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Goulard, Hélène, Caroline Moreau, Fabien Gilbert, Nadine Job-Spira, and Nathalie Bajos. "Contraceptive failures and determinants of emergency contraception use." Contraception 74, no. 3 (September 2006): 208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2006.03.007.
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WANG, DUOLAO, HONG YAN, and ZHONGHUI FENG. "ABORTION AS A BACKUP METHOD FOR CONTRACEPTIVE FAILURE IN CHINA." Journal of Biosocial Science 36, no. 3 (April 21, 2004): 279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932003006217.
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Contraceptive failure rates for modern methods including sterilization are reported to be high in China, but little is known about the consequence of contraceptive failure and characteristics of women who decide to have an abortion if a contraceptive failure occurs. Using 6225 contraceptive failures from the 1988 Chinese Two-per-Thousand Fertility Survey, this study examines the resolution of contraceptive failure and assesses the impact of some women’s sociodemographic characteristics on the decision to terminate contraceptive failure in abortion. This study has three important findings: (1) The abortion rate was 50·1%, 75·3% and 80·2% for IUD, condom and pill failures, respectively; (2) The abortion rates differed by contraceptive method and women’s social and demographic characteristics. In particular, a woman with just one child was most likely to have the contraceptive failure aborted; (3) Some women experienced repeated abortions because of contraceptive failure. The results suggest that abortion was a backup method if contraception failed in China and the correlates of aborting an unwanted pregnancy reflect the strong impact of the Chinese family planning programme.
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Parvin, Mosammat Bilkis, Kazi Sahnaz Begum, Naseem Jahan, and Hasina Sultana. "Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy after 11 Years of Bilateral Tubal Ligation." Northern International Medical College Journal 7, no. 1 (November 16, 2015): 119–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/nimcj.v7i1.25707.
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Tubal ligation is a well excepted method of contraception. Permanent contraception by tubal ligation is one of the most commonly used contraceptive methods in United States, also most popular form of contraception worldwide. Although pregnancy after ligation is uncommon, it can occur and may be ectopic. Surprisingly, failures are not limited to the first year or two but continued to appear even after many years during follow up. In this paper we report a case of ectopic pregnancy in a patient who underwent bilateral tubal ligation11years ago during caesarean delivery for contraception.Northern International Medical College Journal Vol.7(1) Jul 2015: 119-120
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Pfitzer, Anne, Jacqueline Wille, Jonesmus Wambua, Stacie C. Stender, Molly Strachan, Christine Maricha Ayuyo, Timothy F. Kibidi Muhavi, Valentino Wabwile, Supriya D. Mehta, and Elizabeth Sasser. "Contraceptive implant failures among women using antiretroviral therapy in western Kenya: a retrospective cohort study." Gates Open Research 3 (January 14, 2020): 1482. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.12975.2.
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Background: Women living with HIV have the right to choose whether, when and how many children to have. Access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and contraceptives, including implants, continues to increase in Kenya. Studies have reported drug-drug interactions leading to contraceptive failures among implant users on ART. This retrospective record review aimed to determine unintentional pregnancy rates among women 15-49 years of age, living with HIV and concurrently using implants and ART in western Kenya between 2011 and 2015. Methods: We reviewed charts of women with more than three months of concurrent implant and ART use. Implant failure was defined as implant removal due to pregnancy or birth after implant placement, but prior to scheduled removal date. The incidence of contraceptive failure was calculated by woman-years at risk, assuming a constant rate. Results: Data from 1,152 charts were abstracted, resulting in 1,190 implant and ART combinations. We identified 115 pregnancies, yielding a pregnancy incidence rate of 6.32 (5.27–7.59), with 9.26 among ETG and 4.74 among LNG implant users, respectively. Pregnancy incidence rates did not differ between EFV- and NVP-based regimens (IRR=1.00, CI: 0.71-1.43). No pregnancies were recorded among women on PI-based regimens, whereas pregnancy rates for efavirenz and nevirapine-containing regimens were similar, at 6.41 (4.70–8.73) and 6.44 (5.13–8.07), respectively. Pregnancy rates also differed significantly by implant type, with LNG implant users half as likely to experience pregnancy as ETG implant users (0.51, CI: 0.33-0.79, p>0.01). Conclusions: Our findings highlight the implications of drug-drug interaction on women’s choices for contraception.
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Rani, Reena, Rachna Sharma, and Charu Kohli. "Female sterilization failure, consequences and further contraception: a review of cases over ten years." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 9, no. 10 (September 25, 2020): 4032. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20204282.
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Objective: To study the socio-demographic profile and etiological factors responsible for failure of tubal ligation. Their outcome and further adopted methods of contraception.Methods: This was a retrospective observational study done in a tertiary care centre from January 2009 to December 2018. All cases who came with sterilization failure were reviewed including their demographic patterns, previous methods used and the contraception choices adopted after procedural failure.Results: Over a period of ten years, out of a total of 157 cases of sterilization failure 43.33% (n=68) were laparoscopic interval ligation, 42.60% (n=67) were laparoscopic ligation with termination of pregnancy, 10.20% (n=16) were sterilization done along with lower segment cesarean section and 1.9% (n=3) were mini-laparotomy (minilap) done in postpartum period. Only 63.05% (n=99) got repeat sterilization procedure done despite previous failure. Out of 157 cases, in 50.9% (n=80) recanalization was found, tuboperitoneal fistula was responsible in 5.7% (n=9) women, slipped fallope ring was found in 5.7% (n=9) women, wrong application of fallope ring was seen in 1.9% (n=3) and 35.6% (n=56) did not opted for religation.Conclusion: Failures of sterilization procedures do exist especially in laparoscopic ligation. Counseling prior to adoption of this method, risk of failure and other noninvasive options of contraception must be discussed.
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Pfitzer, Anne, Jacqueline Wille, Jonesmus Wambua, Stacie C. Stender, Molly Strachan, Christine Maricha Ayuyo, Timothy F. Kibidi Muhavi, Valentino Wabwile, Supriya D. Mehta, and Elizabeth Sasser. "Contraceptive implant failures among women using antiretroviral therapy in western Kenya: a retrospective cohort study." Gates Open Research 3 (June 4, 2019): 1482. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.12975.1.
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Background: Women living with HIV have the right to choose whether, when and how many children to have. Access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and contraceptives, including implants, continues to increase due to a multitude of efforts. In Kenya, 4.8% of adults are living with HIV, and in 2017, 54% were receiving an efavirenz-based ART regimen. Meanwhile, 16.1% of all Kenyan married (and 10.4% of unmarried) women used implants. Studies have reported drug interactions leading to contraceptive failures among implant users on ART. This retrospective record review aimed to determine unintentional pregnancy rates among women 15-49 years of age, living with HIV and concurrently using implants and ART in western Kenya between 2011 and 2015. Methods: We reviewed charts of women with more than three months of concurrent implant and ART use. Implant failure was defined as implant removal due to pregnancy or birth after implant placement, but prior to scheduled removal date. The incidence of unintended pregnancy was calculated by woman-years at risk, assuming a constant rate. Results: Data from 1,152 charts were abstracted, resulting in 1,190 implant and ART combinations. We identified 115 pregnancies, yielding a pregnancy incidence rate of 6.32 (5.27–7.59), with 9.26 among ETG and 4.74 among LNG implant users, respectively. No pregnancies were recorded among women on non-NNRTI-based regimens, whereas pregnancy rates for efavirenz and nevirapine-containing regimens were similar, at 6.41 (4.70–8.73) and 6.44 (5.13–8.07), respectively. Conclusions: Our findings highlight the implications of drug interaction on women’s choices for contraception.
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Rahmatiqa, Chamy, Shinta Prawitasari, and Siswanto Agus Wilopo. "Contaceptive use spacing after childbirth with contraception failure: IDHS 2012 analysis." Berita Kedokteran Masyarakat 32, no. 8 (March 29, 2018): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/bkm.9356.
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Contraceptive use after childbirth and contraception failure: an analysis of Indonesia Demographic Health Survey 2012PurposeThis research aimed to evaluate the use of contraception after childbirth with contraception failure. MethodsThis research was an observational study using IDHS 2012 with a retrospective cohort design. Married women who got pregnant while using contraceptives were the unit of analysis. Statistical analysis used survival analysis with stratified Cox Regression methods.ResultsAnalysis showed a higher failure rate in the traditional contraceptive methods such as coitus interruptus and periodic abstinence. The failure rate of the contraceptive method implant in Indonesia was higher by 10 times the global failure rate. Women who had used contraceptive for 33-48 weeks and >48 weeks after childbirth had higher risk of pregnancy with contraceptive failure (respectively HR=1.25; 95% CI: 0.63-2.47 and 1.91; 95% CI: 1-3.67), respectively. Other factors influencing the contraceptive failure were age and met or unmet needs.ConclusionContraceptive use after childbirth is associated with contraceptive failure among woman of childbearing age in Indonesia. Providers of contraceptive implants may introduce additional variations of implantable contraceptives in Indonesia and are supported by qualified health personnel.
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Stuleva, N. S., A. V. Vorobiev, and E. A. Orudzhova. "A case of mesenteric vein thrombosis developed in the first trimester of pregnancy after in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer in a patient with antiphospholipid syndrome." Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction 12, no. 4 (February 26, 2019): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17749/2313-7347.2018.12.4.072-078.
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Combined thrombophilia is known as a probable cause of recurrent in vitro fertilization (IVF) failures. The present clinical case demonstrates the importance of considering the possibility of inherited or acquired thrombophilia in patients under the preparation for IVF. Thromboses of rare locations (hepatic vein, splenic vein, mesenteric vein, ovarian vein, retinal vein, cerebral vein, portal vein, axillary and subclavian vein) are life-threatening conditions. Most often thrombosis of atypical location develops in patients with inherited hemostatic defects, e.g. genetic thrombophilia. Such thromboses can also result from acquired abnormalities of hemostasis, which include antiphospholipid syndrome, pregnancy-associated hypercoagulability, IVF, oral contraception, or ovarian hyper-stimulation within IVF procedures.
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Rahmatiqa, Chamy, Siswanto Agus Wilopo, and Shinta Purwasari. "Failure contraception in Indonesia: IDHS 2012 data analysis." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 6, no. 6 (May 27, 2019): 2295. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20192287.
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Background: Contraception prevalence rate (CPR) increased from the year 1991 is 50% to 62% in 2012 but Totak fertility rate (TFR) was little changed at data IDHS 2002-2003, 2007, and 2012 that is 2.6. Of IDHS 2007, the failure of contraception reflects the result in the unwanted pregnancies that can result in high maternal mortality and morbidity of the baby in the year 2012. The research aims to assess the failure of the contraceptive couples of childbearing age in Indonesia.Methods: Research was the observational study design with a cohort-retrospective. Researchers analyzed longitudinal data using calendar data IDHS 2012. The sample was 10.250 women of childbearing age ever married aged 15-49 years and the use of contraceptives. The analysis of contraceptive failure based on the predictor performed with the cox proportional hazard model by using curves Kaplan-Meier.Results: The most effective contraceptives found that the Implant (0.56) and the IUD (0.75) this was a modern contraceptive. The failure rate of the most high was neither disconnected (8.93) and periodic abstinence (7.32) this is the traditional contraception. The injectable and the pill was the choice of the majority of the respondents. The failure rate of the most high according to modern methods of contraception was injectables (35.67%), while the traditional method is neither disconnected (15.34%).Conclusions: The traditional method was the potential of failure compared to modern methods of contraception that may increase the unwanted pregnancy.
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Shete, Mahesh R., Prakash Kumar, Enu Anand, Jayakant Singh, and Manas Ranjan Pradhan. "Discontinuation of modern contraception methods due to side effects and method failure in India: an analysis using reproductive calendar data." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 10, no. 9 (August 26, 2021): 3462. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20213469.
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Background: Contraceptive discontinuation for reasons other than the desire to get pregnant is a significant public health concern. This study aimed to understand the elaborated role of side effects and method failure behind modern reversible contraception method discontinuation among married women aged 15-49 years in India.Methods: The analysis was based on 142992 episodes of contraceptive use contributed by 90414 married women aged 15-49 years covered in the National family health survey-4 (2015-2016). Multivariate analyses, discontinuation rates using the multiple/single decrement life table and multi-level multinomial competing risk analyses were performed.Results: Discontinuation rate due to side effects within 12 months of use was highest for injectables (14.7%) and lowest for male condoms (3%) and due to method failure, it was highest for male condoms (3%) and lowest among IUD users (1.2%). Compared to women using IUD, those using pills had 2.3 times and 1.6 times the higher hazard of discontinuation due to method failure and side effects, respectively.Conclusions: The discontinuation rate of all selected methods was higher due to side effects than method failure. The high discontinuation rate of many contraceptive methods and the frequency of contraceptive failure suggest the need for strategies to promote improved contraceptive use following method selection. Improved quality of services through proper counselling of the potential contraceptive users would enhance informed choice, thus increasing modern contraception continuation among women in India.
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Pitt, Katherine. "Emergency contraception." InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice 11, no. 11 (September 12, 2018): 613–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1755738018767693.
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Emergency contraception is used to prevent unwanted pregnancy in women following unprotected sexual intercourse, including contraceptive failure. The primary healthcare team has an important role in the provision of emergency contraception. Other providers include sexual health clinics, pharmacies and emergency departments. Three methods are used in the UK: levonorgestrel oral emergency contraception, ulipristal oral emergency contraception, and the copper intrauterine device. In 2017 the Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare (FSRH) produced guidance on emergency contraception and quick starting regular contraception. This article will provide an approach to counselling patients about emergency contraception, and practice pointers from the FSRH guidelines. Case studies will be used for illustration.
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WIELANDT, HANNE, JESPER BOLDSEN, and LISBETH B. KNUDSEN. "THE PREVALENT USE OF CONTRACEPTION AMONG TEENAGERS IN DENMARK AND THE CORRESPONDING LOW PREGNANCY RATE." Journal of Biosocial Science 34, no. 1 (January 2002): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932002000019.
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In Denmark the number of births and induced abortions among teenagers has reduced and teenage parenthood is now rare. This paper evaluates the correlation between this observed fertility and reported sexual and contraceptive behaviour. In 1989 a sample of 16–20-year-olds in Denmark was selected at random and personally interviewed about sexual and contraceptive behaviour. Ninety-five per cent of the young women who had experienced sexual intercourse used contraception at the most recent sexual intercourse. In order to support the validity of this finding a model was developed to estimate an expected number of conceptions in the age groups concerned. The model included both the information on coital frequency and use of contraception from the questionnaire and available efficacy rates on contraception. The estimates derived by the model were compared with the registered number of births and induced abortions derived from public registers. The analysis revealed a high accordance between the estimated number of conceptions and the registered number of births and induced abortions for each age group. This underlines the validity of the data on sexual and contraceptive behaviour sampled among teenagers in Denmark. The findings indicate that contraceptive failure is a much greater problem than non-use of contraception for teenagers in Denmark.
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Septalia, Rendys, and Nunik Puspitasari. "Faktor yang Memengaruhi Pemilihan Metode Kontrasepsi." Jurnal Biometrika dan Kependudukan 5, no. 2 (September 8, 2017): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jbk.v5i2.2016.91-98.
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Contraception was the most effective way to control the population growth. The most widely favored in Indonesia was a short-term contraceptive methods. High attainment acceptor on short-term contraceptive methods because short-term contraceptive methods was a methods contraception affordable, while the fees for the long-term contraceptive methods was more expensive. The incidence of injectable contraceptives and pills drop-out was higher than the long-term contraceptive methods that contributed to the failure of population growth control program. This study to analyze the factors that affect the selection contraceptive methods. This study was an observational study with cross sectional design. Sampling with systematic random and obtained were 79 acceptors. The independent variables were the cost of contraceptive use, non-material costs (experience side effects), cultural obstacle, social adjustments obstacle, physic and mental health obstacle, and accessibility obstacle. Data collected using the questionnaire and analyse by multiple logistic regression. The results showed that the significant factor were the cost of contraceptive usage (pvalue = 0.002), the cost of non-material (experience side eff ects) (pvalue = 0.007), and factors that didn’t have signifi cant influence were cultural obstacle (pvalue = 0.105), social adjustments obstacle (pvalue = 0.999), physic and mental health obstacle (pvalue = 0.920), and accessibility obstacle (pvalue = 0.438). The conclusion were the cost of contraceptive use and non-material costs (experience side eff ects) aff ected the selection of contraception. It was need the cooperation between religious leaders, community leaders, and health care workers in a common understanding on the cost of contraceptive usage.
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Dempsey, Angela, Jenna MacLennan, Anna Nutter, Rachel Stacey, and Dulaney Wilson. "Association of Trust and Locus of Control with Postpartum Contraception Choice." American Journal of Health Behavior 44, no. 4 (July 1, 2020): 534–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5993/ajhb.44.4.14.
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Objective: In this study, we explored associations of trust in the healthcare system, health locus of control, and patient factors with choice of effective postpartum contraception. Methods: For this observational study, we measured trust in the healthcare system and health locus of control using validated scales. The primary outcome was postpartum contraceptive choice. We defined effective contraception as methods with failure rate ≤ 10%. We used bivariate and multivariate analyses to determine associated variables. Results: Neither trust in the healthcare system nor health locus of control were associated with effective contraceptive choice. Black women were more likely to report choice of effective contraception compared to white women (OR = 4.26, 95% CI 1.43, 12.68). Choice of effective contraception did not differ between women who intended to become pregnant again in less than 2 years versus greater than 2 years although women with no desire for future pregnancy were more likely to choose effective methods (OR = 4.78, 95% CI 1.56, 14.64). Conclusions: Neither trust nor health locus of control were associated with choice of effective postpartum contraception. The increased likelihood of effective post-partum contraception in black women suggests coercion and bias in counseling and provision.
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Rahayu Ratri, Putri, and Mira Andriani. "Prospek Kontrasepsi Pria dalam Pengendalian Pertumbuhan Penduduk melalui Pendekatan Molekular." ARTERI : Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan 1, no. 2 (February 24, 2020): 146–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.37148/arteri.v1i2.53.
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Nowadays, developing contraception methods were mostly addressed to women. The development of male contraception was still limited. There were condoms, vasectomies, and interrupted intercourse, which used in male contraception. The condom method and interrupted intercourse have a high failure rate and inconvenience in its use. The vasectomy method is invasive and expensive. The development of molecular-based contraceptive methods with minimal impacts on health is expected to be a good breakthrough in the context of population control and improving the quality of health. The study aims to summarize and analyze the early development of contraception until the invention of molecular contraception through immunologic, proteomic, and metabolomics science. This article review was done by studying literature in the PubMed Central (PMC), Springer, and Open Access ScienceDirect databases. The search was performed with the keywords "Contraception", "Molecular Contraception", "Male Contraception", and "Immunocontraception". Journal articles that fit the theme of the review are then reviewed by paraphrasing the core of the research. The conclusion drawn from the review is that male contraception using the molecular method is still being developed at a pre-clinical experimental stage using animal laboratory technique and in vitro technique. The key to the success of this molecular method is that the more specific the molecular target at male fertility levels, the better of contraceptive effect. The molecular- based contraception is expected to be a breakthrough in terms of population control that have more effective, safe, and comfortable, especially for male contraception
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Pohjoranta, Elina, Satu Suhonen, Mika Gissler, Pirjo Ikonen, Maarit Mentula, and Oskari Heikinheimo. "Early provision of intrauterine contraception as part of abortion care—5-year results of a randomised controlled trial." Human Reproduction 35, no. 4 (April 2020): 796–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deaa031.
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Abstract STUDY QUESTION Can the incidence of subsequent termination of pregnancy (TOP) be reduced by providing intrauterine contraception as part of the abortion service? SUMMARY ANSWER Provision of an intrauterine device (IUD) as part of TOP services reduced the need for subsequent TOP but the effect was limited to the first 3 years of the 5-year follow-up. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY An IUD is highly effective in preventing subsequent TOP. Prompt initiation of IUD use leads to a higher usage rate during follow-up, as compliance with post-TOP IUD insertion visits is low. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION The objective of this randomised controlled trial was to assess the effect of early comprehensive provision of intrauterine contraception after TOP, with primary outcome being the incidence of subsequent TOP during the 5 years of follow-up after the index abortion. This study was conducted at a tertiary care centre between 18 October 2010 and 21 January 2013. Altogether, 748 women undergoing a first trimester TOP were recruited and randomised into two groups. The intervention group (n = 375) was provided with an IUD during surgical TOP or 1–4 weeks following medical TOP at the hospital providing the abortion care. Women in the control group (n = 373) were advised to contact primary health care for follow-up and IUD insertion. Subsequent TOPs during the 5-year follow-up were identified from the Finnish Register on induced abortions. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS The inclusion criteria were age ≥18 years, duration of gestation ≤12 weeks, residence in Helsinki and accepting intrauterine contraception. Women with contraindications to IUD were excluded. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE The overall numbers of subsequent TOPs were 50 in the intervention and 72 in the control group (26.7 versus 38.6/1000 years of follow-up, P = 0.027), and those of requested TOPs, including TOPs and early pregnancy failures, were 58 and 76, respectively (30.9 versus 40.8/1000, P = 0.080). Altogether 40 (10.7%) women in the intervention and 63 (16.9%) in the control group underwent one or several subsequent TOPs (hazard ratio 1.67 [95% CI 1.13 to 2.49], P = 0.011). The number of TOPs was reduced by the intervention during years 0–3 (22.2 versus 46.5/1000, P = 0.035), but not during years 4–5 (33.3 versus 26.8/1000, P = 0.631). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Both medical and surgical TOP were used. This may be seen as a limitation, but it also reflects the contemporary practice of abortion care. The immediate post-TOP care was provided by two different organizations, allowing us to compare two different ways of contraceptive service provision following TOP. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Providing TOP and IUD insertion comprehensively in the same heath care unit leads to significantly higher rates of attendance, IUD use and a significantly lower risk of subsequent TOP. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This study was supported by Helsinki University Central Hospital Research funds and by research grants provided by the Jenny and Antti Wihuri Foundation, the Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation and Finska Läkaresällskapet. E.P. has received a personal research grant from the Finnish Medical Society. The City of Helsinki supported the study by providing the IUDs. The funding organisations had no role in planning or execution of the study, or in analysing the study results. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER The trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01223521). TRIAL REGISTRATION DATE 18 October 2010. DATE OF FIRST PATIENT’S ENROLMENT 18 October 2010.
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Bhandari, G., K. K. Yadav, and R. Shah. "Ectopic Pregnancy and its Risk Factors: A Case Control Study in Nepalese Women." Journal of BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences 1, no. 2 (December 20, 2018): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jbpkihs.v1i2.22075.
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Introduction: Ectopic pregnancy is a significant cause of maternal mortality and morbidity during the first trimester. The major risk factors for ectopic pregnancy include prior tubal infections, previous ectopic pregnancy, previous abortions, use of intrauterine contraceptive devices, contraception failure, tubal surgeries, infertility and use of artificial reproductive pregnancies. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of different risk factors in the causation of ectopic pregnancies among women in the Nepalese setting.
Materials and methods: This was a case-control study conducted at Kathmandu Medical College comparing 39 cases of ectopic pregnancies with 39 controls consisting of intra-uterine pregnancies. The suspected cases were confirmed through clinical examination, trans-abdominal or trans-vaginal ultrasonography and serum β-hCG levels with further confirmation obtained after laparotomy / laparoscopy among cases who underwent surgery. The two study groups matched with age, gravidity and contraceptive uses were studied. History of previous abortions, previous ectopics and past abdomino-pelvic surgeries were also studied.
Results: There was statistically significant difference in the incidence of contraceptive failure among the two groups (p-value= 0.032) with women with such history having a relative risk of 1.667 with odds ratio of 3.400. The risk posed by previous abortions and previous ectopics wasn’t found significant (RR= 1.000 and 2.053 respectively). The history of past abdomino-pelvic surgeries also showed significant role in causation of ectopics (RR= 1.094).
Conclusion: Among different risk factors studied, the contraception usage was the most significant risk factors. Oral contraceptive pills was the most identified among the contraception used in cases of ectopic pregnancy.
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Tsui, Amy Ong, Shyam Thapa, David Hamill, and Victor de Silva. "Contraceptive method change among rural Sri Lankan women." Journal of Biosocial Science 21, S11 (1989): 133–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000025451.
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SummaryPatterns of contraceptive method change and their association with reproductive motivation and contraceptive failure are examined using data from a 1986 survey of family planning behaviour of rural Sinhalese married women aged 15–44 in seventeen districts of Sri Lanka. A notable degree of rationality in contraceptive method changes occurs with family formation. The attempt to control unwanted fertility leads to more efficacious use of contraception, including traditional methods. Some methodological improvements to the analysis of contraceptive switching are indicated. Implications of the findings for programmatic emphasis on permanent versus non-permanent modern methods are discussed.
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Bharat Sharma and Parul Sakshi. "Interactions Between Anti-Epileptic Drugs and Contraceptives: A Review." International Healthcare Research Journal 5, no. 1 (April 25, 2021): RV14—RV18. http://dx.doi.org/10.26440/ihrj/0501.04409.
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Around half of the pregnancies in women with epilepsy are unplanned and the choice of contraceptive method in epileptic women is important, since it requires considering their possible pharmacological interactions with certain types of anti-epileptic drugs. Drugs from this class which induce hepatic enzyme activity may alter the metabolism of most hormonal methods of contraception, and this may affect their contraceptive efficacy. Hormonal contraception is regarded as highly effective, but its interaction with anti-epileptics may accelerate the metabolism of the latter with the consequent risk of failure, reduction of plasma concentration predisposing to seizures, risk of unwanted pregnancies, abortions, teratogenicity, maternal or fetal complications and difficulty in the management of epilepsy during pregnancy. In case of prescribing both medications, the combined use with a barrier method should be considered. Family planning counseling at the first visit has been shown to influence the choice of the contraceptive method. In conclusion, the different therapeutic options should be analyzed together with the epileptic patients in order to achieve and optimize the best goal for each one This article reviews these issues and offers practical recommendations for the management of contraception in epileptic patients.
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Renjhen, Prachi, Vikas Kumar, Akanksha Rathi, and Attuluri Loukya. "Contraceptive practices and awareness about emergency contraception among women attending a tertiary care hospital of Delhi, India." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 8, no. 3 (February 26, 2019): 1047. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20190878.
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Background: Emergency contraceptive pills (ECs) are a safe female-controlled method of post-coital contraception; however, the knowledge about them is low among general population.Methods: This cross-sectional study was done among the adult females, aged 18 years and above, who visited the various out-patient departments (OPD) of a tertiary care hospital in July 2017. A total of 640 adult females, who visited the OPDs of medicine, surgery, orthopedics and gynecology were included in this study. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS ver 16. Chi-square test was used to test association. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered as significant association.Results: Of the 640 participants, mostly were Hindu, aged between 20-29 years, married and had more than one child. Only, 52% females were aware of the term ‘contraception’ and 17.7% about ‘emergency contraception’. The only method of ECs they were aware of was i-pill. Commonest source of their knowledge was friends, relatives and spouse. Only 70 women knew that it can be used after unprotected intercourse and 25 knew that it can be used after failure of barrier method. Just 41.2% women used any kind of contraceptive and 5.3% women have ever used an EC. Around 28% women reported not using contraception due to lack of knowledge.Conclusions: Despite of their availability since many years, awareness about emergency contraception is low. More efforts are required to generate awareness about regular use of effective contraception and emergency contraception if required.
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Patokar, Monika S., Arti S. Shirsath, Shwetambari R. Shinde, and Sameer P. Darawade. "A study of different contraceptive methods: need of the hour during COVID 19 pandemic." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 10, no. 7 (June 28, 2021): 2749. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20212662.
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Background: COVID-19 disease is the pandemic caused by a single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the coronavirus family known as 2019-nCoV (SARS-Co V). The disease is highly contagious and transmitted mainly by droplets or close contact. In this time of pandemic it is need of the hour to prevent more and more unwanted pregnancies. This study was to evaluate the contraceptive methods of choice which are easily available, cost effective and suitable to most of the patients during this terrible period of pandemic.Methods: This was a prospective observational study done from April 2020 to December 2020. Women coming to the OPD for contraceptive advice after medical termination of pregnancy and patients desiring postpartum contraception were included in the study. All data were collected from the OPD and IPD of our hospital. Different contraceptive methods available, their costs, hospital visits, complications, failure rate and reason for its discontinuation was analysed.Results: In this study 76.5% patients (n-459) accepted Inj. DMPA as compared to 10 % used Cu T and 13% used OC pills as a method of contraception. Inj DMPA is easily available, cost effective, has lesser side effects and need less hospital visits.Conclusions: DMPA should be made available as a first line method to all those who wishes to opt for reversible method of contraception. This study concludes, during the period of pandemic Inj DMPA was most preferred method of contraception.
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Dhameliya, Priya G., Parul T. Shah, Shlok V. Patel, Dhanvi J. Deliwala, and Kinjal Kotahri. "A study of effectiveness of injection Depot medroxyprogesterone in postpartum women." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 10, no. 8 (July 26, 2021): 3128. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20212967.
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Background: Depot medroxyprogesterone (DMPA) injection 150 mg intramuscular was used in postpartum women for contraception in this study, once every 3 months. The aim of the study acceptance and compliance of DMPA, observe side effects related to usage of DMPA and establish its effectiveness as a postpartum contraception method.Methods: This is a prospective study carried out at Obstetrics and Gynaecology department over a period of 9 months and follow up was done. Only patients of full term normal delivery and Lower segment caesarean section (LSCS) were included. They were counselled properly and after their willingness for enrolment they were included in study after taken consent.Results: Out of 50 cases selected maximum patients, 48% were in the age group of 26 to 30, 38% were from lower socioeconomic class. Amenorrhoea and irregular spotting were found in 68% and 42%respectively. There was no case of failure of this contraceptive method in this study.Conclusions: DMPA is an effective and safe method of contraception in lactating period. Proper counselling will increase acceptance of DMPA. Awareness in patients regarding its benefits as compared to other contraceptive methods.
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Hebbar, Shripad. "EPILEPSY AND ORAL HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION-INDIAN PERSPECTIVE." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 9, no. 3 (February 3, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i3.16540.
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There are about 50 million people with epilepsy in the world and a quarter of them are in the reproductive age group. India alone contributes to 10% of this fig. Because of the advances in therapeutic drugs, the women affected with epilepsy easily enter into reproductive life. These women like others are highly fertile and frequently need to adopt effective and safe contraceptive measures to avoid unplanned pregnancy. There are several concerns regarding the efficacy and safety of natural methods or barrier methods in women who are taking antiepileptic drugs (AED), failure of which poses a great risk to the affected person because pregnancy can result in exposure of fetus to the teratogenic effect of AEDs and also the hemodynamic changes in pregnancy can lower the plasma concentrations of AED and there can be poor seizure control. Oral hormonal pills are prescribed to epileptic women, not only for birth control but also in certain situations such as polycystic ovaries, irregular menstruation, acne and dysfunctional uterine bleeding. There are major bidirectional interactions between reproductive hormones and antiepileptic drugs which the physician should be aware of while dealing with these women. There are now enough evidence that oral contraceptive pills can reduce the efficacy of AEDs by affecting their metabolism and also AEDs by themselves may affect the contraceptive efficacy of oral pills by different pathways. Though estrogen free hormonal contraception is least likely to be effected by this nature of drug interaction, but still caution should be exercised in drug prescription as progesterone by itself has a lesser contraceptive effect and hence even slighted drug interaction too can lead to contraceptive failure. This extensive review focusses upon potential drug interactions between constituents of various oral pills and anti-epileptic drugs, the formulations available in India with different dosages for oestrogen and newer progestogens with their advantages with a special note on ormeloxifene which is exclusively marketed for birth control in Rural India. Special conditions such as contraception during lactation and emergency contraception for epileptic women are also discussed
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Sariyati, Susiana, and Dyah Pradnya Paramita. "Qualitative Study Of Perception And Couples Of Childbearing Age (PUS) Experience Of Modern Contraception In Wirogunan, Mergangsan, Yogyakarta City." Jurnal Ners dan Kebidanan Indonesia 8, no. 3 (November 19, 2020): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.21927/jnki.2020.8(3).160-167.
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The use of contraceptives is one of the factors that directly affect fertility. Couples of childbearing age (PUS) decisions using contraceptives are influenced by various factors such as demographic, social, economic, legal, political, and environmental conditions. Information on the level of contraceptive use is important to measure the success of the Population, Family Planning, and Family Development Program. Through this strategic goal, the BKKBN seeks to increase the use of modern contraception to control birth rates. The purpose of this study is to determine the perception and experience of PUS regarding the use of modern contraception. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. The subjects in this study were PUS who used traditional family planning, village midwives, cadres in Wirogunan, Mergangsan, Yogyakarta City. Primary data collection on the informant is done by in-depth interviews with PUS using traditional family planning. The results of this study indicate that the PUS perception of the majority of respondents said that modern contraception will fail if it uses an IUD. While most respondents' experiences convey a lot of side effects. This study concludes that PUS perception about modern contraception is a negative perception of fear of failure and experiencing side effects. It is recommended that socialization on modern contraceptive methods by experts from midwives or doctors be trusted by the public regularly
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Bajracharya, A. "Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Contraception among Postpartum Women Attending Kathmandu Medical College Teaching Hospital." Kathmandu University Medical Journal 13, no. 4 (February 26, 2017): 292–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v13i4.16826.
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Background Failure to plan a pregnancy can adversely affect the health of the family as a whole. High parity is related to increased maternal, perinatal and infant deaths and is associated with nutritional problems of both mother and child. Hence, good knowledge, attitude and practice of family planning among women are important. This study is aimed to determine the knowledge, attitude and practice of contraception among the postpartum women attending Kathmandu Medical College Teaching Hospital.Objective To determine the knowledge, attitude and the practice of various contraceptive methods among the postpartum women.Method A cross-sectional observational study was conducted in the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology on 400 postpartum women (within 42 days of delivery) who delivered and came for follow-up in this institution. All the postnatal women were interviewed with pre-designed questionnaire and information on sociodemographic variable, awareness and knowledge of various contraceptive methods, previous and current use of family planning methods, source of information, utilization and reasons for use/non-use of family planning methods were obtained. Data collected were entered and analyzed using SPSS 20. The results were presented as percentages, means, tables and charts.Result Majority of the participants 363 (90.8%) were aware of contraceptive usage. Amongst 60.5% of women who had previously used contraception, OCPs were the commonest one. Maximum number of participants (60.35%) had used modern contraceptives in the past. The most common source of information on contraception was media (55.7%). The reason of using contraception was spacing between the subsequent pregnancies, while the most common reason of discontinuation or not willing to use family planning methods was husband being abroad, fear of side effects and not knowing which contraceptives to use.Conclusion The contraceptive awareness and knowledge among the postpartum women was high but their usage was low. Hence, efforts should be made to educate the public about safety and convenience of modern methods of contraceptives. Health care personnels should also counsel the clients for adopting the contraceptives according to their need.
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Herzog, Andrew G., Hannah B. Mandle, Kaitlyn E. Cahill, Kristen M. Fowler, and W. Allen Hauser. "Predictors of unintended pregnancy in women with epilepsy." Neurology 88, no. 8 (January 25, 2017): 728–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000003637.
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Objective:To determine whether rates of unintended pregnancy in women with epilepsy (WWE) vary by contraceptive category and when stratified by antiepileptic drug (AED) category.Methods:These retrospective data come from the Epilepsy Birth Control Registry (EBCR) web-based survey of 1,144 WWE in the community, 18–47 years of age, who provided demographic, epilepsy, AED, contraceptive, and pregnancy data. Participants indicated whether pregnancies were intended or unintended, as well as the type of contraceptive and AED used at conception. We report failure rates relative to the frequency of use of each contraceptive category in the EBCR.Results:Most WWE (78.9%) reported having at least one unintended pregnancy; 65.0% of their pregnancies were unintended. Unintended pregnancy was more common among younger, racial minority, and Hispanic WWE. Among reversible contraceptive categories, the intrauterine device had the lowest failure rate. Failure rates varied greatly on systemic hormonal contraception (HC), depending on whether oral or nonoral forms were used and especially in relation to the category of AED with which HC was combined. Oral forms had greater failure rate than nonoral forms. HC combined with enzyme-inducing AEDs had a substantially greater failure rate than HC combined with no AED or any other AED category and in comparison to barrier plus any AED category. Other AED–HC combinations, in contrast, carried lower risks than barrier.Conclusions:Unintended pregnancy is common among WWE and may vary by contraceptive category and AED stratification. In view of the important consequences of unintended pregnancy on pregnancy outcomes, these retrospective findings warrant further prospective investigation.
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Zhanel, George G., Shannon Siemens, Kathryn Slayter, and Lionell Mandell. "Antibiotic and Oral Contraceptive Drug Interactions: Is There a Need for Concern?" Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 10, no. 6 (1999): 429–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1999/539376.
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OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical significant of antibiotic and oral contraceptive drug interactions.DATA SELECTION: MEDLINE search from 1975 to 1998 (September) inclusive. Search terms ‘antitiobic’, ‘oral contraceptive’ and ‘pregnancy’ were included. Published papers as well as references from these papers were reviewed. Papers documenting mechanistic interactions between antibiotics and oral contraceptives were included.DATA EXTRACTION: Studies reporting oral contraceptive pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, incidence, implicated antibiotics and clinical consequences of antibiotic/oral contraceptive drug interactions.DATA SYNTHESIS: Reports of oral contraceptive failure seem to be most numerous in women using preparations containing 30 μg of ethinylestradiol and 150 μ g of levonorgestrel. Rifampin is the only antibiotic that has been reported to reduce plasma estrogen concentrations. When taking rifampin, oral contraceptives cannot be relied upon and a second method of contraception is mandatory. Amoxicillin, ampicillin, griseofulvin, metronidazole and tetracycline have been associated with contraceptive failure in three or more clinical cases. When these agents are used, the clinician should discuss the available data with the patient and suggest a second form of birth control. Other antibiotics are most likely safe to use concomitantly with oral contraceptives.CONCLUSIONS: Rifampin is the only antibiotic to date that has been reported to reduce plasma estrogen concentrations. Oral contraceptives cannot be relied upon for birth control while taking rifampin.
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Parra Ribes, Inmaculada, Juan José Rascón Poza, Ezequiel Pérez Campos, Ignacio Bugella Yudice, and Maria Jesús Rodríguez Domingo. "Economic Burden of Contraception Management in Spain." Journal of Health Economics and Outcomes Research 6, no. 1 (April 16, 2018): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.36469/9785.
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Background: A wide variety of contraceptive methods are available, some of them reimbursed by the Spanish National Health System (SNHS). However, the number of unintended pregnancies (UP) is still significant, leading to a high economic burden, mainly derived from non-adherence to and the incorrect use of contraceptive methods. Objectives: This study aims to estimate the economic burden associated with reversible contraception management in Spain, from the perspectives of both the SNHS and women, over a 5-year period. Methods: A survey was performed to identify contraception management in Spain based on the experience of a panel of six expert gynecologists. An economic model was conducted to quantify the current burden of contraception according to healthcare resources use over 5 years. The costs included in the analysis were diagnostic tests, initial and follow-up consultations, methods acquisition costs, and UP derived from therapy failure. Results: Reversible contraception costs in Spain amount to €12.5 billion over a 5–year period. Condoms and combined oral contraceptives (COC) account for 86.8% of the total cost and the other methods only 13.2%. There are differences in contraceptive use according to women’s age. Short-acting reversible contraceptives (SARC) such as COC, condom and vaginal ring, are most commonly used by younger women. However, SARC are correlated with the highest failure rate, resulting in over €7.2 billion cost, explained by the high number of UP. Long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARC), such as the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS20), implant and copper intrauterine devices (IUD), are selected by women over 35 years of age due to user-independent compliance. SARC methods result in a higher cost per woman over 5 years: vaginal ring €2427.8, patch €2402.6, condom €2060.1 and COC €1895.1; while LARC methods are the most economic option per women: LNG-IUS20 €630.4, copper IUD €658.2, LNG-IUS12 €703.8, intramuscular injectable €907.8 and implant €940.5. Conclusions: LARC methods result in lower costs compared with SARC options from the perspectives of the SNHS and women, explained by user-independent compliance, preventing a significant number of UP and its elevated economic burden. An increased LARC methods use could avoid UP events, leading to significant cost-savings for the SNHS.
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Greene, Sheila M., Marie-Therese Joy, J. K. Nugent, and P. O'Mahony. "Contraceptive practice of Irish married and single first-time mothers." Journal of Biosocial Science 21, no. 4 (October 1989): 379–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000018113.
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SummaryThis study surveys 100 married and 100 unmarried primiparous mothers, attending the National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, with regard to their contraceptive practice, their planning of their pregnancy and the timing of their first antenatal visit. Nineteen per cent of the married women, but 64% of the unmarried women, had never used any contraceptive method. The contraceptive pill was the most popular method for both groups, but while three in five of the married women had at some time used the pill, only a little more than one in five of the unmarried women had ever used it. One quarter of the women who had used contraception reported that their pregnancy was the result of a failure in their contraceptive method. Eighty-nine per cent of the single group and 20% of the married had not planned their pregnancy. None of the married women, but almost a quarter of the single, delayed their first antenatal visit until after they were 20 weeks pregnant.
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Youssef, R. M., I. I. Moubarak, Y. A. Gaffar, and H. Y. Atta. "Correlates of unintended pregnancy in Beheira governorate, Egypt." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 8, no. 4-5 (June 15, 2002): 521–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2002.8.4-5.521.
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This study looked at the frequency and determinants of unplanned births among women in Beheira governorate, Egypt, and the effects on antenatal and postnatal care sought by the mother for herself and her child. Unintended births comprised 23.6%; 13.8% were unwanted and 9.8% were mistimed. Contraceptive failure accounted for 28.8% of unintended pregnancies; 47.1% of women who reported unintended pregnancy were not using [corrected] contraception. Age, education and parity were predictors of unwanted pregnancy. Contraceptive use and maternal employment status predicted mistimed pregnancy. Unintended pregnancy was a barrier to antenatal care, but not to child care. Our findings suggest that family planning programmes should help women of reproductive age achieve spacing and fertility limits.
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K. M., Sunanda, Anitha G. S., and Chaitra M. "Prospective study of contraceptive knowledge among the patients seeking medical termination of pregnancy in 1st and 2nd trimester in a tertiary health care." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, no. 10 (September 23, 2017): 4567. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20174443.
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Background: A rapid population growth is a burden on the resources of many developing countries. Unregulated fertility, which contributes to such situations compromise the economic development and political stability.Methods: It was a prospective, observational study over a period of 12 months at Vani Vilas hospital, attached to Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute. All patients seeking medical termination of pregnancy in I and II trimester in tertiary health care were evaluated for contraceptive knowledge.Results: Majority of the patients were from 25 – 30 years, educated, and had married life of 5 years, multipara, with no relationship with religion. The major reason for seeking termination of pregnancy was V i.e. failure of contraception. Intrauterine devices are the most popular method of contraception. There were various sources for knowledge.Conclusions: This study concludes that there is considerable level of knowledge and awareness about contraception in the above studied women but actual practice of those methods is low.
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Razeghi Nasrabad, Hajiieh Bibi, Malihe Alimondegari, and Zeinab Mohseni Nejhad. "The Prevalence and Determinants of Using Withdrawal to Avoid Pregnancy in Tabriz, Iran." International Journal of Women's Health and Reproduction Sciences 7, no. 2 (January 27, 2019): 223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15296/ijwhr.2019.37.
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Objectives: Despite the increasing knowledge about family planning and modern contraceptive methods, as well as high failure rates of the traditional method, a significant percentage of couples use withdrawal for contraception. Accordingly, the present study mainly aimed to investigate the determinants of using withdrawal to avoid pregnancy in Tabriz. Materials and Methods: The sample of the study included 383 married women aged 15-49 years. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were employed to determine factors associated with using withdrawal as a contraceptive method. Results: Based on the results, about 19.5% of the women were relying on withdrawal. In addition, 55% reported that they were currently using a modern method to avoid pregnancy while the remaining 25.5% used no method in order to prevent contraception. The results of multivariate logistic regression demonstrated that university-educated couples with no child who were within the age range of 15-24 and born in urban areas were more likely to use withdrawal rather than modern contraceptive methods (P<0.05). Conclusions: In general, the rate of employing the traditional method in Iran and, especially in Tabriz is increasing. Regarding higher proportion of withdrawal use among higher educated women due to the fear of side effects resulted from other methods, family planning providers and reproductive health services should be sensitive to the women’s concern and provide programs to decrease the unmet need of family planning.
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Bhattacharyya, Shreemanti, and Partha S. Sarkar. "Failure of intrauterine contraception in a multigravida lady with an undiagnosed uterus didelphys: a case report." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 10, no. 1 (December 26, 2020): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20205808.
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Uterus didelphys remains one of the rarest uterine anomalies partly because; majority women experience no symptoms with an uneventful reproductive life. Despite the cost-effectiveness and efficacy paired with fewer side effects and convenience of using an intrauterine contraceptive device, it is most likely to prove futile in an unsuspected case of didelphic uterus resulting in an unintended pregnancy. Hence, intrauterine contraception is generally considered a contraindication in cases of uterine malformations. We present a case of a multigravida mother (G7 P3 L3 A3) with a history of three term vaginal deliveries, with an undiagnosed uterus didelphys, carrying a single live intrauterine pregnancy of approximately 6 weeks period of gestation, in the right uterine horn and a copper containing intrauterine contraceptive device in the left uterine horn, willing to undergo medical termination of pregnancy. A high index of suspicion, on the part of the gynaecologist as well as the radiologist, is required to investigate concurrent pregnancy with a history of an intrauterine contraceptive device insertion, in order to rule out rarer uterine malformations like uterus didelphys. Thorough history taking and clinical examination accompanied by improved imaging techniques should be performed at the time of first pregnancy in order to avoid an unsuitable placement of an intrauterine contraceptive device.
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Samal, Sagarika, and Lucy Das. "Study of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate as an extended postpartum contraceptive at SCB medical college and hospital, Cuttack." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 10, no. 4 (March 24, 2021): 1484. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20211125.
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Background: Increase in contraceptive use during the postpartum period substantially reduces the rate of maternal and infant mortality by preventing unplanned and unwanted pregnancies. Injectable Medroxy Progesterone acetate (DMPA) is one long acting reversible safe and effective method for postpartm contraception. Aims and Objectives to study the acceptance, efficacy, side effects and compliance of DMPA as an extended postpartum contraceptive at SCB Medical College, Cuttack.Methods: The study includes 76 women between 6weeks to 1year postpartum who had chosen DMPA as contraceptive after counseling regarding the basket of choices. DMPA injection was given within 7 days of menstruation if it has returned or at any time after being confirmed that woman is not pregnant with a back up for first 7days. Subsequent injections were given at three monthly intervals and followed up for one year after the first injection for pregnancy rate, side-effects, discontinuation and patient satisfaction.Results: Maximum females were from the combined age groups 25-29 (39.47%) and 20-24 years (35.52%). 46.1% women belong to lower middle socioeconomic group. The most common menstrual problem was amenorrhea in 47.36% followed by scanty bleeding in 22.36%. 25% discontinued after 1st dose of injection, which is the maximum. The commonest reason for discontinuation observed was menstrual problems (37.93%) followed by use of other methods of contraception (17.24%). Out of 76, 23 women were not satisfied (30.26%), main reason of dissatisfaction being menstrual problems. Failure rate was nil.Conclusions: The study concludes that DMPA is a very effective, safe, and long acting contraceptive with no effect on lactation. Proper counseling can improve the acceptance and compliance.
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Curtis, Sian L. "The Impact of Postpartum Redundant Use of Contraception on Contraceptive Failure Rates." Demography 33, no. 1 (February 1996): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2061711.
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Fonseca, Michelle, Prasad Yeshwant Deshmukh, and Deepali Kharat. "DMPA: acceptance and compliance in a tertiary care hospital in Mumbai, India." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, no. 9 (August 28, 2017): 3879. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20174026.
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Background: The use of safe and effective contraception is the need of the hour in India, which has one of the world’s largest and fastest growing population. Contraceptive advice is a vital component of good community health.Methods: The present study was conducted in one of the premier teaching medical institute of Mumbai. The aim of this study was to assess the acceptance and compliance of DMPA (Depot Medroxy Progesterone Acetate) among women attending family planning OPD. The study was conducted over the period of 3 years. Meticulous follow up was kept for all the women recruited in the study.Results: The study concluded that DMPA is highly effective contraceptive with low failure rate, when women are effectively counselled. Also, it should be made freely and easily available through health care facilities.Conclusions: It should be available as a first line method to all who wish to opt for reversible methods of contraceptive.
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Pires, Raquel, Joana Pereira, Anabela Araújo Pedrosa, Teresa Bombas, Duarte Vilar, Lisa Vicente, and Maria Cristina Canavarro. "Trajetórias Relacionais e Reprodutivas Conducentes à Gravidez na Adolescência: a Realidade Nacional e Regional Portuguesa." Acta Médica Portuguesa 27, no. 5 (September 25, 2014): 543. http://dx.doi.org/10.20344/amp.4902.
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<strong>Introduction:</strong> The current study aimed to describe the relational and reproductive trajectories leading to adolescent pregnancy in Portugal, and to explore whether there were differences in this process according to adolescents’ place of residence.<br /><strong>Material and Methods:</strong> Data were collected between 2008 and 2013 in 42 public health services using a self-report questionnaire developed by the researchers. The sample consisted of a nationally representative group of pregnant adolescents (n = 459).<br /><strong>Results:</strong> Regardless of having had one (59.91%) or multiple sexual partners (40.09%), the majority of adolescents became pregnant in a romantic relationship, using contraception at the time of the conception and knowing the contraceptive failure which led to pregnancy (39.22%). In some regions other trajectories were highly prevalent, reflecting options such as planning the pregnancy (Alentejo Region/ Azores Islands), not using contraception (Centro Region/Madeira Islands) or using it incorrectly, without identifying the contraceptive failure (Madeira Islands). On average, romantic relationships were longer than 19 months and adolescents’ partners were older than themselves (> 4 years) and no longer in school (75.16%); these results were particularly significant when the pregnancy was planned.<br /><strong>Discussion:</strong> The knowledge gained in this study shows that prevention efforts must be targeted according to the adolescents’ needs in each region and should include high-risk male groups.<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Our results may enable more efficient health policies to prevent adolescent pregnancy in different country regions and support educators and health care providers on sexual education and family planning efforts.<br /><strong>Keywords:</strong> Adolescent; Contraception; Sex Education; Pregnancy in Adolescence; Portugal.
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Sehgal, Alka, Shikha Rani, and Anamika Singh. "Ectopic Pregnancy following Levonorgestrel Postcoital Contraceptive Pill." Journal of South Asian Federation of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 9, no. 2 (2017): 137–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10006-1477.
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ABSTRACT Aim and background Emergency contraception (EC) is a boon, as it reduces the incidence of unintended pregnancies. Theoretically, failure of EC can lead to ectopic gestation. However, the causal relation between the failure of EC pill and ectopic pregnancy has not yet been established. The above effect is difficult to establish since all such cases may not get reported. Case Report We are reporting a case of ectopic pregnancy following levonorgestrel EC pill. This was a multiparous woman who was admitted with compliant of lower abdomen pain and irregular bleeding following use of levonorgestrel EC pill. She was diagnosed as a case of ectopic pregnancy and was operated for the same. Conclusion Emergency contraceptive pills should not be used as a regular contraceptive. Doctor should be consulted immediately in case of any menstrual irregularity following its use. Clinical significance As only theoretically we can say that EC pill leads to ectopic pregnancy so the word differential diagnosis is written in abstract. Exact explanation was given in the text. How to cite this article Rani S, Sehgal A, Singh A. Ectopic Pregnancy following Levonorgestrel Postcoital Contraceptive Pill. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2017;9(2):131-132.
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Gu, Yiqun, Xiaowei Liang, Weixiong Wu, Minli Liu, Shuxiu Song, Lifa Cheng, Liwei Bo, et al. "Multicenter Contraceptive Efficacy Trial of Injectable Testosterone Undecanoate in Chinese Men." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 94, no. 6 (June 1, 2009): 1910–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-1846.
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Abstract Context: Hormonal male contraceptive regimens effectively and reversibly suppress sperm production, but there are few large-scale efficacy studies. Objective: The safety, contraceptive efficacy, reversibility, and feasibility of injectable testosterone undecanoate (TU) in tea seed oil as a hormonal male contraceptive was assessed. Design: This was a multicenter, phase III, contraceptive efficacy clinical trial. Participants: A total of 1045 healthy fertile Chinese men were recruited throughout China into the study. Intervention(s): Injections of 500 mg TU were administered monthly for 30 months. A definition of severe oligozoospermia (≤1 × 106/ml) was used as a criterion of spermatogenic suppression and as the threshold for entering the contraceptive efficacy phase. Main Outcome Measure(s): The primary outcome was pregnancy rate in the partner. Other outcomes include: semen parameters, testis volumes, reproductive hormone levels, and safety laboratory tests. Results: Forty-three participants (4.8%) did not achieve azoospermia or severe oligozoospermia within the 6-month suppression phase. A total of 855 participants entered into the efficacy phase, and 733 participants completed monthly TU treatment and follow-up. There were nine pregnancies in 1554.1 person-years of exposure in the 24-month efficacy phase for a cumulative contraceptive failure rate of 1.1 per 100 men. The combined method failure rate was 6.1%, comprising 4.8% with inadequate suppression and 1.3% with postsuppression sperm rebound. No serious adverse events were reported. Spermatogenesis returned to the normal fertile reference range in all but two participants. Conclusions: Monthly injection of 500 mg TU provides safe, effective, reversible, and reliable contraception in a high proportion of healthy fertile Chinese men.
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Abdul, I., A. Imohagene, L. Omokanye, K. Adesina, M. Oguntoye, and G. Popoola. "Awareness, knowledge and contraceptive use among female students in University of Ilorin, Nigeria." Journal of Epidemiological Society of Nigeria 2 (July 18, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.46912/jeson.17.
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Background: The success or failure of public health interventions and advocacies depend largely on the effectiveness of the methods used. Awareness and knowledge are two words that are often used interchangeably in the assessment of contraceptive usage as well as attitude and practice. This study sought to know if the difference between knowledge and awareness does affect usage of contraceptives with the intention of recommending the best option for an improved usage.Methods. A cross sectional study design involving 151 female students of the University of Ilorin was conducted. Trained questionnaire administrators administered the structured questionnaire. The questionnaire was coded and analysed with Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 23, IBM Version. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Comparison of proportions at the bi-variate level was done using Chi-square test while stepwise model of binary logistic regression analysis was done at the multivariate level. Data obtained was also analyzed with EPI info 6.0 and Stata version 5.0 applying t-test, Chi Square and Fisher's exact test statistics. Selection of variables to be imputed into the model was carried out if they were significant at the bi-variate level. Adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval were obtained to identify factors that were significantly predicting the use of contraception among respondents. The level of statistical significance was set at p<0.05.Results. The study showed that awareness did not have significant correlation (p>0.75) with use of contraception despite its high level (91.4%) while knowledge had statistically significant correlation (p=0.005). This was higher among those with good knowledge (68.1%) as compared to those with poor knowledge (43.3%). Islam was significantly associated with use of contraception compared to Christianity (p=0.044). At multivariate level, only good knowledge of contraception remained a significant predictor of use of contraception. Students with good knowledge were three times more likely to use contraception as compared to those with poor knowledge (OR=2.411).Conclusion. Awareness was not found to be significantly associated with contraceptive usage as compared to knowledge. Researchers and public health practitioners need to take full advantage of this finding when promoting health care interventions such as family planning by focusing on educating the students rather than awareness promotion alone.
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Wang, Yan, Stan Becker, LP Chow, and Shao-xian Wang. "Induced Abortion in Eight Provinces of China." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 5, no. 1 (January 1991): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/101053959100500109.
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A survey of 12, 000 women in eight provinces of China was carried out in 1988. One urban and one rural area were selected purposively in each province; data on lifetime and recent pregnancies were collected from married women aged 20-44. Data on abortions included reasons, gestational age, and complications. During the five years before the survey, the number of abortions per 100 live births was 102 in urban areas and 62 in rural areas. For those with one or more previous live births in urban areas, nearly all subsequent pregnancies ended in abortion. Also in urban areas, 31% of women with a recent abortion reported the reason was contraceptive failure. Over 80% of women are contraceptive users; the high abortion rates then reflect relatively low use-effectiveness of contraception and that most unplanned pregnancies are aborted.
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Thirumalai, Arthi, and Stephanie T. Page. "Male Hormonal Contraception." Annual Review of Medicine 71, no. 1 (January 27, 2020): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-042418-010947.
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The economic and public health burdens of unplanned pregnancies are evident globally. Since the introduction of the condom >300 years ago, assumptions about male willingness to participate in contraception, as well as concerns about failure rates and side effects, have stagnated the development of additional reversible male contraceptives. However, changing attitudes and recent research advances have generated renewed interest in developing reversible male contraceptives. To achieve effective and reversible suppression of spermatogenesis, male hormonal contraception relies on suppression of testicular testosterone and sperm production using an androgen-progestin combination. While these may be associated with side effects—changes in libido, weight, hematocrit, and cholesterol—recently, novel androgens and progestins have shown promise for a “male pill” with reduced side effects. Here we summarize landmark studies in male contraceptive development, showcase the most recent advances, and look into the future of this field, which has the potential to greatly impact global public health.
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Dikke, Galina B. "Needs, expectations and doubt users of hormonal contraceptives." Gynecology 22, no. 1 (May 1, 2020): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/20795696.2020.1.200044.
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Description. The review is presented by modern publications, reflecting the importance of high-quality patient counseling when choosing a method of contraception and the factors that influence it. The choice of combined oral contraceptive (COC) is determined by the need for reliable and safe contraception, expectations for an improved quality of life, and doubts about the frequency of side effects and effects on reproductive and somatic health. Modern COCs containing natural hormone (estradiol valerate), a new gestagen (dienogest) with a dynamic regime and a shortened hormone-free interval (2 days) satisfy the COC requirements of most women from menarche to menopause when contraception is required. An improvement in the profile of menstrual bleeding (a decrease in blood loss in 88% of users) and sexual functioning (increased libido, arousal, and maintaining the cyclical nature of sexual behavior) has been shown. Estradiol valerate does not affect metabolism, has a low risk of thromboembolic events (the adjusted risk of venous thromboembolism compared to other COCs is 0.4) and a low frequency of failure due to side effects (1.7%). This tool is characterized by high efficiency (adjusted Pearl index 0.42) and user satisfaction (78.180.2%).
Conclusion. COCs with estradiol valerate/dinogest in 26/2 mode, fully satisfying the requirements of women for contraception, contributes to high adherence to it, that is, consistent and correct use, which contributes to the long-term use of the selected COC and ensures the quality of life of women for many years.
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Newton, Victoria Louise, Jane Dickson, and Lesley Hoggart. "Young women’s fertility knowledge: partial knowledge and implications for contraceptive risk-taking." BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health 46, no. 2 (January 15, 2020): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsrh-2019-200473.
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BackgroundThere is a lack of research on young women’s fertility knowledge and awareness. This has implications for contraceptive risk-taking, including the use of emergency hormonal contraception (EHC). By drawing on two research studies, this article shows how greater fertility knowledge could benefit young women in terms of pregnancy prevention.MethodsWe draw on two qualitative research studies (‘fertility study’ and ‘abortion study’) resulting in a composite sample of 46 interviews with women aged 16–24 years. Focused secondary analysis was undertaken looking specifically at fertility knowledge in relation to contraceptive behaviour.FindingsA lack of accurate knowledge about the menstrual cycle was evident in two ways. Young women drew conclusions about their invulnerability to pregnancy if previous unprotected sexual intercourse (UPSI) had not resulted in pregnancy. Additionally, although participants were aware of EHC, there was no awareness of when it might fail other than after a certain time limit.ConclusionsYoung women would benefit from a more nuanced understanding of fertility. Episodes of UPSI that do not result in pregnancy can encourage a belief that ‘it won’t happen to me’, and this has implications for taking chances with contraception. Partial knowledge about the effectiveness of EHC may also lead to unintended pregnancy. Calculating the number of hours following UPSI generates overreliance on what is only one of the factors determining the effectiveness of EHC. Information regarding the link between EHC and failure rates near the day of ovulation needs to be more widely publicised.
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Shanavas, Aswathy, Sujamol Jacob, and Nirmala Chellamma. "Outcome of immediate postpartum intrauterine contraceptive device in caesarean versus vaginal insertion: a comparative study." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, no. 2 (January 31, 2017): 694. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20170407.
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Background: Immediate Postpartum Intrauterine Contraceptive device is a novel approach to contraception which integrates Maternal - Child health and family planning services. It is a postpartum method which provides long term reversible contraception to women before discharge from the delivery setting. More research is needed in the field of PPIUCD to enhance awareness and acceptance in the community. This study is designed to compare the safety and efficacy of PPIUCD inserted at cesarean versus vaginal delivery.Methods: This is a prospective study conducted at Sree Avittom Thirunal Hospital, Govt. Medical College, and Kerala – A tertiary care teaching institution. A total of 126 patients with cesarean or vaginal deliveries had PPIUCD insertions and they were followed up for a period of one year. The outcome measures analyzed were safety measures – menstrual irregularities, vaginal discharge, pelvic infection and perforation and efficacy measures - failure, expulsion and removal. Data are expressed in frequency and percentage. Chi square test was used for comparison and P value <0.05 was considered significant.Results: The study shows that PPIUCD is an effective intervention in both cesarean and vaginal delivery with no significant differences in safety and efficacy depending on the route of insertion. There was no case of perforation or failure and no significant risk of infection in either group. Spontaneous expulsion occurred in two cases inserted by vaginal route. Missing string incidence is high in the cesarean group compared to vaginal insertion.Conclusions: PPIUCD is a safe effective and convenient method of contraception and should be encouraged in both vaginal and cesarean deliveries.
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Gorman, Caitlin, Francis Hunt, and Maher Al-Ausi. "Vasectomy: can the standards be achieved within a primary care setting?" British Journal of General Practice 69, suppl 1 (June 2019): bjgp19X703589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgp19x703589.
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BackgroundVasectomy intends to provide permanent contraception by interrupting the vas deferentia via one of several methods. The no-scalpel vasectomy aims to render male sterilisation more acceptable to patients. It is faster and associated with fewer complications. Complications are uncommon, but do exist, most often pain, bleeding, bruising, and infection. Vasectomy is increasingly carried out within a primary care setting. One GP at Marple Cottage Surgery has been performing vasectomies for 5 years.AimThis study aims to ascertain whether vasectomy standards can be achieved within a primary care setting.MethodElectronic patient records and semen analysis data were accessed for procedures performed between April 2013–April 2018, to calculate the failure and complication rates. This was compared to guidelines from relevant advisory bodies.ResultsIn total 910 vasectomies were performed over the period: 5.3% were associated with a complication; 2.0% intraoperative bleeding, 1.5% pain, 0.8% haematoma, 0.7% syncope, and 0.2% infection. Two-thirds (67.3%) of patients provided a semen sample for analysis. The occlusive failure rate was 0.4% and the contraceptive failure rate is 0%.ConclusionComplication rates were low, achieving or exceeding the standards in all domains. The occlusive failure rate is within the <1% American Urological Association acceptable standard and the current contraceptive failure rate is 0%. This is for further analysis with a larger sample size. We are confident that the high standard of vasectomy care can be achieved as the service migrates into primary care.
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Chawla, Dolly, Puja Bharti, Menka Verma, and Rashmi Khatri. "Ultrasound guided detection of position of post partum intra uterine contraceptive device and its relation to complications." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, no. 9 (August 28, 2017): 4035. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20174058.
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Background: Worldwide, Intrauterine Contraceptive Device (IUCD) is one of the most commonly used reversible methods of contraception among married women of reproductive age. It is the second most commonly used forms of contraception, ranking second only to female sterilization. Proper positioning of Copper containing IUCD is of utmost importance for efficacy and safety. The immediate postpartum period, after a birth but prior to discharge from the hospital is an important but under utilized time frame to initiate contraceptives, specially long acting contraceptives such as intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD). To study the location of Copper IUCD by ultrasound, relationship between position and complaints, failure rate and expulsion rate in post-partum IUCD cases.Methods: The study was prospective, analytical study conducted on 200 women for one year. IUCD insertion was done in two groups; group A (normal delivery, postplacental) and group B (caesarean section, intracaesarean). On ultrasonography, position and distance of IUCD from fundus of uterus was measured. Outcome measures were expulsion, complication and failure rate upto six months. Informed consent was taken from each participant and ethical justification for the study was sought.Results: Majority of the patients were in age group of 21-25 years. Multigravidae patients had more acceptability of IUCD than primigravidae. More than half of IUCD insertion was done by senior residents (56%). Malpositions were more common in vaginal delivery (62%) than caesarean section (28%). Most common malposition was mid cavity and least common was oblique. Most common complaint was pain abdomen and least common was expulsion.Conclusions: Sonography can be used as an adjunct to clinical examination to examine the position of the IUCD. Ultrasonography done after PPIUCD insertion helps in determining, whether PPIUCDs are placed in normal position or malposition. Malpositioned PPIUCDs have more complications as compared to normally placed IUCDs
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Bolarinwa, Obasanjo Afolabi, and Olalekan Seun Olagunju. "Knowledge and factors influencing long acting reversible contraceptive use among women of reproductive age in Nigeria." Gates Open Research 3 (April 23, 2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.12902.2.
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Background: Approximately 48% of unintended pregnancies occur as a result of contraceptive failure around the world, which is largely due to incorrect use, poor adherence and/or technology failure. Long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) methods have been developed to close this gap because it’s not dependent on compliance with a pill-taking regimen; remembering to change patch or ring; or fixing an appointment with physicians. The main aim of this study is to identify the factors influencing the women associated with use of LARC and to examine the relationship between knowledge of LARC and its current use. Methods: This study assessed the PMA2020 methodology and secondary dataset using female datasets from PMA 2016 (Round 3) exercise. PMA 2016 was a survey carried out in seven states of Nigeria. The target population for this study was women of reproductive age (15-49 years) currently using contraception prior to the survey. The sample size of women meeting inclusion criteria in this study was 1927. The data were analyzed using frequency distribution, chi-square and logistic regression at 5% level of significant. Results: The results showed that 21.0% of women were using traditional methods. Concerning LARC methods, the table showed that 14.8% of the sampled women were using LARC methods. Findings further showed that at both levels of analyses there is a significant relationship (P<0.05 and P=0.00 for binary and multivariable logistic regression, respectively) between knowledge of LARCs and uses in this study. This means that knowledge of LARC & other socio-demographic variables among women of reproductive age in Nigeria can influence the use of it. Conclusions: From the result of the study we concluded that 14.8% of women using contraception were using LARC. Additionally, level of education, age of women, household wealth and number of living children were significantly associated with using LARC.
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Rwabilimbo, Martin M., Bilikisu R. Elewonibi, Mashavu H. Yussuf, Masanja Robert, Sia E. Msuya, and Michael J. Mahande. "Initiation of postpartum modern contraceptive methods: Evidence from Tanzania demographic and health survey." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 25, 2021): e0249017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249017.
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Background Postpartum contraceptive use is vital to improve maternal and child survival. It helps to have optimal child spacing, prevent unplanned pregnancies and associated adverse birth outcomes. However, postpartum contraceptive use in Tanzania remains low. Short median interval for resumption to sex after birth among African women has been associated with adverse maternal and child health wellbeing. This study aimed to assess optimal time to contraceptive use and predictors of time to contraceptive use after birth among women of reproductive age in Tanzania. Methods A cross section study using the TDHS 2015–16 data was used. A total of 3775 postpartum women were analyzed. Information on pregnancy, births and contraceptive use were recorded over the previous 5 years with the focus on most recent birth from the contraceptive calendar. Data analysis was performed using Stata 14.0. Analysis accounted for complex survey design. Time to modern contraceptive use after birth was computed using Kaplan Meier estimate. Adjusted time ratios with 95% CI were estimated using Weibull accelerated failure time models. Results A total weighted sample of 3775 women was analyzed. The median time to contraceptive use after birth was 7(IQR: 4–13) months, while for resumption to sex afterbirth was 2(IQR: 1–5) months. Factors such as never been married (TR: 1.63; 95%CI: 1.26–2.11) and breastfeeding (TR: 5.50; 95%CI: 4.12–7.35) were associated with longer time to postpartum contraceptive use. Belonging to richest wealth quintile (TR: 0.73; 95%CI: 0.54–0.99) and adopting long acting methods (TR: 0.70; 95%CI: 0.60–0.82) increased women’s likelihood of having shorter time to postpartum contraceptive use. Conclusion There was a time lag of five months from resumption of sex and initiation of postpartum contraception use. The interceptive measures to facilitate timely availing methods of women’s choice and promotion of utilization of maternal health care services may reduce delays in postpartum contraceptive use.
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Singh, Sadhna, Neha Priya, Debabrata Roy, Anurag Srivastava, and Surekha Kishore. "Trends in contraceptive demands and unmet need for family planning in migrant population of Uttarakhand." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 5, no. 2 (January 24, 2018): 590. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20180234.
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Background: The knowledge of contraceptive use and unmet need is important to know the constraints for unmet need based on user perspective. The aim of the study was to find the prevalence of Contraceptive use, Contraceptive preferred and the Un-met demand for contraceptives. Methods: Married, non-pregnant women of reproductive age group (15-49 years) from the migrant population were interviewed by Census method using pre-designed and pre-tested instrument by cross-sectional survey. Operational definitions for unmet need for spacing, limiting and unfelt need used in the study were as per NFHS -4 findings and traditional methods of contraception like abstinence, withdrawal were included in Un-met need for contraceptive due to its very high failure rate. Results: 58.44% study subjects had ‘Ever Used FP’ and 56.78% are currently using FP methods. The CPR is 56.7% by ‘Any Method’ and 43.0% by ‘Modern method’. The method which is most popular is ‘Sterlisation 29% and 20.96% and ‘Others’ i.e. highly unreliable methods like coitus interruptus, calendar method etc. found high number of users. The reasons for non use were apprehension of complication/side effects in 39%) and inconvenience or the difficulties with modern contraceptive methods or lack of knowledge by 7.67% and 6.95% respectively, 16% were relied on traditional methods, such as periodic abstinence, withdrawal and herbal mixtures from traditional healers as well as LAM 8% for a FP method, all of which have high failure rate. Only 24.8% Women were decision maker regarding the time and type of contraceptive to be used. The unmet need was 29.7% out of which the unmet needs for spacing and limiting were 9.6 per cent and 20.1 per cent, respectivelyConclusions: The unmet need is high and can be addressed by removing the constraints such as poor accessibility to the knowledge thus removing apprehension for side effects, improve accessibility to resources and low decision-making autonomy.