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1
Miller, Elizabeth Carroll. "Farming without Farmers| Deskilling in Contract Broiler Farming." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10935955.
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Social scientists and food studies scholars have shown an enduring interest in how food is produced in our largely industrialized food system. However, there has been little research about the organization of labor on industrialized farms. These sites of production are mostly privately owned and hidden away from researchers and journalists, who are often perceived as critics or activists by farmers and other agriculturalists. My dissertation fills this gap by focusing exclusively on industrialized contract broiler farms. Contract broiler farming is a model where farmers agree to raise chickens for meat for a set amount of time, at a rate of pay based on the ratio of feed to chicken weight at slaughter. Farmers invest in the built infrastructure to execute this process, but the company they contract for is mostly in control of the upstream and downstream supply and processing chains that depend on the production of the broiler chicken for their continued functioning.
I use archival, interview, and ethnographic data to detail the history of broiler farming, the emergence of contracting, and what the experience of it is like today. The most significant and novel part of this project is my ethnographic data collected over six months spent working on two broiler farms contracted with one of the largest firms in the US. To date, no other researchers have been able to gain this level of access.
In this dissertation, I begin by exploring the role of management, detailing how the structure of the farming contract and ambiguous supervisory oversight facilitates farmer’s compliance with company demands. Then, utilizing agricultural and labor scholarship on deskilling in the labor process, I explore how poultry farming has become deskilled, robbing farmers of autonomy, the opportunity to agitate for better labor conditions, and ultimately eroding the intimate knowledge necessary to execute successful animal husbandry. Finally, I explore the games farmers play at work. While these games obscure how surplus value is appropriated from the farmer by the contracting firm, they also demonstrate farmer’s resistance and acquiescence to their deskilling and loss of autonomy.
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Miller, Elizabeth. "Farming Without Farmers: Deskilling in Contract Broiler Farming." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/24222.
Full textAbstract:
Social scientists and food studies scholars have shown an enduring interest in how
food is produced in our largely industrialized food system. However, there has been little
research about the organization of labor on industrialized farms. These sites of production
are mostly privately owned and hidden away from researchers and journalists, who are
often perceived as critics or activists by farmers and other agriculturalists. My
dissertation fills this gap by focusing exclusively on industrialized contract broiler farms.
Contract broiler farming is a model where farmers agree to raise chickens for meat for a
set amount of time, at a rate of pay based on the ratio of feed to chicken weight at
slaughter. Farmers invest in the built infrastructure to execute this process, but the
company they contract for is mostly in control of the upstream and downstream supply
and processing chains that depend on the production of the broiler chicken for their
continued functioning.
I use archival, interview, and ethnographic data to detail the history of broiler
farming, the emergence of contracting, and what the experience of it is like today. The
most significant and novel part of this project is my ethnographic data collected over six
months spent working on two broiler farms contracted with one of the largest firms in the
US. To date, no other researchers have been able to gain this level of access.
In this dissertation, I begin by exploring the role of management, detailing how the
structure of the farming contract and ambiguous supervisory oversight facilitates farmer’s
compliance with company demands. Then, utilizing agricultural and labor scholarship on
deskilling in the labor process, I explore how poultry farming has become deskilled,
robbing farmers of autonomy, the opportunity to agitate for better labor conditions, and
ultimately eroding the intimate knowledge necessary to execute successful animal
husbandry. Finally, I explore the games farmers play at work. While these games obscure
how surplus value is appropriated from the farmer by the contracting firm, they also
demonstrate farmer’s resistance and acquiescence to their deskilling and loss of
autonomy.
3
Zhu, Jianhua. "Three essays on contract farming in China." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2007.
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Murwira, Epifania. "Contract farming in Zimbabwe : the Mutasa garlic project." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95627.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.Contract farming is being given renewed attention on the African continent in the wake of reduced public expenditure for credit programmes. Many African countries have recognised the potential of contract farming in linking farmers to viable markets and stimulating agricultural production in the face of globalisation. In Zimbabwe prior to 1998, smallholder farmers were poorly integrated in the cash economy and had extremely low incomes, largely due to poor access to productivity-enhancing inputs. Small-scale farmers were marginalised as the economy focused on the larger commercial farms. Currently, mainstream banks have been unable to provide funding due to their own capital inadequacy and the view that smallholder farming is a risky and unprofitable sector. There is also a shift in roles as the government moves from direct participation in agricultural production and marketing towards facilitation, legislation and enforcement. The private sector is now participating more actively in the agricultural sector, providing credit to smallholder farmers. This research seeks to better understand the partnership between private and public sector players in Zimbabwe’s agricultural credit programmes, through a study of Leo Marketing and the Zimbabwe Agricultural Market Development initiative called the Agricultural Input Supply Programme (AISP). In this research, the Mutasa Garlic Project, implemented by the AISP, has been analysed to achieve the objective. One hundred smallholder farmers have been contracted to commercially produce garlic in the Mutasa district. Using a sample of 20 farmers, the study examined how this financing model contributes to improved access to productivity-enhancing inputs, viable markets and technical expertise for the farmers. The analysis indicates that farmers have access to inputs but the model still needs improvement in distributing them efficiently to ensure that all farmers have their inputs in time for the planting season. Marketing and extension services in the project are operating well. The study reveals that there is potential for growth in the number of farmers contracted to the programme. As the contracting model continues to improve, the same model can be used for similar projects in surrounding districts.
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Ochieng, Cosmas Milton Obote. "The political economy of contract farming in Kenya : a historical-comparative study of the tea and sugar contract farming schemes, 1960-2002." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.422519.
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Raphala, Balefilwe Solomon. "Contract-farming : a case study of sunflower farming in the Bojanala district of the North West Province." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/938.
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Edleman, Paul Richard Boroujerdi Mehrzad. "Grain contract farming in the United States two case studies /." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.
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Basaran, Kaan Evren. "Petty Agricultural Production And Contract Farming: A Case In Turkey." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609651/index.pdf.
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Understanding the class position of family owned small scale agricultural production units, which constitute a common feature of the rural context in the later capitalized countries, have been one of the major discussion points in the Marxist literature. The continual existence of such a form of production organization with significant non-capitalist features under the enlarging capitalist organization of production despite the initial assumptions of Marxist analysis that it was a transitory form which will soon differentiate between proletariat and bourgeoisie have prompted a number if attempts at explaining the survival of this category. These debates have strongly influenced the analyses in the field of rural sociology from 1960s onwards, providing the conceptual tools for sociological analysis of rural relations of production.
This thesis engages in an attempt of re-appraising the theoretical debates within Marxist analysis of petty agricultural production organization together with considering the recent transnational reorganization of agricultural production. The neo-liberal retraction of state as a regulating force and loosening the protectionist policies has lead to the rise of the power of Trans-National Corporations (TNCs) in the field of agriculture in the past couple of decades. Contractual farming is defined as a major form of direct relationship TNCs establish with petty agricultural producers to exercise their determining power over the organization of agricultural production.
Together with a case study of contractual farming, the thesis discusses how could we define the class positions of this segment and whether their relationship with TNCs have a significant affect over our definitions.
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Erikson, Gustaf. "Contract farming and organic rice production in Laos : a transformation analysis." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-15657.
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As in many least developed countries the farmers in Laos are heavily dependent on subsistence based agriculture production for their livelihood. A key for increased welfare for the rural population inLaosis to increase their profits of small scale farmers and generate a higher income per capita. One possible way to increase the profits and income for smallholder farmers may be to convert in to organic rice production for the export market, since the international market for organic rice is growing, consumers are prepared to pay a premium prise for organic products and conditions for organic rice production are favourable in Laos. Organic rice farming has grown in Laos during the last decade as greater volumes of organic rice are produced and exported. Organic rice is mainly produced by smallholders in donor projects or by contract farmers supplying contract farming companies. In this thesis I try to determine the causes behind this structural transformation by incorporating evolutionary economic theory (Schumpeter, 1911; Dahmén, 1950 and Marmefelt, 1998) which focuses on entrepreneurial innovations and creditors as the basis for changes in the economy. By performing a Dahménian transformation analysis of the transition from conventional- to organic rice production within the development block around rice production in Laos, I try to determine the transformation pressure causing the transformation to take place. Emphasis is in particular given to the role of contract farming in this process. I investigate to what extent the contract farming firm can be regarded as a Schumpeterian banker, a concept introduced by Marmefelt (1998), that can coordinate the development block around rice production by providing credits to the entrepreneurs within the development block. The analysis shows that two types of transformation pressures are likely to have caused the farmers to convert to organic rice production. First of all it is likely that the relatively higher price paid for organic rice (42 percent higher than conventional rice) has convinced farmers to make the transition. This type of transformation pressure can be seen as a market pull type, as it originates from an increased demand in the international market, which in turn increases the relative price for the product. The analysis further shows that a production method innovation had taken place by the introduction of new inputs, made available by the contract farming firm. This has led to an increased productivity which, combined with the premium price, generated higher profits for the organic contract farmers. The production method innovation can be seen as a market push type of transformation pressure originating from the supply side. In this thesis I argue that it is unlikely that the transformation would have occurred without the involvement of the contract farming firm. On their own, farmers did neither have the means to grow the organic rice, nor the proper market channels to process and sell the organic rice on the international market. I argue that the contract farming firm’s ability to facilitate price signal information from the international market to farmers, provide access to the new market thru market links, and provide credits for new inputs as well as technical assistance essentially made the transition to organic rice possible. However the analysis also shows that the contract farming firm had a limited ability to fulfil its role as a coordinator in the evolvement of the organic rice production, in terms of a Schumpeterian banker, because of limited abilities to solve bottlenecks in the value chain. The reason for this is mainly limited financial resources to finance complementary investments in other parts of the development block.
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Duma, Moses. "Contract farming as a tool for the development of smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/14909.
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Thesis (MBA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Zimbabwe’s land-reform process has been widely debated and severely criticised, yet seldom been analysed at greater depth. In the transition from startup small-holding farmer to the long-run goal of commercial farmer, Zimbabweans currently experience a phase of increasing “contract farming”. New farmers are producing for contractors who buy up their produce at predetermined prices. Ideally, these contractors or agribusinesses also help the smallholders to get the seeds and fertiliser, obtain the necessary equipment, help with the production technology and assist in other ways. On the basis of interviews with 25 farmers and 12 agribusinesses in different regions of the country, the study tries to asses the merits, risks and preconditions for success of contract farming. The responses from both sides of this contract farming system suggest that overall success will largely depend on the effective co-operation between the two sides and the facilitation of the process by relevant government departments and/or supportive NGOs. Ideally, the lessons to be learned from these transitional reform processes are directly relevant for land reform and agricultural development efforts in other African countries.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Zimbabwe se grondhervormingsstelsel is in die jongste tyd wyd bespreek en skerp gekritiseer, maar dit is selde in groter diepte ontleed. In die oorgang van beginners-kleinskaal-boerdery tot die lang-termyn oogmerk van kommersiele boerdery word die land tans gekenmerk deur ‘n vinnig toenemende proses van “kontrak-boerdery”. Nuwe boere produseer vir kontrakteurs wat hul produksie teen voorafonderhandelde pryse opkoop. Op hul beste voorsien dié kontrakteurs ook die saadgoed en kunsmis, verskaf die nodige toerusting, help met die produksie-tegnologie en voorsien ander take. Op die grondslag van diepte-onderhoude met 25 kleinboere en 12 landboubesighede in verskillende dele van die land, probeer die studie die meriete, risikos en suksesvoorwaardes van hierdie stelsel van kontrakboerdery te bepaal. Terugvoering van die twee kante van dié stelsel toon dat sukses grootliks afhang van die effektiewe samewerking en interaksie van die twee partye tot die stelsel asook ondersteuning deur die betrokke staatsdepartemente en ander ondersteunende organisasies. Lesse geleer uit hierdie studie van Zimbabwe se hervormingsproses behoort direk relevant te wees vir soortgelyke hervormingsprosesse in ander Afrikastate.
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Huddleston, Paul Stephen. "Contract farming in oil palm : the case of Ghana and the Philippines." University of Western Australia. Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2007.0222.
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[Truncated abstract] This thesis reviews the role that contract farming plays in the development process through an examination of the oil palm industry in Ghana and in the Philippines. It contributes to ongoing debates concerning agricultural liberalisation in developing economies. The general view is that while the private sector can provide access to capital, technology and markets, the transition to a market-led system will increase the financial vulnerability of farmers, particularly smallholder farmers, through unequal power relationships. Of particular concern is the capacity of the private sector to alleviate poverty and promote social equity amongst small rural landholders. At the heart of much of the debate is the issue of contract farming, which has increased rapidly in line with structural adjustment in the agricultural sector. One of the central difficulties in drawing any conclusion on whether contract farming should be encouraged or discouraged, is the lack of comparability between the large number of types of schemes, crops being contracted, the `actors' involved and the socio-economic, political and institutional environments in which contract farming schemes are nurtured. This study has focused on the role that contract farming plays in the pursuit of development through an analysis of the key socio-economic issues involved with the adaptation of contract farming in the oil palm industries in the Philippines and in Ghana. This analysis allowed for the identification of conditions under which the impacts of contract farming schemes can either be augmented or mitigated. The research found that cultivating oil palm has the propensity to reward outgrowers with increasing income and a better access to knowledge, information and technology, capital and credit, agricultural inputs, markets and other services. ... The two outgrower programs are presently successful and do not show signs of the major problems identified by researchers in other areas. However, both governments need to ensure that a comprehensive policy and regulatory framework for private sector agricultural development is put in place. A strong private sector could provide the vehicle for agricultural development and the reduction of poverty in the countryside, however, both governments and the various private sector companies engaged in oil palm production need to work in partnership with each other and the outgrower community towards the goal of a diversified and expanded agricultural production base.
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Ayinke, Ojediran Olufunmilola. "Contract farming in developing emerging farmers in South Africa : exploring the Gledhow Mansomini Sugarcane Scheme." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/19800.
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Thesis (MBA) -- Stellenbosch University, 2011.Extensive literature exists on the challenges that hinder the growth and development of small-scale farmers in agriculture. These small-scale farmers’ challenges can be broadly classified into financial, technical and market challenges. Despite the awareness and the debate that favours progressing small-scale farmers from subsistence agriculture to commercial agriculture, financiers consider this group of farmers as of high risk and low returns. The emergence of contract farming as a mechanism to integrate small-scale farmers with agribusiness firms, agro-industrial companies, supermarket chains, and processors of agricultural produce has rescued the small-scale farmers from going into oblivion. Contract farming promises benefits for both the farmers and the contract sponsors. In the face of the benefits that contract farming hold, the concept has been critiqued as being an exploitative mechanism that contract sponsors use on the growers. This research evaluates the contract farming arrangement between Gledhow Sugar Company and Mansomini Farmers’ Cooperative. The study assesses how the scheme plays a part in the provision of access to finance, technical support and a guaranteed market access for the small sugarcane farmers. It explores how Gledhow Sugar Company’s structures manage to reduce the associated risk in providing finance to the small-scale farmers. The analysis of findings from the interviews confirms that the structure provides the small-scale sugarcane farmers with finance, technical support and a guaranteed market. However, for Gledhow Sugar Company to continuously achieve its aim and simultaneously develop the farmers there is a need for Gledhow Sugar Company to provide the farmers with more clarity on their role in the arrangement and to make the farmers embrace the long-term vision of the contractual arrangement.
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Khapayi, Musa. "Agribusiness challenges to effectiveness of contract farming in commercialisation of small-scale vegetable farmers." Thesis, Nelson Mandela University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13981.
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The spread of contract farming in South Africa in recent years has provoked an ideological debate in literature. Linking small-scale vegetable farmers with lucrative agricultural markets through agribusiness value chains is seen as one of the foremost emerging agricultural practices to develop the subsistence farming sector into a mainstream economic sector – thereby revitalising the rural economy and alleviating poverty levels in the developing rural areas of South Africa. However, the challenges agribusiness and small-scale farmers experience in contract farming engagement and the prospects for enhancing the inclusion of small-scale farmers into modern value chains remain open to debate – two decades after transition to democracy. Yet the factors and mechanisms influencing the effective application of contract farming in the transition to commercial farming by small-scale farmers have not been thoroughly explored in South African research. Despite the efforts and the substantial investments made and the various policies and initiatives instigated to fast-track the linkages of small-scale farmers into high-value markets, the success stories of previously disadvantaged farmers operating in commercial agri-food chains are rare. Given the millions of small-scale farmers in former homelands alone, the negligible number of small-scale farmers successfully operating in commercial agri-food chains shows that the objectives to enable small-scale farmers to improve their livelihoods through participation in commercial agri-food chains have not yet been met. The broad objectives of the study were therefore to investigate the agribusiness challenges inherent in contract farming and the conditions and incentives required by agribusiness firms to engage small-scale vegetable farmers in contract farming programmes. Furthermore, the study examined the role played by the South African government to reduce the high transaction costs incurred by agribusinesses when engaging small-scale farmers in contractual arrangements. The Amathole and Sarah Baartman (formerly Cacadu) district municipalities in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa were chosen as the composite survey area for this study. A predominantly qualitative research approach was applied to gather data on the phenomena under study. The following methodologies and research instruments and tools were selected. Firstly – as the secondary component of the research – a systematic review of literature to date was conducted to guide the empirical research and primary methodology. Secondly, the empirical component of the study comprised a questionnaire survey, unstructured interviews and focus group discussions. The questionnaire survey was used to collect data from the agribusiness firms in the area surveyed concerning the following aspects: the significant determinants of contract farming, the incentives required by the agribusiness firms to engage small-scale vegetable farmers in their contract farming programmes and the challenges faced by agribusiness firms in their interaction with small-scale farmers in contractual arrangements. Unstructured interviews were used to gather data from officials at each of the three levels of government – the Department of Rural Development and Land Reform nationally, Department of Agriculture and Land Reform provincially and (at local government level) two district municipalities – on the role played by government to reduce the high transaction costs incurred by agri-firms when procuring agricultural raw materials from small-scale vegetable farmers. Focus group discussions were conducted with small-scale farmers regarding their perspective on working with agribusiness firms and to establish the distinguishing characteristics of small-scale farmers in the area surveyed. Relevant policy documents collected from two of the three representative groups of the study population, i.e. agribusiness personnel and government officials, provided the essential context. The study revealed a limited number of contract farming business linkages between small-scale vegetable farmers and agribusiness firms in the survey area. Those that do exist are problematic to both the agribusiness firms and the small-scale farmers. It emerged that the contract farming environment in the area surveyed is highly polarised and characterised by a fundamental conflict of interest between agribusiness and farmer. Among the divergent key factors inhibiting contract farming engagement were a lack in terms of quality seeds, trust, entrepreneurial skills and formal contract agreements. Asset endowment (both land and non-land assets) was found to be significant pre-selection determinants in the farmer’s capacity to be contracted. Access to innovative technology, as well as government incentives such as production inputs, were found to be critical to agribusiness firms to engage smallscale farmers in their contract farming programmes. Government assistance in terms of high transaction costs to agribusiness firms working with large groups of small-scale farmers was found to be essential but inadequate under current policy. This impacts directly on the effectiveness and promotion of contract farming. Furthermore, the current results corroborate the findings of numerous South African studies in the vast body of worldwide research. Firstly, lack of land and non-land assets continue to be major impediments to the direct participa-tion of small-scale farmers in contract farming programmes and, secondly, the transaction and market information costs incurred by agribusiness prevent the participation of less endowed farmers in contract farming programmes. Conducted within the interpretivist paradigm, the explorative research identified wide-ranging challenges in the relationship between agri-business and small-scale farmers which directly impact the effective-ness of contract farming as a development and agrarian reform strategy. Despite their problematic relationship, however, agribusiness and small-scale contract farmers were in agreement that the government needs to expand its support for agri-firms to incentivise greater numbers of small-scale farmers having the opportunity to achieve commercial status through contract farming. The study therefore recommends a collaborative partnership between private firms and government, with state support through revised policies and development programmes. These amendments are crucial to enhancing the engagement of small-scale vegetable farmers in lucrative agri-food chains.
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Gabagambi, Respikius Martin. "Contract Farming and Smallholder Farmers in a Global Economy: The Case of Mtibwa Cane Growers in Mvomero Tanzania." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1399121227.
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Moyo, Moses. "Effectiveneness of a contract farming arrangement : a case study of tobacco farmers in Mazowe district in Zimbabwe." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96173.
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Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.The welfare maximisation effect of contract farming is well documented (Minot, 1986) and the scheme is endorsed by the New Economic Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) as a panacea for alleviating poverty in Africa and for the development of agriculture in general. In this research assignment an evaluation of contract farming arrangement in the Mazowe district of Zimbabwe sought to establish the effect of the arrangement using a comparative study of contract and non-contract farmers. Using data from the Tobacco Industries and Marketing Board (TIMB) an analysis of variance was undertaken to determine if there was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of prices received for tobacco and production. A survey was conducted to test the characteristics of the two groups to help explain the findings. The results show that contract farmers performed better than non-contract farmers in terms of production, contract farmers had access to inputs, extension services and finance which could explain their better performance. However, there was no significant difference in the prices received by the farmers. The difference in performance can be explained by access to farming resources suggesting that provision of sound infrastructure and public goods could further improve the livelihoods of farmers, both contract and non-contract. Contract farmers only accessed operational finance without infrastructure and patient finance to back up their agricultural production. Government can improve agricultural production through better policies on land tenure, contract enforcement and risk management framework issues which were found lacking.
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Cahyadi, Eko Ruddy [Verfasser]. "Contract farming and risks for smallholders in the oil palm industry in Indonesia / Eko Ruddy Cahyadi." Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek und Universitätsbibliothek Hannover (TIB), 2013. http://d-nb.info/1036673898/34.
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Ba, Hélène Aminatou. "Contribution of contract farming to sustainable value chain upgrading in the Mekong River Delta in Vietnam." Thesis, Paris Est, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PESC0025.
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Les mutations et la libéralisation des marchés agricoles et alimentaires mondiaux ont accéléré la formation de relations verticales entre producteurs et firmes agro-industrielles et la diffusion de l’agriculture dite contractuelle dans les secteurs de la production et de la commercialisation des produits agricoles. L'agriculture contractuelle est un accord entre un exploitant agricole et un acheteur (ou entreprise), établi avant la saison de production, pour une quantité et une qualité spécifiques du produit, avec sa datede livraison à un prix parfois préétabli. Le contrat garantit au producteur la vente assurée de sa production et une assistance technique et financière (crédit, technologie,intrants agricoles). L'acheteur quant à lui, a la garantie d'une offre régulière du produit et du contrôle de la qualité.Cette thèse vise à évaluer le rôle de l'agriculture contractuelle dans la durabilité des chaînes de valeur du riz au Vietnam.Dans la sphère sociale de la durabilité, nous avons démontré que les modèles d’agriculture contractuelle privilégient davantage les moyennes ou grandes exploitations agricoles du fait des coûts de transaction accompagnant le contrat et le volume de production désiré. Cela engendre l’exclusion des petits agriculteurs qui ont de faibles capacités de production. Toutefois, la participation à un système d'intégration horizontale permet de lever cette contrainte. Sur le plan économique, les producteurs sous contrat gagnent plus que les producteurs sans contrat (environ 121 USD/hectare). Finalement, sur le plan environnemental, les producteurs sous contrat sont disposés à adopter des pratiques respectueuses de l'environnement. Cependant, les coûts élevés des certifications environnementales découragent les firmes à inclure ces normes environnementales dans les attributs de contratIn recent years, the structure of the Vietnamese rice sector has changed. From a highly fragmented value chain producing rice for low value-added markets, the shift toward more vertically integrated and coordinated value chains through contract farming has begun to emerge. Contract farming is used as a tool to govern more effectively rice quality and penetrate new and lucrative markets for higher quality rice.Many empirical studies have assessed the role of contract farming in developing economies. Contract farming is perceived as an engine for rural development and a golden opportunity for farmers to have direct access to modern markets, agricultural inputs, credit, and technical support. Worldwide, contract farming adoption is promoted as an institutional innovation. In the Vietnamese rice sector, there is a specific legislation to encourage its diffusion such as the Small Farm Large Field program.This thesis aims at assessing the contribution of contract farming to internalize sustainable production standards in rice value chains. The central assumption of this thesis is that some contract attributes may contribute to improving sustainability. A set of attributes of performance declined in sustainable indicators was selected to test our research hypothesis. The attributes of performance stem from the Sustainable Rice Platform’s principles of sustainable rice production and the existing contract attributes in the Mekong River Delta.In the economic dimension of sustainability, we found that participation in contract farming improves the welfare of rice farmers as farmers selling their paddy using a contract gain, on average, $121 per hectare of paddy more compared to farmers producing outside of a contract. The increase in price is mainly a result of an increase in the selling price (price premium).In the social principle of sustainability, we found that participation in contract farming could improve the welfare of small rice farmers through rent and risk-sharing. Export firms share some of its profits with farmers through a price premium. However, due to the large heterogeneity of contract farming models in the Vietnamese rice sector, not all contract models facilitate risk-sharing. In a marketing contract, farmers bear all the production risks whereas in resource contracts some of the production risks may shift to the export firms. Therefore, resource contracts are more likely to improve equity through risk-sharing between farmers and export firms. Moreover, participation in resource contracts is found to improve farmers’ financial inclusion. Export firms are willing to prefinance farmers under contract. However, the opportunity cost of prefinancing may include the loss of farmers’ autonomy. Evidence from our discrete choice experiment reveals a conflicting interest between farmers and export firms regarding the decision rights in a contract. Last but not least, smallest farmers were excluded from contract farming as firms did not always want to support the transaction costs of dealing with numerous individual farmers. However, our findings suggest that the scale-bias could be successfully relaxed through the Small Farm Large Field program.Finally, in the environmental dimension of sustainability, we examined both firms’ and farmers’ prospective responses to the internalization of sustainability through contract farming using an experimental approach. Farmers are found willing to internalize the environmental dimension of sustainability through contract farming in exchange for a price premium. Export firms are found less likely to implement the GlobalG.A.P./VietGAP or the Pesticide free production standards. The cost of such standard implementation and the lack of institutional support are more likely to justify this outcome
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Engelbrecht, Emma. "Investigating the feasibility of small-scale broiler farming." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6701.
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Thesis (MScEng (Industrial Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Small-scale farmers have the opportunity to gain access to markets through a contract farming arrangement. The key question is whether it is financially feasible for a small-scale farmer to enter into a contract. The objectives of this study were to develop a model that could be used to determine the financial feasibility of small-scale contract broiler farming in an intensive production system, compare three different genotypes namely: Cobb500 males X Hybro G females, Ross 308 males X Potchefstroom Koekoek females (crossbred) and the purebred Potchefstroom Koekoek, and evaluate current smallscale farmers’ broiler production by means of a case study. Financial performance indicators such as the net present value, cash flow and profit and loss statements were used to analyze the feasibility of all the scenarios. The model was built in Microsoft Excel. Five hundred, 1500 and 2500 birds/cycle scale of production were analyzed. Results revealed that based on the capital costs used, a 500 birds/cycle scale of production was uneconomical and that a farmer would have to receive R25.01/kg broiler meat in order to break even. The 1500 scale of production showed much better results. A farmer could break even at R17.51/kg meat. The capital investment cost of the 2500 scale of production was so high that the farmer would have had to sell his broiler meat for R18.54/kg. Performance traits of genotypes were collected through an experiment and data was statistically analyzed using ‘Statistica 9’. Results showed that there were significant differences between the cumulative feed intake, feed conversion ratios and the European production efficiency ratio of the different genotypes. No significant difference was found in the liveability of the genotypes. Data on performance traits was used as input into the model so that the economic feasibility of the genotypes could be compared. Results showed that a purebred Potchefstroom Koekoek genotype was not suitable for an intensive production system and that the crossbreed did not perform as well as the broiler breed, but that it would be worthwhile investigating the performance traits of the cross breed under less optimal conditions or in a free-range system. The lower capital costs necessary for a freerange system, together with the high premium paid for free-range broiler meat, may give admirable results in the economic feasibility of a small-scale broiler farm.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Kleinboere het die geleentheid om deur kontrak boerdery toegang tot markte te verkry. Die vraag is egter of dit finansieël haalbaar is vir 'n kleinboer om kontraktueel verbind te word? Die doelwitte van die studie was om: ‘n model te ontwikkel wat gebruik kan word om die finansiële lewensvatbaarheid van' n klein-skaalse braaikuikenboer te bepaal onder 'n intensiewe produksiestelsel; verskillende genotipes naamlik: Cobb500 hane X Hybro G henne, Ross 308 hane X Potchefstroom Koekoek henne (kruising) en die suiwer Potchefstroom Koekoek te evalueer en die die huidige klein-skaal boer se braaikuikenproduksie deur middel van 'n gevallestudie te evalueer. Finansiële prestasie aanwysers soos die netto huidige waarde, kontantvloei, asook wins en verlies state was gebruik om die haalbaarheid van die verskeie gevalle te analiseer. Die model is op Microsoft Excel gebou. ‘n Produksie skaal van 500, 1500 en 2500 kuikens/siklus is ontleed. Resultate het getoon dat, gebaseer op die kapitale koste wat gebruik is, 'n produksie skaal van 500 kuikens/siklus onekonomies is en dat ʼn boer R25.01/kg sal moet ontvang om gelyk te breek. Die produksie skaal van 1500 kuikens/siklus het beter resultate getoon. 'n Boer kan gelyk breek teen R17.51/kg vleis. Die kapitale beleggingskoste van die produksie skaal van 2500 kuikens/siklus was so hoog dat die boer R18.54/kg sou moes ontvang het om gelyk te breek. Prestasie van genotipes is ingesamel deur middel van 'n eksperiment en data is statisties ontleed met behulp van Statistica 9. Resultate het getoon dat daar hoogs beduidende verskille tussen die kumulatiewe voerinname, voeromsetsverhoudings en Europese produksie effektiwiteits verhouding van die verskillende genotipes is. Geen beduidende verskil is gevind in die leefbaarheid van die genotipes nie. Inligting oor die prestasie eienskappe is gebruik as insette tot die model sodat die ekonomiese haalbaarheid van die genotipes vergelyk kon word. Resultate het getoon dat 'n suiwer Potchefstroom Koekoek genotipe nie geskik is vir 'n intensiewe produksie stelsel nie en dat die kruising nie so goed soos die braaikuiken gevaar het nie, maar dat dit die moeite werd sal wees om ondersoek in te stel na die produksie potensiaal van die kruis kuiken in minder optimale toestande, soos ‘n vryloop stelsel. Die laer kapitale koste en die hoë premie wat betaal word vir vryloop braaikuikenvleis mag geloofwaardige resultate op die ekonomiese haalbaarheid van 'n kleinskaalse braaikuikenboer toon.
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Badenhorst, Louis. "Exploring the potential of contract farming as a solution to the growing unemployment in the mining sector." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97310.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The mining bubble is over, and mining companies in South Africa are under pressure to remain viable concerns. This forces companies to cut their cost through organisational restructuring, closing down of mines and cost-saving technologies. All of these result in job losses in the mining sector. However, the companies do have a social responsibility to help uplift and create jobs in the mining areas and labour-sending regions. The study reviews examples of corporate-social-development projects of mines that relate to agriculture. Furthermore, the study looks at projects stemming from the government’s desire for land reform and rural social-economic upliftment of previously disadvantaged communities. In this context contract farming is an ideal way to tackle comprehensively the re-employment challenges. Against that background, which combines literature review and brief summaries of case studies, the dissertation reviews contract farming as an approach towards agricultural development and job creation. The lessons from the socio-economic development projects, rural-reforms and contract-farming projects are used as inputs to evolve a framework for the local approach to contract farming, related to mining areas. This includes considerations of implementation challenges likely to be experienced.
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Fischer, Sabine [Verfasser], Meike [Akademischer Betreuer] [Gutachter] Wollni, Yasemin [Gutachter] Boztuğ, and Holger A. [Gutachter] Rau. "Contract Farming in Developing Countries - A Behavioral Perspective on Contract Choice and Compliance / Sabine Fischer ; Gutachter: Meike Wollni, Yasemin Boztug, Holger A. Rau ; Betreuer: Meike Wollni." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1143949196/34.
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Fischer, Sabine [Verfasser], Meike [Akademischer Betreuer] Wollni, Yasemin Gutachter] Boztuğ, and Holger A. [Gutachter] [Rau. "Contract Farming in Developing Countries - A Behavioral Perspective on Contract Choice and Compliance / Sabine Fischer ; Gutachter: Meike Wollni, Yasemin Boztug, Holger A. Rau ; Betreuer: Meike Wollni." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:7-11858/00-1735-0000-0023-3F5B-E-1.
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Egery, Julian. "Economic Risks in the Agricultural Sectors of Emerging Economies: Smallholder Perspectives of Projects Based on Thailand’s ‘Philosophy of Sufficiency Economy’." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/31176.
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Economic growth in emerging economies has been changing the livelihoods of many smallholders. Typically, disparity increases as economies emerge, and the agricultural sector experiences lower growth relative to other sectors. Growing inequalities and economic vulnerabilities during this critical period of development in emerging economies are often associated with social problems and political tensions, as this is the case in Thailand. In the latter, the Philosophy of Sufficiency Economy (SE) has been employed through the monarchy in a number of ways. Due to laws prohibiting critique of the monarchy, these projects are not fairly evaluated and the perspectives of smallholders affected are largely unknown.
Knowledge on the effectiveness of Thailand’s Philosophy of SE in combating the disparity problem and economic vulnerability in the agricultural sectors of emerging economies was gained through semi-structured interviews. An organic farming project run by a Non-Governmental Organization (NGO), called ISAC follows the principles of Sufficiency Economy, and is located in the Mae Taeng district in the north of the province of Chiang Mai. A sample of 20 farmers from two villages (Don Chiang and San Pa Yang) who participate in the project was interviewed. Questions regarding age and education level of all family members also created a quantitative sample of 72 individuals. An epistemological framework based in critical realism was employed with the use of purposive interview sampling methods
Results indicate that employing SE can help a select group of farmers to escape economic vulnerability. This group includes farmers in an older age group with sufficient land and access to guidance. The philosophy may help keep this group of farmers satisfied as the countries economy evolves. The project appears to be sustainable only in the short-term as younger generations seem to be reaching higher levels of education than their elders and are likely to pursue lives outside of agriculture. In addition, some benefits of farming with the principles of SE include, lower financial stress, improved health, and a better family life. Conversely, a decision to live by the principles of SE can lead to a stigmatization of farmers within their community, creating in-groups and out-groups.
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Dahl, Celina. "Odlingarna blir större men alla odlar samma sak för samma företag : En studie kring jordbrukares upplevelse av kontraktsodling och hur det kan påverka strukturen inom jordbruket på Söderslätt i Skåne." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-119314.
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Contract farming is an agreement between a farmer and a firm regarding the agricultural production. Studies have shown that contract farming can influence farmers in different ways. Positive aspects of contract farming is said to be that farmers get access to a bigger market, a secure source of income and valuable assistance from the companies that they have entered into a contract with. Negative aspects are foremost said to be that farmers may loose control over the production and feel that they do not have their independence left. Researchers also argue that contract farming can affect the structure within agriculture, which in many countries is dominated by family farm systems. Some therefore believe that contract farming could play a part in family farm systems changing or disappearing. This study applied a Marxist perspective and aimed to examine farmers and their experience of contract farming and how it might affect the structure within agriculture. An agricultural area in the southern parts of Sweden called Söderslätt was studied. The result showed that contract farming affected the farmers in various ways and that it in some terms can be a cause for changes within the structure of agriculture. Keywords: Söderslätt, contract farming, structural changes, family farm systems.
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Sibindi, Angels. "An analysis of the impact of contract farming on smallholding farming as a mechanism for value chain efficiency enhancement : the case of Mashonaland central province (Zimbabwe) smallholder tobacco farmers." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95661.
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Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This research study has examined the impact of contract farming on enhancing efficiencies with the agricultural value chain for smallholder tobacco farmers in Mashonaland Central Province in Zimbabwe. The major challenges facing smallholder farmers in Africa in general and Zimbabwe in particular relate to financial constraints, technical expertise and market access. Contract farming as a transactions-cost-focussed-model is considered more effectively responsive to those challenges than the pure market approach which insufficiently addresses the impact of information asymmetries, bounded rationality, uncertainty, governance challenges and infrastructure challenges, among others. It allows for closely monitored smallholder financing by agribusiness entities which reduces or eliminates the probability of loan default. Contract farming is seen as an important mechanism in transforming the fragmented, subsistence agriculture in rural Africa into high commercialised and viable business undertakings. In this study, extensive reference is made to literature on agriculture financing; empirical research data on smallholder productivity and loan recoverability is drawn and analysed using the quantitative research methodology. The analysis sought to test for relationships among a set of variables and in the process examined the impact of contract farming. A comparative analysis of national data on the contract and auction system of tobacco marketing was done with emphasis on production and sales volumes, crop quality, price stability and market access. The results from the quantitative analysis of farmer-level and country-level data indicated a strong correlation between smallholder farmer production, productivity and loan recoverability and contract farming value chain intervention mechanisms.
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James, Gareth David. "Transforming rural livelihoods in Zimbabwe : experiences of Fast Track Land Reform, 2000-2012." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/21119.
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This thesis examines the livelihood outcomes of Zimbabwe’s Fast Track Land Reform Programme (FTLRP). It asks, what has happened to rural livelihoods following land redistribution; how did land occupations and redistribution unfold; who gained land in the A1 resettlement areas; what new patterns of production can be identified and how do these compare between different settlement types and across time; how have smallholders responded to new opportunities and challenges on and off the farm; and what are the experiences of women and former farm workers? The thesis adopts a multi-methods, comparative approach, drawing on survey data from over 500 rural households and in-depth interviews with 132 “new” farmers. The thesis is a comparative assessment of livelihood outcomes in the new resettlement areas vis-à-vis the old resettlement and communal areas. The results of a series of statistical analyses and interviews show that the “new” A1 farmers are mostly poor and landless people from neighbouring communal areas. These resettlement farmers also produce more maize, cotton and tobacco than their counterparts in other rural areas. The main constraint to smallholder development in these areas has been the general lack of inputs (especially fertilisers), credit and markets. Resettlement farmers, old and new, have responded to these challenges by engaging in contract farming and/or a wider range of non-farm income generating activities, earning higher incomes than those in the communal areas. The data also shows that income from farm and non-farm activities is then reinvested in productive assets and agricultural production. The final chapter presents smallholders’ perceptions about their own tenure security. While many feel secure on their new land, land rights for women and former farm workers continue to be mediated through men and settlers, respectively. Their livelihoods thus rest precariously on their abilities to manage these relationships. Thus, in addition to offering a detailed, empirical analysis of the livelihood outcomes of Zimbabwe land reform, the thesis also contributes to wider theoretical debates, challenging narratives of deagrarianisation and emphasising the importance of multi-methods approaches to understanding complex livelihood changes in the context of land reform.
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Koranteng, Kweku Yeboah. "Contract farming model of financing smallholder farmers in South Africa : the case of the IDC-Kat River citrus development scheme." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/8579.
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Thesis (MDF)--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.The constraints that impede the growth of smallholder farmers have been attributed to lack of access to markets and technical expertise. This has led to mainstream banks classifying smallholder farmers as high risk and therefore unwilling to finance smallholder farmers. Contract farming has developed as a model that may be able to link smallholder farmers with agribusinesses who have the expertise and have built marketing channels that can be utilised by the smallholder farmers. Despite its potential to bring smallholder farmers into the mainstream agriculture industry, literature on contract farming has indicated that contract farming can be skewed in favour of the agribusiness due to their superior bargaining power and information asymmetry in favour of the agribusiness. This study examines the Industrial Development Corporation (IDC)’s Kat River Development Scheme to finance nine farmers through a contract farming arrangement with Riverside (Pty) Ltd. More particularly, the study examines how this financing model contributes to improved access to finance, markets and technical expertise for the farmers. It also examines how the arrangement contributes to reducing the risk of financing smallholder farmers for IDC. The empirical analysis indicates that, despite the fact that the farmers are able to obtain access to finance, market and technical expertise, the ability for the scheme to meet its objectives in the long term is dependent on improving transparency between the agribusiness and the farmers, providing appropriate incentives for the farmers to apply the required effort and the farmers buying into the long term strategic aim (or “big picture”) of the scheme.
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Caretta, Martina Angela. "East African Hydropatriarchies : An analysis of changing waterscapes in smallholder irrigation farming." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-120591.
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This thesis examines the local waterscapes of two smallholder irrigation farming systems in the dry lands of East African in a context of socio-ecological changes. It focuses on three aspects: institutional arrangements, gender relations and landscape investments. This thesis is based on a reflexive analysis of cross-cultural, cross-language research, particularly focusing on the role of field assistants and interpreters, and on member checking as a method to ensure validity. Flexible irrigation infrastructure in Sibou, Kenya, and Engaruka, Tanzania, allow farmers to shift the course of water and to extend or reduce the area cultivated depending on seasonal rainfall patterns. Water conflicts are avoided through a decentralized common property management system. Water rights are continuously renegotiated depending on water supply. Water is seen as a common good the management of which is guided by mutual understanding to prevent conflicts through participation and shared information about water rights. However, participation in water management is a privilege that is endowed mostly to men. Strict patriarchal norms regulate control over water and practically exclude women from irrigation management. The control over water usage for productive means is a manifestation of masculinity. The same gender bias has emerged in recent decades as men have increased their engagement in agriculture by cultivating crops for sale. Women, because of their subordinated position, cannot take advantage of the recent livelihood diversification. Rather, the cultivation of horticultural products for sale has increased the workload for women who already farm most food crops for family consumption. In addition, they now have to weed and harvest the commercial crops that their husbands sell for profit. This agricultural gender divide is mirrored in men´s and women´s response to increased climate variability. Women intercrop as a risk adverting strategy, while men sow more rounds of crops for sale when the rain allows for it. Additionally, while discursively underestimated by men, women´s assistance is materially fundamental to maintaining of the irrigation infrastructure and to ensuring the soil fertility that makes the cultivation of crops for sale possible. In sum, this thesis highlights the adaptation potentials of contemporary smallholder irrigation systems through local common property regimes that, while not inclusive towards women, avoid conflicts generated by shifting water supply and increased climate variability. To be able to assess the success and viability of irrigation systems, research must be carried out at a local level. By studying how local water management works, how conflicts are adverted through common property regimes and how these systems adapt to socio-ecological changes, this thesis provides insights that are important both for the planning of current irrigation schemes and the rehabilitation or the extension of older systems. By investigating the factors behind the consistent marginalization of women from water management and their subordinated role in agricultural production, this study also cautions against the reproduction of these discriminatory norms in the planning of irrigation projects.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Manuscript.
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Malpass, Alice. "Hibred Kala : the hybrid age of choice, dissent and imagination : contract farming and genetically modified cotton in Karnataka, South India." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.417515.
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Moyo, Moses. "Household and community effects of contract farming after the fast track land reform programme: a case study of Mazowe tobacco farmers." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Humanities, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30363.
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This study investigates the household and community effects that arise from tobacco farmers’ participation and performance under tobacco contract farming arrangements in Mazowe District. The provision of land to A1 Fast Track Land Reform Programme (FTLRP) beneficiaries, attracted the re-entry of capitalist agriculture system and revitalised of smallholder tobacco production. Access to land was central to farmers’ participation, performance and outcomes from tobacco production. The study used the access theory framework, to track mechanisms and processes farmers followed when negotiating the use of productive resources to participate and generate income from contract farming. The study further tracks how this income was used and with what effect to the household and community. A case study using a mixed method approach was used with the qualitative aspect assessing and explaining the contextual, historical and contemporary phenomena surrounding farmer participation, performance and the use of the contract farming proceeds, all this with the aim of establishing causal links of contract farming to community effects. A quantitative analysis, based on a survey questionnaire and a sample of 150 farmers, measured the production and income outcomes of the farmers. Regression models and descriptive statistics using SPSS were used to analyse data from a survey questionnaire. The study found that contract farming benefited the household and had positive spillover effects within the community of Mazowe. Contract farming arrangements had a positive effect on employment, service provision and food security. Provision of staple food inputs, helped increase food production which was exchanged for labour.Increased income resulted in contract farmers diversifying cash crop production and investment into nonfarm activities which generated employment and service spillovers within the community. The paradox, however, is that most farmers struggled under contract farming, were indebted and dependent on the contractor, in a captive relationship, for continued tobacco production. Those who struggled had difficulty accessing cash advances for labour and assets needed to produce a quality crop. Logit results showed that resourced-farmers were more likely to participate, stay and perform well in contract farming arrangements while the poor exited. Initial resource endowments of farmers were an important determinant of the participation, production and income outcomes of participating farmers and that this was a source of social differentiation in Mazowe. FTLRP beneficiaries outperformed their communal counterparts in welfare measures tested, indicating the importance of land in rural livelihoods. After the FTLRP there was a tenfold increase in smallholder farmers producing over 84 percent of the tobacco under contract. The shift in land ownership from large scale farmers to peasants forced agribusinesses to negotiate resource providing contracts with small scale farmers. The contracts provided partial resources with the farmer needing to provide supplementary inputs and services. Prices were determined by market forces and were deemed unfair by farmers. Farmers responded to these challenges through social relationships. Access to land by deficient households, labour, production resources and better prices were negotiated through networks and social ties. Again, A1 FTLRP beneficiaries wielded more power in navigating the social relationships to their benefit, which could be attributed to their large land holdings. This study contributes to the literature by showing that contract farming benefits both the household and community. Tobacco production was revitalised by the re-entry of capital into smallholder sector, and small scale farmers mitigated the exploitative forms of capital through social relationships. For contract farming to contribute to rural livelihoods, there is a need for research to address resource endowment, power imbalance gaps and institutional arrangements that help build the poor’s asset holdings.
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Msomi, Thulisile Felicity. "Institutional dynamics in a small-scale organic farming organisation : the case of the Ezemvelo Farmers' Organisation." University of the Western Cape, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5580.
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Magister Philosophiae (Land and Agrarian Studies) - MPhil(LAS)This study explores institutional dynamics within an organic farming organisation, the Ezemvelo Farmers' Organisation (EFO), based in uMbumbulu in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN). The main objective of the study was to identify the institutional and governance factors that impact on the sustainability of the organic production programme of the EFO. A variety of research methods were employed, including a small sample survey of 50 households, in-depth interviews with key respondents, and a critical assessment of the existing literature on the EFO. The study established that many rural households in uMbumbulu maintain their livelihoods through a diverse array of activities that include social grants. Agriculture remains an important livelihood strategy for many households. It presents opportunities for income generation, access to food, job creation and increased asset accumulation. Communal land tenure systems do not constrain agricultural development, and kinship ties and social relations determine affordable and flexible land access for farming and residential use. The EFO initiave regenerated agricultural production in uMbumbulu. Many households have rights to cropping fields and these fields were revitalised and put under productive use as the organic farming initiative gained momentum. The EFO marketed its produce to Farmwise, a packhouse that distributes produce to various retailers. The agro-food industry is dominated by large business interests and maintained exploitative relations with the EFO. Organic production and marketing to such businesses imposed high transaction costs on members of the EFO as onerous quality standards were enforced throughout the value chain. Rural development interventions that are driven by external stakeholders such as academic institutions, government departments and other agencies tend not to provide sustainable solutions to help support the development of smallholder farmers. In the case of the EFO, such support saw abuses of power, elite capture, free-rider problems, conflict and weak management systems. The thesis argues that the agrarian transformation imperative means that policy frameworks must be re-examined, and adapted to the needs and local practices of smallholder farmers such as members of the EFO. Proper extension support that provides accurate market information, effective coordination of production and transport services, and relevant infrastructure, is also required.
National Research Foundation (NRF)
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Saigenji, Yoshiko [Verfasser], and Manfred [Akademischer Betreuer] Zeller. "Contract farming and its impact on production efficiency and rural household income in the Vietnamese tea sector / Yoshiko Saigenji. Betreuer: Manfred Zeller." Hohenheim : Kommunikations-, Informations- und Medienzentrum der Universität Hohenheim, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1027353894/34.
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Dubb, Alexander. "Dynamics of social reproduction and differentiation among small-scale sugarcane farmers in two rural wards of Kwazulu-Natal." University of the Western Cape, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4250.
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Magister Philosophiae - MPhilDynamics of Social Reproduction and Differentiation among Small-Scale Sugarcane Farmers in Two Rural Wards of KwaZulu-Natal A. Dubb M.Phil thesis, Institute for Poverty, Land and Agrarian Studies, University of the Western Cape. Outgrower or contract-farming schemes have long been considered an important „pro-poor‟ method of incorporating small-scale farmers into agro-commodity chains, oft defined by their capital intensity and consequent high barriers of entry. Nonetheless, critics have observed that such schemes often operate under highly imbalanced relations of power between farmers and processors, generate substantial inequality, and negatively impact on household food security. In the province of KwaZulu-Natal, home to much of South Africa‟s sugar industry, the number of small-scale sugarcane outgrowers increased rapidly from near nothing in the late 1960s to around 50,000 in the early 2000s; an increase born out of industry-subsidized miller initiatives, disguised as micro-credit, to bring commercially inalienable Bantustan land under cane production. However, in the past decade small-scale sugarcane growers have faced a precipitous decline following the restructuring of the sugar industry in the 1990s and the onset of drought in the 2000s. This study seeks to trace the origins and shifting structural foundations of small-scale sugarcane production and investigate its impacts on dynamics of social reproduction and accumulation in two rural wards of the Umfolozi region, in the wake of the sale of the central mill by the multinational corporation Illovo to a consortium of largescale white sugarcane growers. Utilizing survey data from 74 small-scale grower homesteads and life-history interviews, it is argued that regulatory restructuring resulted in deteriorating terms of exchange and the retraction of miller oversight in production, cane-haulage and ploughing operations, hence devolved to commercially unstable local contractors. Growers have subsequently struggled to compensate for consequent capital inefficiencies through intensified exploitation, largely due to the successful impact of social grants in mitigating the desperation of family and hired labour, and further face considerable barriers to expansion in land. While proceeds from sugarcane continue to represent an additional source of coveted cash-income, sparse off-farm income opportunities have gained prominence as a basis for stabilizing consumption and some re-investment in cane. The centrality of incomediversification for simple reproduction and limited accumulation has rendered the dynamics of social differentiation to be both unstable and reversible, and has closely tied sustained cane production to the labour content of non-cane income sources. Meanwhile, with less direct oversight in production, millers face the challenge of retaining their implicit „grab‟ on customary land, throwing into relief the contradictions inherent in attempts „from above‟ to foster a nominal „peasant‟ class „from below‟.
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Muntrakis, Emelie. "Impacts of large scale sugar investments on local livelihoods seen through the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach : A case study on a multinational sugar company’s presence in Manhiça, Mozambique." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för naturvetenskap, miljö och teknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-29239.
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Establishment of big companies in rural areas is something that is getting more and more common as the phenomenon of land acquisition is growing. This study is based on a case study in Manhiça where a big scale multinational sugar company, consisting of a sugar factory and sugarcane plantations, has been present for almost 20 years. The theoretical framework is based on the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (SLA) that is made into a method by taking dimensions from the theory and converting them into analytical tools. The aim is to identify and analyse the impacts that the company’s activities have on longer term on the capital basis of the various groups with which the company relates. Using the perspective of SLA helps identify the wide range of impacts – direct and indirect, positive and negative – that matter to local people. The study is qualitative and based on semi-structured interviews made with different groups of outgrower farmers and employees as well as representatives for the company and the municipality. The results are, in accordance with the principles underlying the SLA, focusing on the perceptions of people and the dynamic nature of livelihoods. A pilot study is used to indicate which impacts that are a result of the company’s presence and which only a result of switching to cash crops. The study shows that different groups are affected different from the interactions with the company. People with already weak livelihoods are benefited least since their access to different capital assets decrease.
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Soullier, Guillaume. "Modernization of domestic food chains in developing countries : What effects on small-scale farmers ? : The rice value chain in Senegal." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTD018/document.
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Le débat à propos de la contribution des chaînes de valeur domestiques à la sécurité alimentaire nationale dans les pays en développement a été ravivé par les dernières crises alimentaires. En Asie, les entreprises du segment intermédiaire réalisent un changement technique et intègrent de nouvelles fonctions, ce qui provoque une augmentation de la valeur ajoutée et un prix de vente au consommateur plus bas. L’objectif général de cette thèse est de contribuer à la connaissance de l’organisation des chaînes de valeur alimentaires domestiques en Afrique et leurs implications économiques et sociales pour les petits producteurs. Elle traite trois questions. Premièrement, la thèse analyse l’organisation de la chaîne de valeur du riz au Sénégal dans le but d’estimer si elle connaît une modernisation similaire à celle observée en Asie. Deuxièmement, la thèse examine l’inclusion des petits producteurs dans l’agriculture contractuelle, avec un intérêt particulier pour la combinaison de modes de commercialisation. Troisièmement, la thèse évalue l’impact des contrats sur les revenus et la sécurité alimentaire des petits producteurs. Le cadre théorique est celui de la gouvernance des Chaînes Globales de Valeur, qui analyse l’influence du pilote de la qualité sur la répartition des tâches et compétences entre les acteurs de la chaîne. Il est combiné avec les cadres théoriques des formes plurielles et des moyens d’existence pour traiter la seconde question. Le cas étudié est celui de la chaîne du riz dans la vallée du fleuve Sénégal. Les analyses de données sont basées sur 154 entretiens qualitatifs et des données quantitatives concernant 913 acteurs de la chaîne de valeur. La participation des producteurs dans les contrats est analysée par un modèle logit multinomial, et le biais de sélection est corrigé avec les modèles de la variable instrumentale et de l’appariement au score de propension. Le premier résultat est que la modernisation de la chaîne de valeur du riz du Sénégal est similaire à celle ayant lieu en Asie. Néanmoins, au Sénégal, (1) la situation de référence est une transaction spot (et non une transaction dans laquelle les intrants et le produit sont liés), et les transformateurs réalisaient la collecte du paddy avant la modernisation, (2) les politiques de crédit contribuent directement au changement de gouvernance et (3) la chaîne de valeur moderne n’est pas compétitive par rapport aux importations de riz brisé. Le second résultat est que les petits producteurs participent aux contrats afin de sécuriser le financement agricole. La segmentation du marché du crédit est liée à l’endettement des petits producteurs auprès de la banque nationale. L’incertitude est un déterminant de second ordre des formes plurielles. De plus, les producteurs commercialisent aussi le paddy par des transactions spots qui peuvent être adaptées aux besoins du ménage. Le troisième résultat est que les impacts des contrats sur les petits producteurs sont différents. Le contrat de commercialisation est un dispositif financier qui n’a pas d’impact sur les pratiques agricoles, les rendements, la qualité du produit et le revenu. Néanmoins, il améliore légèrement la sécurité alimentaire par l’atténuation de la saisonnalité des prix. Le contrat de production a un impact positif sur le revenu des producteurs exclus du crédit bancaire. Néanmoins, il inclut des coûts implicites d’intérêt et d’assurance qui impliquent que ces producteurs obtiennent un profit moins important que celui des producteurs financés par la banque. Dans le but de soutenir la modernisation, les politiques publiques devraient favoriser l’élaboration d’un système d’assurance approprié au crédit agricole. Elles devraient aussi inclure les petits transformateurs dans la modernisation par la promotion de techniques semi-industrielles et l’ouverture de crédit au fonctionnement et à l’équipementThe debate about the contribution of domestic food chains to national food security in developing countries was revived by the last food price crises. In Asia, midstream enterprises implement technical changes and integrate new functions, resulting in increased added value and lower prices for consumers. The general objective of the thesis is to contribute to knowledge about the organization of domestic food value chains in Africa and their economic and social implications for small-scale farmers. It addresses three issues. First, it analyzes the organization of the rice value chain in Senegal to determine if it follows the same modernization pattern as the Asian one. Second, the thesis examines the inclusion of small-scale producers in contract farming, with a specific focus on the combination of marketing modes. Third, the thesis assesses the impacts of contracts on small-scale farmer incomes and food security. The theoretical framework is the governance of the Global Value Chain, which analyzes the influence of the driver of the quality on the distribution of tasks and skills among the actors of the chain. It is combined with the theoretical frameworks of plural forms and livelihoods to address the second issue. The case studied is the Senegal River Valley rice value chain. Data analyses are based on 154 qualitative interviews and a body of quantitative data involving over 913 actors in the value chain. Producer participation in contracts is analyzed with a multimodal logit model and the selection bias is corrected with instrumental variable and propensity score models. The first result is that modernization of the Senegalese value chain is in step with what is taking place in Asia. Nevertheless, in Senegal, (1) the benchmark situation is a spot transaction (and not a tied output-credit transaction), and processors carried out paddy collection before the modernization, (2) credit policies directly contribute to the change in governance, and (3) the modernization of the rice value chain does not make it competitive relative to imports of broken rice. The second result is that small-scale producers participate in contracts to secure agricultural financing. The segmentation of the credit market is linked to the indebtedness of small-scale producers to the national agriculture bank. Uncertainty is a second order driver towards plural forms. Besides, producers continue marketing through spot transactions which can be adapted to household needs. The third result is that the impacts of contracts on small-scale farmers are different. The marketing contract is a financial device which has no impact on agricultural practices, yields, product quality and income. It nevertheless slightly improves food security by mitigating price seasonality. The production contract has a positive impact on the income of producers who were excluded from bank credit. It nevertheless includes implicit interest and insurance costs, meaning that these producers make less profit than those financed by the bank. In order to support the modernization, policies should enhance the design of an appropriate insurance system for agricultural credit. They should also include small-scale processors in the modernization through the promotion of semi-industrial technics and the opening up of operating and equipment loans. Finally, they should fund studies about the use of small-scale mechanization
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Laszlo, Ambjörnsson Emmeline. "Power relations and adaptive capacity : Exploring gender relations in climate change adaptation and coping within small-scale farming in western Kenya." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Stockholm Resilience Centre, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-63368.
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Climate adaptation is an important and necessary response to global climate change.Numerous studies show that adaptive capacity is shaped by cultural and social determinants.Gender relations are an integral aspect of social relations in all societies, yet the literature onhow gender influences climate adaptation is limited. Women and men, with different roles,responsibilities and decision-making power have different possibilities to cope and adapt withclimate change, thus adopting a gendered approach to climate adaptation is essential toenhance our understanding of successful adaptation.The aim of the study is to explore how cultural attributes and power relations of genderinfluence adaptive capacity in relation to climate change among smallholder farmers inwestern Kenya. Furthermore this study contributes to resilience thinking by using the lens ofpost-structural feminist political ecology and the concept of gender contracts, whichhighlights the influence of power laden gender discourses and the construction andreconstruction of such contracts. The study is triangulated by the use of qualitative methodsand draws upon 12 semi-structured interviews, 4 focus group discussions and 4 expertinterviews.Gendered power relations were primarily a constraint to the adaptive capacity of women,restricting their possibilities to pursue a number of coping and adaptation strategies, which inturn affected the resilience of the household. Capacity building and farmer group formationpromoted by a Swedish NGO (ViAFP) resulted in altered power relations, renegotiated andreconstructed gender contracts which increased adaptive capacity and adaptation opportunitiesfor both men and women, although particularly for women because of their initial vulnerableposition. This study adds an understanding of the gendered dimensions of local climatechange adaptation and shows that adaptation cannot be understood separate from socialrelations. The policy implication is thus that enhancing local climate adaptation requiresconsideration of power relations and gender equality.
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Eronat, Munib Ali. "Structural Changes In Fresh Fruit And Vegetable Distribution Channels Between 1982-2012 In Turkey With Specific Emphasis On The Ankara Wholesale Market." Thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614153/index.pdf.
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This study intends to examine the changes in the structural relations between the actors of fresh fruit and vegetable distribution process within a time scope of thirty years perspective. In summary the following questions were tried to be answered:
- Who are the actors active in the fresh fruit and vegetable distribution process?
- How these actors transformed within a time scope of thirty years and how they were effected from the changes in overall economic developments and government policies?
- What potentials do these actors have for the future and what are the key areas of development to sustain a winning environment for all parties involved: for producers, distributors and consumers?
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Martínez, Godoy Diego. "Agriculture contractuelle et déterritorialisation dans les Andes Equatoriennes. Le cas d’une communauté paysanne au pied du volcan Cayambe - Equateur." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLA033.
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Bénéficiaires de la réforme agraire des années 1960, les communautés indigènes situées au pied du volcan Cayambe, connaissent depuis deux décennies des transformations territoriales radicales. Ces transformations se sont intensifiées principalement à cause de l’intégration verticale des petits producteurs ruraux dans les chaines de production laitières par plusieurs industries agroalimentaires du pays. Ce modèle dominant dans la zone nord Andine favorise la diminution des couts de production et des risques pour les entreprises capitalistes venues opérer sur le territoire. Mais il confronte les agricultures familiales à un processus de déterritorialisation qui s’accélère avec la consolidation du pouvoir agroindustriel.En mobilisant une approche sociologique combinée à une analyse territoriale, cette recherche propose d’étudier les transformations économico-productives et socio organisationnelles qu’a subit le territoire depuis le début du XXème siècle pour ensuite déterminer et mesurer à quelle étape du processus de déterritorialisation sont confrontées aujourd'hui les agricultures familiales de Cayambe. La mise en évidence d'un processus de différenciation sociale associé à une recomposition des rapports de forces présents sur le territoire va nous permettre de discuter de la capacité des acteurs locaux à résister à cette dynamique de déterritorialisation et, par voie de conséquence, leurs possibilités de développer des stratégies qui leur permettent de récupérer le contrôle de leur territoireBeneficiaries of land reform, indigenous communities located at the foot of Cayambe volcano are witness for almost two decades of territorial changes caused by theexpansion of the agro-industrial activity. Indeed, contract farming which considers smalls rural producers within the dairy production lines of several food industries, is the dominant model in the region. This kind of farming also promotes the reduction of production costs and the risks for the capitalist enterprises operating on the territory. Nevertheless, family farms would face a growing process of desterritorialisation that is increasing with the consolidation of agribusiness power and threatening to Andean community traditions, which are however vital in the process of the territorial construction and reconstruction. Are there still differentiated responses levels of family farmers to face to territorial changes and production-driven strategies led by agribusiness in the Ecuadorian Andes?
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Le, Ngoc Huong [Verfasser], Ludwig [Akademischer Betreuer] Theuvsen, Achim [Gutachter] Spiller, Xiaohua [Gutachter] Yu, and Verena [Gutachter] Otter. "Contract Farming in Vietnam: Empirical Research on Marketing Determinants, Farm Performance and Technical Efficiency of the Export-oriented Rice Sector in the Mekong River Delta / Ngoc Huong Le ; Gutachter: Achim Spiller, Xiaohua Yu, Verena Otter ; Betreuer: Ludwig Theuvsen." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1176808923/34.
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Salinas, Patricia Jose de Almeida. "Arrendamento e parceria na agricultura brasileira : condicionantes, contratos e funcionamento." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/285707.
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Orientador: Antonio Marcio BuainainTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
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Resumo: O objetivo central desta tese é analisar as relações de arrendamento e parceria no meio rural brasileiro nas últimas duas décadas. Observou-se a presença do arrendamento e da parceria em todo país, com grande heterogeneidade em formato, resultados da produção e provavelmente em ganhos de eficiência. A hipótese que orientou a pesquisa é que tal heterogeneidade não se explica apenas a partir das conhecidas diferenças regionais, e que por isto é necessário conhecer - como se tentou fazer neste trabalho - os principais condicionantes que regem as relações contratuais entre arrendatários, parceiros e proprietários. Sustenta-se que o arrendamento e a parceria, que no passado tiveram presença marcante no sistema agrário brasileiro, perdem expressão como mecanismos de acesso de pequenos produtores à terra de médios e grandes proprietários. Segundo a hipótese discutida no trabalho, o arrendamento e parceria estariam cada vez mais restritos ao contexto institucional (sócioeconômico, político, cultural) dos produtores mais capitalizados e experientes, os quais teriam condições produtivas e financeiras de aproveitar oportunidades de negócios e para se inserir nas cadeias agroindustriais mais complexas e estruturadas (por exemplo, soja, milho, cana de açúcar e álcool, pecuária bovina, arroz irrigado) sem a necessidade de imobilizar capital na compra de terras. Para os proprietários a opção pelo arrendamento (e parceria) encontra uma variedade de motivações, desde eliminar as preocupações relacionadas à gestão da atividade produtiva, evitar os riscos inerentes à agricultura até suprir a falta de capacidade (gerencial) e condições (financeiras) para explorar diretamente um negócio que é cada vez mais complexo e exigente. Conclui-se que a utilização do arrendamento e da parceria no Brasil voltado para pequenos produtores é um fenômeno geograficamente localizado e que, em geral, os contratos envolvem produtores mais capitalizados. O pequeno produtor geralmente não consegue obter um desempenho satisfatório em decorrência da dificuldade de acesso aos mercados, do nível de riqueza, da falta de qualificação e experiência para se consolidar na atividade produtiva. Nota-se um freqüente burlamento dos contratos, embora estejam regulamentados pela legislação para atender às reivindicações dos contratantes. Os prazos são diluídos em favor de interesses pontuais dos proprietários, principalmente, a recuperação de solos degradados e ocupação de áreas passíveis de conflitos agrários. Admite-se que sem a superação da instabilidade da propriedade (i.e., melhor definição dos direitos de propriedade) e a criação de mecanismos de incentivos para os próprios beneficiários, dificilmente os contratos de arrendamento e parceria tornar-se-ão uma opção viável de acesso à terra. Pelo contrário, esses contratos limitar-se-ão a um instrumento paliativo para tratar da grave questão agrária brasileira. O corolário disso seria um aumento da ineficiência na alocação dos recursos e das desigualdades sociais no meio rural.
Abstract: The central objective of this thesis is to analyze leasing and sharecropping relationships in the Brazilian rural areas in the last two decades. The presence of leasing and sharecropping in every state of the country with great heterogeneity in format, production results and probably in won of efficiency was observed. The hypothesis that guided this research is that such heterogeneity is not just explained by regional differences. But this work also tried to discover the main factors that govern the contractual relationships between tenants, sharecroppers and landlords. It is considered that leasing and sharecropping practiced in the Brazilian agrarian system in the past, lost influence as an access mechanism of small producers to the lands of medium and big landlords. According to the hypothesis discussed in this work, leasing and sharecropping became more and more restricted to the institutional context (socioeconomic, political, cultural) of producers who were more capitalized and had more expertise. Only they would have productive and financial conditions for taking advantage of business opportunities and to participate in the agro-industry chains that became more complex and structured (for instance, soy, corn, cane of sugar and alcohol, bovine livestock, irrigated rice) without the need of investing capital in the purchase of lands. For the landlords, the option of leasing and sharecropping has a variety of reasons ranging from eliminating the concerns related to the administration of the productive activity, to avoiding the inherent risks to agriculture like the lack of managerial capacity and financial conditions for developing businesses that are more and more complex and demanding. The study concluded that leasing and sharecropping in Brazil for small producers is a geographically located phenomenon and usually, the contracts involve more capitalized producers. The small producer does not usually get satisfactory results due to his difficult access to markets, his level of wealth, his lack of qualification and experience to be able to consolidate productive activity. Frequent noncompliance of contracts is noticed, even though they are regulated by legislation to assist the claims of the contracting parties. The periods are altered in favor of the punctual interests of the landlords, mainly, the recovery of degraded soils and occupation of areas susceptible to agrarian conflicts. It is admitted that without the elimination of the instability of property (i.e., better definition of the property rights) and the creation of mechanisms of incentives for beneficiaries, it will be difficult for leasing agreements and partnership to become a viable option of access to land. On the contrary, these contracts will be limited to a palliative instrument for treating the serious Brazilian agrarian problem. The corollary of that would be an increase of inefficiency in the allocation of resources and the creation of more social inequalities in the rural area.
Doutorado
Desenvolvimento Economico, Espaço e Meio Ambiente
Doutor em Desenvolvimento Economico
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Medicci, Ana Paula. "Administrando conflitos: o exercício do poder e os interesses mercantis na capitania/província de São Paulo (1765-1822)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8138/tde-08112010-112308/.
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A tese analisa os conflitos inerentes ao exercício do poder na capitania/província de São Paulo partindo do estudo de sua estrutura político-administrativa e relacionando-a às transformações sócio-econômicas e à forma como membros de grupos de poder locais buscaram influenciar a governança entre 1765, quando da reorganização da capitania como unidade administrativa autônoma, e 1822, depois da instituição do Governo Provisório reconhecido pelas Cortes Constitucionais da Nação Portuguesa e pelo então príncipe regente D. Pedro. A análise do movimento de injunção entre interesses públicos e privados na São Paulo do período baseia-se em fontes relativas ao sistema de arrematações das rendas reais e de sua relação com a concessão de altas patentes militares, demonstrando a impossibilidade de separar as relações político-administrativas estabelecidas entre os governantes nomeados para São Paulo e os interesses de grupos ligados à produção e ao comércio local. Por outro lado, ressalta-se a plena integração desta capitania às políticas de desenvolvimento do Império português implantadas pela Coroa, o que permite melhor compreender o espaço político e o poder econômico alcançado pelos paulistas durante as primeiras décadas do século XIX, quando da instalação do Império brasileiro.The thesis analyses the conflicts inherent to the exercise of political power in the captaincy/province of São Paulo considering the study of its politic-administrative structure and relating it to the socio-economic transformations and to the way that the members of local power groups tried to influence the governance between 1765, when the captaincy was reorganized as an autonomic administrative unit, and 1822, after the Provisory Government was instituted and recognized by the Constitutional Courts of the Portuguese Nation and by the regent prince D. Pedro. The analysis of the conjoining movement between public and private interests in São Paulo at that period is based on sources related to the system in which they bid for royal income, receiving the right to collect the taxes, and its relation to the high-ranking military positions concessions, demonstrating the impossibility to separate the political-administrative relations established between the appointed governors of São Paulo and the interests of the groups related to the local production and commerce. On the other hand, the full integration of this captaincy to the developmental politics of the Portuguese Empire implanted by the Crown is pointed out, what allows a better comprehension of the public space and the economic power reached by the paulistas during the first decades of the 19th century, when the installation of the Brazilian Empire occurred.
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Cielo, Ivanete Daga. "O sistema de integração da avicultura de corte na mesorregião oeste paranaense: uma análise sob a ótica da Nova Economia Institucional." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2015. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/2179.
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Previous issue date: 2015-05-04Domestic broiler farming has stood out among other productive sectors in recent decades. The exponential performance of this sector allowed Brazil to assume a prominent position in the world ranking as the largest exporter and the third largest chicken meat farming. Although several Brazilian states farm this type of meat, farming is concentrated in the southern region. In Paraná, the broiler agroindustrial system is a consolidated activity mainly in the countryside and this important protein farming contributes significantly to the state economy. Presently, Paraná state is the largest producer and exporter in Brazil. In this scenario, the effectiveness in coordinating the broiler agroindustrial system and the adopted governance model has a fundamental role in the development and growth of the sector. Thus, this study aims to analyze the relationships that underlie the governance structure between poultry farmers and agroindustry, and broiler processing in the western mesoregion of Paraná. Therefore, as basis are used the assumptions and theoretical parameters, with emphasis in the Transaction Costs Economics. The analysis of the poultry production contracts between agribusiness and poultry farmers in the region under study served as empirical data, as well as the interviews with the agroindustry managers and poultry farmers. For data analysis, it is used the qualitative approach based on both the nature of the problem and the desired profoundness level. The main results showed that all the slaughter agroindustry and the poultry processing in the region use contracts as mechanisms for coordinating transactions between agents. In addition, this form of governance has enabled improvements in coordination throughout the poultry agribusiness system, reduction of transaction costs and operational and competitive advantages through the ease adaptation of agents to new market requirements. Such findings corroborate to other studies in the area and allows inferring that the form of governance presents itself as an assertive instrument of farming coordination and quality assurance of the poultry meat farming. However, comparing the theoretical framework of Transaction Costs Economics with the empirical findings and benefits provided by the contractual farming system, it was identified the presence of gaps in the relationship between producers and agroindustry, such as the unequal balance of strength between the agents and existence of informational asymmetries. Furthermore, it was identified the marked degree of asset specificity and the presence of opportunism and uncertainty in the contractual relationship. The analysis provided by this research can contribute to the discussion and elaboration of contractual models for poultry farming, aligned strategically to the interests of agents, in order to minimize any existing gaps in the relationship.
A produção nacional de frango de corte tem se destacado entre os demais setores produtivos nas últimas décadas. O exponencial desempenho do setor possibilitou ao Brasil assumir posição de destaque no ranking mundial, como o maior exportador e terceiro maior produtor de carne de frango. Apesar de vários estados brasileiros produzirem frango, a produção está concentrada na Região Sul do País. No Paraná, o sistema agroindustrial de frango de corte se consolidou, principalmente, no interior do Estado e a expressiva produção dessa proteína contribui significativamente para a economia estadual. Atualmente, o Estado é o maior produtor e exportador de aves do país. Nesse cenário, a efetividade na coordenação do sistema agroindustrial de aves de corte e no modelo de governança adotado assumem papel fundamental frente ao desenvolvimento e crescimento do setor. Assim, o presente estudo objetiva analisar as relações que permeiam a estrutura de governança entre os produtores rurais (avicultores) e as agroindústrias de abate e processamento de frango de corte na Mesorregião Oeste Paranaense. Para tanto, são utilizados como base os pressupostos e parâmetros teóricos da Nova Economia Institucional, com ênfase na Economia dos Custos de Transação. Os dados empíricos foram obtidos por meio da análise dos contratos de produção de aves, firmados entre as agroindústrias e os avicultores da região em estudo, bem como através de entrevistas realizadas com os gestores das agroindústrias e produtores de frango. Para a análise dos dados, utilizou-se da abordagem qualitativa, fundamentada tanto em função da natureza do problema quanto pelo nível de aprofundamento desejado. Os principais resultados apontam que a totalidade das agroindústrias de abate e processamento de aves da região em estudo utiliza-se de contratos como mecanismos de coordenação das transações entre os agentes. Comprovou-se, também, que essa forma de governança tem possibilitado melhorias na coordenação ao longo do sistema agroindustrial avícola, redução de custos de transação e operacionais e obtenção de vantagens competitivas através da facilidade de adaptação dos agentes às novas exigências do mercado. Tais achados corroboram com estudos de demais pesquisadores da área e permitem inferir que a forma de governança adotada se apresenta como um instrumento assertivo de coordenação da produção e garantia da qualidade da carne de frango produzida. Entretanto, confrontando o arcabouço teórico da Economia dos Custos de Transação com os achados empíricos, além dos benefícios propiciados pelo sistema contratual de produção, identificou-se a presença de hiatos na relação estabelecida entre produtores e agroindústrias, a exemplo da correlação desigual entre os agentes e a existência de assimetrias informacionais. Igualmente, identificou-se acentuado grau de especificidade de ativos, além da presença de oportunismo e incertezas na relação contratual estabelecida. A análise proporcionada por esta pesquisa pode contribuir para a discussão e construção de modelos contratuais para produção de aves, alinhados estrategicamente aos interesses dos agentes, a fim de minimizar eventuais lacunas existentes na relação.
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Silveira, Tânia Maria Smaniotto. "Contratos de integração no sistema agroindustrial avícola nas cooperativas no Oeste do Paraná: formalidade e confiança." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2017. http://tede.unioeste.br/handle/tede/3448.
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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
This thesis deals with the dynamics of the integration contracts present in the Poultry Agroindustrial System (SAA), which intermediate the productive integration between processors cooperatives and integrated poultry producers in the West region of Paraná. As thesis object, analyzes the evolution of clauses of the governance structure poultry partnership agreement. In this sense, structural changes and the institutional environment in the Brazilian economy were considered, as well as the relationships established between agents in the context of integration contract. Therefore, the objective is to analyze the historical trajectory of the contracts of poultry integration in agroindustrial cooperatives, over time, in the west region of Paraná. The theoretical reference used was based on the analysis of the New Institutional Economics (NEI) and its conceptual developments, and also on Toulemon's (1945) thesis. It was initially assumed that the governance structure of the poultry partnership agreement of the West Paraná agricultural cooperatives has come over the decades, incorporating new clauses to adapt to the Brazilian economic and institutional changes and the transformations inherent in the SAA. As part of this process, a strong and narrow productive link was established and consolidated. Thus, the inherent dimensions of contracts are crossed by the relationship of mutual trust established between the parties involved. The contracts are signed, but they are configured as formality. The sworn faith and the word given are the amalgam that unites the free wills of the agents involved in integrated production. As for methodological procedures, primary research was carried out with the 5 agroindustrial cooperatives in the West region of Paraná, and 282 questionnaires were applied to integrated poultry farmers, seeking to understand the asymmetries between the efficiency or formality of poultry contracts. The results show that the SAA maintains its structure based on the contracts, that is, the contractual formalities are important, but it was possible to observe that the performance of the Poultry SAA is the result of consolidated trust relationships over the 30 years of the activity. It is hoped that this work will contribute to the understanding of the coexistence of contractual formality in the SAA in the agroindustrial cooperatives of the West region of Paraná, and the strong bonds of mutual trust consolidated between integrating cooperatives and integrated poultry producers, an amalgam of activity efficiency.
Esta tese trata da dinâmica dos contratos de integração, presentes no Sistema Agroindustrial Avícola (SAA), que intermediam a integração produtiva entre as cooperativas processadoras e os avicultores integrados na região Oeste do Paraná. O objeto de tese concentra-se na análise e na evolução das cláusulas da estrutura de governança contrato de parceria avícola. Nesse sentido, são consideradas as mudanças estruturais e o ambiente institucional na economia brasileira, bem como caracterizadas as relações de confiança que se estabelecem entre os agentes no contexto dos contratos de integração. Diante disso, o objetivo é o de analisar a trajetória histórica dos contratos de integração avícola nas cooperativas agroindustriais, ao longo do tempo, na região Oeste do Paraná. O referencial teórico utilizado ampara-se nas análises da Nova Economia Institucional (NEI) e seus desdobramentos conceituais e ainda na tese de Toulemon (1945). A princípio, admite-se que a estrutura de governança contrato de parceria avícola das cooperativas agropecuárias do Oeste do Paraná vem, ao longo das décadas, incorporando novas cláusulas para se adequar às mudanças econômicas e institucionais brasileiras e às transformações inerentes ao SAA. Como parte desse processo, um vínculo produtivo forte e estreito se estabelece e se consolida. Assim, as dimensões inerentes aos contratos são perpassadas pela relação de confiança mútua estabelecida entre as partes. Os contratos são firmados, mas se configuram em formalidade. A fé jurada e a palavra dada constituem a fusão das vontades livres dos agentes envolvidos na produção integrada. Quanto aos procedimentos metodológicos, realiza-se uma pesquisa primária junto a 5 cooperativas agroindustriais, presentes na região Oeste do Paraná, bem como são aplicados 282 questionários aos avicultores integrados, buscando compreender as assimetrias entre a eficiência ou formalidade dos contratos avícolas. Os resultados encontrados permitem afirmar que o SAA mantém sua estrutura pautada nos contratos, ou seja, as formalidades contratuais são importantes, mas se observa que o desempenho do SAA avícola é resultado de relações de confiança, consolidadas ao longo dos 30 anos de existência da atividade. Espera-se, com este trabalho, contribuir para a compreensão da coexistência da formalidade contratual no SAA, nas cooperativas agroindustriais da região Oeste do Paraná, e dos fortes laços de confiança mútua, consolidados entre as cooperativas integradoras e os avicultores integrados, amálgama da eficiência da atividade.
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Achuo, George. "Partner satisfaction and renewal likelihood in consumer supported agriculture (CSA) : a case study of The Equiterre CSA network." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=19555.
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Wang, Wei-Cheng, and 王偉丞. "Farmers’ Preferences on Contract Farming." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/50146897795369350141.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
農業經濟學研究所
104
Agricultural production is vulnerable to climate factors, thus the yield and crop prices are also fluctuating. Farmers need to face the risk in the production and in the market simultaneously, causing the imbalance between production and marketing. There are many countries which are operating mainly in small farms planned their agricultural production by taking contract framing, which is not only be used to avoid the imbalance between production and marketing, but also reduce farmers’ market risk. At present, Taiwan is also actively promoting contract farming. However, most of farmers and manufacturers are taking an oral agreement. Thus the cases of breaching contract are often occurred, causing problems in both sides of the contractual. Most of the previous literatures of contract farming were merely to discuss how it affects the income of farmers and the motivation to participate, but rarely focus on understanding the needs of farmers. Thus this study will collect the farmers’ intention and preferences to participate in contract farming by questionnaires, and discuss the factors that influencing farmers to participate the contract farming by using the choice model. The results showed that the respondents have significant positive preference on formal written document, buyer are providing seedlings, seeds, materials and other input factors. While crops acquisition conditions distinguish a particular quality or grade has a significant negative preferences. Furthermore, the relevant government units resolve disputes assist has a positive preference. We suggest that the government can assist in setting up a credible dispute mediation committee to mediate both sides of the contractual relationship.
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Kang, Fa-Chiang, and 康發强. "The Analysis of the Taiwan Rice Contract Farming." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/by495m.
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碩士真理大學
經濟學系財經碩士班
102
The main features of The Taiwan agriculture are small-scale, high production cost and the aging labor force. Facing the competition from the world, our farmers are relative weak and difficult to react effectively. Contract farming can be a solution to improve farmers’ welfare by reducing the uncertainty of spot markets. In this research, it is of interest to consider how spot price level and volatility change with the hedge ratio, or say contract percentage.At first, the theoretical model analyzed the optimizing behavior of farmers who produce products in the presence of forward contracting, and derived a set of individual supply and demand functions under price uncertainty and risk aversion. Stochastic simulation is further used to generate spot price series concerning price levels and volatility. Sensitivity of results to specification are explored as well.In conclusion, forward contracting is used as an insurance/risk-smoothing instrument to facilitate market transactions that deal with quantity uncertainty and risk-averse agents. The existence of forward contracting enhances transaction performance by reduction of spot transaction risks. Given contracting offers an important means of private market coordination, it is essential that its implications be fully understood as a basis for determination of need for and appropriate.
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Fischer, Sabine. "Contract Farming in Developing Countries - A Behavioral Perspective on Contract Choice and Compliance." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0023-3F5B-E.
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Tombokan, Natalia Alexandra, and 李娜塔. "Automatic Barter System of Contract Farming in Plant Factory." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/51713452054077115326.
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碩士國立臺灣科技大學
工業管理系
102
Plant Factory (PF) is an environmental controlled food production facility that releases the cultivation limit of the seasonal and climate conditions. By introducing the contract farming in PF (CFPF), the end-customer can rent a space in PF and schedule the crop production. The internal barter system can be formed to exchange the harvested crops which are scheduled by renters in CFPF. In this research, an innovative CFPF system was proposed to accommodate the crop barter system for providing the farm-to-fork food supply. The CFPF system facilitates renters to rent spaces and conduct the crop barter by signing a contract with PF. In this research, a sorting mechanism was proposed to search the barter pairs based on the renters’ farming schedules. The objective of the barter system is to minimize the value discrepancy between the barter pairs considered as fair barters. Four models with different barter constraints were investigated by developing an automatic barter framework using two algorithms, namely Heuristic Searching Algorithm (HSA) and Hungarian Algorithm (HA) which integrated Hungarian algorithm with the sorting mechanism. The result of simulations showed that as more constraints added to the models, HA generated more number of barter pairs. However, HSA generated lower summation of value discrepancy providing more fair barter pairs. Also, the proposed automatic framework can enhance the crop diversity when renters join the barter system. The simulation findings of comparing HSA and HA can be used to determine the implementation of the barter system when different barter contract design of the CFPF are applied.
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Chang, Ya-Chin, and 張雅卿. "An Empirical Study on the Contract Farming Implementation on Partnership." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/75311797483093661554.
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碩士國立嘉義大學
生物事業管理研究所
97
In the promotion of the contract farming, many prior studies pointed out that contract farming promotion process involves a high degree of a breach of contract and not attend easy common consensus between farmers and firms in Taiwan areas. The related study demonstrated that the partnership of the marketing channel members may facilitate the relationship to both the parties. Through the implementation of contract farming, therefore, may improve and solve the breach of contract farming problem. This study was thus to combine the concept of the key mediating variables (KMV) and collaborative interest model (CIM) with the previous literature on contract farming and partnership in order to employ structural equation model (SEM) for structuring contract farming and partnership model. Based on the contract farming and partnership model, we can explore the relationship among the relationship benefit (including perceived cost, perceived risk, competitive position, and critical resource), relationship quality (including commitment and trust), and relationship performance (including relationship effectiveness and relationship efficiency). The empirical evidence shows that both of perceived cost and perceived risk has a negative impact on commitment. The competitive position has positive impact on commitment. The commitment has positive impact on trust. The trust has positive impact on relationship effectiveness and relationship efficiency. However, the critical resource has no significant effect impact on the commitment. In terms of competitive model, we found that relationship quality such as trust and commitment plays an important intermediary variable in the partnership model. This result implies that the implementation of trust and commitment to both the parties can improve the long-term management performance and relationship performance within contract farming partnership relationship.
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Boulay, Axelle. "Contract tree farming and smallholders : drivers of adoption in Thailand." Phd thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150470.
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Contract tree farming is a form of partnership between smallholders and forestry companies in which smallholders are largely responsible for growing trees, with forestry companies providing incentives such as improved planting materials and free technical advice, and guaranteeing purchase of wood at the end of the rotation. Contract tree farming by smallholders is of increasing importance to forest industries in many countries, paralleling the rise in contract fanning of other crops. Contract tree farming is focused on developing and emerging economies in the tropics, where tree plantations have a comparative advantage, and where many smallholders are seeking to enhance their livelihood. However, there are also long-standing concerns about the impacts of contract farming on adopters' livelihoods: the main criticisms of contract farming are the power imbalances between companies and smallholders, especially smallholders' poor bargaining position. This thesis focuses on contract tree farming from the smallholders' perspective, and addresses the limited understanding of what the drivers of adoption of contract tree growing by smallholders, based on a Thai case study. Contract tree farming has become important for both smallholders and forest industries in Thailand, where contract farming for agricultural crops is well-established. In Thailand, about 336,000 hectares of eucalypts are under contractual arrangements (70 per cent of the total eucalypt area). Eucalypt (Eucalyptus spp.) tree farming, both under and outside of contracts with pulp and paper companies, is currently a source of income for many smallholders and critical to the resource supply of the companies. In the Thai context, a smallholder is defined as one who has access to less than 100 rai (16 hectares) of land. Three large pulp and paper companies and at least 60,000 smallholders are engaged in contract eucalypt tree farming in Thailand. This research aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the adoption of contract tree farming by Thai smallholders. The theoretical frameworks of economic theory, diffusion of innovation theory and livelihood theory provided the basis for the study, and both qualitative and quantitative methods were employed. A suite of 19 hypotheses were formulated from the theoretical and empirical literature, and tested with primary data collected in the field. From January to March 2008, over 800 eucalypt tree growers and non-tree growers were randomly selected and surveyed in four different regions of Thailand, using door-to-door household 7 survey. The mean landholding size of the sample data was 4.3 hectares. Focus groups and key informant interviews were also used to gain in-depth understanding of the issues. The combination of quantitative and qualitative data increased the reliability of information. A logit analysis corroborated hypotheses about the drivers of adoption. Qualitative analyses were used to inform interpretation of the quantitative results and shed light on the role of contract eucalypt tree farming in smallholders' livelihood. This thesis demonstrates that the adoption of eucalypt tree farming by Thai smallholders is enhanced by availability and suitability of land. Adoption of eucalypt tree growing is also correlated with innovation attributes: because it is a relatively new activity for smallholders, their perceptions rely in particular on compatibility with past experiences, complexity, trialability, observability, and stages of the innovation-decision process. In addition, perception of land tenure security matters in the adoption of tree growing, but holding a formal land tenure document does not. Adoption of eucalypt tree farming in Thailand is not part of a land-use intensification strategy. Instead, eucalypts are used as an alternative crop for low productivity land, on which eucalypts are the most profitable crop. Eucalypt tree farming also gives smallholders an opportunity to diversify their income. In addition, this alternative land use has the advantage of requiring low labour inputs between planting and harvest. This is particularly advantageous for many tree growers who have off-farm income or rely on hired labour for farming their land. The adoption of contracts for tree farming is enhanced by: size of landholding (explained by economies of scale in adopting a contract), previous experience with contract agriculture, extension work conducted by contracting companies and especially company change agents' visits to the farms and collection of information. There was no evidence that contracts increased profit made from tree growing. The use of a theoretical framework combining economic, diffusion of innovation and livelihood theories was successful. The only factors that were not well predicted by this framework included the importance of the negative perceptions of eucalypts and the economies of scales in contracts. The analysis reveals that forestry companies should focus on extension in order to attract more smallholders to eucalypt tree farming. Extension needs to be supported by applied research into eucalypt tree farming, such as in tree improvement, site selection, and soil management within the context of sustainable land use. Governments could assist the realisation of more sustainable outcomes by establishing programs which help smallholders assess and monitor the suitability of land for planting. This research suggests that the provision of information and technical advice, and some assistance for smallholders to organise themselves into associations, would facilitate contract tree farming.
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Ho, Yu-Ming, and 何宇明. "The Patterns of Contract Choice of Farming : the Transaction Cost Approach." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/67283685738114728051.
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博士國立政治大學
地政學系
86
This thesis included two parts. In the first part of this thesis, under theassumption of private property right, we extended Cheung''s model(1969),byincorporating owned farms and transaction cost in the general equilibrium modelof the choice farm patterns. By comparative approach, the data of Chinese farms(1920s-1940s) and of world census of agriculture(1970) were used to test the above theoretical model . The major finding of this study were that,firstly, there is no ranking of operation efficiency on patterns of farms. Secondly, the view of Cheung, that the share tenancy is as efficient as fixed-rentcontract farms and wage contract farms, can not be sustained.The main reason is that under different circumstance, the tenant and the landlord would choice different patterns of contracts, in order to reduce their transaction cost.In the second part of this thesis, the assumption of private property rightwas relaxed, we analysis the effect of government intervention on the patterns of contract choice of farming. We use the new institutional economic theory, especially the theory of institutional change extended by North(1981,1990),to explain why, due to the transaction cost ,there is a interaction relationship between the institution choice and the contract choice.We also use Dream-Tyan institution ,which was enforced from Bay-Wei Dynasty( A. D. 485)to the middle Toan Dynasty(A. D.780), and the postwar Taiwan agricultural land institution, as the case study to explain the theory we haveextended. The major finding of the second part of this thesis was that, due togovernment intervention on the patterns of contract choice of farming ,the transaction cost was increased.