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Boersma, Martijn, and Justine Nolan. "Modern slavery and the employment relationship: Exploring the continuum of exploitation." Journal of Industrial Relations 64, no. 2 (January 24, 2022): 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00221856211069238.
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The term ‘modern slavery’ constitutes a broad non-legal umbrella term that refers to a range of abusive practices including, but not limited to, forced labour, bonded labour, human trafficking and child slavery. While the most severe forms of labour exploitation represent instances of modern slavery, focusing on labour abuses more broadly is also important as it is not always clear at what point non-compliance with labour standards seeps into cases of criminal exploitation. This Special Issue focuses on what the large- and small-scale risk factors are that can cause working conditions to deteriorate, on how people can become trapped in exploitative conditions and on what can be done to prevent and remedy labour abuses. It does this by exploring the macro-level, specifically by examining global value chains and the labour exploitation within the global production regime; by exploring the meso-level, by focusing on the market-based character of business and human rights regulation; and by looking at the micro-level by examining labour regimes on factory floors and in private residences.
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Boufkhed, Sabah, Nicki Thorogood, Cono Ariti, and Mary Alison Durand. "Building a better understanding of labour exploitation's impact on migrant health: An operational framework." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 1, 2022): e0271890. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271890.
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Background There is limited evidence on labour exploitation’s impact on migrant health. This population is, however, often employed in manual low-skilled jobs known for poor labour conditions and exploitation risks. The lack of a common conceptualisation of labour exploitation in health research impedes the development of research measuring its effects on migrant health and, ultimately, our understanding of migrants’ health needs. Aim To develop an operational conceptual framework of labour exploitation focusing on migrant workers in manual low-skilled jobs. Methods Non-probabilistic sampling was used to recruit multidisciplinary experts on labour exploitation. An online Group Concept Mapping (GCM) was conducted. Experts: 1) generated statements describing the concept ‘labour exploitation’ focusing on migrants working in manual low-skilled jobs; 2) sorted generated statements into groups reflecting common themes; and 3) rated them according to their importance in characterising a situation as migrant labour exploitation. Multidimensional Scaling and Cluster Analysis were used to produce an operational framework detailing the concept content (dimensions, statements, and corresponding averaged rating). Findings Thirty-two experts sorted and rated 96 statements according to their relative importance (1 “relatively unimportant” to 5 “extremely important”). The operational framework consists of four key dimensions of migrant labour exploitation, distributed along a continuum of severity revealed by the rating: ‘Shelter and personal security’ (rating: 4.47); ‘Finance and migration’ (4.15); ‘Health and safety’ (3.96); and ‘Social and legal protection’ (3.71). Conclusion This study is the first to both generate an empirical operational framework of migrant labour exploitation, and demonstrate the existence of a "continuum from decent work to forced labour". The framework content can be operationalised to measure labour exploitation. It paves the way to better understand how different levels of exploitation affect migrant workers’ health for global policymakers, health researchers, and professionals working in the field of migrant exploitation.
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Muschik, W., and H. H. v. Borzeszkowski. "Exploitation of the dissipation inequality in general relativistic continuum thermodynamics." Archive of Applied Mechanics 84, no. 9-11 (July 3, 2014): 1517–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00419-014-0866-6.
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Christ, Katherine Leanne, Roger Leonard Burritt, and Stefan Schaltegger. "Accounting for work conditions from modern slavery to decent work." Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 33, no. 7 (July 28, 2020): 1481–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-05-2020-4587.
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PurposeWith the initial focus on the extreme end of the work conditions continuum where, in the last decade, legislation has been introduced to combat illegal and illegitimate practices, this issue's lead paper provides an overview on key topics of extreme work conditions of modern slavery and accounting. The paper introduces the Special Issue on “Accounting for modern slavery, employees and work conditions in business” and its selected papers.Design/methodology/approachThe method adopted is a wide-ranging literature review exploring the continuum of work conditions and their relationship to accounting, especially extreme exploitation of workers through modern slavery.FindingsEmployment and workplace conditions and practices in business can be viewed as a continuum ranging from the illegal and illegitimate practices of modern slavery, through unethical and often illegal practices such as wages theft, to decent work. Given this continuum, in this Special Issue avenues are identified for accounting research to provide an account of the effectiveness of actions taken to eliminate modern slavery and overcome grey areas of work conditions.Practical implicationsThe paper helps to create an improved understanding of different types of exploitation in work conditions in different industries and the role accounting might play in research and practice.Social implicationsSlavery did not end with abolition in the 19th century. Instead, it changed its forms and continues to harm people in every country in the world especially in certain industries, of which several are discussed and accounting advice proffered. Likewise, as reflected in Special Issue papers, the role of accounting in reducing less extreme forms of poor work conditions is also considered.Originality/valueThe paper provides an overview of different forms and degrees of exploitation in work conditions and identifies the need for and areas of accounting research in this emerging area.
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Schwarz, Corinne, Daniel Alvord, Dorothy Daley, Megha Ramaswamy, Emily Rauscher, and Hannah Britton. "The Trafficking Continuum: Service Providers’ Perspectives on Vulnerability, Exploitation, and Trafficking." Affilia 34, no. 1 (October 29, 2018): 116–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886109918803648.
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Much of the research on human trafficking focuses on the prosecution of traffickers and protection of survivors after the crime has occurred. Less is known about the social disparities that make someone vulnerable to trafficking. This project examines human trafficking from a preventive focus, using data from a case study of service providers working with at-risk populations in the Kansas City, MO-KS area. The research team conducted 42 in-depth interviews with service providers working in the medical, educational, legal, and social services sectors from 2013 to 2016. Participants identified risk factors that could make someone vulnerable to labor or sexual exploitation. These factors clustered into four key areas: economic insecurity, housing insecurity, education, and migration. The research findings also suggest that human trafficking may be driven by an accumulation of risk factors that move vulnerable persons closer to labor exploitation and sex trafficking, fitting with a chain-of-risk model. We propose a model that reconceives of trafficking as a continuum that includes a range of vulnerabilities, violence, and traumas. In order to address human trafficking, policy makers and advocates need to focus on upstream prevention factors to address vulnerabilities that can lead to sex and labor exploitation.
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Egger, Keith N., and David S. Hibbett. "The evolutionary implications of exploitation in mycorrhizas." Canadian Journal of Botany 82, no. 8 (August 1, 2004): 1110–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b04-056.
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Some views of mutualism, where the fitness of two symbiotic partners is higher in association than when apart, assume that they necessarily evolve towards greater benefit for the partners. Most mutualisms, however, seem prone to conflicts of interest that destabilize the partnership. These conflicts arise in part because mutualistic outcomes are conditional, depending upon complex interactions between environmental, developmental, and genotypic factors. Mutualisms are also subject to exploitation or cheating. Although various compensating mechanisms have been proposed to explain how mutualism can be maintained in the presence of exploiters, none of these mechanisms can eliminate exploitation. In this paper we explore various compensating mechanisms in mycorrhizas, examine the evidence for exploitation in mycorrhizas, and conclude that mycorrhizal mutualisms exhibit characteristics that are more consistent with a concept of reciprocal parasitism. We propose that researchers should not assume mycorrhizas are mutualistic based upon structural characteristics or limited functional studies showing bilateral exchange and should view mycorrhizas as occupying a wider range on the symbiotic continuum, including commensalism and antagonism. We recommend that comparative studies of mycorrhizas incorporate other types of root associations that have traditionally been considered antagonistic.Key words: mycorrhizas, mutualism, exploiters, compensating mechanisms, symbiotic continuum.
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Mckelvey, Bill. "The Continuum Conception of Exploration and Exploitation: An Update to March’s Theory." M@n@gement 21, no. 3 (2018): 1032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/mana.213.1032.
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Kusaka, Mamoru, Kambiz Zandi-Nejad, Shinichiro Kato, Francisca Beato, Hiroaki Nagano, Gray D. Shaw, and Nicholas L. Tilney. "EXPLOITATION OF THE CONTINUUM BETWEEN EARLY ISCHEMIA/REPERFUSION INJURY AND HOST ALLORESPONSIVENESS." Transplantation 67, no. 9 (May 1999): 1255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007890-199905150-00010.
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Severgnini, Elizandra, Edwin Vladimir Cardoza Galdamez, and Valter Afonso Vieira. "Efeitos do Exploration, Exploitation e Ambidestria no Desempenho das Organizações de Software." Revista de Administração Contemporânea 23, no. 1 (February 2019): 111–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-7849rac2019170330.
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Resumo A literatura apresenta lacunas da utilização das competências, recursos e capacidades (exploitation) em conjunto com a exploração de novas competências (exploration) para o alcance do desempenho. Pouco se conhece sobre como as dimensões de exploitation e exploration deveriam ser analisadas, tais como separadamente, por meio de continuum, em sequência, por meio interativo ou por (in)congruência. Dado à ausência de comprovação de como essas duas dimensões podem elucidar a performance, o problema que surge é: Como a congruência das dimensões de ambidestria podem elevar o desempenho? O objetivo do trabalho foi examinar como a congruência entre dualidades afeta o desempenho. Por meio de um levantamento com 227 empresas de software, nós testamos hipóteses relacionadas à congruência e interação dos dois fatores da ambidestria. Os resultados mostraram que (a) as dimensões de exploration e exploitation; (b) a ambidestria média e (c) a ambidestria por meio de um continuum explicam o desempenho, que (d) a interação exploitation × exploration não tem relação com o resultado da organização e que (e) a convergência de ambas as dimensões aumenta o resultado organizacional. Os achados são coerentes com a tese de Gibson e Birkinshaw (2004) e rejeitam as teses de Gupta, Smith e Shalley (2006) e Cao, Gedajlovic e Zhang (2009).
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Hopfgartner, Lisa, Christian Seubert, Franziska Sprenger, and Jürgen Glaser. "Experiences of precariousness and exploitation of Romanian transnational live-in care workers in Austria." Journal of Industrial Relations 64, no. 2 (January 19, 2022): 298–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00221856211063923.
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Based on conceptualizations of a continuum of exploitation to examine phenomena related to precariousness and modern slavery, this article examined Romanian transnational live-in care workers’ job perceptions based on thematic analysis of qualitative interviews. As a framework, we adopted a five-dimensional concept of work-related precariousness, comprising (1) reproductive–material, (2) social–communicative, (3) legal–institutional (participation), (4) status and recognition, and (5) meaningful–subject-related aspects. While interviewees reported job satisfaction, they gave many accounts of unfair or exploitative treatment. Prime aspects of exploitation included low wages, extensive working hours and insecure self-employment, being tricked to work without remuneration, being urged to engage in work beyond care, being withheld food and sanitation, inadequate training, low status and recognition, and fulfilling excessive demands due to a strong sense of commitment. We align our findings with the literature to identify urgent fields of action for improving working conditions in live-in care.
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Kook, Kyunghee. "“I Want to Be Trafficked so I Can Migrate!”: Cross-Border Movement of North Koreans into China through Brokerage and Smuggling Networks." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 676, no. 1 (February 21, 2018): 114–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716217748591.
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This article draws on ethnographic fieldwork and in-depth interviews with forty North Korean escapees involved in smuggling and brokerage networks and explores North Korean escapees’ cross-border mobility to China. It addresses the complexities of smuggling, showing how the category spans a continuum of actions that might be described as saving or rescuing at one pole, and the kind of exploitation generally termed trafficking at the other. By focusing on the multiple and varied interests and motivations of different actors who assist with North Korean women’s migration, I argue that differences among trafficking, smuggling, and migration are constructed rather than essential, and reflect a continued tendency among policy-makers to imagine human mobility through the lens of a fictional opposition between actions that are forced and those that are voluntary. The North Korean women’s migratory processes demonstrate the complexities of brokerage and smuggling networks, revealing how they can, but do not necessarily, entail the kind of exploitation generally termed trafficking.
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Chanda, Sasanka Sekhar, and Bill McKelvey. "Back to the basics: reconciling the continuum and orthogonal conceptions of exploration and exploitation." Computational and Mathematical Organization Theory 26, no. 2 (May 28, 2020): 175–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10588-020-09311-y.
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Kjellgren, Richard. "Good Tech, Bad Tech: Policing Sex Trafficking with Big Data." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 11, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 149–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.2139.
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Technology is often highlighted in popular discourse as a causal factor in significantly increasing sex trafficking. However, there is a paucity of robust empirical evidence on sex trafficking and the extent to which technology facilitates it. This has not prevented the proliferation of beliefs that technology is essential for disrupting or even ending sex trafficking. Big data analytics and anti-trafficking software are used in this context to produce knowledge and intelligence on sex trafficking. This paper explores the challenges and limitations of understanding exploitation through algorithms and online data. It also highlights the key dimensions of exploitation ignored in big data-oriented research on sex trafficking. By doing so, the paper seeks to advance our theoretical understanding of the trafficking–technology nexus, and it is argued that sex trafficking must be reframed along a continuum of exploitation that is sensitive to the social context of exploitation within the sex market.
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Bélanger, Danièle. "Labor Migration and Trafficking among Vietnamese Migrants in Asia." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 653, no. 1 (March 28, 2014): 87–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716213517066.
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Asia is known as a continent where human trafficking is particularly prevalent. Departing from the bulk of research on trafficking in Asia that focuses on illegal migration and prostitution, this article examines the embeddedness of human trafficking in legal temporary migration flows. This analysis uses survey and interview data to document the experiences of Vietnamese migrants who worked in East Asian countries. It identifies a continuum of trafficking, abuse, exploitation, and forced labor, and examines how exploitation begins at the recruitment stage with the creation of bonded labor. Guest-worker programs in destination countries put migrants in particularly precarious situations, which do, in some cases, qualify as trafficking. I argue that temporary migration programs may create the conditions that lead to extreme forms of exploitation among many legal migrant workers in the region.
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van Breukelen, Frank, and Sandra L. Martin. "The Hibernation Continuum: Physiological and Molecular Aspects of Metabolic Plasticity in Mammals." Physiology 30, no. 4 (July 2015): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00010.2015.
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Mammals are often considered to be masters of homeostasis, with the ability to maintain a constant internal milieu, despite marked changes in the environment; however, many species exhibit striking physiological and biochemical plasticity in the face of environmental fluctuations. Here, we review metabolic depression and body temperature fluctuation in mammals, with a focus on the extreme example of hibernation in small-bodied eutherian species. Careful exploitation of the phenotypic plasticity of mammals with metabolic flexibility may provide the key to unlocking the molecular secrets of orchestrating and surviving reversible metabolic depression in less plastic species, including humans.
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Wiersum, K. F. "Indigenous exploitation and management of tropical forest resources: an evolutionary continuum in forest-people interactions." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 63, no. 1 (May 1997): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8809(96)01124-3.
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WISZNIEWSKA-MATYSZKIEL, AGNIESZKA. "DISCRETE TIME DYNAMIC GAMES WITH A CONTINUUM OF PLAYERS I: DECOMPOSABLE GAMES." International Game Theory Review 04, no. 03 (September 2002): 331–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219198902000732.
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The purpose of this paper is to present some simple properties and applications of dynamic games with discrete time and a continuum of players. For such games relations between dynamic equilibria and families of static equilibria in the corresponding static games, as well as between dynamic and static best response sets are examined and an equivalence theorem is proven. The existence of a dynamic equilibrium is also proven. These results are counterintuitive since they differ from results that can be obtained in similar games with a finite number of players. The theoretical results are illustrated with examples describing voting and exploitation of ecological systems.
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Salazar, Adrián, Benjamin Fürstenau, Carmen Quero, Nicolás Pérez-Hidalgo, Pau Carazo, Enrique Font, and David Martínez-Torres. "Aggressive mimicry coexists with mutualism in an aphid." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 4 (January 12, 2015): 1101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1414061112.
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Understanding the evolutionary transition from interspecific exploitation to cooperation is a major challenge in evolutionary biology. Ant–aphid relationships represent an ideal system to this end because they encompass a coevolutionary continuum of interactions ranging from mutualism to antagonism. In this study, we report an unprecedented interaction along this continuum: aggressive mimicry in aphids. We show that two morphs clonally produced by the aphid Paracletus cimiciformis during its root-dwelling phase establish relationships with ants at opposite sides of the mutualism–antagonism continuum. Although one of these morphs exhibits the conventional trophobiotic (mutualistic) relationship with ants of the genus Tetramorium, aphids of the alternative morph are transported by the ants to their brood chamber and cared for as if they were true ant larvae. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses reveal that the innate cuticular hydrocarbon profile of the mimic morph resembles the profile of ant larvae more than that of the alternative, genetically identical nonmimic morph. Furthermore, we show that, once in the brood chamber, mimic aphids suck on ant larva hemolymph. These results not only add aphids to the limited list of arthropods known to biosynthesize the cuticular chemicals of their deceived hosts to exploit their resources but describe a remarkable case of plastic aggressive mimicry. The present work adds a previously unidentified dimension to the classical textbook paradigm of aphid–ant relationships by showcasing a complex system at the evolutionary interface between cooperation and exploitation.
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Wilson, Bincy, and Thomas H. Nochajski. "On the Continuum of Exit: Understanding the Stages of Change Among Women in Commercial Sexual Exploitation." Gender Issues 35, no. 2 (September 14, 2017): 98–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12147-017-9201-1.
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Kaur, Amarjeet. "Prostitution is Not Work: A Trade Unionist’s Perspective." ANTYAJAA: Indian Journal of Women and Social Change 2, no. 2 (December 2017): 160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2455632717737439.
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As Secretary of the All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC), the oldest trade union federation in India and one of the five largest, the author argues that prostitution is a continuum of abuse of women, who are already bereft of their rights as workers, and whose choices are limited due to their marginalization as females in the patriarchal and feudal society of India. Women experience various types of exploitation in the regular industries, and are vulnerable to their labour being exploited because of their unequal education and unequal access to resources. The author locates instances of such exploitation, in both the organized and unorganized sector. She explains why her trade union has rejected the the use of the term ‘sex-worker’, for prostitution.
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Saroli, Michele, Matteo Albano, Gaspare Giovinco, Anna Casale, Marco Dell’Isola, Michele Lancia, and Marco Petitta. "A Macroscale Hydrogeological Numerical Model of the Suio Hydrothermal System (Central Italy)." Geofluids 2019 (May 16, 2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5485068.
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The complex behaviour of the Suio hydrothermal system (central Italy) and its potential exploitation as a renewable energy source are still unclear. To quantitatively evaluate the geothermal resource, the Suio hydrothermal system has been investigated with a hydrogeological numerical model that couples fluid flow, thermal convection, and transport of diluted species inside a hybrid continuum-discrete medium. The numerical model, calibrated and validated with available and new experimental data, unveiled the complex behaviour of the hydrothermal system. The normal tectonic displacements, the fracturing of the karst hydrostructure, and the aquitard distribution strongly influence the hydrothermal basin. In particular, a dual fluid circulation, sustained by steady-state thermal and pressure gradients, modulates the hydrothermalism at the several springs and wells. The presence of a medium to a low-temperature reservoir allows for potential exploitation of the geothermal resource.
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Murphy, Clíodhna, David M. Doyle, and Muiréad Murphy. "‘Still Waiting’ for Justice: Migrant Workers’ Perspectives on Labour Exploitation in Ireland." Industrial Law Journal 49, no. 3 (November 7, 2019): 318–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/indlaw/dwz023.
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Abstract Although there is a growing recognition that a labour law approach is well-placed to tackle migrant workers’ vulnerability to labour exploitation, empirical studies in this field are few and far between. This article explores how migrant workers subjected to severe and routine exploitation experience the Irish labour law framework in practice. Drawing on interviews with 23 workers, as well as legal and policy analysis, the research shows that those who have endured the ‘continuum’ between routine and severe labour exploitation have many commonalities in their lived experiences of labour conditions and law. It is argued that the key problems identified by this research—the intertwinement of employment and immigration enforcement; workers’ lack of awareness of employment rights; the ineffectiveness of labour inspections; the uncertain impact of undocumented status on employment rights and difficulties with enforcing employment awards—all point to the failure of institutional labour protections for migrant workers in Ireland. By enabling a more nuanced understanding of exploited migrant workers’ needs and perspectives, this study contributes to the ongoing debate on how to develop better regulatory and institutional conditions in Ireland and beyond.
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Zou, Mimi. "The Legal Construction of Hyper-Dependence and Hyper-Precarity in Migrant Work Relations." International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 31, Issue 2 (June 1, 2015): 141–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2015009.
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The two key concepts developed in this article, 'hyper-dependence' and 'hyper-precarity', are aimed at drawing attention to the constitutive role of immigration law in shaping certain vulnerabilities in migrants' work relations. Immigration law is not merely concerned with controlling the entry and exit of migrants, but also creates personal legal statuses - some highly precarious - that shape their employment and residence in the host state. The two 'hyper' concepts seek to elucidate the most problematic features of Temporary Migrant Worker Programmes (TMWPs) currently found in a number of advanced industrialized, liberal democratic countries. Hyper-dependence refers to a particular tie of migrant workers to their employers as a requirement of their legal status. Hyper-precarity refers to the tenuous nature, in law and practice, of these workers' entitlements to employment protection, social rights, and transition to more secure residence status. In some circumstances both hyper-dependence and hyper-precarity can combine to give rise to extremely exploitative situations for migrants at work. This article explores possible normative constraints on states' design and implementation of TMWPs. It identifies two genres of normative interventions that may respond to the legal construction of hyper-precarity and hyper-dependence: first, the international human rights framework, and second, the discourse against forms of exploitation that could be regarded as 'unfree labour'. However, it is argued that neither of the discourses poses a fundamental challenge to host states' powers to create the precarious statuses of non-citizens admitted into their territory, nor do they tackle the complex realities of migrants' work relations on a continuum of exploitation.
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Strauss, Kendra, and Siobhán McGrath. "Temporary migration, precarious employment and unfree labour relations: Exploring the ‘continuum of exploitation’ in Canada’s Temporary Foreign Worker Program." Geoforum 78 (January 2017): 199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2016.01.008.
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Anitha, Sundari. "Understanding Economic Abuse Through an Intersectional Lens: Financial Abuse, Control, and Exploitation of Women’s Productive and Reproductive Labor." Violence Against Women 25, no. 15 (February 13, 2019): 1854–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801218824050.
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Financial abuse refers to men’s control over money, assets, and women’s education or paid work. As a corrective to existing undertheorization of men’s (and their family’s) abuse of and control over women’s unpaid (domestic) labor, this article proposes a new conceptualization of economic abuse. Drawing upon life-history interviews with 41 South Asian women from the United Kingdom and India, this article explores control and abuse in relation to financial resources and women’s paid work as well as unpaid work. It utilizes an intersectional perspective to explore how gender, migration status, race/ethnicity, and class can improve understanding of women’s experiences as a continuum of economic abuse.
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Xu, Zhongping, Xun Zhou, Ruige Chen, Ye Shen, Ziqi Shang, and Kuo Hai. "Numerical Simulation of Deep Thermal Groundwater Exploitation in the Beijing Plain Area." Water 11, no. 7 (July 18, 2019): 1494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11071494.
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Thermal groundwater is relatively abundant in the deep-seated bedrock underlying the Beijing plain area. The main geothermal reservoir is composed of dolomites of the Wumishan Group of the Meso–Neoproterozic Jixian System. The thermal groundwater has been developed and utilized since the 1970s and significant declines in groundwater levels were observed. A 3D unsteady flow model of an anisotropic karst-fissure aquifer based on the equivalent continuum is used to describe the flow of thermal groundwater and heat transport. The heat transportation is described by the governing equation including convection and dispersion. The simulation of this paper aims to solve such problems as uneven distribution and thinness of the aquifer, insufficient initial monitoring data, and poor knowledge of the properties of the horizontal boundary. They are solved by considering vertical stratification of the aquifer with equal thickness, replacing initial water level data by surface elevation, and choosing natural boundary far away from the exploitation areas. Through a trial–error procedure, the simulated and measured groundwater level and temperature in the simulation period are well fitted. Three exploitation schemes are proposed to predict the spatial and temporal changes in groundwater level and temperature of the thermal groundwater in the study area. The prediction results show that the reinjection can effectively slow the decline in the thermal groundwater levels. Except for the Dongnanchengqu, Xiaotangshan, and Liangxiang subgeothermal fields, the other six subgeothermal fields have the potential for further development of thermal groundwater.
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Cui, Guodong, Shaoran Ren, Liang Zhang, Yi Wang, and Panfeng Zhang. "Injection of supercritical CO 2 for geothermal exploitation from single- and dual-continuum reservoirs: Heat mining performance and salt precipitation effect." Geothermics 73 (May 2018): 48–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2018.01.010.
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Liu, Tong, Min Shan Liu, and Qi Wu Dong. "The Influence of Solid Wall-Fluid Molecular Interaction on Transport Properties of Gases in a Mini/micro Channel." Advanced Materials Research 354-355 (October 2011): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.354-355.9.
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The physical model and analytical method are put forward for considering the molecular interaction between solid wall and gas fluid when dealing with convective heat transfer in macro/mini/micro channels based on the boundary layer theory concept, the molecular kinetic theory of gases, structural chemistry and continuum hypothesis. The influence rule of wall-fluid intermolecular forces to the transport properties of gases located in boundary layer region is studied applying proposed models. The gas density variation distribution equation including the wall-fluid molecular interaction is derived with continuum media integral approach. The theoretical results show that the fluid diffusion is independent of the wall-fluid interaction but visosity and heat conductivity not. According to the gas molecular density distribution function and molecular dynamics, new formulae were developed for calculating viscidity coefficient and thermal conductivity with wall-fluid interacting effect for a fluid. The research results provide scientific reference for further study and exploitation on fluid flow and heat transfer of mini/micro channels. In addition, the formulae offered in this paper to compute the transport properties of gases are also suitable for fine analysis of boundary layer in macro-scale channels.
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Hand, Felicity. "The Fight for Land, Water and Dignity in Lindsey Collen’s The Malaria Man and Her Neighbour." Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses, no. 82 (2021): 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.25145/j.recaesin.2021.82.05.
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The novels of South-African born Mauritian writer and activist Lindsey Collen expose a historical continuum of class exploitation, ranging from the slave past of the country including both pre-abolition African slavery together with indentured labour from the Indian subcontinent to post-independence sweat-shop toil, ill-paid domestic labour and exploited agricultural workers. Her latest novel to date, The Malaria Man and Her Neighbours (2010) probes this continuing class conflict and queries mainstream notions of heteronormativity. Access to water and land will be seen to lie behind the murder of the four main characters and the subsequent popular reaction. Collen insists that the underprivileged can become empowered through union, that participation and joint, communal effort can still make a difference.
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Hadji, M. L. "A Weak Solution of a Stochastic Nonlinear Problem." Abstract and Applied Analysis 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/482410.
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We consider a problem modeling a porous medium with a random perturbation. This model occurs in many applications such as biology, medical sciences, oil exploitation, and chemical engineering. Many authors focused their study mostly on the deterministic case. The more classical one was due to Biot in the 50s, where he suggested to ignore everything that happens at the microscopic level, to apply the principles of the continuum mechanics at the macroscopic level. Here we consider a stochastic problem, that is, a problem with a random perturbation. First we prove a result on the existence and uniqueness of the solution, by making use of the weak formulation. Furthermore, we use a numerical scheme based on finite differences to present numerical results.
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Geib, Phil R., and Edward A. Jolie. "The Role of Basketry in Early Holocene Small Seed Exploitation: Implications of a Ca. 9,000 Year-Old Basket from Cowboy Cave, Utah." American Antiquity 73, no. 1 (January 2008): 83–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002731600041299.
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Despite ranking at the low end of the continuum in net caloric benefit relative to other foods, small seeds assumed great dietary importance in many parts of the world, including western North America. In a series of publications, Adovasio (1970a, 1974, 1980, 1986) argued that coiled basketry technology was invented in the eastern Great Basin during the early Holocene as a specialized food-processing technique. Coiled baskets are indeed useful for collecting and processing seeds, but it does not necessarily follow that they were originally designed for this purpose. A whole basket recently discovered at Cowboy Cave in southeastern Utah returned an AMS radiocarbon assay of 7960 ± 50 B.P., making it currently the earliest directly dated coiled basket from the Americas. This basket is not a parching tray and likely had nothing to do with harvesting seeds. We discuss the implications of this find with regard to tracking the temporal spread of coiled basketry technology in western North America and the role of coiled and twined forms in the initiation of small seed exploitation. Coiled and twined baskets for small seed processing may result from reconfiguration of existing technologies to create novel forms suited to a new food exploitation strategy.
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Kilaberia, Tina, and Marlene Stum. "Successful Informal Help-Seeking and Resolution of Elder Family Financial Exploitation: A Case Study." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 869–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.3217.
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Abstract Effective interventions are needed to address elder family financial exploitation (EFFE), one of the most prevalent types of elder abuse globally. This poster examines the unique and critical help-seeking role informal family support can play when faced with EFFE. We present a holistic case study that offers an understanding of one family’s successful help-seeking and resolution of the EFFE situation. The family drew on internal family and community supports and did not seek formal elder abuse services. The case stood out as unique relative to 23 family’s help-seeking attempts in a larger study of the meaning and experience of EFFE from the perspective of concerned family members (non-abusing/non-victims). The case summary and analysis are based on an in-depth interview narrative reflecting the subjective experience of a concerned family member who was directly involved in the EFFE situation (in-law relative to both the older victim and the perpetrator). Study findings reveal 5 interwoven themes related to help-seeking processes and outcomes: 1) honoring the victim’s wishes, 2) providing support and accountability for perpetrator, 3) restoring family relationships and functioning, 4) maintaining internal (family-based) control, and 5) engaging in family problem solving processes. The family’s help-seeking demonstrated three distinctive features: a) embracing their informal social support role, b) the interdependence of family members, and c) restorative justice principles. The findings raise questions about broadening the scope and continuum of EFFE intervention research and practices to recognize and support informal social intervention.
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Méndez, Alina R. "More Than Victims or Villains." California History 98, no. 3 (2021): 28–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ch.2021.98.3.28.
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This essay examines newspaper articles published in California’s Imperial Valley during the mid-twentieth century that reported stories of braceros (guest workers) and undocumented workers suffering accidents, engaging in intra-ethnic violence, falling prey to criminals, and drinking excessively. These news articles, which often cast Mexican migrants as (potentially) criminal, racialized braceros and their undocumented counterparts as outsiders and undeserving. Collectively, these news articles demonstrate that Mexican migrants experienced what Nancy Scheper-Hughes and Philippe Bourgois describe as a violence “continuum” that connects structural, everyday, and symbolic violence in overlapping and intersecting ways. The alcohol abuse and interpersonal violence so common among braceros and undocumented migrants cannot be separated from the structural and symbolic violence that these men confronted in the Imperial Valley. Migrant workers’ structural vulnerability—which placed them in harm’s way while they worked, during times of leisure, or along the migration route—was the cause, but also a byproduct, of the antisocial behavior that some men adopted to cope with their exploitation. Though scholars have long considered the conditions that I here categorize under structural, everyday, and symbolic violence, I argue that by employing the concept of a continuum of violence we can better account for the wide range of experiences that braceros and undocumented migrants encountered in the United States in the mid-twentieth century.
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Davies, Simeon E. H. "Profit making and moral obligations in an economically disparate world: The challenges facing health care corporations." Corporate Ownership and Control 10, no. 2 (2013): 604–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv10i2c3art3.
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It is recognised that a driving prerogative for any corporation is to make profits, however this fiscal ambition must be balanced with an understanding of broader moral responsibilities in a world characterised by huge economic disparities, with poverty signalling the nadir of this continuum. The argument forwarded here is that while it would be good for health care corporations to care about the worlds poor out of compassion, it will be more strategic politically to argue for reducing global disparities based on self-interest. Thus, corporations are ill advised to ignore their broader social and moral responsibilities, because the consequences of a narrow and selfish profit making ambition may well culminate in the unnecessary exploitation of communities and resources, with an increased likelihood of negative long term repercussions in the form of social instability, industrial action and even terrorism, which will invariably and negatively impact on the bottom line.
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Indermaur, David. "Engaging the Public in the Development of Sentencing Policy." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 1, no. 1 (November 5, 2012): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v1i1.66.
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The issue of the lack of confidence in the courts provides an opportunity for us to consider the question of how sentencing policy is formulated and whether there is room for improvement in the process. It is argued in this paper that the legitimacy of the courts and public satisfaction with sentencing can both be enhanced if we were to carefully provide for the inclusion of an informed and deliberating public into policy formulation. Such a strategy would not only quell the loose and ill-defined ‘public opinion’ that characterises the tabloids; it would also enhance the transparency and the public acceptance of policy. The paper considers the continuum of possibilities for including the public from the gratuitous exploitation of the public voice by populists and media entrepreneurs using top-of-the-head opinion polls through to informed public opinion, public consultation process and ultimately the democratisation of sentencing policy. It is argued that this continuum can be seen as reflecting both the amount of true power given to the public voice as well as the amount of respect given to public input. Much of the fear of public inclusion in elite circles concerns public opinion as depicted in the media which is largely ‘public emotion’. It is argued that, when properly integrated, the inclusion of the public voice in the policy formulation process will have the same salutary effect that the jury has on the criminal trial.
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Mao, Junjie, Jelle S. Kaastra, Matteo Guainazzi, Rosario González-Riestra, Maria Santos-Lleó, Peter Kretschmar, Victoria Grinberg, et al. "CIELO-RGS: a catalog of soft X-ray ionized emission lines." Astronomy & Astrophysics 625 (May 2019): A122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201935368.
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Context. High-resolution X-ray spectroscopy has advanced our understanding of the hot Universe by revealing physical properties like kinematics, temperature, and abundances of the astrophysical plasmas. Despite technical and scientific achievements, the lack of scientific products at a level higher than count spectra is hampering complete scientific exploitation of high-quality data. This paper introduces the Catalog of Ionized Emission Lines Observed by the Reflection Grating Spectrometer (CIELO-RGS) onboard the XMM-Newton space observatory. Aims. The CIELO-RGS catalog aims to facilitate the exploitation of emission features in the public RGS spectra archive. In particular, we aim to analyze the relationship between X-ray spectral diagnostics parameters and measurements at other wavelengths. This paper focuses on the methodology of catalog generation, describing the automated line-detection algorithm. Methods. A moderate sample (∼2400 observations) of high-quality RGS spectra available at XMM-Newton Science Archive is used as our starting point. A list of potential emission lines is selected based on a multi-scale peak-detection algorithm in a uniform and automated way without prior assumption on the underlying astrophysical model. The candidate line list is validated via spectral fitting with simple continuum and line profile models. We also compare the catalog content with published literature results on a small number of exemplary sources. Results. We generate a catalog of emission lines (1.2 × 104) detected in ∼1600 observations toward stars, X-ray binaries, supernovae remnants, active galactic nuclei, and groups and clusters of galaxies. For each line, we report the observed wavelength, broadening, energy and photon flux, equivalent width, and so on.
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Stum, Marlene, and David Burnes. "The Critical Help-Seeking Role of Family, Friends, and Neighbors in the Lives of Elder Abuse Victims." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2143.
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Abstract Elder abuse prevention and intervention is a complex puzzle. We focus on examining the typically invisible role, experience, and impact of nonabusing family, friends, and neighbors, or “concerned persons” in stopping elder abuse. Given the reality that most elder abuse goes unreported and unaddressed, it seems essential to understand if and how concerned persons can play a role in help-seeking for older victims, and to also understand the needs and issues faced by concerned persons as a consequence. First. Breckman presents evidence of the significant distress concerned person’s experience from knowing about elder abuse and trying to assist victims, and shares experience developing and implementing the first Elder Abuse Helpline for Concerned Persons in the U.S. Second, Fraga Dominguez et.al. present an important international perspective highlighting findings about concerned persons as users of a UK elder abuse helpline, their profile, the impact of helping, and variables relating to help-seeking. Third, Stum shares findings from a qualitative study of elder family financial exploitation related to what concerned family members were trying to accomplish by getting involved (motivating goals) and the resulting continuum of outcomes. Fourth, Kilaberia also explores the help-seeking experiences of concerned family members in elder family financial exploitation situations, specifically the range of tasks involved, and the impacts on the concerned family member’s individual health and well- The discussion led by Burnes will focus on understanding contributions of the research presented given the current state of the field, and offer suggestions for future research and intervention directions.
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Martinelli, D., G. Pasqualone, M. Cardu, and M. Linares Gonzalez. "3D slope stability analysis of a limestone quarry expansion in Northern Italy." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1124, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 012131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1124/1/012131.
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Abstract Slope stability is a crucial aspect in case in quarrying, both in term of legal and technical restrictions. The availability of data regarding the rock mass characterization is not sufficient to guarantee a satisfactory stability analysis, which must be assessed by means of more accurate procedures. Limit equilibrium analyses have been used since many decades, as they can give satisfactory results for simple cases, such as planar or wedge blocks. Nevertheless, when dealing with more complex cases, such as opencast quarries and mines, where the slope geometry consists on several benches plunging in different directions, this simplified approach cannot give a satisfactory answer. In this scenario, numerical models can return a much more complete and accurate assessment of the overall stability. The paper describes a possible approach to evaluate the stability of the slopes of a limestone opencast quarry in Northern Italy. The country is experiencing a growing demand of limestone for the production of cement for the construction sector and this determined the need to expand the previous exploitations. Since the quarry experienced several expansion plans throughout the years, several site investigation campaigns have been carried out and the results were not always consistent with each other. Starting from the two most recent rock mass characterizations and by using 3D numerical models, the overall stability has been simulated by means of continuum and discontinuum analyses, to obtain a reproduction of the real episodes of instabilities that occurred in the past. The implementation of models with reliable data is essential to obtain results that are comparable with the reality: this would allow to proceed more effectively and safely with the exploitation of the future slopes.
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Kaur, Surinder. "HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RIGHTS." JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 6, no. 2 (December 27, 2014): 996–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jssr.v6i2.3469.
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Human rights, right that belong to an individual or group of individuals simply for being human, or as a consequence of inherent human vulnerability, or because they are requisite to the possibility of a just society. Whatever their theoretical justification, human rights refer to a wide continuum of values or capabilities thought to enhance human agency or protect human interests and declared to be universal in character, in some sense equally claimed for all human beings, present and future. t is a common observation that human beings everywhere require the realization of diverse values or capabilities to ensure their individual and collective well-being. It also is a common observation that this requirement whether conceived or expressed as a moral or a legal demand is often painfully frustrated by social as well as natural forces, resulting in exploitation, oppression, persecution, and other forms of deprivation. Deeply rooted in these twin observations are the beginnings of what today are called “human rights and the national and international legal processes associated with them.
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Zhelyazov, Todor. "Numerical Simulation of the Response of Concrete Structural Elements Containing a Self-Healing Agent." Materials 15, no. 3 (February 7, 2022): 1233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15031233.
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Self-healing of a crack is a relatively novel technique allowing for the partial recovery of the initial mechanical characteristics of a structural element after some period of exploitation. By a widely accepted convention, self-healing is either autogenous or autonomous. The former is a mechanism inherent for cementitious composites (in particular—concrete), while the latter is an engineered process. Both autogenous and engineered healing have recently been the object of numerous studies. Despite the large amount of research work being carried out, the potential of this technique has not yet been fully realized. The article focuses on the modeling and the finite element simulation of the recovery of the initial material properties resulting from the sealing of cracks. The employed numerical procedure uses a constitutive relation for concrete based on the continuum damage mechanics. It captures both the strain-softening and the inverse process—the crack healing. Finite element simulations of benchmark cases illustrate the effect of self-healing. The numerically obtained constitutive relations for specimens with and without a healing agent are compared.
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Forsythe, Samuel, and Anna Rößing. "The war for the future." New Perspectives 28, no. 3 (July 7, 2020): 330–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2336825x20935234.
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The following essay was born out of the authors’ participation in the Hamburg (Insecurity) Sessions 2019: Un-Cancelling the Future, and the discussions that took place in the workshop on Future Weapons and Emerging Technologies. The workshop participants critically addressed such problems as the future of defence technologies and their sociotechnical environments, cybersecurity and surveillance proliferation and the improvised instruments of insurgency. Our task was to weave the ideas and insights of the workshop’s participants into a vision of the world in 2040 and use it to motivate an analysis of the technoscientific imaginaries emerging in the present. From the workshop presentations and discussions, we identified three key areas of that allowed us to imagine the outlines and interactions of global security and technoscientific practice in 2040: ecopolitics: the exploitation of ecological systems for strategic ends; technonationalism: the use of advanced technologies to pursue racialised and nationalistic geopolitical agendas; and the security continuum: the extension of conflict modes to all aspects of social life and the open-source proliferation of security tools and techniques.
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Zhao, Yufeng, Heinz Konietzky, Thomas Frühwirt, and H. W. Zhou. "Gas Permeability Evolution of Coal with Inclusions under Triaxial Compression-Lab Testing and Numerical Simulations." Materials 15, no. 23 (December 1, 2022): 8567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15238567.
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Coalbed methane (CBM) exploitation leads to permanent stress redistributions in the coal bodies connected with fracturing processes and permeability changes due to deformation induced internal pore-fracture networks. Gas permeability evolution of coal samples is investigated with a newly developed three-dimensional fluid-mechanical coupled experimental system. X-ray CT is used to investigate the internal structure of the coal samples and delivers the basis to set-up numerical twins. The work focuses on coal samples with inclusions. A novel coupling procedure between two different tools—discontinuum and continuum codes—is established to simulate the permeability evolution. The permeability is related to the crack pattern in general, and crack width in particular. A prediction of permeability is proposed based on fracture distribution and microcrack behavior. The experimental studies validated the coupling approach. Shear fractures cause substantial permeability enhancement. Piecewise relations between permeability and volumetric strain can be used to fit the whole process, where a nonlinear exponential relation is established after the expansion point. The inclusions as important structural characteristics influence this relation significantly.
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Hou, Xiaowei, Yanming Zhu, Shangbin Chen, and Yang Wang. "Gas flow mechanisms under the effects of pore structures and permeability characteristics in source rocks of coal measures in Qinshui Basin, China." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 35, no. 3 (March 28, 2017): 338–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0144598717700080.
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The gas flow mechanisms in source rocks of coal measures under the effects of the pore structures and permeability characteristics were investigated by field-emission scanning electron microscopy, low-pressure nitrogen gas adsorption, high-pressure mercury intrusion, and pressure pulse decay permeability method. Various flow regimes were distinguished in the pores and fractures of differing scales, and the mass fluxes through the same were calculated using the data obtained by the numerical and experimental investigations. Results indicated that mesopores predominated in shale, while coal contained well-developed mesopores and macropores. In addition, the permeabilities of coal and shale were observed to be significantly anisotropic and highly stress dependent. The cross-sectional area proportions of the pores per unit cross-sectional area of the matrix in the free molecular, transition, and slip flow regimes in shale and coal were determined to be, respectively, 0.2:0.7:0.1 and 0.15:0.6:0.25. In the free molecular and transition flow regimes, the mass flux decreased with increasing reservoir depth, while the reverse was the case in the slip flow regime. Further, in the continuum flow regime, the mass flux was unimodally distributed with respect to the reservoir depth. The total mass flux in coal was greater in the direction perpendicular to the bedding compared to the direction parallel to the bedding, while the reverse was the case in shale. In addition, the continuum flow regime predominated in coal in both the directions perpendicular and parallel to the bedding, but only in the direction parallel to the bedding in shale. This work presents a comprehensive model for the analysis of all the flow regimes in pores and fractures of differing scales, as well as the anisotropy. Findings of the study are meaningful for establishing the coupling accumulation mechanism of the Three Coal Gases and developing a unified exploration and exploitation program.
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Goodwin, Nicholas B., Alastair Grant, Allison L. Perry, Nicholas K. Dulvy, and John D. Reynolds. "Life history correlates of density-dependent recruitment in marine fishes." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63, no. 3 (March 1, 2006): 494–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f05-234.
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Understanding the relationships among life history traits, density dependence, and population dynamics is a central goal in ecology. It is also vital if we are to predict how populations respond to and recover from exploitation. We used data for 54 stocks of commercially exploited fish species to examine relationships between maximum annual recruitment at low stock size and the density dependence of recruitment at high stock size. We then related these recruitment measures to life history. At low stock sizes, stocks with high maximum recruitment (maximum spawners per spawner) showed the weakest density dependence of recruitment at high stock sizes. Spawning biomass per recruit in the absence of fishing (SPRF=0) showed a strong positive correlation with both maximum spawners per spawner and the strength of density dependence. Stocks with high SPRF=0 were typically large-bodied, slow-growing, late-maturing, and highly fecund with long generation times. These stocks produced low numbers of recruits each year, but survived to breed repeatedly and had strong density dependence of recruitment. In contrast, small-bodied, early-maturing fish had high annual recruitment and weak density dependence. These results place species on a continuum from "highly reproductive" to "survivors". But we also demonstrate that density dependence is an important feature of the population biology of survivors.
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Delavault, Philippe. "Knowing the Parasite: Biology and Genetics of Orobanche." Helia 38, no. 62 (July 1, 2015): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/helia-2014-0030.
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AbstractDue to their forms and colors, parasitic plants are most often considered to be botanical curiosities. However, in some cases, these are proved to be also deadly pests with the capacity to exploit other plants. Among the obligate root parasitic weeds, the holoparasites that are devoid of chlorophyll and thus unable to carry out photosynthesis totally rely on their hosts for their water, mineral, and carbohydrate supplies. Members of the genus Orobanche and Phelipanche, belonging to the Orobanchaceae family (the broomrape family), are thus the final result of this evolutionary transition from autotrophism to heterotrophism. The underlying process of this trophic exploitation, governed by a fine-tuned molecular dialogue between both partners, is an extraordinary example of adaptive plant biology operated by these parasitic organisms in the course of evolution. This transition is associated with remarkable morphological and physiological adaptations, such as the requirement for the seeds to germinate to perceive molecules produced by host roots, the development of a novel organ, the haustorium, which invades host tissues and establishes a physiological continuum between the parasite and the host, the establishment of a sink strength required for translocation of host resources, the loss of photosynthesis, and a reduced leaf and root architecture.
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Ghubash, R., E. Hamdi, and P. Bebbington. "The Dubai Community Psychiatric Survey: acculturation and the prevalence of psychiatric disorder." Psychological Medicine 24, no. 1 (February 1994): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700026891.
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SynopsisDubai, an Emirate in the Gulf region, has experienced spectacular social change as a result of the exploitation of its oil reserves. The Dubai Community Psychiatric Survey was designed to study the effects of this social change on the mental health of female nationals.In this paper, we approach the problem by quantifying social change in two main ways: the first focused on social change at the individual level as measured by the Socio-cultural Change Questionnaire (Bebbington et al. 1993). The second examined the effect of social change at the community level by identifying areas of residence at different levels of development. We hypothesized that attitudes and behaviours markedly at odds with traditional prescriptions would be associated with high rates of psychiatric morbidity.On the individual level, the association between psychiatric morbidity and the amount of social change reflected in the behaviours and views of the subjects was not significant. However, there was a significant association between morbidity and between social attitudes and behaviours. At the community level, in contrast, the relationship between psychiatric morbidity and social change was significant: there was more psychiatric morbidity in areas at the extremes of the social change continuum. The hypothesis put forward in this study must be modified accordingly.
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Niaz, Saad, Ben Forbes, and Bahijja Tolulope Raimi-Abraham. "Exploiting Endocytosis for Non-Spherical Nanoparticle Cellular Uptake." Nanomanufacturing 2, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nanomanufacturing2010001.
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Several challenges exist for successful nanoparticle cellular uptake—they must be able to cross many physical barriers to reach their target and overcome the cell membrane. A strategy to overcome this challenge is to exploit natural uptake mechanisms namely passive and endocytic (i.e., clathrin- and caveolin-dependent/-independent endocytosis, macropinocytosis and phagocytosis). The influence of nanoparticle material and size is well documented and understood compared to the influence of nanomaterial shape. Generally, nanoparticle shape is referred to as being either spherical or non-spherical and is known to be an important factor in many processes. Nanoparticle shape-dependent effects in areas such as immune response, cancer drug delivery, theranostics and overall implications for nanomedicines are of great interest. Studies have looked at the cellular uptake of spherical NPs, however, fewer in comparison have investigated the cellular uptake of non-spherical NPs. This review explores the exploitation of endocytic pathways for mainly inorganic non-spherical (shapes of focus include rod, triangular, star-shaped and nanospiked) nanoparticles cellular uptake. The role of mathematical modelling as predictive tools for non-spherical nanoparticle cellular uptake is also reviewed. Both quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) and continuum membrane modelling have been used to gain greater insight into the cellular uptake of complex non-spherical NPs at a greater depth difficult to achieve using experimental methods.
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Shimwell, T. W., M. J. Hardcastle, C. Tasse, P. N. Best, H. J. A. Röttgering, W. L. Williams, A. Botteon, et al. "The LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey." Astronomy & Astrophysics 659 (February 25, 2022): A1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202142484.
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In this data release from the ongoing LOw-Frequency ARray (LOFAR) Two-metre Sky Survey we present 120–168 MHz images covering 27% of the northern sky. Our coverage is split into two regions centred at approximately 12h45m +44°30′ and 1h00m +28°00′ and spanning 4178 and 1457 square degrees respectively. The images were derived from 3451 h (7.6 PB) of LOFAR High Band Antenna data which were corrected for the direction-independent instrumental properties as well as direction-dependent ionospheric distortions during extensive, but fully automated, data processing. A catalogue of 4 396 228 radio sources is derived from our total intensity (Stokes I) maps, where the majority of these have never been detected at radio wavelengths before. At 6″ resolution, our full bandwidth Stokes I continuum maps with a central frequency of 144 MHz have: a median rms sensitivity of 83 μJy beam−1; a flux density scale accuracy of approximately 10%; an astrometric accuracy of 0.2″; and we estimate the point-source completeness to be 90% at a peak brightness of 0.8 mJy beam−1. By creating three 16 MHz bandwidth images across the band we are able to measure the in-band spectral index of many sources, albeit with an error on the derived spectral index of > ± 0.2 which is a consequence of our flux-density scale accuracy and small fractional bandwidth. Our circular polarisation (Stokes V) 20″ resolution 120–168 MHz continuum images have a median rms sensitivity of 95 μJy beam−1, and we estimate a Stokes I to Stokes V leakage of 0.056%. Our linear polarisation (Stokes Q and Stokes U) image cubes consist of 480 × 97.6 kHz wide planes and have a median rms sensitivity per plane of 10.8 mJy beam−1 at 4′ and 2.2 mJy beam−1 at 20″; we estimate the Stokes I to Stokes Q/U leakage to be approximately 0.2%. Here we characterise and publicly release our Stokes I, Q, U and V images in addition to the calibrated uv-data to facilitate the thorough scientific exploitation of this unique dataset.
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Miley, George. "High-Redshift Radio Galaxies." Highlights of Astronomy 10 (1995): 543–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600011990.
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Radio galaxies are unique cosmological probes. As with radio-loud quasars, the presence of luminous radio continuum and optical line emission enable radio galaxies to be observed and recognized at large distances, up to z = 4.2. However, unlike the situation for most quasars, their optical emission can be spatially resolved from the ground and studied in detail.Progress in detecting distant radio galaxies has been rapid in recent years due to the use of CCDs and the exploitation of new selection criteria. Now, more than 60 radio galaxies are known with z > 2. More than half of these have been found by our group by concentrating on radio sources with the steepest spectra, most of these in a “Key Programme” of the European Southern Observatory. Although several people contributed to this Key Programme, most of the work was done by Huub Röttgering, who presented his Ph.D thesis in January and Rob van Ojik, who succeededhim. Redshifts of 1.5 to 4 correspond to a time when the Universe was 10% -20% of its present age. This was a crucial period in history when galaxy formation must have been rampant. It corresponds to the AGN era, a two-billion year “delta function” in the population evolution of luminous quasars and radio galaxies, when their space-density rose to a value several hundred times larger than the present density before the species mysteriously and suddenly became almost extinct.
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Mirdad, Mohammad Ayub. "Taliban insurgency and transnational organized crime nexus." Masyarakat, Kebudayaan dan Politik 33, no. 3 (August 31, 2020): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/mkp.v33i32020.266-277.
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Afghanistan has been demolished by more than three decades of the ongoing war since the war against the Soviet Union started in 1979. The Afghanistan-Pakistan region provides a geographically secure location and a space of opportunity for organized crime and terrorist groups. This paper aims at exploring the Taliban nexus with organized crime groups in Afghanistan and the region through Makarenko’s crime-terror continuum theory. The method of this study is qualitative through the descriptive-analytical approach. The growing connection between insurgents and organized crime poses essential challenges to the region. Each group has developed both criminal and terrorist elements while not relinquishing its original organizing principle. Afghanistan is a war-torn country and weak governance, terrorism, narcotics, illegal mining, poor border control, and widespread corruption provide the perfect opportunity for convergence of the Taliban with organized criminal and insurgent groups in the region. The Taliban and organized crime groups are involved in kidnapping for ransom, drug trade, extortion, and exploitation of natural resources. The finding indicates that, although the objectives of the insurgent and organized crime organizations differ widely, these enabling variables are also suitable for organized crime organizations. The primary objective of organized crime is to gain profit, and the objective of the insurgent is to contest the state power and promote political change through violence. The economic sources are the primary main reason why the two organizations converge.