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Journal articles on the topic 'Continuous Stirred Tank Bioreactors'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 18 February 2022

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1

Zhang, T., M. Guay, and D. Dochain. "Adaptive extremum seeking control of continuous stirred-tank bioreactors." AIChE Journal 49, no. 1 (January 2003): 113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690490111.

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2

Zhang, T., M. Guay, and D. Dochain. "ADAPTIVE EXTREMUM SEEKING CONTROL OF CONTINUOUS STIRRED TANK BIOREACTORS." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 35, no. 1 (2002): 449–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20020721-6-es-1901.01384.

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3

Guay, M., D. Dochain, and M. Perrier. "Adaptive Extremum Seeking Control of Continuous Stirred Tank Bioreactors 1." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 37, no. 1 (January 2004): 311–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)38750-5.

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4

Fitzpatrick, John J. "Insights from Mathematical Modelling into Energy Requirement and Process Design of Continuous and Batch Stirred Tank Aerobic Bioreactors." ChemEngineering 3, no. 3 (July 13, 2019): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering3030065.

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Bioreaction kinetics, oxygen transfer and energy modelling were applied to stirred tank aerobic bioreactors. This was done to investigate how key input design variables influence bioreactor size, feed and wasted substrate, and electrical energy requirements for aeration and cooling, and to compare batch and continuous modes of operation. Oxygen concentration in the liquid is a key input design variable, but its selection is challenging as it can result in design trade-offs. Reducing its value caused a decrease in electrical energy requirement, however this tended to increase the working volume of the bioreactor. The minimum or near-to-minimum total energy requirement for oxygen transfer occurred when operating at the onset of flooding throughout the bioreaction time. For typical KS values, continuous mode of operation required a much smaller bioreactor volume, due to higher operating cell concentration, and this is a major advantage of continuous over batch.

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5

Tsao, Jia-Huey, and Wen-Teng Wu. "Global control of a continuous stirred tank bioreactor." Chemical Engineering Journal and the Biochemical Engineering Journal 56, no. 1 (December 1994): B69—B74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0923-0467(94)87034-9.

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6

Murray, Michael A., and Vijay T. John. "Generalized optimal flow rate policy for continuous stirred tank bioreactors with deactivating catalysts." Biotechnology and Bioengineering 30, no. 9 (December 20, 1987): 1084–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260300913.

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7

Guay, M., D. Dochain, and M. Perrier. "Adaptive extremum seeking control of continuous stirred tank bioreactors with unknown growth kinetics." Automatica 40, no. 5 (May 2004): 881–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.automatica.2004.01.002.

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8

Khongsay, Naulchan, Lakkana Laopaiboon, and Pattana Laopaiboon. "Continuous ethanol production from sweet sorghum stem juice using stirred tank and tubular bioreactors." Journal of Biotechnology 136 (October 2008): S446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.07.1036.

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9

Aguilar-López, R., and I. Neria-González. "Controlling continuous bioreactor via nonlinear feedback: modelling and simulations approach." Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences 64, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bpasts-2016-0025.

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Abstract The aim of this work is to present a class of nonlinear controller with an exponential-type feedback in order to regulate the sulfate mass concentration via the input flow in a continuous stirred tank bioreactor of an anaerobic sulfate-reducing process. The corresponding kinetic terms in the bioreactor’s modeling are modeled by unstructured modeling approach, which was experimentally corroborated. A sketch of proof of the closed-loop stability of the considered system is done under the framework of Lyapunov theory. Numerical experiments are conducted to show the performance of the proposed methodology in comparison with a well-tuned sigmoid controller.

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10

Pinheiro, I. O., M. B. De Souza, and C. E. Lopes. "The dynamic behaviour of aerated continuous flow stirred tank bioreactor." Mathematical and Computer Modelling 39, no. 4-5 (February 2004): 541–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0895-7177(04)90525-0.

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11

Roux, G., B. Dahhou, and I. Queinnec. "Adaptive non-linear control of a continuous stirred tank bioreactor." Journal of Process Control 4, no. 3 (August 1994): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0959-1524(94)85003-8.

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12

Brück, Hannah Luise, François Coutte, Pascal Dhulster, Sébastien Gofflot, Philippe Jacques, and Frank Delvigne. "Growth Dynamics of Bacterial Populations in a Two-Compartment Biofilm Bioreactor Designed for Continuous Surfactin Biosynthesis." Microorganisms 8, no. 5 (May 7, 2020): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8050679.

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Biofilm bioreactors are promising systems for continuous biosurfactant production since they provide process stability through cell immobilization and avoid foam formation. In this work, a two-compartment biofilm bioreactor was designed consisting of a stirred tank reactor and a trickle-bed reactor containing a structured metal packing for biofilm formation. A strong and poor biofilm forming B. subtilis 168 strain due to restored exopolysaccharides (EPS) production or not were cultivated in the system to study the growth behavior of the planktonic and biofilm population for the establishment of a growth model. A high dilution rate was used in order to promote biofilm formation on the packing and wash out unwanted planktonic cells. Biofilm development kinetics on the packing were assessed through a total organic carbon mass balance. The EPS+ strain showed a significantly improved performance in terms of adhesion capacity and surfactin production. The mean surfactin productivity of the EPS+ strain was about 37% higher during the continuous cultivation compared to the EPS- strain. The substrate consumption together with the planktonic cell and biofilm development were properly predicted by the model (α = 0.05). The results show the efficiency of the biofilm bioreactor for continuous surfactin production using an EPS producing strain.

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13

González, G., M. G. Herrera, M. T. Garcı́a, and M. M. Peña. "Biodegradation of phenol in a continuous process: comparative study of stirred tank and fluidized-bed bioreactors." Bioresource Technology 76, no. 3 (February 2001): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-8524(00)00092-4.

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14

Shen, Lihong, David M. Bagley, and Steven N. Liss. "Effect of organic loading rate on fermentative hydrogen production from continuous stirred tank and membrane bioreactors." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 34, no. 9 (May 2009): 3689–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.03.006.

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15

Mancuso, Francesco, Jiahui Shi, and Danish Malik. "High Throughput Manufacturing of Bacteriophages Using Continuous Stirred Tank Bioreactors Connected in Series to Ensure Optimum Host Bacteria Physiology for Phage Production." Viruses 10, no. 10 (October 1, 2018): 537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v10100537.

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Future industrial demand for large quantities of bacteriophages e.g., for phage therapy, necessitates the development of scalable Good Manufacturing Practice compliant (cGMP) production platforms. The continuous production of high titres of E coli T3 phages (1011 PFU mL−1) was achieved using two continuous stirred tank bioreactors connected in series, and a third bioreactor was used as a final holding tank operated in semi-batch mode to finish the infection process. The first bioreactor allowed the steady-state propagation of host bacteria using a fully synthetic medium with glucose as the limiting substrate. Host bacterial growth was decoupled from the phage production reactor downstream of it to suppress the production of phage-resistant mutants, thereby allowing stable operation over a period of several days. The novelty of this process is that the manipulation of the host reactor dilution rates (range 0.1–0.6 hr−1) allows control over the physiological state of the bacterial population. This results in bacteria with considerably higher intracellular phage production capability whilst operating at high dilution rates yielding significantly higher overall phage process productivity. Using a pilot-scale chemostat system allowed optimisation of the upstream phage amplification conditions conducive for high intracellular phage production in the host bacteria. The effect of the host reactor dilution rates on the phage burst size, lag time, and adsorption rate were evaluated. The host bacterium physiology was found to influence phage burst size, thereby affecting the productivity of the overall process. Mathematical modelling of the dynamics of the process allowed parameter sensitivity evaluation and provided valuable insights into the factors affecting the phage production process. The approach presented here may be used at an industrial scale to significantly improve process control, increase productivity via process intensification, and reduce process manufacturing costs through process footprint reduction.

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16

Bakhtiari, F., H. Atashi, M. Zivdar, and S. A. Seied Baghery. "Bioleaching of a Mixed Copper Dust Emanating from Copper Smelters." Advanced Materials Research 20-21 (July 2007): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.20-21.143.

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Bioleaching of the copper flue dust emanating from smelters at Sarcheshmeh Copper Complex has been studied. At the present, the dust is sent back to the smelter, which reduces its efficiency. In this study, a continuous system including a feed tank and two-stage aerated stirred tank bioreactors was established. Mixed mesophile bacteria with different amounts of the dust containing 35% of copper mainly in the form of sulfide minerals were used. The effects of pulp densities, residence times and temperatures on the final copper recovery and redox potential were experienced. Despite the copper concentrates bioleaching, the process of dust bio-treating was net acid consuming. Lower pulp densities resulted in a stable redox potential in both reactors. However, increasing the pulp density to 7%, was created an unstable redox potential in the first bioreactor especially at lower temperatures. Final copper recoveries were calculated for pulp densities of 2%, 4% and 7%, were 91.8%, 90.3% and 87.6% with residence times of 2.7, 4 and 6 days respectively. The promising results indicated that bioleaching is a feasible process that can be applied to copper flue dusts.

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17

Georgieva, P. G., and M. N. Ignatova. "Implementation of robust control theory to a continuous stirred tank bioreactor." Bioprocess Engineering 22, no. 6 (June 13, 2000): 563–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004499900113.

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18

DE JESUS, E. B., L. R. P. DE ANDRADE LIMA, L. A. BERNARDEZ, and P. F. ALMEIDA. "HYDRODYNAMICS IN A TWO-COMPARTMENT BIOREACTOR." Latin American Applied Research - An international journal 47, no. 1 (January 31, 2017): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.52292/j.laar.2017.292.

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Upflow two-compartment packingfree/packed-bed bioreactors have been used in petroleum microbiology due to their similarity with the oil field close to the injection or production wells. This two-compartment configuration gives a particular hydrodynamics to the liquid phase. In this study the hydrodynamics of a pilot reactor filled with glass beads was studied using tracer experiments. The residence time distribution was calculated and interpreted. The results for interstitial Reynolds number (ReLi <0.3) show curves with a peak at the beginning and a long tail that is distorted by the solution flow rate. A model composed of a continuous stirred tank, plug flow and cross-flow reactors was used to describe the flow patterns.

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19

Tabiś, Bolesław, Szymon Skoneczny, and Wojciech S. Stryjewski. "Nonlinear Dynamics of a Controlled Stirred Tank Bioreactor With Predator-Prey Relationship." Chemical and Process Engineering 35, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 349–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cpe-2014-0026.

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Abstract The paper presents the dynamic characteristics of a continuous tank bioreactor for microbiological process, with a developed predator-prey food chain. The presence of the predator microorganism considerably influences the position and stability character of steady-states. There appears to exist a wide range of unstable steady-states and high-amplitude oscillations of state variables. Without automatic control, the system can operate only in unsteady conditions. From technological point of view, this circumstance is unfavorable. It was shown that oscillations can be removed by employing automatic control with continuous P or PI controllers. Moreover, the use of a controller with integrating element causes removal of the predator from the bioreactor. The paper discusses an application of this phenomenon for practical purposes.

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20

Abu-Reesh, Ibrahim M. "Applications of Matlab optimization capabilities in the design of N-continuous stirred tank bioreactors connected in series." QScience Proceedings 2014, no. 3 (July 2014): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5339/qproc.2014.wcee2013.1.

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21

Meraz, M., C. Ibarra-Valdez, and J. Alvarez-Ramirez. "Modeling-Error Compensation Approach for Extremum-Seeking Control of Continuous Stirred Tank Bioreactors with Unknown Growth Kinetics." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 55, no. 14 (March 28, 2016): 4071–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.6b00735.

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22

Doll, Kathrin, Anton Rückel, Peter Kämpf, Maximilian Wende, and Dirk Weuster-Botz. "Two stirred-tank bioreactors in series enable continuous production of alcohols from carbon monoxide with Clostridium carboxidivorans." Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering 41, no. 10 (July 3, 2018): 1403–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00449-018-1969-1.

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23

Skoneczny, Szymon, and Bolesław Tabiś. "Dynamic properties of a continuous stirred tank biofilm bioreactor for aerobic processes." AIChE Journal 63, no. 6 (November 29, 2016): 1818–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.15591.

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24

Migiro, Cleophas L. C., and Wo̵dzimierz Sokół. "Operational range for a continuous stirred-tank bioreactor degrading an inhibitory substrate." Chemical Engineering Journal 50, no. 1 (October 1992): B1—B7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9467(92)80007-w.

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25

Sokół, W., and C. L. C. Migiro. "Controlling a continuous stirred-tank bioreactor degrading phenol in the stability range." Chemical Engineering Journal and the Biochemical Engineering Journal 62, no. 1 (April 1996): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0923-0467(95)03059-x.

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26

Marcos, N. I., M. Guay, D. Dochain, and T. Zhang. "Adaptive extremum-seeking control of a continuous stirred tank bioreactor with Haldane's Kinetics." Journal of Process Control 14, no. 3 (April 2004): 317–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0959-1524(03)00070-2.

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27

Sokół, W. "Experimental verification of the models of a continuous stirred-tank bioreactor degrading phenol." Biochemical Engineering Journal 1, no. 2 (March 1998): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1385-8947(97)00097-1.

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28

Skoneczny, Szymon, and Bolesław Tabiś. "An efficient start-up strategy of a continuous stirred tank bioreactor with biofilm." Chemical Engineering Research and Design 141 (January 2019): 449–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2018.11.013.

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29

González-Cortés, José Joaquín, Sandra Torres-Herrera, Fernando Almenglo, Martín Ramírez, and Domingo Cantero. "Anoxic biogas biodesulfurization promoting elemental sulfur production in a Continuous Stirred Tank Bioreactor." Journal of Hazardous Materials 401 (January 2021): 123785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123785.

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30

Petre, Emil, and Dan Selişteanu. "Adaptive Control of a Fermentation Bioprocess for Lactic Acid Production." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/936034.

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This paper presents the design and the analysis of an indirect adaptive control strategy for a lactic acid production, which is carried out in continuous stirred tank bioreactors. Firstly, an indirect adaptive control structure based on the nonlinear process model is derived by combining a linearizing control law with a new parameter estimator. This estimator is used for on-line estimation of the bioprocess unknown kinetics, avoiding the introduction of a state observer. Secondly, a tuning procedure of estimator design parameters is achieved by stability analysis of the control scheme. The effectiveness and performance of estimation and control algorithms are illustrated by numerical simulations applied in the case of a lactic fermentation bioprocess for which kinetic dynamics are strongly nonlinear, time varying, and completely unknown, and not all the state variables are measurable.

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31

Krychowska, Agnieszka, Marian Kordas, Maciej Konopacki, Bartłomiej Grygorcewicz, Daniel Musik, Krzysztof Wójcik, Magdalena Jędrzejczak-Silicka, and Rafał Rakoczy. "Mathematical Modeling of Hydrodynamics in Bioreactor by Means of CFD-Based Compartment Model." Processes 8, no. 10 (October 16, 2020): 1301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8101301.

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This study presents the procedure of deriving a compartmental model (CM) based on an analysis obtained from the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of a bioreactor. The CM is composed of two parts, a structural (that takes into account the architecture of the mathematical model), and a parametric part (which contains the extrinsic parameters of the model). The CM is composed of the branches containing the set of perfectly mixed continuous stirred-tank reactors (CSTRs) in a configuration that matches the bioreactor’s flow patterns. Therefore, this work’s main objective was to develop a mathematical model that incorporated the flow field obtained by CFD technique. The proposed mathematical model was validated by means of the experimental data in the form of the residence time distribution (RTD) measurements.

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32

Gómez, JoséManuel, and Domingo Cantero. "Kinetic study of biological ferrous sulphate oxidation by iron-oxidising bacteria in continuous stirred tank and packed bed bioreactors." Process Biochemistry 38, no. 6 (January 2003): 867–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-9592(02)00048-1.

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33

Sen, Mousumi. "Enhanced biological removal of Cr(VI) in Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) using Aspergillus sp." Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences 5, no. 9 (2018): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21472/bjbs.050904.

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Biological removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution was studied in batch and continuous mode of operation using the growing Aspergillus sp. Continuous removal of Cr(VI) was studied in Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) maintaining the microorganism in living or biologically active state. In batch bioreactor, the growth and Cr(VI) removal by the organism were studied at different initial Cr(VI) concentration at pH 5.0. Whereas, in continuous mode of operation both single and two stage reactors were also studied for Cr(VI) removal. Batch studies indicated the maximum specific Cr(VI) removal to be 41.2 mg.g-¹ at pH 5.0 and at 500 mg L-¹ initial Cr(VI) concentration. However, in continuous mode of operation, the maximum specific Cr(VI) removal was found to be 39.4 mg.g-¹ after first stage operation with an additional 39.32 mg.g-¹ obtained in the second stage operation. Hence, these results indicated that the continuous mode of operation could be the ideal operational strategy in which the process could be operated for longer duration with a enhanced Cr(VI) removal.

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34

Acharya, Bimal, Animesh Dutta, and Prabir Basu. "Ethanol production by syngas fermentation in a continuous stirred tank bioreactor using Clostridium ljungdahlii." Biofuels 10, no. 2 (May 16, 2017): 221–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17597269.2017.1316143.

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35

Sarkar, Santanu, Ranjana Chowdhury, and Alakananda Mukherjee. "Mathematical modelling of ideal and non-ideal continuous stirred tank bioreactor using simulated solution." Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 90, no. 3 (March 20, 2014): 484–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.4335.

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36

Abu Reesh, Ibrahim M. "Optimum Design of N Continuous Stirred-Tank Bioreactors in Series for Fermentation Processes Based on Simultaneous Substrate and Product Inhibition." Processes 9, no. 8 (August 16, 2021): 1419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9081419.

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Optimization of the continuous fermentation process is important for increasing efficiency and decreasing cost, especially for complicated biochemical processes described by substrate and product inhibition. The optimum design (minimum volume) of CSTRs in series assuming substrate and product inhibition was determined in this study. The effect of operating parameters on the optimum design was investigated. The optimum substrate concentration in the feed to the first reactor was determined for N reactors in series. The nonlinear, constrained optimization problem was solved using the MATLAB function “fmincon”. It was found that the optimum design is more beneficial at high substrate conversion and at a medium level of feed substrate concentration. The best number of reactors is two to three for optimum arrangements and two for equal-size arrangements. The presence of biomass in the feed to the first reactor reduces the reactor volume, while the presence of product in the feed slightly increases the required total volume. The percentage reduction in the total volume using the optimum design compared to equal-volume design (R%) was determined as a function of substrate conversion and substrate concentration in the feed to the first reactor. The obtained R% values agree with experimental data available in the literature for ethanol fermentation.

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37

Marcos, N. I., M. Guay, and D. Dochain. "Output feedback adaptive extremum seeking control of a continuous stirred tank bioreactor with Monod's kinetics." Journal of Process Control 14, no. 7 (October 2004): 807–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jprocont.2003.12.002.

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38

Mohammadi, Maedeh, Habibollah Younesi, Ghasem Najafpour, and Abdul Rahman Mohamed. "Sustainable ethanol fermentation from synthesis gas by Clostridium ljungdahlii in a continuous stirred tank bioreactor." Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 87, no. 6 (January 10, 2012): 837–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.3712.

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39

Tabiś, Bolesław, and Szymon Skoneczny. "Stabilization of unstable steady states of a continuous stirred tank bioreactor with predator–prey kinetics." Journal of Biotechnology 166, no. 4 (July 2013): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.05.006.

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40

Breese, T. W., and W. Admassu. "Feasibility of culturing C2C12 mouse myoblasts on glass microcarriers in a continuous stirred tank bioreactor." Bioprocess Engineering 20, no. 5 (1999): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004490050616.

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41

Jia, Xiao Yi, Yu Tian Lin, Hui Bin Lin, Ling Gao, Jian Qun Lin, and Jian Qiang Lin. "Mathematical Modeling of CSTR Bioreactor Control for Production of Recombinant Protein." Advanced Materials Research 894 (February 2014): 311–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.894.311.

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Fermentation process using recombinant strain for production of recombinant protein is widely used in commercialization of the biotechnologies. The continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) is a typical microbial cultivation method, has the major advantage of high productivity. Mathematical modeling and simulation is useful for analysis and optimization of the CSTR fermentation process. Most of the mathematical models developed for CSTR are black box models without information of the intracellular dynamics and regulations. In this research, a mathematical model is built based on gene regulation for recombinant protein production using CSTR, and simulation is made using this model.

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42

Jorge, Ruben Miguel Ferreira, and Andrew Guy Livingston. "Microbial dynamics in a continuous stirred tank bioreactor exposed to an alternating sequence of organic compounds." Biotechnology and Bioengineering 69, no. 4 (2000): 409–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0290(20000820)69:4<409::aid-bit7>3.0.co;2-d.

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43

Fazaelipoor, Mohammad Hassan. "A model for treating polluted air streams in a continuous two liquid phase stirred tank bioreactor." Journal of Hazardous Materials 148, no. 1-2 (September 2007): 453–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.02.060.

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44

Kesava, S. Siva, and T. Panda. "Ethanol production by immobilized whole cells ofZymomonas mobilis in a continuous flow expanded bed bioreactor and a continuous flow stirred tank bioreactor." Journal of Industrial Microbiology 17, no. 1 (July 1996): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01570141.

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45

Fitzpatrick, John, Franck Gloanec, Elisa Michel, Johanna Blondy, and Anais Lauzeral. "Application of Mathematical Modelling to Reducing and Minimising Energy Requirement for Oxygen Transfer in Batch Stirred Tank Bioreactors." ChemEngineering 3, no. 1 (February 3, 2019): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering3010014.

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In this study, microbial kinetic and oxygen transfer modelling coupled with energy analysis was applied to investigate how manipulation and control of agitator power input and air flowrate can reduce and minimise the total energy requirement in a batch aerobic bioprocess subject to constraints. The study showed that major energy savings can be made by appropriate selection of these variables and how they are controlled throughout a bioprocess. In many bioprocesses, the oxygen concentration in the liquid is controlled at a constant value. This may be achieved by maintaining the agitator power at a constant value and varying the air flowrate or vice versa, or by continuously varying both. The modelling showed that the minimum or near-minimum total energy requirement occurred when operating at the onset of impeller flooding throughout the bioprocess by continuously varying both impeller power and air flowrate over the bioprocess time. Operating at the onset of flooding may not be practical to implement in practice. However, the minimum energy can be approached by dividing the bioprocess time into a small number of time segments with appropriately chosen constant agitator powers and varying the air flowrate within each segment. This is much more practical to implement.

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46

Younesi, Habibollah, Ghasem Najafpour, Ku Syahidah Ku Ismail, Abdul Rahman Mohamed, and Azlina Harun Kamaruddin. "Biohydrogen production in a continuous stirred tank bioreactor from synthesis gas by anaerobic photosynthetic bacterium: Rhodopirillum rubrum." Bioresource Technology 99, no. 7 (May 2008): 2612–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.04.059.

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47

Sokól̵, Wl̵odzimierz. "Upper limits to the stability characteristics of a continuous stirred-tank bioreactor fed with an inhibitory substrate." Chemical Engineering Journal and the Biochemical Engineering Journal 55, no. 1-2 (August 1994): B47—B53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0923-0467(94)87017-9.

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48

Poirrier, Paola, María Cristina Schiappacasse, Marta Carballa, and Juan M. Lema. "Influence of hydraulic retention time on the psychrophilic hydrolysis/acidogenesis of proteins." Water Science and Technology 74, no. 10 (September 6, 2016): 2399–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.425.

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The influence of the hydraulic retention time (HRT) on the anaerobic hydrolysis of complex substrates has been studied under psychrophilic conditions. For this purpose, a continuous stirred tank reactor was operated at 15 °C and neutral pH and gelatin was considered as a model protein. Three HRTs have been tested: 12, 21 and 36 h. Gelatin hydrolysis was greatly dependent on HRT, increasing from 40% at 12 h-HRT to a maximum of 65% at 36 h-HRT. Molecular size distribution analyses of the effluent showed that hydrolysation of compounds larger than 10 kDa was poor at 12 h-HRT, whereas the fraction of 1–10 kDa was completely transformed into compounds smaller than 1 kDa. Higher HRT (36 h) improved the degradation of the recalcitrant fraction (>10 kDa), obtaining an effluent with around 95% of soluble molecules (<1 kDa). In that way, the use of membrane bioreactors for the treatment of this type of macromolecules could improve the degradation efficiencies by enabling to increase the residence time of the non-hydrolyzed molecules, with what would be possible to achieve higher organic loading rate operation.

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LARAIB, QANDEEL, MARYAM SHAFIQUE, NUSRAT JABEEN, SEHAR AFSHAN NAZ, HAFIZ RUB NAWAZ, BARKAT SOLANGI, ARIF ZUBAIR, and MUHAMMAD SOHAIL. "Luffa cylindrica Immobilized with Aspergillus terreus QMS-1: an Efficient and Cost-Effective Strategy for the Removal of Congo Red using Stirred Tank Reactor." Polish Journal of Microbiology 69, no. 2 (June 2020): 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2020-022.

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Microbial populations within the rhizosphere have been considered as prosperous repositories with respect to bioremediation aptitude. Among various environmental contaminants, effluent from textile industries holds a huge amount of noxious colored materials having high chemical oxygen demand concentrations causing ecological disturbances. The study was aimed to explore the promising mycobiome of rhizospheric soil for the degradation of azo dyes to develop an efficient system for the exclusion of toxic recalcitrants. An effluent sample from the textile industry and soil samples from the rhizospheric region of Musa acuminata and Azadirachta indica were screened for indigenous fungi to decolorize Congo red, a carcinogenic diazo dye, particularly known for its health hazards to the community. To develop a bio-treatment process, Aspergillus terreus QMS-1 was immobilized on pieces of Luffa cylindrica and exploited in stirred tank bioreactor under aerobic and optimized environment. Quantitative estimation of Congo red decolorization was carried out using UV-Visible spectrophotometer. The effects of fungal immobilization and biosorption on the native structure of Luffa cylindrica were evaluated using a scanning electron microscope. A. terreus QMS-1 can remove (92%) of the dye at 100 ppm within 24 h in the presence of 1% glucose and 1% ammonium sulphate at pH 5.0. The operation of the bioreactor in a continuous flow for 12 h with 100 ppm of Congo red dye in simulated textile effluent resulted in 97% decolorization. The stirred tank bioreactor was found to be a dynamic, well maintained, no sludge producing approach for the treatment of textile effluents by A. terreus QMS-1 of the significant potential for decolorization of Congo red.

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Kundu, Anita M., and Gregory W. Hiller. "Hydrocyclones as cell retention devices for an N‐1 perfusion bioreactor linked to a continuous‐flow stirred tank production bioreactor." Biotechnology and Bioengineering 118, no. 5 (February 19, 2021): 1973–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.27711.

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