than 1 g/L. The higher the sodium propionate concentration is, the higher the HV mole fraction in the PHBV the biomass possesses. When sodium propionate was not yet fed, only PHB is accumulated in the biomass, and the average percentage of PHB in the biomass ranges from 35 to 41%, the highest peak occurring at the dilution rate of 0.102 /h. In the case of feeding substrate containing 1 g/L of sodium propionate, only PHB appeared in the product due to the low concentration of propionate. For this case, the percentage of PHB in the biomass ranges from 42 to 55%, and the highest occurred at the dilution rate of 0.1 /h. In the case of feeding substrates containing 5 g/L of sodium propionate, HV began to accumulate in the product, and the highest percentage (about 78 wt.%) of PHBV in the biomass occurred at the dilution rate of 0.093 /h. The average molar ratio of HB to HV is about 70:30. In the case of feeding sodium propionate at a concentration of 7 g/L, the biomass contains about 68wt.% of PHBV at the dilution rate of 0.016 /h, and the average molar ratio of HB to HV approximately maintained at 60:40. When the dilution rate was adjusted to 0.058 /h, the biomass and PHBV reduced significantly. In the case of feeding a substrate containing 15 g/L of sodium propionate, the average molar ratio of HB to HV is maintained at 40:60, while the dilution rate was at 0.016 /h. When two carbon sources coexist in the feed stream of a continuous flow system, R. eutropha can produce intracelluar PHBV. The higher the concentration of sodium propionate in the feed stream is, the higher the molar fraction of HV in the product has. The dilution rate could reach 0.15 /h to avoid a possible washout, when the sodium propionate concentration is less than 5 g/L. When the dilution rate is near 0.1 /h, the PHBV produced by R. eutropha reached the highest concentration. The dilution rate could be as high as 0.028 /h, and the system could still maintain a steady state if the concentration of feeding sodium propionate was 7 g/L. If the concentration reached 15 g/L, the steady state was hard to maintain even for a low dilution rate of 0.016 /h. Although a higher feeding concentration of sodium propionate can promote the accumulation of HV, it may exhibit the growth of R. eutropha. Consequently, the biomass and the PHBV production become low.
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Fridley, Krista Marie. "Hematopoietic differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells in rotary and stirred tank bioreactors." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2010-12-2254.
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Embryonic stem (ES) cells provide a potentially unlimited cell source for cellular therapies; however, reliable methods must be developed to provide clinically-relevant numbers of homogeneous therapeutic cell populations. Dynamic cultures may encourage ES cell differentiation and amenable to large-scale cell production. Our goal was to optimize dynamic culture parameters (bioreactor type, speed, cell seeding density, conditioned medium, and hypoxia) to maximize the generation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) from ES cells and also to investigate the ability of dynamic culture-derived HSPCs to generate terminally differentiated hematopoietic cells. Our results indicate that varying cell seeding density and speed in two different bioreactors significantly affects embryoid body formation and ES cell differentiation efficiency into progenitor cells. In general, increased cell seeding density generated higher percentages of HSPCs in both bioreactors. In addition, rotary (Synthecon) bioreactors produced more sca-1⁺ progenitors, and spinner flasks generated more c-kit⁺ progenitors, demonstrating their unique differentiation profiles. cDNA microarray analysis of genes involved in pluripotency, germ layer formation, and hematopoietic differentiation showed that unique gene expression profiles were observed in the two bioreactors with the expression of specific hematopoietic genes more up regulated in the Synthecon cultures compared to spinner flasks. Combining bioreactor cultures with directed differentiation strategies via conditioned medium and hypoxic culture may further encourage hematopoietic differentiation. Dynamically cultured ES cell-derived hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells were further differentiated into a phenotype typical of dendritic cells which had the ability to process antigen. Additionally, microarray analysis of isolated ES cell-derived HSPCs demonstrated differences in the gene expression from native HSCs isolated from the fetal liver or bone marrow of mice. Insight gained from this work should be continued by comparing the differentiation efficiency of HSPCs derived in dynamic and traditional static culture methods into functional, terminally differentiated hematopoietic cells to generate clinically-relevant numbers of transplantable, therapeutic cells.text
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Chiu, Yen-Hsiang, and 邱彥翔. "Composite bacteria treat kimchi wastewater in continuous stirred tank reactor." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/cbaxah.
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碩士元智大學
生物科技與工程研究所
107
Kimchi is ubiquitous product in Taiwan and Its benefits are reported by many researches. However, the wastewater from kimchi contains high amounts of organic compounds, high salt and lower pH values. In addition, the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and suspended solids (SS), etc. are usually high. The traditional chemical method not only produces secondary pollution but also produces a large amount of sludge. Moreover, the traditional biological treatment method is easily influenced by external and uncertain factors. The characteristics of high salt and low pH of the kimchi wastewater make it difficult for microbes to survive and the traditional biological treatment methods become ineffective. This study is to investigate the composite bacteria from kimchi factory in a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) and use next generation sequencing based 16S rRNA sequencing technology to analyze the microbial populations in each tank of continuous stirred tank reactor. The results revealed that COD, BOD, SS and chromaticity of effluent can be reduced by this system and pH value can be changed to neutral. After the analysis of heatmap, the composition of the control and the anoxic tank group were similar. Enterobacter, Lactobacillus and Shewanella were dominant bacteria In anoxic tank group. Enterobacter and Lactobacillus metabolized the organic compound in the wastewater to lactic acid. Then, Shewanella used lactic acid converted into acetic acid and acetic acid were used by other bacteria. In addition, Blastopirellula, Flavobacterium, and Tistrella are responsible for decomposing hydrocarbons in the aerobic tank group. Clostridium and Brevibacillus decompose cellulose in latter aerobic tank groug. Bdellovibrio has the ability to penetrate a variety of strains of biofilm and changes the colony structure.
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Chen, Chin-Chao, and 陳晉照. "Hydrogen Production in an Anaerobic Continuous-flow Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) System." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/24211274659240524966.
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博士逢甲大學
土木及水利工程研究所
90
This study aimed at the hydrogen production of sewage sludge that digested the carbohydrate (glucose and sucrose). To achieve this purpose, the experimental approach was initially focused on the starting-up of hydrogen-producing digesters (continuously stirred tank reactor, CSTR), then the performance of the reactors and finally the influences of enrichment of seed sludge. The procedure for starting-up CSTR reactors for acclimating anaerobic hydrogen-producing microorganisms with sewage sludge was investigated. Initially, the feeding and mixing were in a mode of semi-continuous type; hydraulic retention time (HRT) was in an order of 20, 15, 10, 5, 2.5 and 2 days. When the pH declined to a low value (pH 5.18), it was adjusted to 6.7 with sodium hydroxide (1N). At the same time, the semi-continuous type operation was changed to a continuous type. Finally, the pH was continuously regulated around 6.7. The results indicate that this procedure could cultivate seed sludge for hydrogen production from sewage sludge and obtain a large hydrogen production in less than 60 days. This seed sludge had a hydrogen yield of 1.63 mol-H2/mol-glucose and specific hydrogen production rate (SHPR) of 321 mmol-H2/g VSS-d at the HRT of 13.3 h; hydrogen yield was 4.45 mol-H2/mol-sucrose and SHPR was 707 mmol-H2/g VSS-d. The influence of substrate on anaerobic hydrogen producing reactors seeded with sewage sludge was employed with batch tests. The results indicated that a substrate inhibition phenomenon results from higher glucose concentration, but not in higher sucrose concentration. The varieties of substrate and initial concentration influence the fermentation for hydrogen production. Using thermal pretreatment, or a low or high pH environment to obtain dominant microbes for hydrogen production from sludge is a feasible method. Based on the experimental results, hydrogen production from sludge with thermal, acid or base enrichment is higher than that of the control. The hydrogen production potential of the sludge with acid or base enrichment enhanced 200 and 333 folds than that of the control when the enrichment pH was 10 and 3, respectively. The enrichment is due to the shortening of microorganisms'' lag-time which occurs at a proper cultivation pH level. Two CSTR reactors were started up by using sewage sludge for producing hydrogen from sucrose or glucose. The substrate was fed in a continuous mode from HRT 13.3 hrs to 10, 8, 6, 5, 4, 3, and 2 hrs. The hydrogen gas production and hydrogen percentage increased when HRT decreased at long HRT and decreased with a HRT decreased at short HRT (2 hrs). Under steady state conditions, for reactor fed with glucose and sucrose, respectively, the SHPR ranged from 60 to 516 and 82 to 886 mL-H2/g VSS-hr; the yield ranged from 0.39 to 1.65 mol-H2/mol-glucose and 1.42 to 4.52 mol-H2/mol- sucrose. Kinetic models were developed to describe and predict the experimental results from the H2-producing cultures. The major volatile fatty acid (VFA) produced was butyric acid (HBu) with acetic acid and propionic acid at less quantities. The major solvent product was ethanol, whose concentration was only 15% of that of HBu, indicating that the metabolic flow favors H2 production. The model study also suggests that product formation in the continuous hydrogen-producing cultures was essentially a linear function of biomass concentration. H2 content, SHPR and yield were HRT and substrate-dependent. For each substrate two stages of HRT-dependent relationships for these three parameters were obtained. For glucose-degradation hydrogenation, the critical HRT values of the two-stages relation were 6 hrs for these three parameters. For sucrose-degradation hydrogenation, the critical HRT values of the two-stages relation were 5, 4 and 4 hrs for H2 content, SHPR and yield, respectively.
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yu, sung chih, and 宋志渝. "Numerical Investigation for the Bifurcation Problems of a Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor Model." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/26853555833564576480.
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碩士國立新竹教育大學
人資處數學教育碩士班
95
Abstract The main purpose of this paper is to study the numerical investigation for the real and Hopf bifurcation problems of a Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor model. We use the Hopf bifurcation theorem and Newton’s method to compute Hopf bifurcation points and real bifurcation points. We use the tangent predictor, secant predictor, Newton’s method, implicit function theorem and the pseudo-arclength continuation method to follow the steady-state solution branches which passes through a real bifurcation point, we also use the shooting method, Runge-Kutta method, tangent predictor, secant predictor, Newton’s method, implicit function theorem, and the pseudo-arclength continuation method to follow the periodic solution branches which passes through a Hopf bifurcation point.
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Tsai, Chia-Jung, and 蔡佳蓉. "Hydrogen Production in a Recycled Anaerobic Continuous-flow Stirred Tank Reactor(CSTR) System." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/32416983303552808381.
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碩士逢甲大學
土木及水利工程所
92
This study aimed at investigating the effect of biomass recycle on hydrogen production in an anaerobic continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). The seed sludge was obtained from Li-Ming Municipal Sewage Treatment Plant (Taichung, Taiwan) and pretreated with heat and was acclimated in a CSTR reactor over one year. This reactor was fed on 20 g COD/l of sucrose and its hydraulic retention time (HRT) was 12 hours. The pH value and temperature were regulated around 6.7 and 35℃, respectively. The effluent was precipitated and then recycled at recycle ratios of 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1. When the recycle ratios increased, the volatile suspended solid (VSS) concentration increased with a peak of 14.2% at the recycle ratio 0.4. The sludge recycle increased the VSS concentration but increasing recycle ratio decreased hydrogen production. Because the substrate degradation reached 98% at each recycle ratio, increased microorganism concentrations did not increase the quantity of hydrogen. The VSS concentration increased with increasing substrate concentration. It has the best effectiveness of hydrogen production at 25 g COD/l sucrose with biomass recycle. This showed that sludge recycle aided to increase hydrogen production by increasing substrate concentration. As HRT reduced from 12 to 2 h, VSS concentration increased at first and then decreased with peak VSS concentration at HRT 8 h. The hydrogen yield (HY), hydrogen production rate (HPR) and specific hydrogen production rate (SHPR) values peaked at HRT 6 h with 2.9 mol-H2/mol sucrose, 807 mmol-H2/l/day and 244.3 mmol-H2/g VSS/day, respectively. The total bioenergy production rate obtained at HRT 6 h, 20 g COD/l of sucrose and recycle ratio of 0.2 was 848.3 KJ/l/day.
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Lu, Cheng-Chih, and 盧承志. "Decolorization of azo dyes by fungal-bacterial cocultures in continuous stirred-tank reactor." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/vsfh9q.
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碩士國立臺北科技大學
生物科技研究所
99
The pollution which caused by dyes is always a serious environmental problem in the textile industry. Dyes can be removed from wastewater by chemical and physical methods, but we can still see that some disadvantages appear while certain process was followed. Conversely, bioprocessing seems to be the best choice to decrease the pollution, and to minimize the affection of the environment. In this experimentation, we chose Aspergillus niger and Bacillus sp., to process the dye decolorization after immobilized preparation. We used different concentration of ”Reactive red dye HE3B(C.I Reactive red 120)” in 2 L of water, and added 0.1％ fructose and 0.7％ KH2PO4, under the magnetic stir and peristaltic pump recycling medium to act as non-sterilized, recycle serial process, and continuous flow stirred-tank reactor（CSTR）decolorization in open state. In order to find the optimal options of decolorization, we added 120 g of fungal-bacterial cocultures and got a efficiency of 81.45％ after 6hr and decolorization 91.79% after 24hr. Pumping air in the medium did not provide obviously increasing on decolorization; a suitable beginning dye concentration was at 50ppm; Mentioned about recycling rate, with the rate of 950 mL/min, we had a decolorization up to 94.08% after 24 hours reaction; After 96 hours cell tolerance test, the decolorization decreased from 94.65% of 24 hours reaction to 56.96%, but still, we could confirm this stabilized fungal-bacterial cocultures existing more than 50% decolorization after a long term process. After finding the best options, we follow this information, and expand to a CSTR reactor to exam the decolorization. The result showed that the final decolorization of 6 L medium was 90.74% in a 6-hour period of time (through 3 reactors, 2 hours of space time per reactor), which also confirmed that CSTR operating procedure performed a higher speed of decolorization, and surely can process the color removing fast on mass of textile wasted water. The chemical structure of decolorized residues had been assayed by FTIR. Based on the results, there were no any aromatic amines in the residues. Therefore, the azo bond had been breakdown in the decolorized procedure and did not produce any toxic components. Therefore, CSTR mode could be applied to wastewater treatment of textile industry for dye decolorization.
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Henderson, Kelley. "Oxygen mass transfer and shear sensitivity studies during cultivation of Nicotiana tabacum var. Wisconsin 38 in a stirred-tank bioreactor." Thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/37145.
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Adkins, Carol Leslie Jones. "Use of a Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor for the Study of Aqueous Aerosol Chemistry." Thesis, 1988. https://thesis.library.caltech.edu/5416/4/Adkins_clj_1988.pdf.
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Atmospheric aerosol chemistry is important in areas ranging from urban air pollution to cloud formation. It has long been supposed that droplet-phase reactions account for a significant fraction of the atmospheric conversion of SO₂ to sulfate. Among such reactions is the manganese-catalyzed aqueous-phase oxidation of SO₂. Whereas the role of aqueous phase SO₂ oxidation in the dilute solutions characteristic of fog and cloud droplets (diameter > 10 µm) has been reasonably well established, the role of comparable reaction in submicron aerosols is uncertain. In this thesis a reactor system is developed to carry out gas-aerosol reactions under humid, ambient-like conditions. The apparatus consists of a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) in which the growth of the aqueous aerosol is measured. Absence of mass transfer limitation, coagulation, and nucleation ensure that particle growth is direct evidence of reaction. Special care is taken to minimize size biasing of the aqueous aerosol in the electrostatic classifier used to measure the reactor feed and effluent distributions. Aerosol behavior in the reactor is modeled assuming an ideal CSTR and, given the solution thermodynamics and equilibrium chemistry, the effluent distribution can be predicted using one of the proposed reaction rate mechanisms.
Experiments were performed using a pure MnSO₄ or a MnSO₄-Na₂SO₄ mixture feed aerosol. The relative humidity ranged from 86 to 94% and 0.1 ppm < pSO₂, < 50 ppm. The slow, approximately constant reaction rate of Bronikowski and Pasiuk-Bronikowska (1981) (R ~ 2 x 10⁻⁴ Ms⁻¹) was found to best predict the observed growth over the entire range of operating conditions. The various rate expressions proposed for this system in the literature resulted in varying estimates of growth. When reactor conditions were similar to those at which the rate expression was determined, the agreement between the predicted and observed distributions improved. This indicates that use of a rate expression beyond its specified range may result in erroneous predictions.
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cheng, Lin min, and 林明正. "Start-up and Operation of Anerobic Hydrogen Production continuous Flow Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) Reactor." Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/91756119041248745453.
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碩士逢甲大學
土木及水利工程研究所
88
the isolation pH 3. Hydrogen gas was not detected at cultivation pH 5. In acid isolation experiment, the optimum hydrogen production efficiency was at cultivation pH 7. In base isolation experiment, the highest hydrogen production efficiency was occurred at cultivation pH 6. These results indicate that, the initial cultivation medium pH of hydrogen production ranged from 6 to 7. The carbon source was sucrose in the continuous experiments. Three continuous stirred tank reactors were seperatedly inoculated with Bean sludge, Limin sludge and Nato sludge. Hydrogen production rate in the pH control process was better than that of pH uncontrol. In the pH control process, pH was controlled at 6.7. Hydrogen production rates of hydraulic retenion time at 8 hrs were the highest. The specific hydrogen production rates were Bean sludge 334 ml-H2/g VSS/hr, Limin sludge 524 ml-H2/g VSS/hr and Nato sludge 536 ml-H2/g VSS/hr.
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GIAN, YU-SHU, and 錢玉樹. "THE EFFECT OF NON-IDEAL MIXING ON STEADY STATE MULTIPLICITY IN CONTINUOUS STIRRED TANK REACTORS." Thesis, 1990. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/00162191228759938367.
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Ting, Ming-Feng, and 丁名鋒. "Catalytic oxidation of phenol with Copper/Zinc activated carbon in a Continuous-Flow Stirred-tank Reactor." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/2apr3x.
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碩士嘉南藥理科技大學
環境工程與科學系曁研究所
97
Abstract In this study, the coconut shell based carbon catalyst with Copper/Zinc impregnated were prepared and applied for the degradation of phenol in a Continuous-Flow Stirred-tank Reactor (CSRT). The surface area and pore properties of carbon catalysts were analyzed via the nitrogen adsorption experimental at 77 K. The morphology and elementary analysis on the surface were observed by the SEM/EDS. The XRD spectra were used to confirm the crystal form of metal and identified the oxides on the surface of catalyst. The degradation rate of phenol and efficiency were evaluated by the HPLC analysis and COD determination, respectively. It was found that the chamber space of carbonization reactor strongly affected the pore properties and yield of catalyst. For example, the small volume of glassy rector preferred a good performance than the larger volume stainless steel chamber to prepare a high porosity catalyst. For example, the surface area of catalyst with glass reactor preparation owns an 1147m2/g surface area. But the same pregnant concentration of salt, the surface area of catalyst with stainless steel reactor only owns a 610m2/g surface area. It was found that the increase in Zinc content in catalyst enhanced the surface area of catalyst. The carbon catalysts present a good oxidation activity on the degradation of phenol and COD removal on the wastewater in CWPO process. The pH is the significant factor to dominate the phenol degradation. The low pH accelerated the oxidation and improved the COD removal and Phenol degradation. The 94% phenol conversion and 84% COD removal can be achieved in CWPO process at initial pH=3. One of the other dominate factors is H2O2 concentration in reactor. It was found that the optimum concentration of H2O2 enhanced the oxidation rate but the over dosage of H2O2 lowed the conversion and COD removal due to the self combination reaction in reactor. It is suggested that the optimum condition to carry out the CWPO process to degrade phenol and remove the COD is under low pH with 2-4 times concentration of H2O2 at 80℃. Key words:copper、zinc、activated carbon、phenol、COD、CSRT
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Fardin, Tabrizi Mohammad Taghi. "Decolouration of reactive dyes with ozone in a semi-batch and a continuous stirred tank reactor." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/12887.
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The aim of the thesis was to model and interpret the behaviour of ozone when utilised to decolourise reactive dye solutions in textile dyeing applications. The purpose of ozonating the dye solutions is to remove dyes from the waste streams produced in order to conserve the water and eliminate the impact associated with these industrial processes.
In order to explain the decolourisation process, ozonation experiments were conducted in a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) and a semi-batch reactor (SBR). Experimental results at both steady state and unsteady state were obtained from both reactors.
Stoichiometry revealed that many dye molecules were decoloured per ozone molecule consumed (58 mole of dye solution per one mole ozone). This suggests that decolouration was taking place via a radical chain reaction. Different coloured dyes had different rates of decolouration. This implied the rates were not totally mass transfer controlled. It was found that the higher the initial dye concentration, the lower the rate of decolouration. This was an unexpected result when needed to be explained using the model. The effect of different gas-phase ozone concentrations appeared to be negligible.
For the SBR, there was a difference (what do you mean??) between the results of experiments. These occurred when the dye was added before the solution was pre-ozonated and when it was not. The former gave more consistent results and showed slightly higher initial rates. Because, for the CSTR, there are wide ranges of steady states as a function of residence time, the major benefit of using the CSTR rather than an SBR is that one can explore different regions of the reaction space. Thus, in doing modelling, one is in a position to assess the kinetic model against a wider variety of conditions.
A mathematical model was developed to describe the kinetic behaviour of the reactive dye degradation by ozone. The basis for the model took into account the phenomena observed as a consequence of exploring the implications of the experimental results described above. The model had three unknown constants and these were estimated by regressing on all the SBR data simultaneously. The fit between experimental and model data was found to be good. As a final verification of the model, it was used to predict the CSTR unsteady/steady-state data. Again, the fit was found to be good (R2 =0.9897 Model versus experimental) thus suggesting the kinetic model captured all the important aspects of the
reaction kinetics. This model thus becomes potentially important for the design of future facilities for the degradation of a reactive dye by ozone.
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Ho, Chung-Han 1965. "Shear sensitivity and oxygen mass transfer studies during cultivation of tobacco cells in a stirred-tank bioreactor of impeller speeds of 100 to 325 rpm." Thesis, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/35966.
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Schwedhelm, Ivo Peter. "A non-invasive microscopy platform for the online monitoring of hiPSC aggregation in suspension cultures in small-scale stirred tank bioreactors." Doctoral thesis, 2019. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-192989.
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The culture of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) at large-scale becomes feasible with the aid of scalable suspension setups in continuously stirred tank reactors (CSTRs). Suspension cul- tures of hiPSCs are characterized by the self-aggregation of single cells into macroscopic cell aggre- gates that increase in size over time. The development of these free-floating aggregates is dependent on the culture vessel and thus represents a novel process parameter that is of particular interest for hiPSC suspension culture scaling. Further, aggregates surpassing a critical size are prone to spon- taneous differentiation or cell viability loss. In this regard, and, for the first time, a hiPSC-specific suspension culture unit was developed that utilizes in situ microscope imaging to monitor and to characterize hiPSC aggregation in one specific CSTR setup to a statistically significant degree while omitting the need for error-prone and time-intensive sampling. For this purpose, a small-scale CSTR system was designed and fabricated by fused deposition modeling (FDM) using an in-house 3D- printer. To provide a suitable cell culture environment for the CSTR system and in situ microscope, a custom-built incubator was constructed to accommodate all culture vessels and process control devices. Prior to manufacture, the CSTR design was characterized in silico for standard engineering parameters such as the specific power input, mixing time, and shear stress using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The established computational model was successfully validated by comparing CFD-derived mixing time data to manual measurements. Proof for system functionality was provided in the context of long-term expansion (4 passages) of hiPSCs. Thereby, hiPSC aggregate size development was successfully tracked by in situ imaging of CSTR suspensions and subsequent automated image processing. Further, the suitability of the developed hiPSC culture unit was proven by demonstrating the preservation of CSTR-cultured hiPSC pluripotency on RNA level by qRT-PCR and PluriTest, and on protein level by flow cytometryDie Vermehrung von humanen induzierten pluripotenten Stammzellen (hiPSCs) im Indus- triemaßstab wird durch skalierbare Bioprozesse in aktiv durchmischten Rührkessel-Bioreaktoren (CSTRs) ermöglicht. Hierbei zeichnet sich das Wachstum von hiPSCs durch die charakteristische Bildung von sphäroidischen Zellaggregaten aus, deren Durchmesser sich im Laufe der Kultivierung vergrößert. Die Agglomeration von hiPSCs ist sowohl abhängig vom Grad der Durchmischung als auch vom jeweiligen Kulturgefäß, und stellt somit einen wichtigen Prozessparameter dar, welcher während der Prozessskalierung berücksichtigt werden muss. Weiterhin weisen hiPSCs in Aggregaten, welche eine kritische Größe überschreiten, eine erhöhte Wahrscheinlichkeit auf, ihre Pluripotenz zu verlieren oder hinsichtlich ihrer Viabilität beeinträchtigt zu werden. Auf Grundlage dessen wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit eine Plattform für die Durchführung von hiPSCs-Suspensionskulturen en- twickelt, welche die zerstörungsfreie Überwachung des hiPSC-Aggregatwachstums in Echtzeit durch den Einsatz von in situ-Mikroskopie ermöglicht. Neben den eigens entworfenen Bioreaktoren, welche zum Großteil aus 3D-gedruckten Komponenten bestehen, wurde eine Peripherie in Form eines Inkubator-Prototyps entwickelt und konstruiert, welcher die Unterbringung der Bioreaktoren, der Systemkomponenten zur Erzeugung von Zellkulturbedingungen sowie einer in situ-Mikroskop- Spezialanfertigung gewährleistet. Als Ausgangspunkt der Entwicklung des CSTR Systems diente ein Strömungssimulationsmodell, welches dazu verwendet wurde, prozesstechnische Kennzahlen zu er- mitteln um das CSTR System hinsichtlich des spezifischen Leistungseintrags, der Mischzeit und der Scherbelastung zu charakterisieren. Das erstellte Simulationsmodell wurde zudem erfolgreich an- hand eines Messdatenabgleichs der Mischzeit hinsichtlich seiner Aussagekraft validiert. Des Weit- eren wurde die Funktionsfähigkeit des gesamten Systems durch Langzeitversuche belegt. Hierbei wurden hiPSCs in den entwickelten Bioreaktoren über einen Zeitraum von vier Passagen expandiert und das Aggregatwachstum mittels in situ-Mikroskopie in Kombination mit einer automatisierten Bildauswertung beschrieben. Überdies hinaus wurde die Qualität der kultivierten hiPSCs hinsichtlich ihrer Differenzierungskapazität durch den Nachweis von Pluripotenzmarkern auf RNA (qRT-PCR und PluriTest) sowie Proteinebene (Durchflusszytometrie) untersucht
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Amoabediny, Ghassem [Verfasser]. "A new method to quantify the CO2 sensitivity of micro-organisms in shaken bioreactors and scale up to stirred tank fermentors / vorgelegt von Ghassem Amoabediny." 2006. http://d-nb.info/982158823/34.
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Domingues, Mara Sofia de Almeida. "3D hiPSC to hepatocyte differentiation in bioreactor for Primary Hyperoxaluria type I disease model." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/52956.
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Kieu, Thi Quynh Hoa [Verfasser]. "Heavy metal removal by a highly heavy metal tolerant sulfidogenic consortium in anaerobic semi-continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR) : changes of microbial community structure and abundance / Thi Quynh Hoa Kieu." 2011. http://d-nb.info/1011025256/34.
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Amiri, Mohammad Sadegh. "Robustness versus performance tradeoffs in PID tuning." Master's thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10048/647.
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Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Alberta, 2009.Title from pdf file main screen (viewed on Dec. 10, 2009). "A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta." Includes bibliographical references.