Relevant bibliographies by topics / Continuous variation of Linguistics

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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Academic literature on the topic 'Continuous variation of Linguistics'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 17 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Continuous variation of Linguistics"

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Paolillo, John C. "Sinhala diglossia: Discrete or continuous variation?" Language in Society 26, no. 2 (June 1997): 269–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404500020935.

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ABSTRACTSociolinguists disagree on how to characterize diglossia with respect to the structural relatedness of the H(igh) and L(ow) varieties: Ferguson 1959, 1991 holds that H and L should be distinct but related varieties of language, while others maintain that a continuum model is more appropriate. Both discrete models (Gair 1968, 1992) and continuum models (De Silva 1974, 1979) have been proposed for Sinhala, as spoken in Sri Lanka. In this article, I employ a computer-generated multidimensional graph of relations between varieties of Sinhala to show that the distribution of H and L grammatical features in a sample of naturally occurring texts supports the discrete H and L model more than the continuum model. A rigorous characterization of diglossia as a distinct type of language situation is proposed, based on the notion “functional diasystem.” (Diglossia, Sinhala, Sri Lanka, diasystem, hybridization, continuum, South Asia, standardization)
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Siirtola, Harri, Tanja Säily, Terttu Nevalainen, and Kari-Jouko Räihä. "Text Variation Explorer." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 19, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 417–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.19.3.05sii.

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This paper reviews the gap between current methods of text visualization and the needs of corpus-linguistic research, and introduces a tool that takes a step towards bridging that gap. Current text visualization methods tend to treat the problem as a data-encoding issue only, and do not strive for interactive, tightly coupled representations of text that would foster discovery. The paper argues that such visualizations should always be linked for effortless movement between the text and its visualization, and that the visualization controls should provide continuous and immediate feedback to facilitate exploration. We introduce a tool, Text Variation Explorer (TVE), to demonstrate the aforementioned requirements. TVE allows visual and interactive examining of the behaviour of linguistic parameters affected by text window size and overlap, and in addition, performs interactive principal component analysis based on a user-given set of words.
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Dilley, Laura C. "Pitch Range Variation in English Tonal Contrasts: Continuous or Categorical?" Phonetica 67, no. 1-2 (2010): 63–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000319379.

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Solon, Megan, Bret Linford, and Kimberly L. Geeslin. "Acquisition of sociophonetic variation." Revista Española de Lingüística Aplicada/Spanish Journal of Applied Linguistics 31, no. 1 (August 27, 2018): 309–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/resla.16028.sol.

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Abstract This study investigates the acquisition of nativelike variation in the production of Spanish /d/ by English-speaking learners. Specifically, we examine the production of /d/ in word-internal intervocalic position in the speech of 13 highly advanced nonnative speakers (NNSs) and 13 native speakers (NSs) of Spanish in digitally-recorded sociolinguistic interviews. The analysis includes a discrete categorization of /d/ realization based on spectrographic examination (stop vs. spirant vs. deleted) and a continuous intensity difference measure. Tokens were coded for grammatical category, surrounding segments, stress, number of syllables, and lexical frequency. Results indicate that both NNSs and NSs exhibit /d/ spirantization and deletion, but these two processes are affected by different factors both between and across groups: NNS deletion patterns are predicted most significantly by lexical frequency, whereas degree of spirantization is influenced by articulatory/contextual factors of phonetic context and stress. NS patterns for both processes are influenced by most factors in a similar manner.
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Günther, Christine. "Preposition Stranding vs. Pied-Piping—The Role of Cognitive Complexity in Grammatical Variation." Languages 6, no. 2 (May 18, 2021): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages6020089.

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Grammatical variation has often been said to be determined by cognitive complexity. Whenever they have the choice between two variants, speakers will use that form that is associated with less processing effort on the hearer’s side. The majority of studies putting forth this or similar analyses of grammatical variation are based on corpus data. Analyzing preposition stranding vs. pied-piping in English, this paper sets out to put the processing-based hypotheses to the test. It focuses on discontinuous prepositional phrases as opposed to their continuous counterparts in an online and an offline experiment. While pied-piping, the variant with a continuous PP, facilitates reading at the wh-element in restrictive relative clauses, a stranded preposition facilitates reading at the right boundary of the relative clause. Stranding is the preferred option in the same contexts. The heterogenous results underline the need for research on grammatical variation from various perspectives.
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Torres Cacoullos, Rena. "Variation and Grammaticization in Progressives Spanish -NDO Constructions." Studies in Language 23, no. 1 (July 2, 1999): 25–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.23.1.03tor.

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This paper presents an account of the variation in Spanish Progressive constructions from the perspective of grammaticization. Retention of features of meaning from the source constructions is reflected in distribution constraints on the different auxiliaries, which, nevertheless, are converging toward continuous meaning. The evidence supports the hypothesis that progressives originate as locative or movement constructions and that the process by which they evolve is semantic generalization (as opposed to metaphor or pragmatic strengthening). An important mechanism in this grammaticization process is frequency of occurrence in certain contexts, in support of the view that frequent repetition plays a role in semantic change (Bybee and Thomspon 1997; Haiman 1994).
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Ponti, Edoardo Maria, Helen O’Horan, Yevgeni Berzak, Ivan Vulić, Roi Reichart, Thierry Poibeau, Ekaterina Shutova, and Anna Korhonen. "Modeling Language Variation and Universals: A Survey on Typological Linguistics for Natural Language Processing." Computational Linguistics 45, no. 3 (September 2019): 559–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00357.

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Linguistic typology aims to capture structural and semantic variation across the world’s languages. A large-scale typology could provide excellent guidance for multilingual Natural Language Processing (NLP), particularly for languages that suffer from the lack of human labeled resources. We present an extensive literature survey on the use of typological information in the development of NLP techniques. Our survey demonstrates that to date, the use of information in existing typological databases has resulted in consistent but modest improvements in system performance. We show that this is due to both intrinsic limitations of databases (in terms of coverage and feature granularity) and under-utilization of the typological features included in them. We advocate for a new approach that adapts the broad and discrete nature of typological categories to the contextual and continuous nature of machine learning algorithms used in contemporary NLP. In particular, we suggest that such an approach could be facilitated by recent developments in data-driven induction of typological knowledge.
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D'Onofrio, Annette. "Personae and phonetic detail in sociolinguistic signs." Language in Society 47, no. 4 (June 28, 2018): 513–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404518000581.

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AbstractSocial meaning-based approaches to linguistic variation treat variation as a semiotic system, in which sociolinguistic signs—indexical links between linguistic forms and social meanings—serve as interactional resources that individuals use to project personae. This article explores the perceptual nature of the links between social personae and linguistic forms, examining how information about a speaker's persona can influence a listener's linguistic perceptions of a continuous phonetic feature. Using a phoneme categorization task, this study examines associations between gradient phonetic manifestations on a continuum from /æ/ to /ɑ/ and three social personae. Findings illustrate that the social persona made relevant for a listener influences the ways in which points on this phonetic continuum are categorized phonemically as eithertraporlot. Overall, this shows that the social constructs of personae influence phonetically detailed perceptions of linguistic material. (Sociolinguistic perception, personae, indexicality, sociophonetics, sociolinguistic signs)*
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Mairesse, François, and Marilyn A. Walker. "Controlling User Perceptions of Linguistic Style: Trainable Generation of Personality Traits." Computational Linguistics 37, no. 3 (September 2011): 455–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00063.

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Recent work in natural language generation has begun to take linguistic variation into account, developing algorithms that are capable of modifying the system's linguistic style based either on the user's linguistic style or other factors, such as personality or politeness. While stylistic control has traditionally relied on handcrafted rules, statistical methods are likely to be needed for generation systems to scale to the production of the large range of variation observed in human dialogues. Previous work on statistical natural language generation (SNLG) has shown that the grammaticality and naturalness of generated utterances can be optimized from data; however these data-driven methods have not been shown to produce stylistic variation that is perceived by humans in the way that the system intended. This paper describes Personage, a highly parameterizable language generator whose parameters are based on psychological findings about the linguistic reflexes of personality. We present a novel SNLG method which uses parameter estimation models trained on personality-annotated data to predict the generation decisions required to convey any combination of scalar values along the five main dimensions of personality. A human evaluation shows that parameter estimation models produce recognizable stylistic variation along multiple dimensions, on a continuous scale, and without the computational cost incurred by overgeneration techniques.
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Sevilla Muñoz, Julia. "Les parémies et leurs variantes intergénérationnelles." Spanish Phraseology 38, no. 2 (December 7, 2015): 213–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.38.2.02sev.

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Paremiological researches provide new and continuous interesting data for both the scientific and the speakers’ community. In spite of the numerous aspects that have already been studied, there are still many others left to be researched, such as the variations. For this reason, this work analyses the intergenerational variants of paremies, particularly the formal variation of folk paremies utilized by two different generations within the same family. The results obtained will enable a more complete systematisation in the field of linguistic heritage, a better understanding of the current situation of this type of paremies, and, at the same time, they will contribute to design more efficient tasks for the teaching and learning of paremies in the classroom of Spanish language.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Continuous variation of Linguistics"

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Xu, Lei. "Phonological variation and word recognition in continuous speech." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1190048116.

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Italia, Magali. "Variation et variétés morphosyntaxiques du français parlé au Gabon." Phd thesis, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00787612.

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La thèse consiste en une comparaison entre deux types de français parlé par des locuteurs gabonais ayant le français comme langue seconde (d'ailleurs unique langue officielle du Gabon) : des locuteurs âgés et peu ou non scolarisés et des jeunes gens entre 17 et 25 ans, avec un niveau scolaire de troisième. La différence du nombre d'années de scolarisation des locuteurs induirait des compétences différentes en langue française. Le niveau sociolinguistique conditionnerait le niveau linguistique des locuteurs, ce qui les classerait dans des catégories clivées et imperméables, aux pôles inférieur et médian, selon la répartition sociolinguistique des locuteurs communément admise. Cette comparaison étudiée à partir de la morphologie du verbe et de l'utilisation du matériau morphologique à travers les concepts de personne, d'époque et d'aspect va permettre de vérifier cette hypothèse. Elle mettra également en avant les différentes variétés de français en présence, rendra compte du degré de la variation du français pour chaque locuteur et tentera d'établir des liens linguistiques entre les locuteurs sur le continuum linguistique.
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Pack, William C. (William Chappell) 1966. "Variation reduction in a continuous web process." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/50410.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management; and, Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1998.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 71).
by William C. Pack.
S.M.
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Klein, Yolandi. "Syntactic variation in Afrikaans : an empirical study." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3604.

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Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 114-122).
This dissertation presents a variationist analysis of syntactic variation and change in modern spoken Afrikaans. The Afrikaans language community is heterogeneous, and can be divided into different communication communities according to patterns of segregated residential settlement and limited social interaction (linked to South Africa's history of apartheid). The selection of a sample for the study is informed by these realities and the sample is kept deliberately homogenous (following Barbiers, Cornips and Van der Kleij, 2000): participants (N=34) are White middle-class speakers of Afrikaans who are under 36 years of age and have been residing in Cape Town for at least the past seven to ten years. In addition, all participants are bilingual in English (as established through an electronically administered language use survey).In order to combine formal theory (generative linguistics) withΓÇó empirical analysis (sociolinguistics), the methodology follows a bi-modal approach. Both performance and competence are considered, and arguments are based on two types of data: speech data (interviews, narrative picture descriptions) and grammaticality judgements (elicited by means of an oral questionnaire). Grosjean's (2001) language mode model assists in refining the methodology of the study, because it recognises the fact that a bilingual speaker is a unique speaker-hearer (Chomsky, 1965). The empirical data are elicited in near-monolingual Afrikaans language modes. The results are quantified according to token frequencies and analyzed in comparison to other studies; significance tests are carried out using Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. From the literature, the consensus seems to be that the word order in Afrikaans (XV structure) is changing to resemble an English frame (VX structure) because of language contact (cf, inter alia, Conradie, 2004; Donaldson, 1991). Two syntactic variables are studied to investigate variation in word order and verb placement: firstly, changes from XV to VX in subordinate clauses are explored by looking at the use of specific types of subordinate clauses, and the impact of matrix clause bridge verbs on complementizer omission and dependent/independent word order in the speech corpora. Secondly, the study examines the use of direct linking verbs and the role that complex verb initials play in proliferating VX structures. The findings are as follows: with embedded clause word order, the corpus data provides evidence of the frequent use of complementizer-less VX subordinate clauses that were not formally elicited in the questionnaire. These clauses have an important impact on variation in Afrikaans word order, leading to the proliferation of VX embedded clauses. Contributing factors are the weakening of the complementizer's semantic strength, and the role of the bridge verb as quotative marker in the matrix clause. Furthermore, the corpus data shows high frequencies of non-standard complementizer-led VX clauses, especially when compared to their low meta-linguistic acceptance in the questionnaires. The data thus shows significant variation in embedded clause word order and suggests that we are witnessing a change in progress for this variable. With respect to complex verb initials, the study finds a high acceptance rate in the questionnaires, as well as regular use in the spoken language corpus. By comparing the use of complex verb initials to a previous study (Ponelis, 1993) the study establishes a change in real time where an increase in the use of complex verb initials promotes the suspension of the main verb in clause-final position (V-final). The study recommends that that the bi-modal approach of considering both performance and competence data should be applied to similar studies of other groups in the Afrikaans language community.
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Ling, Yong 1973. "Keyword spotting in continuous speech utterances." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21595.

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The work in this thesis constructed a word spotting system, which managed to spot an amount of pre-defined keywords out of unconstrained running conversational speech utterances. The development and experiments are based on the Credit Card subset of SWITCHBOARD speech corpus. The techniques are applied in the context of a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) based Continuous Speech Recognition (CSR) approach to keyword spotting. The word spotting system uses context-dependent acoustic triphone to model both keyword and non-keyword speech utterances. To enhance the true keyword spotting rate, sophisticated keyword-filler network topology models are defined in two different orthographic ways, individual phonemic filler models and individual syllabic filler models. To introduce more lexical constraints, a bigram language model is used. Better performance is obtained in the system with more lexical constraints. A background acoustic model is paralleled to the system network to account for the acoustic variety. The results of the experiments show that the word spotting rate of the overall performance increased by 84% when more lexical constraints applied, and the merge of the background model helps to increase the spotting rate by 5.73%.
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Fallon, Paul Ryan. "Synchronic variation and historical change in language." Thesis, Bangor University, 1992. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/synchronic-variation-and-historical-change-in-language(003fb6ff-0d9b-45c6-9258-08b0c6ec5b0b).html.

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Variation In the sequence /Cju/ (as In nubile, issue) Is manifested In the phonemic variants, gilded [Cj], ungLided ECI, coalesced ENJ)1. Of the 17 possible C, variation mainly occurs In the set of E+cor]E+antl consonants. The origins of the sequence are traced to OE and Angto French sources. The former created /Cju/,, the tatter began the modification to variants. The primary Linguistic causes of change were stress In borrowed suffixes shifting to native patterns, leading to some categorical variants with ECI In /t ds z/; and phonotactic constraints on word Initial clusters In /r I/ producing ungLLded ECL Lexical diffusion proceeds within the preceding consonant by subenvironments, defined by word Initial position or by suffix, rather than by frequency. Empirical, testing of Linguistic constraints on the distribution and selection of variants, took place In 2 boys schools In Liverpool, with 77 subjects aged 12-13 and 17-18 years. Elicitation was by reading passage and word list (k = 65). Dialects from the urban baslLect Scouse (used Largely In the city centre school), to adopted RP (found In the suburban school) were examined. Results confirmed the variability among coronat consonants but with categorical subenvIronments, mainly In the coatescents /t ds z/. In British English while the continuants /s z/ access aLL variants, stops are restricted to +gLide and C. The complex patterning of variants for /s z/ was resolved. After /1/, Loss was pervasive Lexically and socially. The presence of palatalized variants In 1h n I/ was noted. Glide loss was recorded In the basliect after word initial /n/. Minor areas of loss occurred in some non coronal, consonants, when /u/ reduced to shwa. Generally there was little Idiolectal variation In spread of variants, Of the synchronic Linguistic explanatory variables, (including syllabification and word position), stress was the most useful, sometimes working with the others. For the coalescents, i-stress] operates In conjunction with stress In contiguous syllables.
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Deumert, Andrea. "Variation and standardisation : the case of Afrikaans (1880-1922)." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9700.

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Bibliography: p. 335-366.
Following the general model outlined in Weinreich, Labov & Herzog (1968), this study is a contribution to the historiography of Afrikaans from a variationist perspective, investigating the patterns of linguistic variability in the context of the early standardisation of Afrikaans. The work is based on a newly collected historical corpus of private documents which includes letters and diaries from 136 individuals (written between 1880 and 1922), and can be said to represent acrolectal and mesolectal usage. Several morphosyntactic, morpholexical and syntactic variables were investigated: loss of person and number distinctions in the present tense paradigm, loss of the infinitive, regularisation of the past participle, loss of the preterite, loss of gender, the emergence of a new system of adjective inflection and of a new pronoun system, the so-called 'double' negation, infinitive clauses, the use of objective vir, and the periphrastic possessive with se. The quantitative analysis of these variables makes use of a variety of methods: descriptive techniques such as distribution analysis, implicational scaling, cluster analysis, multidimensional scaling and principal components analysis, as well as inferential statistics such as the chi-square test. Variation is furthermore described from a code-switching perspective. As a study in historical sociolinguistics this dissertation is also concerned with the epistemological aspects of socio-historical research, in particular the role of speaker agency in historical explanations, the 'measurement' of the extralinguistic variables in sociolinguistic research, the nature of the relationship between sociolinguistic and social theory, and in general the ontological status of our explanatory and descriptive concepts and taxonomies. While traditionally historiographers of Afrikaans have argued that there existed a sharp linguistic and functional distinction between Afrikaans and Dutch from the mid 18th century, the patterns of variability described for the corpus indicate the existence of a complex dialect continuum (rather than diglossia) until the early 20th century. The results of the quantitative analysis suggest furthermore that the process of linguistic change was slower than hitherto assumed, and variation patterns described for the late 18th century were still found to exist in the corpus. Such continuities challenge the conventional dating of the emergence of Afrikaans as a new language or dialect (characterised by almost complete morphological regularisation and a cluster of innovative syntactic features) to around 1800. As regards the standardisation of Afrikaans the study shows that from the 1850s a relatively uniform model of what constituted the 'vernacular' (or ‘Afrikaans, as it came to be known) existed as a well-defined entity in the popular consciousness, while the actual language use of many speakers remained rather more variable. Increasingly, linguistic practices which were not in line with the propagated model of 'Afrikaans' were identified by the contemporary metalinguistic discourse (which was strongly marked by 19th century cultural nationalism) as unauthentic and thus undesirable. The diffusion of the new standard is shown to have followed the path typical for modern standard languages, i.e. via the socially (and geographically) mobile professional class or intelligentsia. After about 1914 the new standard was widely diffused, and had replaced other Netherlandic varieties in many private documents.
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Khan, Farhat. "Linguistic variation in Indian English : a sociolinguistic study." Thesis, University of Reading, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.328649.

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The present study responds to the longstanding need within the field of applied sociolinguistics for a better understanding of L2 variability. The study is concerned with the nature of phonological variation in the use of English by Indians. It is an attempt to use sociolinguistic methodology In examInIng a second language situation and to investigate: 1. Whether L2 variability is conditioned by linguistic constraints, and 2. Whether there is any social significance associated with L2 variability. The study is based on the data collected from 44 educated speakers of English in Aligarh (North India). The data was analysed by means of a variety of statistical and computer based programmes. Forty five minutes long interview was conducted by means of a questionnaire. The tasks, ranging from the informal to the most formal, were: (i) casual speech, (ii) short responses or interview style, (iii) reading passage and sentences, and (iv) reading minimal paIrs. There was, of course, no way to eliminate completely the influence of the interview situation, which generally causes speech to be more formal than casual. However, a number of techniques were used to enable the informants to relax and speak more casually. The first chapter deals with the socio-cultural and historical aspect of English in India. The second chapter looks at various theoretical approaches to the study of linguistic variability. The third chapter discusses the research methodology adopted for the present study. The fourth chapter examines the linguistic variants in different phonolog'ical environments and confirms our hypothesis that linguistic variation in second language IS systematic at the level of both the individual and the group. In the fifth chapter phonological variables have been analysed in relation to social demographic variables, such as schooling, education, age, sex and social class. The analysis in the sixth chapter deals with stylistic variation and shows a wide variation in different styles of speech. The seventh chapter very briefly examines intelligibility of Indian English and suggests that a change is probably taking place in Indian English due to social and political pressures within the country, particularly affecting younger generation. The last chapter begins with a brief discussion of the major findings and their social and linguistic implications and suggests ways in which the insights gained from the study can be utilised in the teaching of English as a second language.
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Pagoni, Stamatia. "Modern Greek phonological variation : a government phonology approach." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294233.

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Ciarlo, Chiara. "Subject clitic variation in a northern Italian dialect." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2010. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/452.

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This study investigates the phenomenon of subject clitic (henceforth, SCl) variation in Ligurian, a variety spoken in the north-west of Italy. Through the examination of empirical data, this work shows that variation can be incorporated in the theory of a single grammar. In particular, this study determines which linguistic and extra-linguistic factors influence SCl variation and whether these factors vary among individual speakers, and it applies notions of minimalist theory to account for variable and categorical cases. Three variables in the Ligurian SCl paradigm are examined, where overt variants alternate with a zero form. These are: 3rd singular u, a/Ø, 3rd plural i/e/Ø, and 1st person e/a/Ø. In these variables, the zero form is always affected by adjacent negation and object clitics, by processing factors, and occasionally by following phonological context, though never by age of the speaker. In contrast, factors that influence overt SCl alternation vary: subject-verb agreement in 3rd singular contexts, morpho-phonological factors in 3rd plural contexts, and phonological, syntactic, and extra-linguistic factors in 1st person contexts. Following the general view that SCls in northern Italian dialects express subject agreement features (e.g., Poletto, 2000), I propose that SCl variants are phonological expression of different phi-feature combinations of two categories of Agreement (Number and Person) which include underspecification of features and feature values (Adger, 2006). Overt variants may show underspecification of the number and/or gender features of Number, whereas a null underlying variant always has unvalued number and gender. In variable cases, all variants in the set are formally satisfied and significant factors trigger the choice of the variant. In categorical cases, only one SCl variant in the set has its feature requirements fulfilled. Furthermore, I propose a four-fold interpretation of the zero form, namely, as null underlying variant, as nonpronunced SCl projection due to blocking by syntactic elements, as absence of phi-features, and as phonological deletion of overt variants (inter-speaker variation).
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Books on the topic "Continuous variation of Linguistics"

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Variation in linguistic systems. New York, N.Y: Routledge, 2010.

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Kawaguchi, Yuji, Makoto Minegishi, and Jacques Durand, eds. Corpus Analysis and Variation in Linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/tufs.1.

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1954-, Žic-Fuchs Milena, ed. Cognitive linguistics between universality and variation. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars Pub., 2012.

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Dimensions of register variation: A cross-linguistic comparison. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

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Grimaldi, Mirko, Rosangela Lai, Ludovico Franco, and Benedetta Baldi, eds. Structuring Variation in Romance Linguistics and Beyond. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/la.252.

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Paolillo, John C. Analyzing linguistic variation: Statistical models and methods. Stanford, CA: Center for the Study of Language and Information, 2002.

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Natalie, Schilling-Estes, ed. American English: Dialects and variation. 2nd ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2006.

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Wolfram, Walt. American English: Dialects and variation. Malden, Mass: Blackwell Publishers, 1998.

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Arabic languages and linguistics. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press, 2012.

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William, Bright. Language variation in South Asia. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Continuous variation of Linguistics"

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Roberge, Paul T. "On reconstructing a linguistic continuum in Cape Dutch (1710 1840)." In Variation and Reconstruction, 179. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.268.10rob.

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Valenzuela, Hannah. "Variation." In Linguistics for TESOL, 21–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40932-6_2.

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Meeuwis, Michael, and Jan-Ola Östman. "Contact linguistics." In Variation and Change, 36–45. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hoph.6.03mee.

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Goossens, Louis. "Historical linguistics." In Variation and Change, 100–109. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hoph.6.08goo.

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Ballard, Kim. "Language variation." In The Stories of Linguistics, 80–101. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-09563-3_5.

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Poole, Stuart C. "Regional Variation." In An Introduction to Linguistics, 96–108. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27346-1_8.

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Poole, Stuart C. "Social Variation." In An Introduction to Linguistics, 109–22. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27346-1_9.

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Reuland, Eric J. "Universals and variation." In Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today, 93–120. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/la.231.04reu.

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Danckaert, Lieven, Tijs D'Hulster, and Liliane Haegeman. "Deriving idiolectal variation." In Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today, 145–76. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/la.234.06dan.

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Verdù, Orland. "Variation in real time." In Historical Linguistics 2007, 245–56. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.308.20ver.

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Conference papers on the topic "Continuous variation of Linguistics"

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Fujiwara, Takashi, Nakamura Nakamura, and Daisuke Suzuki. "Iconicity in grammatical variation." In 10th International Conference of Experimental Linguistics. ExLing Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36505/exling-2019/10/0024/000386.

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Goritskaya, Olga, and Alexandra Chudar. "Lexical variation in Belarusian Russian." In 10th International Conference of Experimental Linguistics. ExLing Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36505/exling-2019/10/0026/000388.

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Eloeva, Fatima, Maxim Kisilier, and Olga Nikolaenkova. "Corpora and language variation in Greek." In 10th International Conference of Experimental Linguistics. ExLing Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36505/exling-2019/10/0018/000380.

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Alexopoulou, Theodora, and Frank Keller. "Gradience and parametric variation." In ExLing 2006: 1st Tutorial and Research Workshop on Experimental Linguistics. ExLing Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36505/exling-2006/01/0011/000011.

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Fan, Yuchao, Mingxing Xu, Zhiyong Wu, and Lianhong Cai. "Automatic Emotion Variation Detection in continuous speech." In 2014 Asia-Pacific Signal and Information Processing Association Annual Summit and Conference (APSIPA). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apsipa.2014.7041592.

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Shu, Lei, Alexandros Papangelis, Yi-Chia Wang, Gokhan Tur, Hu Xu, Zhaleh Feizollahi, Bing Liu, and Piero Molino. "Controllable Text Generation with Focused Variation." In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2020. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.findings-emnlp.339.

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Nguyen, Dong, and Jack Grieve. "Do Word Embeddings Capture Spelling Variation?" In Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Computational Linguistics. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: International Committee on Computational Linguistics, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.coling-main.75.

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Nguyen, Dong, and Jack Grieve. "Do Word Embeddings Capture Spelling Variation?" In Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Computational Linguistics. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: International Committee on Computational Linguistics, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.coling-main.75.

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Sokolovskaya, Victoria V. "REGIONAL VARIATION OF THE CANADIAN NATIONAL ENGLISH VARIANT." In Current Issues in Modern Linguistics and Humanities. Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/09321-2019-440-449.

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Mompean, Jose A. "Phonological free variation in English: an empirical study." In 2nd Tutorial and Research Workshop on Experimental Linguistics. ExLing Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36505/exling-2008/02/0043/000102.

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Reports on the topic "Continuous variation of Linguistics"

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Bilovska, Natalia. HYPERTEXT: SYNTHESIS OF DISCRETE AND CONTINUOUS MEDIA MESSAGE. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.50.11104.

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In the article we interpret discrete and continuous message as interrupted and constant, limited and continual text, which has specific features and a number of differences between traditional (one-dimensional) text and hypertext (multidimensional). The purpose of this study is to define the concept of “hypertext”, consideration of its characteristics and features of the structure, similarities and differences with the traditional text, including the message in the media and communication. To achieve the goal of the study, we used a number of methods typical of journalism. Empirical analysis enabled a generalized description of the subject of study, which allowed to know it as a phenomenon. With the help of generalization the characteristic and specific regularities and principles of hypertext were studied. The system method is used to identify the dependence of each element of hypertext on its place in the text system as a whole. The retrospective method helped to understand the preconditions for the emergence of hypertext, to trace the dynamics of its development. General scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction) made it possible to formulate the conclusions of the study. Thanks to hypertext and the hypertext systems, the concept of virtual reality has gained tangible meaning. In hypertext space, virtuality organically complements reality. The state of virtuality, in this case, becomes the concept of hyperreality, and all this merges into a single whole in the space of computer text. Due to its volume and multidimensionality, hypertext can arouse scientific interest as an interdisciplinary discipline. In today’s world, the phenomenon of hypertext has been the subject of numerous discussions, conferences and research in the field of social communications, linguistics and psychology. Today, a significant number of organizations conduct large-scale research based on the concepts of hypertext associations and associative navigation.
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Diggs-McGee, Brandy, Eric Kreiger, Megan Kreiger, and Michael Case. Print time vs. elapsed time : a temporal analysis of a continuous printing operation. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41422.

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In additive construction, ambitious goals to fabricate a concrete building in less than 24 hours are attempted. In the field, this goal relies on a metric of print time to make this conclusion, which excludes rest time and delays. The task to complete a building in 24 hours was put to the test with the first attempt at a fully continuous print of a structurally reinforced additively constructed concrete (ACC) building. A time series analysis was performed during the construction of a 512 ft2 (16’x32’x9.25’) building to explore the effect of delays on the completion time. This analysis included a study of the variation in comprehensive layer print times, expected trends and forecasting for what is expected in future prints of similar types. Furthermore, the study included a determination and comparison of print time, elapsed time, and construction time, as well as a look at the effect of environmental conditions on the delay events. Upon finishing, the analysis concluded that the 3D-printed building was completed in 14-hours of print time, 31.2- hours elapsed time, a total of 5 days of construction time. This emphasizes that reports on newly 3D-printed constructions need to provide a definition of time that includes all possible duration periods to communicate realistic capabilities of this new technology.
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Komppula, Birgitta, Tomi Karppinen, Henrik Virta, Anu-Maija Sundström, Iolanda Ialongo, Kaisa Korpi, Pia Anttila, Jatta Salmi, Johanna Tamminen, and Katja Lovén. Air quality in Finland according to air quality measurements and satellite observations. Finnish Meteorological Institute, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361409.

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In this report the current air quality in Finland has been assessed with air quality measurement data and satellite observations. The assessment of ambient air concentrations included following air impurities: NO2, NOx, PM10, PM2,5, SO2, CO, O3, benzo(a)pyrene, benzene, Pb, As, Cd ja Ni. For these pollutants air quality assessment thresholds are given in air quality legislation (2008/50/EY, 2004/107/EY). Assessment has been performed for air quality zones. The main data set included air quality measurements performed in Finland during 2015–2019. Satellite observations were used as an objective assessment tool in analysis of the spatial variation of NO2 and CO concentrations. Air quality measurements show that air quality has improved in Finland in many respects. Especially the need to monitor NO2 and PM10 with continuous measurements has decreased. Growing understanding of national benzo(a)pyrene concentrations has increased the monitoring needs. Efforts to decrease ozone levels still requires international actions. SO2, CO, benzene and heavy metal concentrations are on a low level in Finland outside industrial areas and other assessment methods than continuous monitoring can be used, and the number of continuous monitoring sites has already decreased. Satellite-based concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide as well as their spatial variation in Finland were analyzed using observations from the TROPOsperic Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI). The analysis of CO over Finland was carried out for the first time in this project. Results show that overall annual CO concentrations over Finland are low and spatial variability is small. Also, NO2 concentrations over Finland are rather low, but spatial patterns are more clearly visible. The highest NO2 concentrations are observed over the largest cities. By establishing a relationship between ground-based and satellite total column concentrations, surface concentrations of NO2 and CO were estimated from the satellite data for the zones. The satellite-based estimate for annual NO2 surface concentration over Helsinki metropolitan area is 28 μg/m3, and for the rest of Finland mostly between 10–15 μg/m3. For CO the differences between monitoring areas are small, with estimates varying between 160–164 μg/m3 or in other words about 0,16 mg/m3.
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