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Journal articles on the topic 'Contrace'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Asaeda, Hitoshi, Kazuhisa Matsuzono, and Thierry Turletti. "Contrace: a tool for measuring and tracing content-centric networks." IEEE Communications Magazine 53, no. 3 (2015): 182–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2015.7060502.

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Lawrence, M. G., P. J. Rasch, R. von Kuhlmann, et al. "Global chemical weather forecasts for field campaign planning: predictions and observations of large-scale features during MINOS, CONTRACE, and INDOEX." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 3, no. 1 (2003): 267–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-267-2003.

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Abstract. The first global tropospheric forecasts of O3 and its precursors have been used in the daily flight planning of field measurement campaigns. The 3-D chemistry-transport model MATCH-MPIC is driven by meteorological data from a weather center (NCEP) to produce daily 3-day forecasts of the global distributions of O3 and related gases, as well as regional CO tracers. This paper describes the forecast system and its use in three field campaigns, MINOS, CONTRACE and INDOEX. An overview is given of the forecasts by MATCH-MPIC and by three other chemical weather forecast models (EURAD, ECHAM

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Lawrence, M. G., P. J. Rasch, R. von Kuhlmann, et al. "Global chemical weather forecasts for field campaign planning: predictions and observations of large-scale features during MINOS, CONTRACE, and INDOEX." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 2, no. 5 (2002): 1545–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-2-1545-2002.

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Abstract. The first global tropospheric forecasts of O3 and its precursors have been used in the daily flight planning of field measurement campaigns. The 3-D chemistry-transport model MATCH-MPIC is driven by meteorological data from a weather center (NCEP) to produce daily 3-day forecasts of the global distributions of O3 and related gases, as well as regional CO tracers. This paper describes the forecast system and its use in three field campaigns, MINOS, CONTRACE and INDOEX. An overview is given of the forecasts by MATCH-MPIC and by three other chemical weather forecast models (EURAD, ECHAM

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Jeon, Wooyeol, and Kwangjin Jang. "Comparative Analysis of SCE and Contract Cost for Disaster Impact Assessment System: Focus on Classification of Project Area and Relevant Government." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 21, no. 1 (2021): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2021.21.1.83.

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This study compares and analyzes the contract amount and Standard for Calculating Expenses (SCE) concerning the Disaster Impact Assessment System (DIAS) and provides the results as basic data for improving the system. The current status of low-cost contracts based on a contract price ratio of 70% or less compared to the standard cost was analyzed. A total of 640 cases with reliable data were examined. The result indicated that the ratio of low-cost contracts was more than 70% of the total: the ratio of low-cost contracts of DIR was 76.2%, DIA 100%, and SDIA 86.7%. In particular, DIA with a lar

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Azab, Rania S. "Interpreting digital licensing contracts between a metaphorical and functional direction: A comparative analytical study." International Journal of ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES 8, no. 8 (2021): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2021.08.013.

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This study seeks to clarify the importance of explaining the type of digital license contracts to see if it can continue subjecting them to the metaphorical direction that adopts the direction of applying the traditional rules to this types of contract or must it be subject to the functional direction that adopts the necessity of establishing independent legal rules in the theory of contracts in Egypt. The problem of the user not reading the contract terms is still there. Although consumers do not read the terms of digital licensing contracts, some jurisprudence in the US often insist that it

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Abramitzky, Ran, Zephyr Frank, and Aprajit Mahajan. "Risk, Incentives, and Contracts: Partnerships in Rio de Janeiro, 1870–1891." Journal of Economic History 70, no. 3 (2010): 686–715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050710000586.

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We construct an individual-level data set of partnership contracts in late-nineteenth-century Rio de Janeiro to study the determinants of contract terms. Partners with limited liability contributed more capital and received lower draws for private expenses and lower profit shares than their unlimited partners. Unlimited partners in turn received higher-powered incentives when they contracted with limited partners than when they contracted with unlimited partners. A reform that changed the relative bargaining power further improved the terms of unlimited partners in limited firms. These finding

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Sigalov, Katharina, Xuling Ye, Markus König, et al. "Automated Payment and Contract Management in the Construction Industry by Integrating Building Information Modeling and Blockchain-Based Smart Contracts." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16 (2021): 7653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11167653.

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Construction projects usually involve signing various contracts with specific billing procedures. In practice, dealing with complex contract structures causes significant problems, especially with regard to timely payment and guaranteed cash flow. Furthermore, a lack of transparency leads to a loss of trust. As a result, late or non-payment is a common problem in the construction industry. This paper presents the concept of implementing smart contracts for automated, transparent, and traceable payment processing for construction projects. Automated billing is achieved by combining Building Inf

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Brunjes, Benjamin M. "Reducing risk and leveraging markets: The impact of financial structure on federal contractor performance." Journal of Strategic Contracting and Negotiation 4, no. 1-2 (2018): 6–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2055563619858613.

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This paper analyzes how financial controls, as established through the payment structure, are used and whether they influence federal contractor performance. These payment structures include variants on three primary types of contract: firm fixed-price, cost-reimbursement, and time-and-materials. Each of these payment structures creates different performance incentives for contractors, provides government contract managers with varying levels of information on contractor activities, and alters the dispersion of risk between the partners. The Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) prefers fixed-p

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Alexandrowicz, Piotr. "Paolo Comitoli SJ on Contracts." Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Kanonistische Abteilung 107, no. 1 (2021): 255–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zrgk-2021-0006.

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Summary Contract law in the early modern period has always been the subject of intensive research. The present article is intended as a contribution to this. It presents the contract doctrine of an Italian Jesuit, Paolo Comitoli. He was a moral theologian and author of the “Doctrina de contractu”. The paper begins with a biographical introduction and an overview of Comitoli’s writings. News about Comitoli’s life, however, is sparse and widely dispersed. The following section focuses on Comitoli’s concept of and his definition of contract. A brief explanation of Comitoli’s concept of contract a

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Akumu, J., W. Odongo, and B. Mugonola. "Determinants of contract farming for smallholder sunflower producers in northern Uganda." African Crop Science Journal 28, no. 4 (2020): 585–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/acsj.v28i4.8.

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Contract farming is a form of vertical coordination, largely aimed at correcting market failures associated with spot markets that arise due to imperfect information. The objective of this study was to assess the determinants of farmer engagement in sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) contracts in northern Uganda. Stratified random sampling was used to select 150 contracted and 150 non-contracted sunflower farmers in Oyam District, from where primary data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. A Logistic regression model was used to examine the factors that influenced farmer partici

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Christ, Margaret H., Karen L. Sedatole, and Kristy L. Towry. "Sticks and Carrots: The Effect of Contract Frame on Effort in Incomplete Contracts." Accounting Review 87, no. 6 (2012): 1913–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr-50219.

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ABSTRACT In this study, we examine the effect of incentive contract framing on agent effort in an incomplete contract setting. Prior research suggests that when governed by complete incentive contracts, agents exert greater effort under penalty contracts relative to bonus contracts. However, in an incomplete contract setting, in which the incentive contract does not govern all tasks for which the agent is responsible, the agent's trust in the principal is relevant. In this setting, we predict that bonus contracts create a more trusting environment, and this effect spills over to tasks not gove

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De Jong, Arjan, and Klaas Smit. "Collaboratives to improve industrial maintenance contract relationships." Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering 25, no. 4 (2019): 545–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jqme-07-2013-0050.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how collaborative contracts can improve industrial maintenance contract relationships. Design/methodology/approach The research compares performance contracts with collaborative contracts, a new contract type whereby the contract parties align their objectives. The study uses game theory and describes the contract types as mechanism designs to compare the contract types. The mechanisms are validated with case studies. The utility of the contract types is verified with Monte Carlo simulations using expert opinions. Findings The research demons

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Subairi, Subairi. "ANALISIS PENERAPAN HYBRID CONTRACT PADA PRODUK UNIT LINK DI ASURANSI JIWA PT PRUDENTIAL PAMEKASAN." Ulumuna: Jurnal Studi Keislaman 6, no. 1 (2020): 110–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.36420/ju.v6i1.3958.

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The study of insurance in Islamic law is a new thing, and has never been found in classical fiqh literature. The discussion of insurance in the area of Islamic sciences only appeared at the stage of the birth of contemporary scholars. Included in relation to the application of hybrid contracts in insurance. Along with the development of life insurance products, insurance companies not only provide traditional insurance services that are purely protection, but also provide various supporting services for financial planning in the future, according to their needs and financial capabilities, wh

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Alshurideh, Muhammad Turki. "A Theoretical Perspective of Contract and Contractual Customer-Supplier Relationship in the Mobile Phone Service Sector." International Journal of Business and Management 12, no. 7 (2017): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v12n7p201.

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Both contracts and contractual relationships as concepts have been rarely discussed from scholars’ perfectives in the Relationship Marketing (RM) branch of learning. Reviewing these concepts in the customer-service sector adds value because the majority of mobile service firms are losing their current contracted customers at a significant rate despite practicing different RM activities to retain active ones. Thus, this study introduces the concept of Contractual Customer Relationship Marketing (C-CRM) for the first time to the RM field of study and discusses how to employ Contractual Relations

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Alisa Ahmad, Azlin, Mat Noor Mat Zain, and Nur Diyana Amanina Zakaria. "A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SMART CONTRACTS AND ISLAMIC CONTRACTS." International Journal of Advanced Research 8, no. 10 (2020): 316–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/11859.

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A smart contract is a computer protocol contract of which its innovation rooted from the traditional contract. However, Sharia-compliant transaction necessitates a contract to fulfils all pillars of Islamic contracts in order smart contract can be accepted as an innovation of Islamic contracts. Thus, this paper aims to make a comparison between Islamic contracts and smart contract on blockchain. This paper is a qualitative research by adopting content analysis method to analyze some related topics. The pillars of Islamic contract are compared with the smart contract to ensure whether the smart

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Kuang, Xi (Jason), and Donald V. Moser. "Reciprocity and the Effectiveness of Optimal Agency Contracts." Accounting Review 84, no. 5 (2009): 1671–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr.2009.84.5.1671.

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ABSTRACT: Optimal agency contracts pay the lowest wage necessary to induce profit-maximizing effort. Employees could view such contracts as violating reciprocity because, relative to more reciprocal contracts, they offer a lower wage in exchange for higher effort. Consequently, the profit-maximizing effectiveness of optimal contracts could be impaired if employees reject them or reduce their effort. We use experimental labor markets to examine (1) how employees respond to an optimal versus a suboptimal reciprocity-based contract when each contract is the only contract available, (2) how employ

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Wu, Song, and Mei Ling Wang. "Study on Adjusting Contract Sum of Construction Projects from Contract Status Compensation Perspective." Applied Mechanics and Materials 584-586 (July 2014): 2343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.584-586.2343.

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The initial contract status was formed when the contract was signed, firstly, this paper analyzed necessities of adjusting contract sum and practicable routes that could be followed for classifying and compensating contract status; which was initiated under three contract types, lump sum contracts, unit rate contracts and cost plus contracts for balancing the rights and obligations for both contract parties and aims to provide a reference for pushing forward construction progress smoothly.

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d'Alessandro, Laura, Stephen J. Bailey, and Marco Giorgino. "PPPs as strategic alliances: from technocratic to multidimensional risk governance." Managerial Finance 40, no. 11 (2014): 1095–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-07-2013-0165.

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Purpose – Public-private partnerships (PPPs) are characterised by contracts which are necessarily incomplete due to the complexity of their contractual specifications for the contracted services combined with the long-term legal obligations they create. This creates high transaction costs including sharing (and so bearing) risks. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the link between risk sharing and governance, providing a new perspective for analysis with less emphasis on transaction costs and more on PPPs as strategic alliances. Design/methodology/approach – Three main issues are anal

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Intigam Garayeva, Aysel. "“THE DEATH” OF CONTRACTS AS A RESULT OF VOIDING: VOID OR VOIDABLE?" SCIENTIFIC WORK 15, no. 3 (2021): 102–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/64/102-105.

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Parties conclude a contract for creation and termination of contractual rights and obligations as the existence of a contract ensures parties to face unexpected situations. A valid contract means it is legally binding and enforceable and the formation of a legally binding contract must entail some essential and basic elements. But in some cases, even though the contract meets all basic elements for its validation it can be invalid. If a contract is invalid, it will be annulled from the very beginning, therefore the invalidity has a retroactive effect. Some defects render a contract void, while

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Filatova, Nataliia. "Smart contracts from the contract law perspective: outlining new regulative strategies." International Journal of Law and Information Technology 28, no. 3 (2020): 217–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlit/eaaa015.

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Abstract Smart contracts nowadays start being widely used in various areas of economic and social life. In most cases smart contracts are somehow related to legal contracts: the former may constitute part of a legal contract, an entire contract, or be used to automate a contract performance. Meanwhile, a question whether modern contract law is applicable to smart contracts is rather debatable, since smart contracts initially were designed to rely only on technical rules embedded in blockchain and considered as self-sufficient instruments capable of addressing various issues which may emerge in

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Chuang, Emmeline, Bowen McBeath, Sarah Carnochan, and Michael J. Austin. "Relational Mechanisms in Complex Contracting: Factors Associated with Private Managers’ Satisfaction with and Commitment to the Contract Relationship." Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 30, no. 2 (2019): 257–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muz021.

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Abstract The complexity of human service delivery means that contracts are often incomplete or contingent. When contracted services or products are complex, relational contracting can function as a critical informal accountability mechanism. This study introduces and tests a conceptual framework of relational processes and organizational factors hypothesized to inform private human service contract outcomes. Data from a 2015 survey of private nonprofit and for-profit human service organizations in five counties are used to examine factors associated with two proximal indicators of success in h

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Holley, Sasha. "The monitoring and enforcement of labour standards when services are contracted out." Journal of Industrial Relations 56, no. 5 (2014): 672–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185614523277.

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This article demonstrates that by contracting-out government services, the employment relationship has changed: workers’ labour standards are now regulated through the combination of traditional labour law mechanisms and lesser understood contract law mechanisms. This has changed the regime of regulation and enforcement of labour standards for employees performing services that have been contracted out, in ways that deserve more attention. Evidence is drawn from a case study of New South Wales (NSW) government school cleaners, conducted between October 2010 and April 2011, which finds that cle

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Gonzalez, George C., Vicky B. Hoffman, and Donald V. Moser. "Do Effort Differences between Bonus and Penalty Contracts Persist in Labor Markets?" Accounting Review 95, no. 3 (2019): 205–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr-52655.

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ABSTRACT Conventional economics assumes workers provide the same effort under penalty contracts and economically equivalent bonus contracts. However, prior research finds that although workers prefer bonus contracts, they provide more effort under penalty contracts. Given these findings, the prevalence of bonus contracts in practice is puzzling. If penalty contracts yield more worker effort, why would employers not use them more often? We conduct experimental labor markets to test whether the prior finding of more effort under penalty contracts than bonus contracts (i.e., the contract frame ef

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Allen, J. G. "Wrapped and Stacked: ‘Smart Contracts’ and the Interaction of Natural and Formal Language." European Review of Contract Law 14, no. 4 (2018): 307–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ercl-2018-1023.

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Abstract This article explores ‘smart contracts’ from first principles: What they are, whether they are properly called ‘contracts’, and what issues they raise for national contract law. A ‘smart’ contract purports to record contractual promises in language which is both intelligible to human beings and (ultimately) executable by machines. The formalisation of contracting language that this entails is, I argue, the most important aspect for lawyers—just as important as the automation of contractual performance. Rather than taking a doctrinal approach focused on the presence of traditional indi

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Ahroum, Rida, Othmane Touri, and Boujemâa Achchab. "Murabaha and Musharakah Moutanaquissah pricing: an interest-free approach." Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research 11, no. 1 (2020): 201–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jiabr-12-2016-0147.

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Purpose This study aims to provide an interest-free valuation methodology for Murabaha and Musharakah Moutanaquissah contracts. Indeed, In Islamic finance, Murabaha contracts are widely negotiated. Their yield depends mainly on the contracted profit margin. In the current practices, this latter is based on a reference interest rate, which is highly criticized in Islamic literature, just like Musharakah Moutanaquissah contracts. In this perspective, authors suggest a new valuation methodology with parameters related to the real economy. Design/methodology/approach The authors apply an indirect

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Feng, Tianyu, Xiao Yu, Yueting Chai, and Yi Liu. "Smart contract model for complex reality transaction." International Journal of Crowd Science 3, no. 2 (2019): 184–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcs-03-2019-0010.

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Purpose The application of smart contract can greatly reduce transaction costs and improve transaction efficiency. The existing smart contract are expensive, single application scenario and inefficient. This paper aims to propose a new smart contract model to solve these problems. Design/methodology/approach By investigating the research history, models and platforms, this paper summarizes the shortcomings of existing smart contracts. Based on the content and architecture of traditional contract, a smart contract model with wider application scope is designed. Findings In this paper, several m

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Sood, Muhammad. "Mechanism of Business Contract Drafting in Supporting Economic Activities." Unram Law Review 4, no. 2 (2020): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/ulrev.v4i2.124.

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The development of business contracts in supporting economic activities, especially in the trade sector, is inseparable from developments in the field of law. Thus, economic actors should understand the contract design method. This article aims to analyze the regulations of business contracts both nationally and internationally, and analize the mechanism of business contract draftingin supporting economic activity. This article is sourced from the results of normative legal research; therefore the method of approach used is the legal approach and conceptual approach. The results of the study i

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Susanti, Betty, Reini D. Wirahadikusumah, Biemo W. Soemardi, and Mei Sutrisno. "LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS OF A PBC PILOT PROJECT FOR ROAD IN INDONESIA." IIUM Engineering Journal 20, no. 2 (2019): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v20i2.1075.

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Implementation of Performance-based Contracts (PBC) for road maintenance in Indonesia still requires various studies, especially related to potential long-term cost efficiencies that can be achieved by the road agencies by shifting the application of traditional contracts to PBC. This study assesses the effectiveness of PBC compared to traditional contract implementation based on a case study on one of the PBC pilot projects in Indonesia. The effectiveness of the PBC reviews in terms of project life cycle cost efficiency was calculated. LCC calculations were conducted by considering the influe

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Wang, Kun, Juanjuan Qin, and Liangjie Xia. "Price and capacity strategies in the express delivery supply chain: advanced payment, penalty or time insurance contracts." RAIRO - Operations Research 55, no. 2 (2021): 689–717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ro/2021007.

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In the Business to Consumer (B2C) environment, it is important to alleviate the mismatch between delivery capacity and demand in the express delivery supply chain. To do this, we propose three contracts to improve supply chain performance: the advanced payment contract, penalty contract, and time insurance contract. To assess these contracts, we considered the supply chain of one e-retailer and one express delivery provider. We discussed which contract is better for the supply chain partners when the three contracts can coordinate the supply chain. We found that when its unit cost of delayed o

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Tomanek, Artur. "Klauzule autonomiczne umów o pracę — zagadnienia pojęciowe." Przegląd Prawa i Administracji 117 (December 20, 2019): 133–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0137-1134.117.11.

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AUTONOMOUS CLAUSES OF LABOUR CONTRACTS — CONCEPTUAL ISSUESThe starting point of this article is the notion of an autonomous clause which was introduced into the theory of Polish labour law by Marcin Święcicki. The author of the text maintains that an employer and an employee have the freedom to agree upon autonomous clauses of a labour contract. The above-mentioned clauses are separate contracts which are amended and terminated according to rules which are different from those relating to the main contract contract of labour. The autonomous clauses form rights and obligations of the parties of

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Fauziyah, Shifa, M. Agung Wibowo, and Hery Suliantoro. "Analisis Perbandingan Kontrak Tradisional dan Kontrak Berbasis Kinerja (KBK) Berdasarkan Risiko Persepsi Kontraktor dengan Metode Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)." MEDIA KOMUNIKASI TEKNIK SIPIL 22, no. 1 (2016): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/mkts.v22i1.12402.

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Two types of contracts that are used in the road project is a traditional contract (Unit Price) and performance based contract (Lump Sum). Both types of contracts have their own risks. Therefore, it is necessary to measure which type of contracts is more risky between traditional contract and performance-based contract from the perspective of the contractor using Analytical Hierarchy Process. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a method used to find a weight where the intensity of the risks using traditional contract and performance-based contract can be measured and analyzed. This research

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Wahid, Nur. "Pelibatan Akad Ijārah dalam Praktik Rahn di Bank Syari’ah Perspektif Hukum Ekonomi Syariah." Al-Manahij: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam 12, no. 1 (2018): 147–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.24090/mnh.v12i1.1349.

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The involvement of lease (ijārah) contract in pawn practice in syari’ah bank resulted in a combination of contract known as multi-‘aqd. Concerning multiple contracts (multi-‘aqd), there are a number of Prophetic traditions, at least three hadiths that are outwardly (textual meaning) indicating a ban on the use of multiple covenants. For example, the hadith about the prohibition of trading and debts (bai’ wa salaf), the prohibition to trade with two contracts (bai’atain fī bai’ah), and two sales and purchase contracts in one transaction (ṣafqatain fī ṣafqah). The contract of lease (ijārah) and

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Ghahraman, Mohammad, and Masoud Reza Ranjbar Sahrayi. "Nature of Commitment in the General Conditions of FIDIC, Iran Construction Contracts, and Principles of European Law on Service Contracts." Journal of Politics and Law 10, no. 1 (2016): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v10n1p166.

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Commitment is a consequence of a contract. Identifying the nature of commitment is very important to achieve it. The question here is that what is the nature of commitment in construction contracts? Is the constructor bound to achieve a result and implement the contract subject, or is his/her effort to implement the contract subject enough? Since performance of the contract subject in construction contracts, which include creating, repairing and reconstructing a building, requires time passing and meeting various secondary commitments by both parties, the issue was studied according to the gen

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Kaczorowska, Bogna. "Juridical Status of So-called Smart Contracts against the Background of the Polish Legal Framework." Masaryk University Journal of Law and Technology 13, no. 2 (2019): 189–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/mujlt2019-2-3.

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Among substantial advancements challenging contemporary contract law special attention is given to autonomous, cryptographic solutions based on decentralised infrastructure provided by blockchain technology, intended to execute transactions automatically, designated as smart contracts. The need for comprehensive research on legal implications of practical implementation of this technological innovation is triggered particularly by the prognostications declaring it a valid alternative to hitherto contract law framework that is expected to be ultimately replaced by algorithmic mechanisms underpi

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Guriev, Sergei, and Dmitriy Kvasov. "Contracting on Time." American Economic Review 95, no. 5 (2005): 1369–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/000282805775014452.

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The paper shows how time considerations, especially those concerning contract duration, affect incomplete contract theory. Time is not only a dimension along which the relationship unfolds, but also a continuous verifiable variable that can be included in contracts. We consider a bilateral trade setting where contracting, investment, trade, and renegotiation take place in continuous time. We show that efficient investment can be induced either through a sequence of constantly renegotiated fixed-term contracts; or through a renegotiation-proof “evergreen” contract—a perpetual contract that allo

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Shojaei, Abdorreza. "Validity of Open Contract in International Trade Law." Journal of Politics and Law 10, no. 2 (2017): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v10n2p241.

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Open contracts are agreement whereby parties of the contract can insert terms and conditions in the contract, delete them, or revise them. Some contracts for the supply of goods or construction are examples of such contracts. One party (usually a contractor or seller) can have many initiatives by increasing and decreasing the price or by changing elements of the contract. Certainly, there are many reasons, motives, and important goals in creating this type of conventions and its acceptance by the legal community. Discovery of these reasons and the goals leads to fundamental changes and definit

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Haandrikman, Karen, Natasha A. Webster, and Ann-Zofie Duvander. "Geographical Variation in Local Gender Contracts in Sweden." Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy 14, no. 3 (2021): 679–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12061-020-09371-2.

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AbstractDespite Sweden’s national gender-neutral family and social policies, local differences in gender contracts exist and have been related to differences in the structure of the labour market and cultural traditions. Existing studies are outdated and used relatively large administratively defined areas, which may lead to several measurement and interpretation errors. This paper examines geographical variation in gender contracts in present-day Sweden using individualized neighbourhoods on different scales. Gender contracts are operationalized using six indicators on the level of family, po

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Bolifraud, S., J. C. Cryonnet, and J. Stal-Le Cardinal. "HOW A BETTER REPRESENTATION OF CONTRACTUAL RELATIONS CAN HELP TO DESIGN BETTER CONTRACTS." Proceedings of the Design Society: DESIGN Conference 1 (May 2020): 531–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dsd.2020.30.

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AbstractThis paper contributes to the reduction of conflicts arising along the construction process by improving contract management tools and contracts designing tools. We analyse the existing system of representation of relations between Owner and Contractor, the contract and the construction processes. We improve the actual representation of construction processes by creating a link with the contract. Our ambition is to create a representation that will allow organizations and project managers to represent the construction contracts and design better construction contracts.

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Abdul Manap, Norhoneydayatie, Tze Chin Ong, and Farhah Abdullah. "REMEDY FOR MISREPRESENTATION IN CONTRACTS: A CASE ANALYSIS IN MALAYSIA." International Journal of Advanced Research 8, no. 11 (2020): 380–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12019.

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Misrepresentation is a false statement made by one party which affects the other partys decision to agree to a contract. The act of misrepresentation nullifies the free consent of the contracting party to enter the contract, and that party is entitled to remedy. In Malaysia, the act of misrepresentation in contract is governed by section 18, Contracts Act 1950, whereas the remedy is provided for under sections 65 and 66, Contracts Act 1950. Based on this provision, the remedy given in cases of misrepresentation is contract rescission. However, based on previous court decisions, the remedy of c

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Winanri, R. P., B. Susanti, and I. Juliantina. "Comparison Analysis Between Traditional and Long Segment Contracts on National Road Preservation Activities in Indonesia." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 9, no. 3 (2019): 4230–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.2720.

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National road preservation activities in Indonesia are usually carried out using a traditional approach system, namely in-house system and contract system with a design-bid-build (DBB) approach. An alternative contract method to improve the quality of roads is the long segment contract. Its definition is carrying out road preservation activities in one continuous segment with the aim to obtain good road conditions for all segments. This study aims to compare the performance under traditional approaches and long segment contracts. Road performance is expressed in functional performance terminol

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Ma, Wanglin, and Awudu Abdulai. "Linking apple farmers to markets." China Agricultural Economic Review 8, no. 1 (2016): 2–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-04-2015-0035.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the determinants of marketing contract choices including written contracts, oral contracts and no contracts, as well as to examine the impact of marketing contracts on net returns from apple production in China. Design/methodology/approach – A two-stage selection correction approach (Bourguignon, Fournier, and Gurgand (BFG)) for the multinomial logit model is employed to estimate the impact of marketing contracts on net returns from apple production. On the basis of the BFG estimation, the authors also use an endogenous switching regression

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Rutešić, Snežana, Jasmina Ćetković, Slobodan Lakić, Angelina Živković, and Miloš Knežević. "Proposition of a Model for Selection of the Hybrid Contract Implementation Strategy for a Pilot Project of Regular Road Maintenance in Montenegro." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (November 19, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8844980.

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Performance-based maintenance contracts (PBMCs) are modern contracts that should allow road maintenance entities to contract maintenance activities more successfully and generate money value. In the case of Montenegro, a gradual approach of PBMC introduction is recommended through a hybrid contract for routine road maintenance. Hybrid contract implementation will enable a lower level of client risk in the early stages of PBM contract. Game theory is used for selection of an adequate model for hybrid contract structure in terms of size and nature of the BoQ elements. In addition to the estimate

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Wawrosz, P. "Productive of the Service Sector: Theory and Practice of Corruption Declining." Marketing and Management of Innovations, no. 4 (2019): 269–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/mmi.2019.4-21.

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Corruption contracts are, throughout the democratic world, illegal and considered immoral. Their participants thus cannot use standard procedures to find a second party, to negotiate the content of the contract, to check if it performs what was promised, and to enforce the promises. This increases the risks associated with the contract. Illegality or immorality of the contract makes both parties more vulnerable – each party can threaten to reveal the contract and denounce the second party. Connecting a corruption contract with a previously established legal contract is usually seen as the best

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He, Wei Yi, Fei Xiang Xu, Ya Ling Du, and Yi Hong Wang. "Research on the Engineering Innovation Risk Allocation from the Perspective of Incomplete Contract." Applied Mechanics and Materials 411-414 (September 2013): 2481–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.411-414.2481.

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Contract was incomplete naturally. Risk allocation was an important part of the contract. In accordance with the time period, contract could be divided into the initial contracts and re-negotiate contracts. Accordingly, the risk allocation could be divided into the initial contract signing stage of the risk allocation and contract fulfillment stage of the further allocation. The latter played the role in making up and adjusting the former, they constituted a complete framework of risk allocation.The overall framework of risk allocation contributes to its incentive function in the design contra

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Honigsberg, Colleen, Sharon Katz, and Gil Sadka. "State Contract Law and Debt Contracts." Journal of Law and Economics 57, no. 4 (2014): 1031–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/680934.

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Tomlinson, Douglas P., and Edward J. Rhomberg. "Contract Officer in Military Service Contracts." Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 114, no. 3 (1988): 441–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9364(1988)114:3(441).

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Kiselova, O. I., and R. V. Kokhtenko. "THE FAMILY-LEGAL AGREEMENTS TA THEIR ROLE IN RESOLVING FAMILY DISPUTES." Legal horizons, no. 17 (2019): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/legalhorizons.2019.i17.p:49.

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The article defines a definition of the family – law contract, its purpose, and analyzes the peculiarities of contractual regulation of family disputes. In the consideration of the premises of the current family- law of Ukraine, the article deals with the peculiarities of the construction of the family-legal contract, namely. Classification of the family –law contracts, which can be concluded between individuals – subjects of family legal relations based on the provisions of the norms of the Family Code of Ukraine. It is determined that the family-legal agreement is a private-law act, which is

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Susowake, Yuta, Hasan Masrur, Tetsuya Yabiku, et al. "A Multi-Objective Optimization Approach towards a Proposed Smart Apartment with Demand-Response in Japan." Energies 13, no. 1 (2019): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13010127.

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In Japan, residents of apartments are generally contracted to receive low voltage electricity from electric utilities. In recent years, there has been an increasing number of high voltage batch power receiving contracts for condominiums. In this research, a high voltage batch receiving contractor introduces a demand–response in a low voltage power receiving contract, which maximizes the profit of a high voltage batch receiving contractor and minimizes the electricity charge of residents by utilizing battery storage, electric vehicles (EV), and heat pumps. A multi-objective optimization algorit

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Islami, Aufa. "Analisis Jaminan Dalam Akad-Akad Bagi Hasil (Akad Mudharabah dan Akad Musyarakah) Di Perbankan Syariah." JURNAL HUKUM EKONOMI SYARIAH 4, no. 1 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.30595/jhes.v4i1.9903.

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This research is entitled Analysis of Guarantees in Profit Sharing Contracts (Mudharabah and Musyarakah contracts) in Islamic banking. This research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the guarantees contained in profit sharing contracts including the Mudharabah contract and the Musyarakah contract in Islamic Banking. This article research uses a normative approach. The normative approach is used for research from the perspective of fiqh muamalat regarding the position of the guarantee in the profit sharing contract. From this research it can be concluded that basically there is no guarant

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Abdulla O'g'li, Abdullayev Nurulla. "National And Foreign Experience In Determining The Conclusion Of Civil Law Contracts." American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology 3, no. 05 (2021): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajpslc/volume03issue05-04.

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The emergence of rights and obligations between citizens and legal entities is based on a specific event or phenomenon. Such events are called legal facts in civil law. Article 8 of the Civil Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan lists the types of such legal facts, according to which civil rights and duties arise from contracts and other agreements provided by law, as well as from contracts and other agreements that do not contradict the law. The contract and its structure are the basis for the creation of civil rights and obligations as a legal fact. The conclusion of a contract is primarily an

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