Academic literature on the topic 'Contract farming'

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Journal articles on the topic "Contract farming"

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Areerat. "CONTRACT BROILER FARMING." American Journal of Economics and Business Administration 4, no. 3 (March 1, 2012): 166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/ajebasp.2012.166.171.

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Elifneh, Yohannes Workeaferahu. "Exploratory Analysis of Contract Farming: Evidence from Ethiopia’s Barley Contract Farming." International Journal of Engineering and Management Research 9, no. 3 (July 14, 2019): 197–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.9.3.21.

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Chakraborty, Debashis. "Contract Farming in India." Review of Market Integration 1, no. 1 (April 2009): 83–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097492920900100105.

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Ruml, Anette, Catherine Ragasa, and Matin Qaim. "Contract farming, contract design and smallholder livelihoods*." Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 66, no. 1 (November 26, 2021): 24–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8489.12462.

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Wu, Steven Y. "Adapting Contract Theory to Fit Contract Farming." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 96, no. 5 (October 2014): 1241–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aau065.

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Rachmasari Putri, Adinda Tissa, and Mohammad Rondhi. "CONTRACT FARMING AND THE EFFECT ON PRICE RISK IN BROILER FARMING." E3S Web of Conferences 142 (2020): 05002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202014205002.

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Contract farming is one of the ways in a production relationship that is carried out by at least two parties who work together for a certain unit of time arranged in a written or oral agreement. Contracts in agriculture are carried out to reduce the risks faced by both parties. There are several agriculture commodities developed under the contract farming system, one of which is broiler. Broiler are important for fulfilling animal protein. High consumption in Indonesia at 2012-2016, not supported by production and the price of broiler has large fluctuations. Large fluctuations in Jember at 2012-2016 illustrate the magnitude of the risk in broiler farming both the risk of production and price. The amount of risk borne by farmerss causes easy contract farming to be applied in broiler chicken farming. This study purpose to see: (1) The pattern of contract farmIng carried out on broiler farming; and (2) The effect of contract farming on the price risks faced by farmerss. Method of determining the research area is purposive method. The research method is carried out by descriptive and analytical. The method of data collection is by interview, observation and secondary data with the use of recapitulation of the results of farmers maintenance. Determination of respondents was conducted randomly at farmerss in Jember Regency. The results of the study show: 1) The pattern of contract farming carried out on broiler farming is a contract farming with the type of production contract; and (2) The effect of contract farming causes the risk faced by farmerss to be reduced by 39% than independently farmerss.
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Daryanto, Arief. "Contract Farming: Linking Farmers to Markets." Business and Entrepreneurial Review 6, no. 1 (October 19, 2016): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/ber.v6i1.1015.

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Contract farrning in Indonesia is a growing phenomenon. This paper examines the evolution of contract farming, and explores the incentives to engage in contract farming, preferred contract forms and contract performance from the perspective of both lndonesian farmers and contracting firms. Contract farming is characterized by a contract between a farmer and a firm that will process and/or market the farmer's crop. It has been a component of some of the most successful income generating programs for smallholder farmers; it has been a component of various schemes involving agribusiness firms. Smallholders may enter contracts to reduce transaction costs of accessing new markets, borrowing, managing risk, acquiring in formation or increasing employment opportunities. The success of contracts reflects both the contracting environment and management practices. Benefits from contracting accrue to smallholders from improved access to markets, improved technology, better management of risk and opportunities for employment of family members.
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Harish, N. "Impact of Contract Farming on Economic Status of the Farmers Practicing Contract Farming." Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities 7, no. 2 (October 1, 2019): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/sijash.v7i2.652.

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This article focused on the economic impact of contract farming on respondents who are involved in contract farming. The various economic indicators of impact on contract framers are discussed. The study was conducted in two districts of Karnataka state viz., Bangalore Rural and Tumakuru. Two taluks each from each district, Tumakuru and Gubbi taluks from Tumakuru district and Nelamangala and Doddaballapura taluks from Bangalore Rural district were selected. Total three crops were selected based on simple random sampling techniques; the sample size was Gherkin 35, Tomato 35, Watermelon 10 and non-contract farmers 20 from each taluks of two districts.
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Preetinder Kaur, Preetinder Kaur. "Contract Farming: Role of Farmers and Processing Firms." International Journal of Scientific Research 3, no. 6 (June 1, 2012): 173–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/june2014/59.

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Bellemare, Marc F., Yu Na Lee, and Lindsey Novak. "Contract farming as partial insurance." World Development 140 (April 2021): 105274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105274.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Contract farming"

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Miller, Elizabeth Carroll. "Farming without Farmers| Deskilling in Contract Broiler Farming." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10935955.

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Social scientists and food studies scholars have shown an enduring interest in how food is produced in our largely industrialized food system. However, there has been little research about the organization of labor on industrialized farms. These sites of production are mostly privately owned and hidden away from researchers and journalists, who are often perceived as critics or activists by farmers and other agriculturalists. My dissertation fills this gap by focusing exclusively on industrialized contract broiler farms. Contract broiler farming is a model where farmers agree to raise chickens for meat for a set amount of time, at a rate of pay based on the ratio of feed to chicken weight at slaughter. Farmers invest in the built infrastructure to execute this process, but the company they contract for is mostly in control of the upstream and downstream supply and processing chains that depend on the production of the broiler chicken for their continued functioning.

I use archival, interview, and ethnographic data to detail the history of broiler farming, the emergence of contracting, and what the experience of it is like today. The most significant and novel part of this project is my ethnographic data collected over six months spent working on two broiler farms contracted with one of the largest firms in the US. To date, no other researchers have been able to gain this level of access.

In this dissertation, I begin by exploring the role of management, detailing how the structure of the farming contract and ambiguous supervisory oversight facilitates farmer’s compliance with company demands. Then, utilizing agricultural and labor scholarship on deskilling in the labor process, I explore how poultry farming has become deskilled, robbing farmers of autonomy, the opportunity to agitate for better labor conditions, and ultimately eroding the intimate knowledge necessary to execute successful animal husbandry. Finally, I explore the games farmers play at work. While these games obscure how surplus value is appropriated from the farmer by the contracting firm, they also demonstrate farmer’s resistance and acquiescence to their deskilling and loss of autonomy.

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Miller, Elizabeth. "Farming Without Farmers: Deskilling in Contract Broiler Farming." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/24222.

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Social scientists and food studies scholars have shown an enduring interest in how food is produced in our largely industrialized food system. However, there has been little research about the organization of labor on industrialized farms. These sites of production are mostly privately owned and hidden away from researchers and journalists, who are often perceived as critics or activists by farmers and other agriculturalists. My dissertation fills this gap by focusing exclusively on industrialized contract broiler farms. Contract broiler farming is a model where farmers agree to raise chickens for meat for a set amount of time, at a rate of pay based on the ratio of feed to chicken weight at slaughter. Farmers invest in the built infrastructure to execute this process, but the company they contract for is mostly in control of the upstream and downstream supply and processing chains that depend on the production of the broiler chicken for their continued functioning. I use archival, interview, and ethnographic data to detail the history of broiler farming, the emergence of contracting, and what the experience of it is like today. The most significant and novel part of this project is my ethnographic data collected over six months spent working on two broiler farms contracted with one of the largest firms in the US. To date, no other researchers have been able to gain this level of access. In this dissertation, I begin by exploring the role of management, detailing how the structure of the farming contract and ambiguous supervisory oversight facilitates farmer’s compliance with company demands. Then, utilizing agricultural and labor scholarship on deskilling in the labor process, I explore how poultry farming has become deskilled, robbing farmers of autonomy, the opportunity to agitate for better labor conditions, and ultimately eroding the intimate knowledge necessary to execute successful animal husbandry. Finally, I explore the games farmers play at work. While these games obscure how surplus value is appropriated from the farmer by the contracting firm, they also demonstrate farmer’s resistance and acquiescence to their deskilling and loss of autonomy.
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Zhu, Jianhua. "Three essays on contract farming in China." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2007.

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Murwira, Epifania. "Contract farming in Zimbabwe : the Mutasa garlic project." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95627.

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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
Contract farming is being given renewed attention on the African continent in the wake of reduced public expenditure for credit programmes. Many African countries have recognised the potential of contract farming in linking farmers to viable markets and stimulating agricultural production in the face of globalisation. In Zimbabwe prior to 1998, smallholder farmers were poorly integrated in the cash economy and had extremely low incomes, largely due to poor access to productivity-enhancing inputs. Small-scale farmers were marginalised as the economy focused on the larger commercial farms. Currently, mainstream banks have been unable to provide funding due to their own capital inadequacy and the view that smallholder farming is a risky and unprofitable sector. There is also a shift in roles as the government moves from direct participation in agricultural production and marketing towards facilitation, legislation and enforcement. The private sector is now participating more actively in the agricultural sector, providing credit to smallholder farmers. This research seeks to better understand the partnership between private and public sector players in Zimbabwe’s agricultural credit programmes, through a study of Leo Marketing and the Zimbabwe Agricultural Market Development initiative called the Agricultural Input Supply Programme (AISP). In this research, the Mutasa Garlic Project, implemented by the AISP, has been analysed to achieve the objective. One hundred smallholder farmers have been contracted to commercially produce garlic in the Mutasa district. Using a sample of 20 farmers, the study examined how this financing model contributes to improved access to productivity-enhancing inputs, viable markets and technical expertise for the farmers. The analysis indicates that farmers have access to inputs but the model still needs improvement in distributing them efficiently to ensure that all farmers have their inputs in time for the planting season. Marketing and extension services in the project are operating well. The study reveals that there is potential for growth in the number of farmers contracted to the programme. As the contracting model continues to improve, the same model can be used for similar projects in surrounding districts.
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Ochieng, Cosmas Milton Obote. "The political economy of contract farming in Kenya : a historical-comparative study of the tea and sugar contract farming schemes, 1960-2002." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.422519.

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Raphala, Balefilwe Solomon. "Contract-farming : a case study of sunflower farming in the Bojanala district of the North West Province." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/938.

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Edleman, Paul Richard Boroujerdi Mehrzad. "Grain contract farming in the United States two case studies /." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.

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Basaran, Kaan Evren. "Petty Agricultural Production And Contract Farming: A Case In Turkey." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609651/index.pdf.

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Understanding the class position of family owned small scale agricultural production units, which constitute a common feature of the rural context in the later capitalized countries, have been one of the major discussion points in the Marxist literature. The continual existence of such a form of production organization with significant non-capitalist features under the enlarging capitalist organization of production despite the initial assumptions of Marxist analysis that it was a transitory form which will soon differentiate between proletariat and bourgeoisie have prompted a number if attempts at explaining the survival of this category. These debates have strongly influenced the analyses in the field of rural sociology from 1960s onwards, providing the conceptual tools for sociological analysis of rural relations of production. This thesis engages in an attempt of re-appraising the theoretical debates within Marxist analysis of petty agricultural production organization together with considering the recent transnational reorganization of agricultural production. The neo-liberal retraction of state as a regulating force and loosening the protectionist policies has lead to the rise of the power of Trans-National Corporations (TNCs) in the field of agriculture in the past couple of decades. Contractual farming is defined as a major form of direct relationship TNCs establish with petty agricultural producers to exercise their determining power over the organization of agricultural production. Together with a case study of contractual farming, the thesis discusses how could we define the class positions of this segment and whether their relationship with TNCs have a significant affect over our definitions.
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Erikson, Gustaf. "Contract farming and organic rice production in Laos : a transformation analysis." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-15657.

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As in many least developed countries the farmers in Laos are heavily dependent on subsistence based agriculture production for their livelihood. A key for increased welfare for the rural population inLaosis to increase their profits of small scale farmers and generate a higher income per capita. One possible way to increase the profits and income for smallholder farmers may be to convert in to organic rice production for the export market, since the international market for organic rice is growing, consumers are prepared to pay a premium prise for organic products and conditions for organic rice production are favourable in Laos. Organic rice farming has grown in Laos during the last decade as greater volumes of organic rice are produced and exported. Organic rice is mainly produced by smallholders in donor projects or by contract farmers supplying contract farming companies. In this thesis I try to determine the causes behind this structural transformation by incorporating evolutionary economic theory (Schumpeter, 1911; Dahmén, 1950 and Marmefelt, 1998) which focuses on entrepreneurial innovations and creditors as the basis for changes in the economy. By performing a Dahménian transformation analysis of the transition from conventional- to organic rice production within the development block around rice production in Laos, I try to determine the transformation pressure causing the transformation to take place. Emphasis is in particular given to the role of contract farming in this process. I investigate to what extent the contract farming firm can be regarded as a Schumpeterian banker, a concept introduced by Marmefelt (1998), that can coordinate the development block around rice production by providing credits to the entrepreneurs within the development block. The analysis shows that two types of transformation pressures are likely to have caused the farmers to convert to organic rice production. First of all it is likely that the relatively higher price paid for organic rice (42 percent higher than conventional rice) has convinced farmers to make the transition. This type of transformation pressure can be seen as a market pull type, as it originates from an increased demand in the international market, which in turn increases the relative price for the product. The analysis further shows that a production method innovation had taken place by the introduction of new inputs, made available by the contract farming firm. This has led to an increased productivity which, combined with the premium price, generated higher profits for the organic contract farmers. The production method innovation can be seen as a market push type of transformation pressure originating from the supply side. In this thesis I argue that it is unlikely that the transformation would have occurred without the involvement of the contract farming firm. On their own, farmers did neither have the means to grow the organic rice, nor the proper market channels to process and sell the organic rice on the international market. I argue that the contract farming firm’s ability to facilitate price signal information from the international market to farmers, provide access to the new market thru market links, and provide credits for new inputs as well as technical assistance essentially made the transition to organic rice possible. However the analysis also shows that the contract farming firm had a limited ability to fulfil its role as a coordinator in the evolvement of the organic rice production, in terms of a Schumpeterian banker, because of limited abilities to solve bottlenecks in the value chain. The reason for this is mainly limited financial resources to finance complementary investments in other parts of the development block.
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Duma, Moses. "Contract farming as a tool for the development of smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/14909.

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Thesis (MBA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Zimbabwe’s land-reform process has been widely debated and severely criticised, yet seldom been analysed at greater depth. In the transition from startup small-holding farmer to the long-run goal of commercial farmer, Zimbabweans currently experience a phase of increasing “contract farming”. New farmers are producing for contractors who buy up their produce at predetermined prices. Ideally, these contractors or agribusinesses also help the smallholders to get the seeds and fertiliser, obtain the necessary equipment, help with the production technology and assist in other ways. On the basis of interviews with 25 farmers and 12 agribusinesses in different regions of the country, the study tries to asses the merits, risks and preconditions for success of contract farming. The responses from both sides of this contract farming system suggest that overall success will largely depend on the effective co-operation between the two sides and the facilitation of the process by relevant government departments and/or supportive NGOs. Ideally, the lessons to be learned from these transitional reform processes are directly relevant for land reform and agricultural development efforts in other African countries.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Zimbabwe se grondhervormingsstelsel is in die jongste tyd wyd bespreek en skerp gekritiseer, maar dit is selde in groter diepte ontleed. In die oorgang van beginners-kleinskaal-boerdery tot die lang-termyn oogmerk van kommersiele boerdery word die land tans gekenmerk deur ‘n vinnig toenemende proses van “kontrak-boerdery”. Nuwe boere produseer vir kontrakteurs wat hul produksie teen voorafonderhandelde pryse opkoop. Op hul beste voorsien dié kontrakteurs ook die saadgoed en kunsmis, verskaf die nodige toerusting, help met die produksie-tegnologie en voorsien ander take. Op die grondslag van diepte-onderhoude met 25 kleinboere en 12 landboubesighede in verskillende dele van die land, probeer die studie die meriete, risikos en suksesvoorwaardes van hierdie stelsel van kontrakboerdery te bepaal. Terugvoering van die twee kante van dié stelsel toon dat sukses grootliks afhang van die effektiewe samewerking en interaksie van die twee partye tot die stelsel asook ondersteuning deur die betrokke staatsdepartemente en ander ondersteunende organisasies. Lesse geleer uit hierdie studie van Zimbabwe se hervormingsproses behoort direk relevant te wees vir soortgelyke hervormingsprosesse in ander Afrikastate.
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Books on the topic "Contract farming"

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Andrew, Shepherd, ed. Contract farming: Partnerships for growth. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2001.

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Shrimali, Ritika. Contract Farming, Capital and State. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1934-2.

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Rehber, Erkan. Contract farming: Theory and practice. Hyderabad, India: ICFAI University Press, 2007.

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Rustiani, Frida. Mengenal usaha pertanian kontrak (contract farming). Bandung: Akatiga, 1997.

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Bülow, Dorthe von. Contract farming: Does it benefit women? Copenhagen, Denmark: Centre for Development Research, 1988.

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(Project), Making Markets Work Better for the Poor. Linking farmers to markets through contract farming. Hanoi, Vietnam: Asian Development Bank, 2005.

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Sørensen, Anne. Gender and contract farming in Kericho, Kenya. Copenhagen: Centre for Development Research, 1990.

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R, Asokan S., ed. Contract farming in India: Text and cases. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Pub. House, 2005.

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Making Markets Work Better for the Poor (Project). Linking farmers to markets through contract farming. Hanoi, Vietnam: Asian Development Bank, 2005.

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Gowda, B. N. Channaveere. Economics of contract farming in Indian agriculture. New Delhi: Serials Publications, 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "Contract farming"

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Shrimali, Ritika. "Introduction and Rethinking Contract Farming." In Contract Farming, Capital and State, 1–24. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1934-2_1.

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Ires, Idil. "8. Autonomous contract-farming groups." In Edition Politik, 207–32. Bielefeld, Germany: transcript Verlag, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/9783839459522-011.

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Shrimali, Ritika. "Implications of CF 01: Technology Rhetoric in Contract Farming." In Contract Farming, Capital and State, 123–45. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1934-2_6.

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Shrimali, Ritika. "Stating the (Not So) Obvious: The ‘Interventionist Neoliberal State’ in India." In Contract Farming, Capital and State, 65–99. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1934-2_4.

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Shrimali, Ritika. "Understanding the Social Relations of Contract Farming." In Contract Farming, Capital and State, 39–63. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1934-2_3.

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Shrimali, Ritika. "Implications 02: Social Effects of Contract Farming." In Contract Farming, Capital and State, 147–71. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1934-2_7.

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Shrimali, Ritika. "Punjab: An Intertesting Place to Study Agrarian Change." In Contract Farming, Capital and State, 25–37. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1934-2_2.

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Shrimali, Ritika. "Conclusion: Are the Global Agri-corporates Saving the Third World Peasantry?" In Contract Farming, Capital and State, 173–82. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1934-2_8.

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Shrimali, Ritika. "Understanding CF: CF as a Strategy to Enable Dispossession-Free Accumulation Strategy." In Contract Farming, Capital and State, 101–21. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1934-2_5.

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Anand, Pranav Kumar. "Global environmental concerns of contract farming." In Environment and Sustainable Development, 285–97. London: Routledge India, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003093503-18.

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Conference papers on the topic "Contract farming"

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Liu, Shengchun, and Yongwei Wang. "The Study of Supply Chain Coordination with Contracts in “Contract Farming”." In 2010 International Conference on Optoelectronics and Image Processing (ICOIP). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icoip.2010.171.

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Rossi, A. "The growing role of contract farming for food security." In Envisioning a Future without Food Waste and Food Poverty: Societal Challenges. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-820-9_37.

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Susilowati, Kartika Dewi Sri, Nur Indah Riwajanti, and Asminah Rachmi. "Critical Analysis of Contract Farming Practice in East Java - Indonesia." In 1st Annual Management, Business and Economic Conference (AMBEC 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.200415.047.

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Tuyen, Mai Chiem, Prapinwadee Sirisupluxana, Isriya Bunyasiri, and Pham Xuan Hung. "Rice Contract Farming in Vietnam: Insights from a Qualitative Study." In EFITA International Conference. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/engproc2021009006.

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Zhou, You, and Shuying Wang. "Research on Breach of Contract Farming Based on Static Bayesian Game." In 2011 International Conference on Information Management, Innovation Management and Industrial Engineering (ICIII). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciii.2011.225.

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Yang, Xinglin, Chenchen Zhu, and Rui Jiang. "Supply chain coordination contract-farming under stochastic yield and random demand." In International Conference on Information Management and Management Engineering. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/imme140381.

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Meti, Mallika, Suresha S V, and Raghuprasad K P. "CONTRACT FARMING: AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH FOR RISK MANAGEMENT BY SMALL FARMERS." In 21st International Academic Conference, Miami. International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.20472/iac.2016.021.027.

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Chang, Lei, and Shu-ying Wang. "An analysis about scattering agricultural risk of farmers based on contract farming." In EM2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icieem.2010.5646455.

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Khanh, Hung Nguyen, Raymond Chiong, Manuel Chica, and Richard H. Middleton. "Agent-based simulation of contract rice farming in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam." In 2017 21st Asia Pacific Symposium on Intelligent and Evolutionary Systems (IES). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iesys.2017.8233574.

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Susanty, A., N. B. Puspitasari, R. Purwaningsih, and A. R. R. Siregar. "Sustainability Assessment of Contract Farming Broiler Chicken Supply Chain Using Rap-Poultry." In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ieem45057.2020.9309842.

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Reports on the topic "Contract farming"

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Research Institute (IFPRI), International Food Policy. Contract farming in developing countries: Theory, practice, and policy implications. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/9780896292130_04.

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Research Institute (IFPRI), International Food Policy. Dairy contract farming in Bangladesh: Implications for welfare and food safety. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.133227.

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Arouna, Aminou, Jeffrey Michler, and Jourdain Lokossou. Contract Farming and Rural Transformation: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Benin. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w25665.

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Rana, Abdul Wajid, Sitara Gill, and Iqra Akram, eds. Policy framework for contract farming: An alternate to Aarthi system in Pakistan. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.136547.

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Roy, Devesh, Gaurav Tripathi, Abu Hayat Md Saiful Islam, and Anjani Kumar. Contract farming, profitability, and adoption of food safety measures in broiler production in Bangladesh. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.134431.

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McCarthy, Nancy, Agrotosh Mookerjee, Ulrich Hess, and Saskia Kuhn. Assessment of agriculture insurance linked to contract farming and government input subsidy scheme in Zambia. International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie), July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23846/tw13pe03.

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Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr, and Kibrom A. Abay. Smallholder farmers’ participation in profitable value chains and contract farming: Evidence from irrigated agriculture in Egypt. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.136548.

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Ton, Giel, Sam Desiere, Wytse Vellema, Sophia Weituschat, and Marijke D’Haese. The effectiveness of contract farming in improving smallholder income and food security in low- and middle-income countries: a mixed-method systematic review. International Initiative for Impact Evaluation, August 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23846/sr61088.

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9

Eckert, Elizabeth, Eleanor Turner, and Jo Anne Yeager Sallah. Youth Rural-Urban Migration in Bungoma, Kenya: Implications for the Agricultural Workforce. RTI Press, August 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2019.op.0062.1908.

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Abstract:
This study provides insights into a specific, hard-to-reach youth subpopulation—those born in agricultural areas in Western Kenya who migrate to large towns and cities—that is often missed by research and development activities. Using a mixed-methods approach, we find high variability in movement of youth between rural villages, towns, and large urban areas. Top reasons for youth migration align with existing literature, including pursuit of job opportunities and education. For youth from villages where crop farming is the primary economic activity for young adults, 77 percent responded that they are very interested in that work, in contrast to the common notion that youth are disinterested in agriculture. We also find many youth interested in settling permanently in their villages in the future. This research confirms that youth migration is dynamic, requiring that policymakers and development practitioners employ methods of engaging youth that recognize the diversity of profiles and mobility of this set of individuals.
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Marshall, Amber, Krystle Turner, Carol Richards, Marcus Foth, Michael Dezuanni, and Tim Neale. A case study of human factors of digital AgTech adoption: Condamine Plains, Darling Downs. Queensland University of Technology, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.227177.

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As global agricultural production methods and supply chains have become more digitised, farmers around the world are adopting digital AgTech such as drones, Internet of Things (IoT), remote sensors, blockchain, and satellite imagery to inform their on-farm decision-making. While early adopters and technology advocates globally are spruiking and realising the benefits of digital AgTech, many Australian farmers are reluctant or unable to participate fully in the digital economy. This is an important issue, as the Australian Government has said that digital farming is essential to meeting its target of agriculture being a $100billion industry by 2030. Most studies of AgTech adoption focus on individual-level barriers, yielding well-documented issues such as access to digital connectivity, availability of AgTech suppliers, non-use of ICTs, and cost-benefit for farmers. In contrast, our project took an ‘ecosystems’ approach to study cotton farmers in the Darling Downs region in Queensland, Australia who are installing water sensors, satellite imagery, and IoT plant probes to generate data to be aggregated on a dashboard to inform decision-making. We asked our farmers to map their local ecosystem, and then set up interviewing different stakeholders (such technology providers, agronomists, and suppliers) to understand how community-level orientations to digital agriculture enabled and constrained on-farm adoption. We identified human factors of digital AgTech adoption at the macro, regional and farm levels, with a pronounced ‘data divide’ between farm and community level stakeholders within the ecosystem. This ‘data divide’ is characterised by a capability gap between the provision of the devices and software that generate data by technology companies, and the ability of farmers to manage, implement, use, and maintain them effectively and independently. In the Condamine Plains project, farmers were willing and determined to learn new, advanced digital and data literacy skills. Other farmers in different circumstances may not see value in such an undertaking or have the necessary support to take full advantage of the technologies once they are implemented. Moreover, there did not seem to be a willingness or capacity in the rest of the ecosystem to fill this gap. The work raises questions about the type and level of new, digital expertise farmers need to attain in the transition to digital farming, and what interventions are necessary to address the significant barriers to adoption and effective use that remain in rural communities. By holistically considering how macro- and micro-level factors may be combined with community-level influences, this study provides a more complete and holistic account of the contextualised factors that drive or undermine digital AgTech adoption on farms in rural communities. This report provides insights and evidence to inform strategies for rural ecosystems to transition farms to meet the requirements and opportunities of Agriculture 4.0 in Australia and abroad.
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