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Journal articles on the topic 'Contraction and neurotransmitter'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 16 July 2025

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1

Hayashi, Tatsuya, Michael F. Hirshman, Scott D. Dufresne, and Laurie J. Goodyear. "Skeletal muscle contractile activity in vitro stimulates mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 277, no. 4 (1999): C701—C707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1999.277.4.c701.

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Physical exercise is a potent stimulator of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling. To determine if this activation is secondary to systemic responses to exercise or due to muscle contractile activity per se, an isolated muscle preparation was developed. Contractile activity in vitro significantly increased p44MAPK and p42MAPK phosphorylation by 2.9- and 2.4-fold, respectively. Contraction-stimulated MAP kinase phosphorylation was not decreased in the presence ofd-tubocurarine or calphostin C, suggesting that neither neurotransmitter release nor diacylglycerol-sensitive protein kinas

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2

Wu, David M., Hajime Kawamura, Kenji Sakagami, Masato Kobayashi, and Donald G. Puro. "Cholinergic regulation of pericyte-containing retinal microvessels." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 284, no. 6 (2003): H2083—H2090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.01007.2002.

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The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the neurotransmitter acetylcholine regulates the function of pericyte-containing retinal microvessels. A vasoactive role for acetylcholine is suggested by the presence of muscarinic receptors on pericytes, which are abluminally positioned contractile cells that may regulate capillary perfusion. However, little is known about the response of retinal microvessels to this neurotransmitter. Here we assessed the effects of cholinergic agonists on microvessels freshly isolated from the adult rat retina. Ionic currents were monitored via perforate

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Ardasheva, Raina, Veselin Popov, Viktor Yotov, et al. "Accelerated Electron Ionization-Induced Changes in the Myenteric Plexus of the Rat Stomach." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 12 (2024): 6807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25126807.

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The influence of accelerated electrons on neuronal structures is scarcely explored compared to gamma and X-rays. This study aims to investigate the effects of accelerated electron radiation on some pivotal neurotransmitter circuits (cholinergic and serotonergic) of rats’ myenteric plexus. Male Wistar rats were irradiated with an electron beam (9 MeV, 5 Gy) generated by a multimodality linear accelerator. The contractile activity of isolated smooth muscle samples from the gastric corpus was measured. Furthermore, an electrical stimulation (200 μs, 20 Hz, 50 s, 60 V) was performed on the samples

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Wiens, B. L., and P. H. Brownell. "Neurotransmitter regulation of the heart in the nudibranch Archidoris montereyensis." Journal of Neurophysiology 74, no. 4 (1995): 1639–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.74.4.1639.

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1. The heart of the nudibranch mollusc Archidoris montereyensis is uniquely responsive to regulation by identifiable cardiac motor neurons. The neurotransmitters mediating the strong excitatory and inhibitory actions of the neurons are unknown. 2. In this study we developed an infused, in vitro preparation of the Archidoris heart to determine which of several cardioactive transmitters described in mollusks could affect changes in the rate, amplitude, or tonus of cardiac contractions. Several neurotransmitters we tested increased the rate and amplitude of heart contractions, including serotonin

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5

Grider, John R., and Lea E. Langdon. "Physiological role of neuropeptide Y in the regulation of the ascending phase of the peristaltic reflex." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 285, no. 6 (2003): G1139—G1146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00082.2003.

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The physiological role of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and of specific NPY receptors in regulating the intestinal peristaltic reflex was examined in three-compartment flat-sheet preparations of rat colon. Graded muscle stretch or mucosal stimulation applied to the central compartment inhibited NPY release in the orad compartment where ascending contraction was measured. NPY and the Y1-receptor agonist [Leu31, Pro34]NPY inhibited, whereas the selective Y1-receptor antagonist BIBP 3226 augmented ascending contraction and substance P (SP) release in the orad compartment induced by muscle stretch or mucos

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6

Sugawa, Makoto, Tohru Koide, Shigetaka Naitoh, Michiaki Takato, Tohru Matsui, and Takao Asano. "Phorbol 12,13-Diacetate-Induced Contraction of the Canine Basilar Artery: Role of Protein Kinase C." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 11, no. 1 (1991): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1991.16.

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The pharmacological and biochemical mechanisms of contractile responses to the protein kinase C (PKC) activator phorbol-12, 13-diacetate (PDA) were investigated in canine basilar arteries, In the normal medium, PDA elicited a strong, dose-related, and slow-developing sustained contraction, Among the constrictors examined, including serotonin, prostaglandin F2α and endothelin, only PDA yielded contractions in a 2 Ca2+ -free medium, In both media, the PDA-induced contractions were virtually inhibited by either staurosporine, H-7, or quinacrine, while neither neurotransmitter blockades nor R24571

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7

Perez, Jose F., and Michael J. Sanderson. "The Frequency of Calcium Oscillations Induced by 5-HT, ACH, and KCl Determine the Contraction of Smooth Muscle Cells of Intrapulmonary Bronchioles." Journal of General Physiology 125, no. 6 (2005): 535–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.200409216.

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Increased resistance of airways or blood vessels within the lung is associated with asthma or pulmonary hypertension and results from contraction of smooth muscle cells (SMCs). To study the mechanisms regulating these contractions, we developed a mouse lung slice preparation containing bronchioles and arterioles and used phase-contrast and confocal microscopy to correlate the contractile responses with changes in [Ca2+]i of the SMCs. The airways are the focus of this study. The agonists, 5-hydroxytrypamine (5-HT) and acetylcholine (ACH) induced a concentration-dependent contraction of the airw

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8

Day, T. A., A. G. Maule, C. Shaw, et al. "Platyhelminth FMRFamide-related peptides (FaRPs) contract Schistosoma mansoni (Trematoda: Digenea) muscle fibres in vitro." Parasitology 109, no. 4 (1994): 455–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000080707.

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SUMMARYMolluscan FMRFamide and two recently discovered platyhelminth FMRFamide-related peptides (FaRPs), GNFFRFamide from the cestode Moniezia expansa and RYIRFamide from the terrestrial turbellarian Artioposthia triangulata, cause dose-dependent contractions of individual muscle fibres from Schistosoma mansoni in vitro. The most potent FaRP tested was the turbellarian peptide RYIRFamide, which produced a concentration-dependent effect between 10−9 and 10−7 M. FMRFamide and GNFFRFamide were less potent, inducing contractions between 10−8–10−6 M and 10−7–10−5 M respectively. The contractile eff

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Wang, Guo-Du, Xi-Yu Wang, Sumei Liu та ін. "β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide acts at prejunctional adenosine A1 receptors to suppress inhibitory musculomotor neurotransmission in guinea pig colon and human jejunum". American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 308, № 11 (2015): G955—G963. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00430.2014.

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Intracellular microelectrodes were used to record neurogenic inhibitory junction potentials in the intestinal circular muscle coat. Electrical field stimulation was used to stimulate intramural neurons and evoke contraction of the smooth musculature. Exposure to β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (β-NAD) did not alter smooth muscle membrane potential in guinea pig colon or human jejunum. ATP, ADP, β-NAD, and adenosine, as well as the purinergic P2Y1 receptor antagonists MRS 2179 and MRS 2500 and the adenosine A1 receptor agonist 2-chloro- N6-cyclopentyladenosine, each suppressed inhibitory ju

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Kim, Chi Dae, Raj K. Goyal, and Hiroshi Mashimo. "Neuronal NOS provides nitrergic inhibitory neurotransmitter in mouse lower esophageal sphincter." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 277, no. 2 (1999): G280—G284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1999.277.2.g280.

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To identify the enzymatic source of nitric oxide (NO) in the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), studies were performed in wild-type and genetically engineered endothelial nitric oxide synthase [eNOS(−)] and neuronal NOS [nNOS(−)] mice. Under nonadrenergic noncholinergic (NANC) conditions, LES ring preparations developed spontaneous tone in all animals. In the wild-type mice, electrical field stimulation produced frequency-dependent intrastimulus relaxation and a poststimulus rebound contraction. NOS inhibitor N ω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (100 μM) abolished intrastimulus relaxation and rebo

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11

Malone, Erin D., Mathur S. Kannan, David R. Brown, Tracy A. Turner, and Ava M. Trent. "Adrenergic, cholinergic, and nonadrenergic-noncholinergic intrinsic innervation of the jejunum in horses." American Journal of Veterinary Research 60, no. 7 (1999): 898–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1999.60.07.898.

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Abstract Objective To determine the major neurotransmitters that regulate contractile activity in the jejunum of horses. Sample Population Jejunal specimens from 65 horses without gastrointestinal tract lesions. Procedure Jejunal smooth muscle strips, oriented in the plane of the circular or longitudinal muscular layer, were suspended isometrically in muscle baths. Neurotransmitter release was induced by electrical field stimulation (EFS) delivered at 30 and 70 V intensities and at various frequencies on muscle strips maintained at low or high muscle tone. To detect residual nonadrenergic-nonc

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12

McFARLANE, I. D., D. GRAFF, and C. J. P. GRIMMELIKHUIJZEN. "Excitatory Actions of Antho-RFamide, An Anthozoan Neuropeptide, on Muscles and Conducting Systems in the Sea Anemone Calliactis Parasitica." Journal of Experimental Biology 133, no. 1 (1987): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.133.1.157.

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In the sea anemone Calliactis parasitica endodermal application of the anthozoan neuropeptide Antho-RFamide (&lt;Glu-Gly-Arg-Phe-amide), at a concentration of 10−6 or 10−7moll−1, caused a long-lasting increase in tone, contraction frequency and contraction amplitude in several slow muscle groups but had no effect on contractions in fast muscles. The effects were investigated further in isolated muscle preparations. Ectodermal application to whole animals had no effect on muscle contractions. Both ectodermal and endodermal application, at 10−7moll−1, raised electrical activity in an ectoder

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13

Holzer, P. "Ascending enteric reflex: multiple neurotransmitter systems and interactions." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 256, no. 3 (1989): G540—G545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1989.256.3.g540.

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Isolated segments of the guinea pig small intestine were used to examine the transmitter circuitry of the neural pathways subserving the ascending enteric reflex (AER) contraction of the circular muscle. Inflation of an intraluminal balloon provided the distension stimulus for the AER. The ascending contraction was reduced to 5% of its original amplitude by atropine and to 10% by hexamethonium, which indicates that cholinergic interneurons and cholinergic motor neurons constitute the main AER pathway. However, in the continued presence of atropine or hexamethonium for 60 min, the AER recovered

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Carbone, Manuel Glauco, Claudia Tagliarini, Filippo Della Rocca, et al. "Protracted Hiccups Induced by Aripiprazole and Regressed after Administration of Gabapentin." Case Reports in Psychiatry 2021 (April 22, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5567152.

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Hiccups are sudden, repeated, and involuntary contractions of the diaphragm muscle (myoclonic contraction). It involves a reflex arc that, once activated, causes a strong contraction of the diaphragm immediately followed by the closure of the glottis translating into the classic “hic” sound. Hiccups can be short, persistent, and intractable depending on the duration. The most disabling hiccups often represent the epiphenomenon of a medical condition such as gastrointestinal and cardiovascular disorders; central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities; ear, nose, and throat (ENT) conditions or pneum

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15

Zheng, Yun-Min, Qing-Song Wang, Rakesh Rathore, et al. "Type-3 Ryanodine Receptors Mediate Hypoxia-, but Not Neurotransmitter-induced Calcium Release and Contraction in Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells." Journal of General Physiology 125, no. 4 (2005): 427–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.200409232.

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In this study we examined the expression of RyR subtypes and the role of RyRs in neurotransmitter- and hypoxia-induced Ca2+ release and contraction in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). Under perforated patch clamp conditions, maximal activation of RyRs with caffeine or inositol triphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) with noradrenaline induced equivalent increases in [Ca2+]i and Ca2+-activated Cl− currents in freshly isolated rat PASMCs. Following maximal IP3-induced Ca2+ release, neither caffeine nor chloro-m-cresol induced a response, whereas prior application of caffeine or chloro-m-cre

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16

Snape, W. J., R. Williams, and P. E. Hyman. "Defect in colonic smooth muscle contraction in patients with ulcerative colitis." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 261, no. 6 (1991): G987—G991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1991.261.6.g987.

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Patients with ulcerative colitis have decreased postprandial colonic contractions. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the smooth muscle from patients with ulcerative colitis responds abnormally in vitro to different stimuli. Circular colonic smooth muscle strips from patients with ulcerative colitis, acute diverticular disease, or adenocarcinoma were stretched to the optimal length and stimulated with electrical field stimulation (EFS), bethanechol, or increased concentrations of extracellular K+. The EFS-stimulated on-contraction was similar in each group, but the off-contract

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Lychkova, Alla Eduard. "Serotonin Receptors Mediate Contractile Activity of Rat's Esophagus in-vivo." Archive of Organ Transplantation 2, no. 1 (2017): 019–22. https://doi.org/10.17352/aot.000007.

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<strong>Background: </strong>Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is a regulatory and biologically active neurotransmitter and a hormone in the CNS and many organs, including the esophagus. It is known that serotonin as well as acetylcholine stimulates contractile activity of the esophageal muscles. However, role of different serotonin receptors in the 5-HT contractile activity of the esophagus is insufficiently known.

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18

Cheng, Ling, Weibiao Cao, Claudio Fiocchi, Jose Behar, Piero Biancani, and Karen M. Harnett. "Platelet-activating factor and prostaglandin E2 impair esophageal ACh release in experimental esophagitis." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 289, no. 3 (2005): G418—G428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00024.2005.

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ACh is a neurotransmitter in cat esophageal circular muscle, as atropine nearly abolishes contraction of in vitro circular muscle strips in response to electric field stimulation (EFS) ( 5 , 12 ). Experimental esophagitis reduced EFS- but not ACh-induced contraction of esophageal circular muscle, suggesting that esophagitis impairs neurotransmitter release. Because IL-1β and IL-6 are produced in esophagitis and reproduce these changes in normal esophageal muscle ( 12 ), we examined the role of IL-1β and IL-6 in this motor dysfunction. IL-1β, IL-6 ( 12 ), H2O2, PGE2, and platelet-activating fac

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Evans, Colin G., Ferdinand S. Vilim, Orna Harish, Irving Kupfermann, Klaudiusz R. Weiss, and Elizabeth C. Cropper. "Modulation of Radula Opener Muscles in Aplysia." Journal of Neurophysiology 82, no. 3 (1999): 1339–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.82.3.1339.

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We observed fibers immunoreactive (IR) to serotonin (5-HT), the myomodulins (MMs), and FMRFamide on the I7-I10 complex in the marine mollusk Aplysia californica. The I7–I10 muscle complex, which produces radula opening, is innervated primarily by one motor neuron, B48. B48 is MM-IR and synthesizes authentic MMA. When B48 is stimulated in a physiological manner, cAMP levels are increased in opener muscles. cAMP increases also are seen when the MMs are applied to opener muscles but are not seen with application of the B48 primary neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh). Possible physiological sourc

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Zhang, Xiaoyang, Kristy L. Douglas, Huixia Jin, et al. "Sprouting of substance P-expressing primary afferent central terminals and spinal micturition reflex NK1 receptor dependence after spinal cord injury." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 295, no. 6 (2008): R2084—R2096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.90653.2008.

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The primary afferent neurotransmitter triggering the spinal micturition reflex after complete spinal cord injury (SCI) in the rat is unknown. Substance P detected immunohistochemically in the sacral parasympathetic nucleus was significantly higher in 12 SCI rats than in 12 spinally intact rats ( P = 0.008), suggesting substance P as a plausible candidate for the primary afferent neurotransmitter. The effects of the tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonist L-733060 on the spinal micturition reflex were then determined by performing conscious cystometry in an additional 14 intact rats and 14 SCI rats

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Schmitt, Petra M., Kishorchandra Gohil, and Marc P. Kaufman. "Spinal estrogen attenuates the exercise pressor reflex but has little effect on the expression of genes regulating neurotransmitters in the dorsal root ganglia." Journal of Applied Physiology 100, no. 3 (2006): 958–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01098.2005.

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Previously, our laboratory showed that estrogen, topically applied to the spinal cord, attenuated the exercise pressor reflex in female cats (Schmitt PM and Kaufman MP. J Appl Physiol 95: 1418–1424, 2003; 98: 633–639, 2005). The attenuation was gender specific and was in part opioid dependent. Our finding that the μ- and δ-opioid antagonist naloxone was only able to partially restore estrogen’s attenuating effect on the pressor response to static contraction suggested that estrogen affected an additional pathway, involving the dorsal root ganglion (DRG). Estrogen has been described to stimulat

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Wilfred, Obaalologhi, Igbanam Michael Urangikor, Eugene Itiri, et al. "Concentration-Response Curve for Acetylcholine (ACh) in the Absence and Presence of Atropine and Measurement of the Equilibrium Dissociation Constant (KB) Using Schild Analysis." International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation XI, no. XII (2025): 143–55. https://doi.org/10.51244/ijrsi.2024.11120015.

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Introduction: Acetylcholine (ACh) is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the parasympathetic nervous system, mediating smooth muscle contraction through muscarinic receptors. Understanding its interaction with antagonists such as atropine provides insights into pharmacological modulation of smooth muscle activity. Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the competitive interaction between ACh and atropine on muscarinic receptors in guinea pig ileum and to characterize the receptor-binding dynamics, particularly focusing on atropine’s inhibitory effects. Methodology: The research utilized isolated

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Mohammadzadeh Jahani, Peyman, Reza Zaimbashi, Mohammad Reza Aflatoonian, Somayeh Tajik, and Hadi Beitollahi. "Electrochemical sensor for acetylcholine detection based on WO3 nanorods-modified glassy carbon electrode." Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering 14, no. 5 (2024): 631–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5599/jese.2462.

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Acetylcholine (ACH) is one of the excitatory neurotransmitter in the human body. It is the most abundant neurotransmitter responsible for triggering the activation of postsynaptic neurons, leading to an excitatory response. ACH plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, including muscle contraction, autonomic nervous system regulation, and cognitive functions such as learning and memory. In this study, an electrochemical sensor was prepared based on WO3 nanorods modified glassy carbon electrode for the detection of ACH. The WO3 nanorods provided excellent properties for the elect

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Ge, Dengyun, and Nickolas Lavidis. "Climatic modulation of neurotransmitter release in amphibian neuromuscular junctions: role of dynorphin-A." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 314, no. 5 (2018): R716—R723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00263.2017.

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Amphibian neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) become relatively more silent during the dry winter season in Australia. During the dry, calcium sensitivity is reduced, whereas calcium dependence remains unchanged. Endogenous opioid peptides play an important role in the regulation of the physiological functions of active and dormant vertebrates. Previous findings suggest that dynorphin-A is more potent than other opiates in decreasing evoked neurotransmission in amphibian NMJs. Dynorphin-A has been shown not to alter the amplitude or the frequency of miniature quantal neurotransmitter release. In th

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Sachdeva, Mitasha, Vinay Dua, Puneet Gupta, and Gaurav Ahuja. "Botox – A New Weapon in a Dentist's Arsenal." Dental Journal of Advance Studies 04, no. 02 (2016): 081–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1672051.

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AbstractBotulinum toxin was first used therapeutically by a German physician Justinus Kerner (1786-1862). Trade name BOTOX was given by Allergan, Inc, Irvine, Calif for treating strabismus, blepharospasm, and hemifacial spasm. It is neurotoxin derived from an anaerobic bacteria Clostridium botulinum. The toxin inhibits the release of acetylcholine (ACH), a neurotransmitter responsible for the activation of muscle contraction and its administration results in diminution of tone in the injected muscle. It has found a variety of uses in dentistry like treatment of gummy smile, masseteric hypertro

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Foxx-Orenstein, A. E., and J. R. Grider. "Regulation of colonic propulsion by enteric excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 271, no. 3 (1996): G433—G437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1996.271.3.g433.

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The contribution of excitatory and inhibitory motor neurotransmitters to colonic propulsion was examined in isolated segments of guinea pig colon. Synthetic fecal pellets were inserted at the proximal end of the segment, and the velocity of pellet propulsion across a fixed distance was measured in the presence and absence of selective neurotransmitter antagonists. The control velocity (0.97 +/- 0.02 mm/s) was inhibited in a concentration-dependent fashion by atropine and the neurokinin (NK)-2a antagonist MEN-10,376 [half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50), 1 microM; maximal inhibition, 98

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Somara, Sita, Robert Gilmont, and Khalil N. Bitar. "Role of thin-filament regulatory proteins in relaxation of colonic smooth muscle contraction." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 297, no. 5 (2009): G958—G966. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00201.2009.

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Coordinated regulation of smooth muscle contraction and relaxation is required for colonic motility. Contraction is associated with phosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC20) and interaction of actin with myosin. Thin-filament regulation of actomyosin interaction is modulated by two actin-binding regulatory proteins: tropomyosin (TM) and caldesmon (CaD). TM and CaD are known to play crucial role in actomyosin interaction promoting contraction. Contraction is associated with phosphorylation of the small heat shock protein HSP27, concomitant with the phosphorylation of TM and CaD. Phosphoryla

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Hu, Zhitao, Edward C. G. Pym, Kavita Babu, Amy B. Vashlishan Murray, and Joshua M. Kaplan. "A Neuropeptide-Mediated Stretch Response Links Muscle Contraction to Changes in Neurotransmitter Release." Neuron 71, no. 1 (2011): 92–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2011.04.021.

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Fernandes, Lynette, Angela D'Aprile, Glenn Self, et al. "A Rho-kinase inhibitor, Y-27632, reduces cholinergic contraction but not neurotransmitter release." European Journal of Pharmacology 550, no. 1-3 (2006): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.08.018.

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Gómez-Pinilla, Pedro J., Maria J. Pozo, and Pedro J. Camello. "Aging impairs neurogenic contraction in guinea pig urinary bladder: role of oxidative stress and melatonin." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 293, no. 2 (2007): R793—R803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00034.2007.

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The incidence of urinary bladder disturbances increases with age, and free radical accumulation has been proposed as a causal factor. Here we investigated the association between changes in bladder neuromuscular function and oxidative stress in aging and the possible benefits of melatonin treatment. Neuromuscular function was assessed by electrical field stimulation (EFS) of isolated guinea pig detrusor strips from adult and aged female guinea pigs. A group of adult and aged animals were treated with 2.5 mg·kg−1·day−1 melatonin for 28 days. Neurotransmitter blockers were used to dissect pharma

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Yoshino, Jun, Takashi Akata, Kazuhiro Shirozu, Kaoru Izumi, and Sumio Hoka. "Diabetes-associated Alterations in Volatile Anesthetic Actions on Contractile Response to Norepinephrine in Isolated Mesenteric Resistance Arteries." Anesthesiology 112, no. 3 (2010): 595–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0b013e3181ce9e80.

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Background Clinical concentrations of volatile anesthetics significantly influence contractile response to the sympathetic neurotransmitter norepinephrine although its precise mechanisms remain unclarified. In this study, we investigated its possible alterations in diabetes, as well as its underlying mechanisms. Methods Isometric force was recorded in small mesenteric arteries from streptozotocin-induced diabetic and age-matched control rats. Results The concentration-response curve for acetylcholine-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation was shifted to the right in diabetic arteries compare

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González, Asensio A., Ricard Farré, and Pere Clavé. "Different responsiveness of excitatory and inhibitory enteric motor neurons in the human esophagus to electrical field stimulation and to nicotine." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 287, no. 1 (2004): G299—G306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00534.2003.

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To compare electrical field stimulation (EFS) with nicotine in the stimulation of excitatory and inhibitory enteric motoneurons (EMN) in the human esophagus, circular lower esophageal sphincter (LES), and circular and longitudinal esophageal body (EB) strips from 20 humans were studied in organ baths. Responses to EFS or nicotine (100 μM) were compared in basal conditions, after NG-nitro-l-arginine (l-NNA; 100 μM), and after l-NNA and apamin (1 μM). LES strips developed myogenic tone enhanced by TTX (5 μM) or l-NNA. EFS-LES relaxation was abolished by TTX, unaffected by hexamethonium (100 μM),

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Sigworth, F. J. "Voltage gating of ion channels." Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics 27, no. 1 (1994): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033583500002894.

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Voltage-gated ion channels are membrane proteins that play a central role in the propagation and transduction of cellular signals (Hille, 1992). Calcium ions entering cells through voltage-gated calcium channels serve as the trigger for neurotransmitter release, muscle contraction, and the release of hormones. Voltage-gated sodium channels initiate the nerve action potential and provide for its rapid propagation because the ion fluxes through these channels regeneratively cause more channels to open.

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Canda, A., Christopher Chapple, and Russ Chess-Williams. "Pharmacologic responses of the mouse urinary bladder." Open Medicine 4, no. 2 (2009): 192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11536-008-0082-2.

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AbstractThe aim of the study was to determine pathways involved in contraction and relaxation of the mouse urinary bladder. Mouse bladder strips were set up in gassed Krebs-bicarbonate solution and responses to various drugs and electrical field stimulation were obtained. Isoprenaline (b-receptor agonist) caused a 63% inhibition of carbachol precontracted detrusor (EC50=2nM). Carbachol caused contraction (EC50=0.3µM), responses were antagonised more potently by 4-DAMP (M3-antagonist) than methoctramine (M2-antagonist). Electrical field stimulation caused contraction, which was inhibited by atr

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Gardi, M., F. Nigro, E. Ragazzi, et al. "Amikacin: A Novel Modulator of Vesical and Prostate Efferences. An in vitro Experimental Study." Urologia Journal 74, no. 4 (2007): 217–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039156030707400405.

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The autonomic efferent neurotransmission to the bladder and prostate smooth muscle is a potential target for drug therapy of specific low urinary tract disfunction (LUTD). Since amikacin and other amynoglicosides were reported to affect neurotransmission by a pre-junctional mechanism, we investigated the effect of amikacin on isolated rat and human detrusor smooth muscle contraction and on isolated rat and human prostate contraction, to further evaluate its potential relaxant properties. Materials and Methods Samples of detrusor smooth muscle and prostate tissue, obtained from 97 rats and 16 p

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Kattura, Rania, and Prakeh Shet. "Aripiprazole induced hiccups." Mental Health Clinician 3, no. 3 (2013): 119–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.9740/mhc.n166817.

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Hiccups are a product of involuntary, intermittent spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm and inspiratory intercostal muscles that results in sudden inspiration and abrupt closure of the glottis. The exact pathophysiology of hiccups remains unknown. However, certain neurotransmitters, medications, and other factors have been implicated. We report a case of a 38 year old patient who developed hiccups three days after adding aripiprazole 5 mg once a day to his medication regimen. Medical and environmental causes were ruled out and aripiprazole was discontinued. One day later, the hiccups resolve

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Mason, Diane E., William W. Muir, and Lynne E. Olson. "Response of equine airway smooth muscle to acetylcholine and electrical stimulation in vitro." American Journal of Veterinary Research 50, no. 9 (1989): 1499–504. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1989.50.09.1499.

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SUMMARY Smooth muscle strips from the midcervical portion of the trachea and bronchial smooth muscle strips from third-generation airways of horses were placed in tissue baths, and isometric contractile force was measured. Active force was measured in response to electrical stimulation and exogenous acetylcholine. Square-wave electrical stimuli were applied at various voltages (10, 12, 15, 18, 20, 25 V), frequencies (3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 Hz), and pulse durations (0.2, 0.5. 1.0. 1.5, 2.0 ms). Isometric contractile force increased as voltage, frequency, and pulse duration increased. Maximal

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Caricati-Neto, Afonso, and Leandro Bueno Bergantin. "Pharmaceutical intervention on Ca2+/cAMP signaling interaction: benefits for combating neurodegeneration and diseases related to aging." International Journal of Human Anatomy 1, no. 1 (2017): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2577-2279.ijha-17-1587.

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The pharmaceutical intervention on the interaction between intracellular signaling pathways mediated by Ca2+ and cAMP (Ca2+/cAMP signaling interaction) could bring important benefits for combating neurodegeneration and diseases related to aging. This discovery emerged from classical neurotransmission studies using rodent vas deferens as a model. From classical reports using this model, the concept of Ca2+-dependent processes involved in the neurotransmission (Ca2+ influx triggers muscle contraction and neurotransmitter release) is amply accepted. Thus, Ca2+ channel blockers (CCB) due to reduct

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Mayer, E. A., J. R. Reeve, S. Khawaja, et al. "Potency of natural and synthetic canine gastrin-releasing decapeptide on canine antral muscle." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 250, no. 5 (1986): G581—G587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1986.250.5.g581.

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The carboxyl terminal decapeptide of gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP-10), a small, naturally occurring bombesin-like peptide, has been isolated from canine antral muscle, synthesized, and its bioactivity compared with other synthetic and natural gastrin-releasing peptides on stimulation of spontaneously occurring contractions of canine circular antral muscle in vitro. Concentrations of peptides were verified by amino acid analysis and radioimmunoassay. In this system three forms of natural canine GRP, synthetic GRP-10, synthetic porcine gastrin-releasing heptacosapeptide (GRP-27), [Gln3]GRP-10,

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Singh, Shuchita, Maloy B. Mandal, Devarshi Dixit, and Parul Sharma. "5-hydroxytryptamine-evoked contractile activity of large gut in neonatal albino rats." Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 67 (December 29, 2023): 270–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/ijpp_519_2022.

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Objectives: Serotonin, also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), is a monoamine neurotransmitter. It is abundantly present in the gut of mammals. The extent to which it contributes to the contraction of the neonatal gut requires further investigation. This study aimed to assess the effect of 5-HT on the contractions of the large intestine in newborn albino rats. Materials and Methods: The colon and rectum samples were collected from neonatal and adult albino rats for analysis. Further, in an organ bath, isometric contractions of these isolated gut segments were recorded, in vitro, using a forc

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Mizuta, Kentaro, Dingbang Xu, Yaping Pan, et al. "GABAA receptors are expressed and facilitate relaxation in airway smooth muscle." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 294, no. 6 (2008): L1206—L1216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00287.2007.

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γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system and exerts its actions via both ionotropic (GABAA) channels and metabotropic (GABAB) receptors. GABAA channels are ubiquitously expressed in neuronal tissues, and in mature neurons modulate an inward chloride current resulting in neuronal inhibition due to membrane hyperpolarization. In airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells, membrane hyperpolarization favors smooth muscle relaxation. Although GABAA channels and GABAB receptors have been functionally identified on peripheral nerves in the lung

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Wang, Han-Jun, Wei Wang, Kaushik P. Patel, George J. Rozanski, and Irving H. Zucker. "Spinal cord GABA receptors modulate the exercise pressor reflex in decerebrate rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 305, no. 1 (2013): R42—R49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00140.2013.

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Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators released by contraction-activated skeletal muscle afferents into the dorsal horn of the spinal cord initiate the central component of the exercise pressor reflex (EPR). Whether γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a major inhibitory neurotransmitter within the mammalian central nervous system, is involved in the modulation of the EPR at the level of dorsal horn remains to be determined. We performed local microinjection of either the GABA(A) antagonist bicuculline or the GABA(B) antagonist CGP 52432 into the ipisilateral L4/L5 dorsal horns to investigate the effect

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Thorneloe, K. S., A. L. Meredith, A. M. Knorn, R. W. Aldrich, and M. T. Nelson. "Urodynamic properties and neurotransmitter dependence of urinary bladder contractility in the BK channel deletion model of overactive bladder." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 289, no. 3 (2005): F604—F610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00060.2005.

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Overactive bladder and incontinence are major medical issues, which lack effective therapy. Previously, we showed (Meredith AL, Thornloe KS, Werner ME, Nelson MT, and Aldrich RW. J Biol Chem 279: 36746–36752, 2004) that the gene mSlo1 encodes large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channels of urinary bladder smooth muscle (UBSM) and that ablation of mSlo1 leads to enhanced myogenic and nerve-mediated contractility and increased urination frequency. Here, we examine the in vivo urodynamic consequences and neurotransmitter dependence in the absence of the BK channel. The sensitivity of contrac

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Grider, John R. "Gastrin-releasing peptide is a modulatory neurotransmitter of the descending phase of the peristaltic reflex." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 287, no. 6 (2004): G1109—G1115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00080.2004.

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The physiological role of gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) and of its cognate receptors in regulating the intestinal peristaltic reflex was examined in a three-compartment flat-sheet preparation of rat colon. Mucosal stimulation applied to the central compartment at high, but not low levels of intensity, induced GRP release in the caudad compartment where descending relaxation was measured, but not into the ascending compartment where ascending contraction was measured or into the central compartment where the stimuli were applied. The selective GRP (BB2) receptor antagonist, [d-Phe6,des-Met14]

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Gorshunova, A. N., A. Yu Teplov, S. N. Grishin, R. D. Mukhamedzyanov, and A. E. Khairullin. "The Effect of Ethidium Bromide on Purinergic Modulation of Myoneural Transmission and Skeletal Muscle Contraction." Biofizika 69, no. 6 (2024): 1300–1305. https://doi.org/10.31857/s0006302924060151.

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The problem of changes in myoneural transmission in the presence of an intercalating agent, ethidium bromide, which has a known inhibitory effect on neuromuscular transmission, has been investigated, but the nature of such an effect remains unclear. To solve the question of the possible participation in this process of known modulators of synaptic transmission – purines (ATP and adenosine), we evaluated their effects in the presence of this agent. After holding the neuromuscular frog preparation in a perfusing solution containing ethidium bromide, the amplitude of postsynaptic responses and mu

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Mathias, J. R., M. H. Clench, R. H. Davis, C. A. Sninsky, and V. M. Pineiro-Carrero. "Migrating action potential complex: unmasked by 6-hydroxydopamine." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 249, no. 3 (1985): G416—G421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1985.249.3.g416.

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We have previously described the myoelectric characteristics of a single moving ring contraction, the migrating action potential complex (MAPC), in rabbit ileal loops exposed to certain bacteria or their enterotoxins. The MAPC is thought to act as a defense mechanism of the host, clearing unwanted substances from the lumen. In the present study, 6-hydroxydopamine, a substance that selectively destroys adrenergic varicosities containing the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, unmasked the MAPC from the activity front of the migrating motor complex in an unanesthetized rat model. The animals develo

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Puzikov, A. M. "Esophagus: serotoninerdgic regulation." Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology, no. 7 (September 27, 2020): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-179-7-137-142.

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Introduction: Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is a regulatory neurotransmitter and a hormone in the CNS and hole organs, the esophagus including. It is known that serotonin, activating its own receptors, stimulates contractile activity of the esophageal muscles. However, role of different type receptors in the 5-HT induced contractile activity of the esophagus is insufficiently known.The aim: — to determine which type of 5-HT receptors mediate serotonin dependent contractile activity of the esophagus.Material and methods: This is a electromyography study of rat esophagus contractile acti

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KIM, YOUNG CHAN, HYUNG KI CHOI, YOUNG SOO AHN, KYUNG HWAN KIM, PER‐OTTO HAGEN, and CULLEY C. CARSON. "The Effect of Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP) on Rabbit Cavernosal Smooth Muscle Contractility." Journal of Andrology 15, no. 5 (1994): 392–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1939-4640.1994.tb00472.x.

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ABSTRACT: Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) has emerged as a possible candidate for a nonadrenergic, noncholinergic inhibitory neurotransmitter in penile erection. In this study, the effect of VIP and Its relationship to the adrenergic and cholinergic mechanisms were examined using isolated corpus cavemosal strips from the rabbit penis. The mechanism of action of VIP on corporal relaxation was investigated with respect to the activation of cyclic GMP and the mobilIzation of calcium and potassium ions. VIP caused a dose‐dependent relaxation of the cavemosal strip. Pretreatment with VIP ha

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Perry, Roland, and Richard Rolfe. "Electropharyngeograms and stylet activity of second stage juveniles of Globodera rostochiensis." Nematology 3, no. 1 (2001): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854101300106865.

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AbstractAnalysis of the contraction and relaxation of pharyngeal musculature derives from measurements of electrical currents, termed electropharyngeograms (EPG). EPG of stylet protractor muscle activity of second stage juveniles (J2) of Globodera rostochiensis, in response to 0.1, 1.0 and 10 mg ml-1 concentrations of the neurotransmitter serotonin, have now been obtained and correlated with stylet protrusion and retraction using video analysis. The antagonist, gramine (10 mg ml-1), incorporated with 10 mg ml-1 serotonin, almost completely eliminated stylet thrusting by J2. Stylet movement can

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Krivoi, Igor, and Alexey Petrov. "Cholesterol and the Safety Factor for Neuromuscular Transmission." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 5 (2019): 1046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20051046.

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A present review is devoted to the analysis of literature data and results of own research. Skeletal muscle neuromuscular junction is specialized to trigger the striated muscle fiber contraction in response to motor neuron activity. The safety factor at the neuromuscular junction strongly depends on a variety of pre- and postsynaptic factors. The review focuses on the crucial role of membrane cholesterol to maintain a high efficiency of neuromuscular transmission. Cholesterol metabolism in the neuromuscular junction, its role in the synaptic vesicle cycle and neurotransmitter release, endplate

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