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Pak, Sim Tess. "The moderating effects of causality orientations on psychological contract breach outcome relationship /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38587919.
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Pak, Sim Tess, and 白嬋. "The moderating effects of causality orientations on psychological contract breach: outcome relationship." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B38587919.
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Brölsch, Martin W. "Schadensersatz und CISG /." Frankfurt ; New York : P. Lang, 2007. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=014999914&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Venter, Cindy Michelle. "An assessment of the South African law governing breach of contract : a consideration of the relationship between the classification of breach and the resultant remedies." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49835.
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Thesis (LLM)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The South African system of breach of contract recognizes several distinct forms of breach. each encompassing its own set of requirements. Before one is able to determine the outcome and accordingly the rights of each contracting party in respect of an alleged breach of contract. the factual situation must be fitted into one of the recognized forms of breach. This has resulted in a highly complex system of breach of contract and resultant remedies. The existence of a direct relationship between the form of breach present in a factual situation and the remedies available to the innocent party is a fundamental premise of South African law and one that is often accepted without much investigation. This thesis investigates the extent of this interdependence and to establish whether this intricate system is necessary from a practical and a theoretical point of view. To this end. the thesis examines the less complex system of breach of contract as embodied in the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods C·CISG'·) which has been widely adopted in international trade. and which has provided a template for the reformation of various national systems of law. This study concludes that the South African approach to breach of contract and remedies is in need of reform. and that a unitary concept of breach could provide a basis for both a simplification and modernization of our law.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Suid-Afrikaanse Kontraktereg erken verskeie verskyningsvorms van kontrakbreuk, elk met sy eie besondere vereistes. Ten einde die uitkoms van probleemsituasies waarin kontrakbreuk beweer word te bepaal en derhalwe die regte van die betrokkenes uit te kristalliseer. moet die feitestelonder die een of ander vorm van kontrakbreuk tuisgebring te word. Hierdie benadering het 'n besonder komplekse stelsel van kontrakbreuk en remedies tot gevolg. 'n Fundamentele uitgangspunt van die Suid-Afrikaanse stelsel is dat daar Il direkte korrelasie bestaan tussen die tipe van kontrakbreuk wat in 'n bepaalde geval teenwoordig is en die remedies waarop die onskuldige party kan staatmaak. Hierdie siening, wat meerendeel sonder bevraagtekening aanvaar word, vorm die fokuspunt van hierdie ondersoek. Die oogmerk is om die praktiese nuttigheid en teoretiese houbaarheid van die benadering vas te stel. As 'n vergelykingspunt neem die tesis die vereenvoudigde sisteem van kontrakbreuk beliggaam in die Verenigde Nasies se Konvensie aangaande die Internasionale Koopkontrak ("CISG"). Hierdie verordening geniet wye erkenning in die Internasionale Handel en het alreeds die grondslag gevorm van verskeie inisiatiewe vir die hervonning van Il aantal nasionale regstelsels. Die gevolgtrekking is dat die Suid-A frikaanse benadering tot kontrakbreuk en die remedies daarvoor hervorming benodig en dat die opvatting van 'n sg uniforme kontrakbreuk as 'n basis kan dien vir die vereenvoudiging en modernisering van ons reg.
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Riccardi, David. "Les sanctions contractuelles en droit administratif." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS177.
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Les sanctions de l’inexécution des contrats administratifs constituent un thème classique mais peu traité du droit administratif. Elles méritaient une étude globale renouvelée. Les principales sanctions applicables en cas d’inexécution ou d’exécution fautive de ces contrats existent en effet au moins depuis la première moitié du XXème siècle. Les présentations théoriques qui en sont faites remontent également à cette période et ont peu changé, même si certaines évolutions importantes du droit positif sont intervenues. Cette stabilité de la discipline cache pourtant une réelle complexité qui se décèle dès l’analyse de la notion-même de « sanction contractuelle ». En effet, les mesures auxquelles cette notion renvoie connaissent une pluralité d’objets (résiliation, exécution autoritaire des obligations, dommages-intérêts, pénalités…) et de fonctions (prévenir, réparer, punir…) bien distincts, les uns des autres. En cherchant a priori à éviter l’inexécution et a posteriori, à la surmonter, les sanctions contractuelles apparaissent à la fois comme des mesures préventives qui peuvent s’apparenter à de véritables mesures de police du service public et à des punitions intervenant dans un cadre répressif et disciplinaire particulier, caractéristique d’un ordre contractuel autonome. La complexité et le particularisme du droit des sanctions contractuelles résulte aussi de l’aspérité de leurs régimes auxquels le droit positif et la doctrine peinent à trouver une cohérence globale. Construits isolément, ces régimes ne résultent en effet d’aucune logique commune et unitaire. Pour autant, un certain nombre de règles applicables à toutes les sanctions peut être repéré, en même temps qu’une tendance progressive à l’harmonisation. A ce jour, la substance qui constitue le droit des sanctions contractuelles apparait ainsi suffisamment homogène pour permettre la consécration d’une catégorie juridique de nature à aboutir à l’application d’un régime cohérent. Au-delà des aspects théoriques de la question, une telle consécration pourrait s’accompagner de certaines évolutions de droit positif dont l’ensemble serait de nature à offrir une lisibilité de la matière et à accroitre la sécurité juridique qui paraissent aujourd’hui indispensables à la pratique et aux acteurs des contrats administratifsThe sanctions of non-performance of administrative contracts are a classic but little-discussed theme of administrative law. They deserved a renewed global study. The main penalties applicable in the event of non-fulfillment or faulty execution of these contracts exist at least since the first half of the twentieth century. The theoretical presentations made there also date back to that period and have changed little, although some important developments in positive law have taken place. However, this stability of discipline hides a real complexity which can be discerned from the analysis of the notion of "contractual sanction". Indeed, the measures to which this notion refers are subject to a multiplicity of objects (termination, authoritarian execution of obligations, damages, penalties ...) and functions (prevention, repair, punishment ...) distinct from one another. By trying a priori to avoid non-performance and a posteriori, to overcome it, contractual sanctions appear both as preventive measures which may amount to genuine public service police measures and punishments in a framework repression and discipline, characteristic of an autonomous contractual order. The complexity and particularity of the contractual sanctions law also results from the asperity of their juridical regimes to which the positive law and the doctrine struggle to find a global coherence. Constructed in isolation, these regimes don’t result from any common and unitary logic. However, a number of rules applicable to all sanctions can be identified, along with a gradual trend towards harmonization. The substance which constitutes the contractual penalties law thus appears to be sufficiently homogeneous to enable the recognition of a legal category able to leading the application of a coherent regime. Beyond the theoretical aspects of the question, such a consecration could be accompanied by certain evolutions of positive law, the whole of which would be such as to offer a readability of the matter and to increase the legal certainty which now seem indispensable to the practice and the actors of the administrative contracts
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Kramer, Adam. "Remoteness of damage in contract law : an agreement-centred approach." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31168.
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This thesis concerns the legal rules of contractual remoteness: these rules govern the extent of liability that is imposed on a breaching party to compensate for the adverse consequences that the breach causes. It is argued that the allocation of responsibility for such consequences is contained implicitly in the contract: every contract extends beyond its express terms, and the allocation of responsibility for the consequences of breach is one of the matters to which it extends. This latter assertion is supported by the argument that an assumption of responsibility for the consequences of breach is a fundamental part of what it means to make a promise. Hence the rules of remoteness are merely a specialised application of the general legal principles that are used to discover the unexpressed part of an agreement. These legal principles can be seen in operation in the implication of terms and the interpretation of expressed terms.
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Fischer, Martin Jason. "Remedies for anticipatory breach of contract." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16570.
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Includes bibliographical referencesThe thesis discusses the origin and development of anticipatory breach of contract in South African law leading up to the decision in Datacolor International (Pty) Ltd v Intamarket (Pty) Ltd 2001 (2) SA 284 (SCA) and the implications of this decision on the law. This decision is generally regarded as the culmination of the development of a 'new approach' to repudiation, as a form of anticipatory breach of contract, in South African law and this 'new approach' and other aspects of the decision will be discussed in detail. Drawing on Datacolor International (Pty) Ltd v Intamarket (Pty) Ltd and the decisions of Lord Diplock in English law the thesis proposes a model for anticipatory breach of contract that defines anticipatory breach of contract as conduct or circumstances that support a conclusion, with reasonable certainty, that a contracting party will fail to perform their primary obligations under the contract correctly and that such failure justifies affording the aggrieved party a right to cancel the contract. Anticipatory breach of contract will therefore always amount to a material breach of contract, where material breach of contract consists of a failure by a contracting party to perform her or his primary obligations correctly, or conduct which indicates with reasonable certainty that she or he will fail to perform their primary obligations correctly, which will substantially deprive the aggrieved party of the benefit of the contract. If, balancing the interests of the parties, it would be fair to afford the aggrieved party a right to cancel the contract this conduct will amount to a material breach of contract. Anticipatory breaches of contract are those material breaches which consist of conduct indicating that a failure will occur rather than consisting of the actual failure to perform a primary obligation. In addition to defining when the remedy of cancellation is available to an aggrieved party the thesis also proposes certain other modifications to the remedies available to an aggrieved party facing an anticipatory breach of contract including introducing into the South African law, as a remedy for an anticipated breach of contract, a 'request for an adequate assurance of performance' modelled on the remedy of the same name originating in the Uniform Commercial Code.
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Kelly, Darrell Scott. "Psychological Contract Breach by the Supervisor." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1401823678.
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Koch, Robert 1965. "The concept of fundamental breach of contract under the United Nations Convention on contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) /." Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=20987.
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The concept of fundamental breach plays a crucial role within the remedial system of the U.N. Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), because the remedies available to the parties to a contract of sale depend on the character of the breach. The Thesis analyzes the concept. It canvasses the different approaches employed by scholars and courts in determining fundamental breach and examines whether they can be justified by the rules of interpretation under the CISG. This examination shows that none of the approaches can be applied to all potential situations of fundamental breach and that their concurrent application is likely to produce conflicting results. This Thesis introduces a new methodology, which is based on a single concept applicable in all circumstances. Such methodology would also provide greater certainty and predictability to international sales transactions as required by the needs of the business world.
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Koch, Robert. "The concept of fundamental breach of contract under the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, CISG." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0028/MQ50940.pdf.
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Salazar, Tamez Jorge Iván. "The CISG and Mexican law remedies for breach of sale contracts : comparison of remedies for breach of contract between the CISG and the Mexican law on sales /." Saarbrücken : VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, 2008. http://d-nb.info/988978032/04.
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Salazar, Tamez Jorge Iván. "The CISG and Mexican law remedies for breach of sale contracts comparison of remedies for breach of contract between the CISG and the Mexican law on sales." Saarbrücken VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, 2007. http://d-nb.info/988978032/04.
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Van, der Merwe Sophie Wilhelmine. "Perceived breach and violation of the psychological contract in a collectivistic culture." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1017523.
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The significance of relationships on economic actions and employee behaviour makes it critical for employers to understand the dynamics of employment through mutual obligations (Rousseau, 1990; Guest, 2004b). The psychological contract affords a broad platform to study the employment relationship (Thomas et al., 2010), and is an important tool for organisational success (McDermott et al., 2013). The literature review contained in this study indicates the differences in contracting environments due to the prevailing cultural orientation. However, there is a dearth of research in collectivistic culture, to which this study will add. The literature also makes a distinction between perceptions of breach and violation. While perceptions of breach of the psychological contract is the perception that the employer has not met all obligations and promises, violation is the emotional and affective state following breach (Morrison & Robinson, 1997) and results in negative or deviant behaviours (Chiu & Peng, 2008). Both breach and violation perceptions negatively affect employee behaviours and attitudes in the workplace (Aggarwal & Bhargava, 2014). This research assumed a constructivist paradigm and builds understanding of the outcomes of breach and violation of the psychological contract on employees’ working life in a collectivistic environment. Primary data collection was by in-depth semi-structured, one on one interviews with five employees of a state-subsidised organisation in East London, making use of convenience sampling. Follow up interviews were conducted, resulting in 7ₑ/₄ hours of interviewing time. Cultural orientation was ascertained through the use of a questionnaire. The findings of this study confirmed that the type of psychological contract entered into influences the outcomes of perceptions of breach and violation. Both dimensions of collectivism, namely institutional and in-group, were practised in this environment, which also impacted on both the individual’s experience and outcomes for the organisation. The latter was influenced by commitment to organisational goals and supervisory or collegial relationships. Most notable of the results is the effect of expectations of transitional justice on experience of the psychological contract. Practical implications and recommendations for future research are made. This research is presented in three sections; firstly the research is presented in the format of an academic paper and includes a concise summary of literature and research method. The second section is an expanded literature review of the psychological contract and its influencing factors, as well as the outcomes of breach and violation. The last section describes and justifies in detail the design of the research and the research procedure followed.Alternate name: Van der Merwe, Somine
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Kaizad, Kohyar. "Responses to broken promises: an examination of psychological contract breach and rumour transmission /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe19237.pdf.
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Lui, Qiao. "Anticipatory breach of contract : A critical analysis." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.530051.
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Guo, Chen. "Employee attributions and psychological contract breach in China." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/employee-attributions-and-psychological-contract-breach-in-china(816ca8ec-ef70-4008-af6d-316c7809f708).html.
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Breaches of the psychological contract (i.e., subjective experiences that are based on an individual’s perception that another party has failed to realise the obligations that had been promised) can have negative consequences for employees, such as reducing employees’ performance, job satisfaction and organisational commitment. The main aim of this study is to examine how employee attributions about the causes of psychological contract breach shape the relationship between psychological contract breach and employee outcomes. Based on existing literatures, two models concerning of the role of employee attributions are compared. A moderation model proposes that employee attributions moderate the relationship between psychological contract breach and employees outcomes. A mediation model asserts that employee attributions play a mediating role in the mechanism of psychological contract breach affecting employee outcomes. In addition, a relatively unexplored aspect why employees make different attributions in response to psychological contract breach was identified. The aim of this study is to examine whether individual differences (i.e., individualism/collectivism and employee proactivity) shape the employee attributions of psychological contract breach. Two survey-based studies were conducted in China. The first study (N = 261) developed new measures of psychological contract breach and employee attributions. The second study (N = 634) further refined the new measures and tested the study hypotheses using Structural Equation Modelling. The results show that psychological contract breach was significantly related to internal and external employee attributions as well as employee outcomes (i.e., employee well-being, leadership perceptions and supervisor ratings of performance). But a central message that emerges from this research is that employee attributions are more likely to play a moderating role than a mediating role in the relationship between psychological contract breach and employee outcomes. This study mainly has four theoretical contributions, which are developing and testing a model of psychological contract breach and employee attributions, extending the understanding of the relationship between psychological contract breach and employee attributions, extending the criterion space of psychological contract breach and employee attributions, and developing a more specific understanding of how employee attributions shape the employee outcomes of psychological contract breach.
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Mould, Kenneth L. "Specific performance as remedy for breach of athletes’ contracts." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/46093.
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The aim and object of this thesis are to determine the most suitable, but more importantly, effective, remedy for breach of the athlete’s contract. Sport as a profession, but also a business, has never been more profitable. This has inevitably led to athletes’ contracts being repudiated on an alarming and global scale. Contractually-determined formulae for remunerating parties who have, or will be, suffering damages due to the repudiation of either a professional athlete or a professional sports club, union or franchise of the athlete’s contract between them, has failed to stem the ever-rising tide of breach of athletes’ contracts. Therefore, this thesis has set out not to suggest ways in or formulae by which a disadvantaged party may be remunerated if a professional athlete or his/her “employer” repudiates the professional athletes’ contract between them, but to determine and suggest to courts which contractual remedy would be most suitable in case of breach of said type of contract, but also most effective in ensuring that parties to an athlete’s contract respect the nature of the legal tool that binds them. Ultimately, the thesis aims to establish how the maxim pacta sunt servanda, which forms the cornerstone of the law of contract, may be protected.
Specific performance is considered the primary contractual remedy in South African law. Current South African case law suggests that South African courts would have no objection to compelling a professional athlete who wishes to rescind his contract prematurely (that is, before the contract expires) to honour said contract through an order of specific performance. However, one of the unique challenges presented by this thesis is the fact that sport is a global profession. This means that athletes ply their trade in various jurisdictions in which they are not necessarily domiciled. Whereas, for example, specific performance is the primary contractual remedy in South African law, it is but a secondary one in English law, which would only be granted if equity so demands. Many professional South African athletes of several different sporting codes are under contract with English sports clubs, but represent South Africa at international level- often in terms of a totally different athlete’s contract. If one set of rules were to apply to breach of the former, and a different set of rules to the latter, it is rather obvious that no legal certainty would be created. Therefore, this thesis investigates the different contractual remedies available for breach of athletes’ contracts, but also the preferred remedies in different jurisdictions across the world. Ultimately, the thesis suggests a “common denominator” as far as remedies are concerned which is not only acceptable to various jurisdictions, but would also be effective in decreasing the regularity at which athletes’ contracts are repudiated.Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
tm2015
Private Law
LLD
Unrestricted
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Guimarães, Luciano Cezar Vernalha. "Contratos coligados e a exceção do contrato não cumprido." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2018. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/21430.
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The related contracts may be considered a new modality of contractual arrangement, with own particularities and peculiarities. The traditional studies of contract, despite providing the theoretical framework for the legal treatment of related contracts, does not account for disciplining all the potentialities associated with this type of contracting. The doctrine, therefore, has looked over the subject, in order to produce material capable of conceptualizing, systematizing and classifying the related contracts. In this context, it becomes relevant the verification of legal consequences of related contracts. Among the consequences, it is important here to deal with exception non adimpleti contractus. The purpose is to establish criteria and parameters for the application of the exceptio non adimpleti contractus in the related contracts
Os contratos coligados encerram nova modalidade de arranjo contratual, com particularidades e peculiaridades próprias. A dogmática tradicional dos contratos, a despeito de fornecer o arcabouço teórica para o tratamento jurídico dos contratos coligados, não dá conta de disciplinar todas as potencialidades ligadas a este tipo de contratação. A doutrina, assim, tem se debruçado sobre o tema, de modo a produzir material capaz de conceituar, sistematizar e classificar os contratos coligados. Neste contexto, torna-se relevante a verificação das consequências jurídicas da coligação contratual. Dentre as consequências, importa aqui tratar da exceção do contrato não cumprido. O propósito é estabelecer critérios e parâmetros para a aplicação da exceptio non adimpleti contractus no âmbito dos contratos coligados
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Karlsson, Yvette. "Att bo och arbeta på samma plats : Gränslöst arbete och psykologiska kontrakt." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hållbar samhälls- och teknikutveckling, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-10346.
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To work and live in the same place where ones employer also is the landlord, can create a situation with many special requirements for the individual. Constrains regarding time, space and impact on social life is likely to appear. Based on theory and empirical research about the Boundaryless work and the Psychological contract the purpose of this report is to examine employees who live and work at the same place. This is done by studying the regulation regarding time and space factors and the psychological contracts in expectations and in violation of the psychological contract and the risks associated with this like Locked-in factors. The study includes interviews with managers and employees (n=9). The result shows the difficulties to set standards for the constrains of the factors concerning time and space. The expectations from both employees and the organization goes beyond what can be considered as formal work boundaries. The results are discussed in relation to the risks of stress, health and Lock-in.
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Stenson, Nicholas. "Personality matters! : investigating the role of psychological contract breach, revenge cognitions, and individual differences in rumour transmission /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2006. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe19297.pdf.
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Gallagher, Tom. "Exploratory study of the antecedents of psychological contract breach." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2008. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/4632.
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This research presents a systematic review of literature focusing on the Human Resource
Management concept of the Psychological Contract between an employee and their
organisation. An initial overview of research on the broader topic is outlined to identify key
themes in the field and to identify areas of research to be reviewed in greater detail. The
major themes explored at this stage are the basic definition of the concept, the contents of the
psychological contract, viewing the concept as a mental model or schema, the current
methods used in existing research, how the agreement can be breached, the link to various
employee outcomes and how the concept can be managed. The systematic review
methodology is then set out to identify the causes or antecedents of breach, the differing
ontological perspectives on the psychological contract concept and existing research which
integrates the psychological contract with the related concept of employee engagement. 34
studies are examined and results are presented in the form of a narrative synthesis.
Results suggest that the empirical evidence base of antecedents to breach is limited and that
numerous potential antecedents to breach have not been fully tested due to limitations in
existing research designs. Secondly, a new ontological perspective based on the Critical
Realist perspective of Harré (2002) is proposed to develop existing work on the basic
definition of the psychological contract concept. Finally, the lack of existing work which
integrates both the psychological contract and employee engagement is highlighted with a
recommendation for additional research on the ontology of the engagement concept.
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Chang, Marie Pei-Heng. "La résolution du contrat pour inexécution : étude comparative du droit français et du droit chinois /." Aix-en-Provence : Presses universitaires d'Aix-Marseille, PUAM, 2005. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/516370332.pdf.
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Iolovitch, Marcos Brossard. "Efficient breach theory – a análise do rompimento eficiente dos contratos empresariais à luz da legislação brasileira e da law and economics." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/148302.
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O presente trabalho examina a teoria da quebra eficiente do contrato, oriunda do direito anglo-saxão, segundo a qual, sinteticamente, um contrato só será cumprido se os custos para adimplir a obrigação forem inferiores àqueles incorridos pelo descumprimento, admitindo-se, portanto, o inadimplemento voluntário dos contratos. O objetivo é, além de apresentar a teoria, verificar a possibilidade de aplicação da mesma no Brasil, com enfoque especial nos contratos empresariais. Para tanto, o trabalho é estruturado em introdução, quatro capítulos de desenvolvimento e encerra com a conclusão. Superada a introdução, que apresenta mais profundamente as razões que levaram à pesquisa sobre o tema, o capítulo 2 versa acerca dos paradigmas clássicos de responsabilidade contratual, com destaque às modalidades de extinção do contrato sem a consecução do seu objeto bem como às regras indenizatórias aplicáveis nestes casos, em que se busca cotejá-las com o entendimento jurisprudencial. A seguir, o capítulo 3 traz as premissas teóricas da Law and Economics focadas no Direito dos Contratos necessárias à compreensão, no capítulo seguinte, da teoria da quebra eficiente do contrato, que representa o tema central do presente estudo. Neste capítulo 4 será feita uma abordagem teórica e prática da teoria sob exame, apontando sua origem histórica, desenvolvimento e aceitação do paradigma, identificando os requisitos para sua aplicação, potenciais barreiras e também as críticas doutrinárias para, em seguida, delinear o que seria o cenário ideal para sua aplicação, bem como um tópico dedicado exclusivamente à sua abordagem prática e metodologia, indicando os elementos que devem ser sopesados antes de se tomar a decisão de romper um contrato. No capítulo 5, verifica-se quais requisitos são aceitos, as efetivas barreiras e como elas podem ser superadas para autorizar a sua incidência no Brasil, tanto os de caráter jurídico como os extralegais. Para o fechamento, o último capítulo apresenta as conclusões alcançadas através da pesquisa, indicando pontos relevantes sobre a teoria da quebra eficiente e respondendo ao principal questionamento cuja resposta era almejada, se é possível aplicar a teoria no Brasil, sob quais circunstâncias e em qual extensão.The current paper examines the efficient breach theory of contracts, from the Anglo-Saxon law origin, according to which, briefly, a contract will only be performed if the costs for performance of the obligation are lower than those incurred for non-performance, admitting, therefore, intentional breach of contract. The goal is, in addition to presenting the theory, check the possibility of applying it in Brazil, focusing mostly on business contracts. Therefore, the work is structured into introduction, four chapters of development and ends with the conclusion. Surpassed the introduction, which explains more deeply the reasons that led to research on the topic, chapter 2 examines the classical paradigms of contractual liability, especially to terminate the contract without achieving its object as well as the applicable indemnity rules in these cases, seeking to compare them with the jurisprudential understanding. Following, chapter 3 provides the theoretical premises of Law and Economics focused on the Law of Contracts necessary to understand, in the next chapter, the efficient breach theory, which is the central theme of this study. In chapter 4 a theoretical and practical approach of the theory under examination will be addressed with its historical origin, development and acceptance of the paradigm, identifying the requirements for its application, potential barriers and also the criticism it has faced to, then, outline what would be the ideal scenario for its application as well as a topic dedicated exclusively to its practical approach and methodology, pointing the elements that should be weighed before deciding to breach a contract. In chapter 5, it is shown the which requirements are accepted, the actual barriers and how they can be surpassed to permit its incidence in Brazil, both legal and non-legal. For closure, the last chapter presents the conclusions reached through the research, indicating the relevant points on the theory of efficient breach and responding to the main question of which answer was longed for, whether it is possible to apply the theory in Brazil, under what circumstances and to what extent.
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Daillant, Marie-Anne. "Le retard dans l'exécution des contrats (XIIe-XIXe siècle). Contribution historique à l'étude de la responsabilité contractuelle." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS200.
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Depuis plus d’un siècle, l’existence du concept de responsabilité contractuelle suscite de vives controverses au sein de la doctrine française. Le retard contractuel, aussi dénommé demeure, ou mora, constitue le second fait générateur de la responsabilité contractuelle, à côté du défaut d’exécution. Les spécificités de la demeure tiennent tant à ses conditions de mise en œuvre qu’à son régime, caractéristiques qui ne cesseront d’être réformées depuis le Moyen Âge, au gré des besoins et valeurs de chaque époque sans cesse en évolution. Fidèle à l’héritage romain dévolu par la Codification justinienne, le jus commune ne parviendra pas à formuler un principe général de responsabilité contractuelle pour retard, admettant que cette question relève davantage du fait que du droit. Il dispose néanmoins du matériau nécessaire à l’édification du principe. Mais le retard n’y est jamais considéré comme une faute, et ce constat est d’autant plus frappant dans les sources du droit propre au Royaume de France qui privilégient la recherche de l’exécution en nature de la dette. Le véritable changement de paradigme s’opèrera à la fin du XVe siècle, puis surtout sous la plume des juristes humanistes, qui, pour la première fois, qualifieront le retard de faute. Toutefois, faute, dommage et causalité ne feront pas l’objet d’une systématisation aboutie, bien que favorisée par l’énonciation d’un principe général de responsabilité civile par Grotius, sous l’égide du précepte du neminem laedere. Aux siècles suivants, l’ambiguïté demeurera manifeste, entraînant d’ailleurs une importante discordance entre les deux sommités de la doctrine française moderne, Domat et Pothier. Finalement, les rédacteurs du Code civil ne prendront pas partie pour un principe de responsabilité contractuelle pour retard, tout en confirmant les traits principaux d’un tel conceptSince over a century, the concept of contractual liability has been generating strong controversies within the French doctrine. The contractual delay, also called mora, forms the second operative event of the contractual liability, beside of the contractual failure, from which independent issues can be distinguished. Thus some specificities of the mora belong to its deployment conditions as well as its legal regime, characteristics that keep being reformed since the Middle Ages, depending on the needs and the time values constantly evolving. Following the Roman heritage from the Codification of Justinian, the Jus Commune will never succeed in formulating a general principle of contractual liability for delay, admitting that this question belongs more to the fact than the law. Yet, there is the needed ressources to edify such a principle. But the delay is never considered as a tort, and this finding is even more striking in its sources of the French Kingdom. The texts of the jus proprium are indeed very far from establishing a damages system of the delay, encouraging the search of the execution of the debt in nature. The true change of paradigm will happen at the end of the 15th century, and especially with the humanist jurists who, for the first time, will qualify the tort delay. However, tort, damage and chain of causation will not be the object of an achieved systematization, despite the enunciation of a general principle of civil liability by Grotius, under the aegis of neminem laedere precept. During the next centuries, the ambiguity will remain obvious, generating actually a strong discord between the two thoughts leaders of the modern French Doctrine, Domat and Pothier. Finally, the Code Civil redactors will not decide for a principle of contractual liability for delay, while still confirming main features of such a concept
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Kimel, Dori. "Contract as a substitute for a promise." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310509.
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Yang, Liu. "La suspension du contrat en cas d’obstacle à l’exécution : en droit comparé français chinois." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON10035/document.
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En pratique, de nombreux obstacles peuvent empêcher le déroulement naturel du contrat. Lorsque ces obstacles n'ont qu'un caractère provisoire, le droit contemporain offre au contractant une solution temporaire : la suspension du contrat. Cependant, jusqu'à nos jours, cette solution du droit n'est pas soumise à un régime juridique unitaire. La suspension se dissimule dans diverses techniques juridiques, traditionnelles ou modernes. Le droit comparé français chinois à l'égard de la suspension permet d'identifier clairement l'ensemble de ces techniques, d'en envisager une nouvelle compréhension et de proposer une systématisation du phénomène complexe de suspension. Notre étude a révélé plusieurs constatations importantes. Pour un contractant, la suspension n'est pas uniquement une solution permettant de sanctionner l'inexécution temporaire de son cocontractant, elle peut également servir à justifier son inexécution légitime. En outre, la suspension peut être utilisée non seulement en cas d'inexécution du contrat, mais aussi en cas de risque d'inexécution. Enfin, l'objet visé par la suspension peut être non seulement la prestation contractuelle, mais aussi les travaux préparatoires à celle-ciIn practice several obstacles may prevent the natural progress of the contract. When those obstacles are not permanent in nature, modern law offers the contracting party a temporary solution : suspension of the contract. However, up until now, that legal solution has not been subject to a unitary legal system. Suspension is concealed by a range of traditional and modern legal techniques. Sino-French comparative law in relation to suspension makes it possible to clearly identify all these techniques, to envisage a new understanding and to offer a systematization of the complex phenomenon of suspension. Our study has revealed several important findings. For a contracting party, suspension is not merely a way to enable the sanctioning of temporary breach by the other contracting party; it can also be used to prove his legitimate breach. In addition, suspension can be used, not only in the event of breach of contract, but also in the event of the risk of breach. Lastly, the object affected by the suspension may not only be the contractual arrangement, but also the work leading up to it
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Maharaj, Krishneel. "The availability of gain-based damages for breach of contract." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/42060.
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This thesis examines, from an economic perspective, the problem of determining when and whether gain-based damages are an appropriate response to a breach of contract. Starting from the premise that such a remedy is needed to protect the integrity of contract’s institutional function, consideration is then given to the nature of that function and how gain-based damages may support it. The conclusion reached is that contract’s legal function is essentially economic and that gain-based damages may be of aid to courts in remedying inefficient outcomes arising from breach of contract, preventing economically inefficient breaches. The nature of a gain-based remedy is then explored, and enquiry is made into the potential means for developing such a remedy. After considering the potential to adapt a number of existing remedies, the thesis concludes that only an entirely novel development will fulfil the function of the remedy required, as adapting existing remedies will only create difficulties in other areas of law.
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Winterton, David Michael. "A performance-oriented account of money awards for breach of contract." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c676c838-9d16-498a-a3a8-148c2c28b9e5.
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It is generally accepted that the award of contract damages in English law is governed by the expectation principle. This principle provides that following an actual or anticipated breach of contract the innocent party is entitled to be put into the position that he or she would have occupied had the contract been performed. There is significant ambiguity over what ‘position’ means in this context. The conventional understanding of the expectation principle is that it stipulates the appropriate measure of loss for an award of compensation. This thesis challenges this understanding and proposes a new performance-oriented account of awards given in accordance with the expectation principle. The thesis is in two parts. Part I outlines and challenges the orthodox understanding of awards given in accordance with the expectation principle. Chapter One outlines the orthodox account, and explains the traditional interpretation of loss in this context. Chapter Two mounts a doctrinal challenge to the orthodox account, demonstrating the existence of many awards for breach of contract that do not reflect the actual loss suffered by the innocent party. Chapter Three highlights the conceptual difficulty of the orthodox account and outlines the problems with conventional terminology, proposing stable definitions for important legal concepts. Part II advances an alternative account of contract damages that draws a distinction between two different kinds of money awards. The first is an award substituting for performance. The second is an award compensating for loss. Chapter Four outlines the account’s foundations by defending the existence of the right to performance and the existence of the proposed distinction. Chapter Five explains the quantification and restriction of money awards substituting for performance. Chapter Six explains the nature of money awards compensating for loss. Finally, Chapter Seven defends English law’s preference for awarding monetary substitutes for performance rather than ordering specific performance.
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Cunha, Raphael Augusto. "O inadimplemento na nova teoria contratual: o inadimplemento antecipado do contrato." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2131/tde-11122015-083624/.
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Os institutos clássicos do direito das obrigações, notadamente os conceitos de obrigação, adimplemento e inadimplemento precisam ser relidos à luz dos valores da Constituição Federal de 1988 e dos princípios e das cláusulas gerais trazidos pelo Código Civil de 2002, em especial a boa-fé objetiva. A noção tradicional de obrigação, consubstanciada na ideia de uma submissão do devedor ao credor, vem sendo paulatinamente abandonada em favor de um novo conceito de relação obrigacional, composto por direitos e deveres recíprocos que convergem para a consecução de um objetivo comum: o adimplemento. Assim examinado, o adimplemento consiste em um processo dinâmico dentro do qual o devedor deve executar uma série de atos e observar inúmeros deveres (principais, secundários e laterais) necessários ao adimplemento. Foi diante dessa premissa que a doutrina moderna começou a sustentar que a infringência de deveres de conduta e de deveres anexos ao longo da relação obrigacional pode configurar um inadimplemento antecipado do contrato, que se refere às hipóteses em que o inadimplemento resta configurado a despeito de ainda não se ter atingido o termo contratual. Esse estudo visará analisar o conceito e demonstrar a necessidade da consolidação do inadimplemento antecipado como um mecanismo de proteção do credor, examinando a sua possibilidade de aplicação no direito brasileiro, os seus requisitos, a sua natureza jurídica, os seus limites e os seus efeitos.The classic institutes of contract law, notably the concepts of obligation, performance and breach of contract need to be reread pursuant to the values of the Federal Constitution of 1988 and the principles and general clauses brought by the Civil Code of 2002, in special the good faith. The traditional notion of obligation, based on the idea of the debtors submission to the creditor, has been gradually abandoned in favor of a new concept of obligatory relationship, composed of reciprocal rights and duties converging to achieve a common goal: performance. Thus, performance consists of a dynamic process in which the debtor must perform a series of acts and observe numerous duties (primary, secondary and lateral duties arising of good faith) necessary for performance. It was under this premise that modern legal scholars began to argue that any breach of duties along with the obligatory relationship can configure an anticipated breach of contract, which refers to cases in which the breach is affirmed before the contractual term. This essay aims to analyze the concept and demonstrate the need for consolidation of the anticipated breach as a creditor protection mechanism, examining its application possibility under Brazilian law, along with its requirements, legal status, limits and effects.
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Herrmann, Andrew F. "Broken Promises: An Autoethnography of Psychological Contract Breach and Organizational Exit." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/793.
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Al-Tawil, Tareq Nail. "Promises, contracts and remedies : The efficient breach theory versus routine specific performance." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.511210.
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Botsford, Whitney E. "Psychological contracts of mothers does breach explain intention to leave the workforce? /." Fairfax, VA : George Mason University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1920/4526.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--George Mason University, 2009.Vita: p. 94. Thesis director: Eden B. King. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed June 10, 2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 89-93). Also issued in print.
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Zottoli, Michael A. "Understanding the process through which breaches of the psychological contract influence feelings of psychological contract violation: an analysis incorporating causal, responsibility and blame attributions." The Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1054515958.
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Al-Janabi, Mohammed Qasim Kareem. "Fundamental breach in international commercial contracts in the CISG, English and Egyptian law." Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.687422.
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The main purpose of the research is to investigate and analyze the concept of fundamental breach of contract in international commercial contracts, and how its inclusion in Iraqi civil law can promote a more effective approach to contractual disputes between Iraqi companies and international partners. Additionally, it aims to raise awareness of the practical value of the application of the concept of fundamental breach in managing contractual disputes involving common and civil law, and ultimately provide a valid contribution to academic knowledge that promotes enhanced understanding of this concept within the different legal systems at a global level. The research method adopted is theoretically comparative in nature and compares the concept of fundamental breach of contract from the perspectives of the United Nations Convention's guidelines on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 1980 (referred to hereafter as the CISG), English (Common) law and Egyptian (Civil) law. The study is based on the following research questions: i) reasons for the numerous cases of avoidance of international commercial contracts in Iraq due to a fundamental breach of terms; ii) The elements that constitute a 'fundamental breach' of contract; iii) Which legal systems could provide a comprehensive framework of reference to compare the different processes applied in breach of contract in selected case studies, to determine which, if any, is more effective in keeping contracts 'active'. iv) If the outcome of the comparisons could be applied more universally, in cases of arbitration in international commercial contracts, to bridge the differences in individual laws of the countries involved. The concept of fundamental breach is examined in-depth, including its origins, development, application and effectiveness in maintaining the active life of international commercial contracts. A comparison of its application is made within three different legal systems and the study concludes with a commentary on the outcomes of the comparative research, including any limitations and implications for international sales contracts involving different legal systems. Finally, recommendations are made, both for the Iraqi legislature and for future research. The key outcomes are that the CISG rules regarding fundamental breach appear to be more successful in upholding the validity of international commercial contracts than Common or Civil law. This can be attributed to the way in which the CISG tailored the concept of fundamental breach. To date, it has been ratified by 83 countries. Not only are its principles rooted in the two primary law systems (Common and Civil), but they are also significantly influenced by the doctrinal concepts that vary considerably across different national law systems. This suggests the CISG offers a greater degree of flexibility and harmony across the legal systems, and does not require any court order or ruling in instances of contract avoidance. Indeed, its greatest success lies in the flexibility of its principles due to the additional terms it provides in promoting the life of the contract; namely: additional period of time, partial avoidance, anticipatory breach and instalments contracts. There are limitations, however, despite the CISG rules providing a degree of flexibility. The definition of fundamental breach given in Art.25 is vague due to the generality of the terminology used by the CISG drafters. Unlike the trend of the 1998 Principles of European Contract Law and the 1994 UNIDROlT Principles of International Commercial Contracts, no examples are given to provide guidance on the exact meaning of the term. It is also noticeable that the CISG's notion of fundamental breach is more common law oriented. As a result, this may be a source of possible conflict in countries where civil law is adopted such as: Egypt, Iraq, Kuwait, Jordan, Libya, amongst others. The implications of adopting the CISG approach to determining fundamental breach in international commercial contracts are that contractual parties could incur delays and subsequent financial losses while disputes involving interpretation of its rules are resolved. Nevertheless, CISG principles governing fundamental breach are increasingly popular as the applicable law for international contracts, since they fulfill a primary goal of contract law to act in accordance with developmental requirements and changes. Contract law has to correspond to a growing economic need and be flexible in addressing emerging difficulties and shifting conditions. For this reason the CISG's principles are likely to continue to be adopted by contractual parties within the arena of International Trade. A necessary recommendation, however, concerns the terminology of the CISG rules on fundamental breach, which could benefit from being more specific in order to satisfy the demands of international commercial contracts that involve countries governed by common and civi11aw. In short, greater specificity is required in ascertaining the degree of seriousness, detriment, foreseeability and time of foreseeability in cases of contractual breach.Establishing an international body for resolving disputes stemming from the CISG is highly recommended. The given body could contribute greatly to reducing both the time and the cost resulting from such disputes. Reviewing the provisions of the CISG periodically is, therefore, highly advisable for making changes or establishing new rules applicable to the new developments in trade. The avoidance of contract in electronic trade contracts could represent an example where this would be necessary. However, more discussion is needed to elaborate on the development of the wording of the CISG principles in this respect. Finally, with regard to Iraq, its legislation would do well to make provision to include the concept of fundamental breach in accordance with the principles of the CISG. This reform is necessary since Iraq's existing law is no longer capable of properly addressing the special demands of international trade to ensure disputes are dealt with in a manner that is reliable, consistent, valid and fair to the contractual parties concerned.
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Coëffard, Paul. "Garantie des vices cachés et "responsabilité contractuelle de droit commun" /." [Paris] : LGDJ, 2005. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/504367196.pdf.
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Restubog, Simon Lloyd David. "One big happy family : workplace familism and psychological contract breach in the Philippines /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18635.pdf.
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Strydom, Chanette. "The psychological contract of designated and non-designated groups in a financial institution / C. Strydom." Thesis, North-West University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/5035.
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Due to socio-political transformation, South Africa has been subjected to dramatic changes that influenced employment relationships, employment contracts between employees and employers arid the psychological contract of employees. Due to all these socio-political changes different groups of employees experience differences in their psychological contracts and have certain expectations that their organisation should fulfil. The general objective of this research is to determine the psychological contract of designated and non-designated groups of a banking institution in the North West Province. A cross-sectional survey design was used to collect the data and reach the objectives of this study. Stratified random sample (n = 131) was taken from permanently appointed designated and non-designated employees of different branches in a South African banking institution in the North West Province. A structured, self-completion questionnaire was used to collect the data. The Psycones Questionnaire and discrimination and affirmative action questions were selected from different existing questionnaires and were used to compile the questionnaire.
Descriptive statistics (e.g. means, standard deviations, skewness and kurtosis) were used to analyse the data. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients were used to assess the relationships between the variables. Multiple regression analyses were used to investigate the effects of the variables in this study, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was performed to assess the differences in the experience of affirmative action policies of demographic groups. Item-level analysis is performed by using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results indicated that designated and non-designated groups of employees do not experience a difference in their breach or violation of their psychological contracts when affirmative action policies are correctly implemented and communicated. Based on the findings of this study organisations are advised to ensure that affirmative action policies are implemented correctly and communicated to all groups of employees, and then designated and non-designated employees would not differ in their experience of violation in their psychological contracts. Limitations in the research are identified and recommendations were made.Thesis (M.Com. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.
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Eklund, Carl, and Nils Wennerberg. "Arbetstagares upplevelser av psykologiska kontraktsbrott : En kvalitativ intervjustudie." Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, Högskolan för lärande och kommunikation, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-31800.
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Syftet med studien har varit att undersöka upplevelser av psykologiska kontraktsbrott hos arbetstagare. Särskilt intressant har varit att belysa hur kontraktsbrotten har uppstått, hur arbetstagarens känslor och beteenden har påverkats, samt om det har gått att återupprätta brutna kontrakt. Ett målinriktat bekvämlighetsurval gjordes (n=10). Av dessa var fem män och fem kvinnor i olika åldrar. Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med arbetstagare från olika organisationer, som på ett eller annat sätt haft erfarenheter av psykologiska kontraktsbrott. En innehållsanalys användes för att analysera det empiriska materialet. Resultatet visade att olika kontraktsbrott orsakats på grund av hög arbetsbelastning och brister i chefens kommunikation samt ledarskap. Konsekvenser av brotten var minskad arbetsglädje, lojalitet och motivation, samt ilska och irritation. Engagemang och effektivitet minskade hos arbetstagarna och de blev mer benägna att söka andra arbeten. Studien visade att chefen hade en central roll i återupprättandet av brutna kontrakt.
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Nguyen, Lynda. "An eye for an eye : investigating the interactive effects among psychological contract breach, interactional justice and negative reciprocity in predicting workplace revenge /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2007. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe20084.pdf.
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Nathan, K. V. S. K. "Submission to ICSID in breach of the convention : disputes in international civil engineering contracts." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 1994. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/1607.
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The World Bank produces sample bidding documents for use by its member countries to prepare tender forms and contract conditions for Bankfinanced civil engineering construction contracts. The contract conditions provide for arbitration of disputes and parties to a contract may choose to submit to the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) which was established by members of the World Bank for the settlement of investment disputes between states and nationals of other states. The objectives of the Thesis are to (i) examine the legality of generally submitting disputes in international civil engineering contracts to ICSID arbitration, (ii) provide an analysis of ICSID as an international arbitral institution and (iii) discuss the legal aspects of submission of disputes to ICSID arbitration in breach of the Convention that established ICSID. Chapters One, Two and Three are devoted to describing the importance of civil engineering works to economic growth and arbitration as a method of resolution of disputes. An analysis is made of the fundamentals and complexity of the arbitral process and the interfacing between legal systems, national laws and international law in international arbitrations. Chapter Four traces the genesis of ICSID and Chapter Five examines critically the salient features of ICSID arbitration, which according to the Thesis are not all exclusive to ICSID arbitration. Chapters Six and Seven analyse in depth ICSID jurisdiction ratione personae and ratione materiae. Chapter Eight argues that disputes in freestanding international civil engineering contracts are not investment disputes and that submission to ICSID is in breach of the Convention. Chapters Nine and Ten discuss the legitimate role of ICSID in developing rules of international economic law and conclude by recommending that ICSID should not detract from that role by becoming just another arbitral institution in. the business of arbitration.
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Johnson, Nicole Annette. "An Examination of the Relational Aspects of Leadership Credibility, Psychological Contract Breach and Violation, and Interactional Justice." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37557.
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Especially during times of intense change, managers may negatively impact the quality of employee-manager relationships by breaching or violating psychological contract terms and exhibiting unfair treatment (i.e., interactional injustice) in the workplace. A psychological contract is conceptualized as an exmployee's perception or individualistic belief about the reciprocal and promissory nature of the employment relationship (Argyris, 1960; Levinson, Price, Munden, Mandl, & Solley, 1966; Rousseau, 1989, 1990, 1995; Schein, 1965, 1994). Misperceptions surrounding contractual changes and perceived misalignments between managers' words and deeds have contributed to employee perceptions of contract breach and violation, which are linked to negative employee attitudes and behaviors (Andersson, 1996; Morrison & Robinson, 1997; Pate, Martin, & Staines, 2000; Rousseau, 1995). Employees may simultaneously experience interactional injustice when managers act in disparaging ways and fail to provide adequate explanations (Bies, 1989; Bies & Moag, 1986).
Leadership literature has provided evidence that high-quality leadership can positively influence employees' behaviors and attitudes and increase perceptions of workplace fairness (Dirks & Ferrin, 2002; Kickul, Gundry, & Posig, 2005; Kouzes & Posner, 2003). However, the relational role of leadership credibility, within the context of psychological contract breach and violation and interactional justice, has not been examined in leadership, psychological contract, and organizational justice literatures. This study was designed to explore the relationships between leadership credibility, interactional justice, and psychological contract breach and violation. The results of the study confirmed that employees' perceptions about leaders' credibility does strongly relate to managerial violation, interpersonal justice, and informational justice.Ph. D.
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Braz, Alex Trevisan. "Dano moral por inadimplemento contratual e suas consequências." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2131/tde-10122014-120224/.
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Este estudo tem o objetivo de analisar o dano moral decorrente do descumprimento do contrato. O contrato é firmado para que seja cumprido, nem sempre, porém, o é. Do descumprimento do avençado surgem diferentes consequências e o que essa pesquisa pretende esclarecer é que uma dessas consequências pode ser a lesão moral. Através da análise da figura do contrato, dos efeitos de seu descumprimento e do instituto do dano moral, o estudo buscará comprovar que a quebra contratual pode ocasionar danos de diferentes naturezas, inclusive, o de natureza moral. Na verdade, independentemente da origem do dano moral, se no descumprimento do contrato, ou não, a lesão dessa natureza é reparável. A pesquisa pretende, ainda, propor a reunião de determinados contratos, cujo descumprimento comumente causa danos morais, na categoria dos contratos morais. Esses contratos possuem características comuns que os tornam potenciais causadores de danos morais, quando descumpridos. Por fim, fora realizada pesquisa junto ao Superior Tribunal de Justiça no intuito de evidenciar o cenário jurisprudencial acerca do tema. Tal levantamento evidenciou o estabelecimento naquela Corte de uma regra da excepcionalidade do dano moral no caso de descumprimento do contrato, regra essa que, como será demonstrado, não parece aceitável.This study aims to analyze the moral damage resulting from breach of contract. The contract is to be fulfilled, not always, however, it is. The breach of contract has different consequences and what this research intends to clarify is that one of these consequences can be moral damage. Through the analysis of the contract, breach´s effects and the figure of moral damage, the study will seek to prove that the breach of contract may cause damages of different natures, including the moral one. In fact, regardless of the source of moral damages, whether it results from event of failure to comply with any obligation set forth in the contract or not, such injury is repairable. The research also intends to propose an arrangement of certain contracts that whenever breached, usually causes moral damages, in the category of \'moral contracts\'. These contracts have common characteristics that make them potential cause of moral damage, when breached. A research in the Superior Court was also conducted to demonstrate the jurisprudential scenario on the subject. This research showed that the Court established a moral damage exceptionality rule in cases of violation of contract. This rule, however, as will be shown, does not seem acceptable .
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Alkhadhari, Abdulwahab. "Remedies for the breach of a commercial contract for the sale of goods : a comparative analysis between the English Sale of Goods Act 1979 and the Contract of Sale of Goods in Saudi Law." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/28672.
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This thesis focuses on remedies for a breach of the Contract of Sale of Goods under English and Saudi law, wherever the Contract is in the course of business. The primary aim of the thesis is to describe and analyse those remedies and how each of the above legal regimes has dealt with breaches. For this purpose, the remedies must be analysed to identify differences and similarities between the two regimes, while at the same time highlighting the weaknesses and strengths of each. In addition, the reasons why the two legal systems have adopted their respective approaches in favouring specific remedies will be considered, in order to determine whether there are any differences in the underlying legal principles affecting the de facto results for the Buyer and Seller. In so doing, the aim is to provide a detailed and ingenious analysis, which may be of assistance in understanding each regime.
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Cathiard, Audrey. "L'abus dans les contrats conclus entre professionnels : l'apport de l'analyse économique du contrat /." Aix-en-Provence : Presses Univ. d'Aix-Marseille, 2006. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/520828178.pdf.
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Leão, Luis Gustavo de Paiva. "A quebra da base objetiva dos contratos." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2010. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/5474.
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Previous issue date: 2010-10-29Through a brief analysis of the historical origins of the contract, taking into account as party settlements with the State endorsement, observed in its practical applications, we intend to analyze the collapse in the objective basis of contracts, verifying the consequence of such breakaway, both in the jurisprudence as in the social relations involved, and as the interpretative possibilites of such issue. The relevance of the subject is shown by itself, once the contemporary society is contractarian in almost all respects, and the non compliance of the contractual terms is a result of numerous disorders that cause impact on the harmony of social life in all spheres: familiar level up to the governmental. Themes such as autonomy and contractual liberty come up against issues that need ethical-political reviews. As the main objective remains the characterization of how, when and under what circumstances it is possible to affirm that there was a collapse in the objective basis of the contract, and diagnosed such collapse, how to proceed in such situation: there will be a possibility of establishing a new agreement or just be left to setting penalties and compensations. The secondary objectives point to the identification of direct and indirect effects regarding the situation, and in the action of laws to this type of occurrence. The method that will be used is the deductive method in order to develop the research, being the review of literature on the theme the basic source to enrich discussions in the invitation to authors that have already leaned on the theme in books, articles, theses and further dissertations
Por meio de uma sucinta análise das origens históricas do contrato, considerado enquanto acerto de partes com aval do Estado, observado em suas aplicações práticas, pretende-se analisar a quebra da base objetiva dos contratos, verificando as consequências desta ruptura tanto na jurisprudência como nas relações sociais envolvidas, bem como as possibilidades interpretativas da questão. A relevância do tema se demonstra por si só, vez que a sociedade contemporânea é contratualista em quase todos os aspectos, e a não observância dos termos contratuais é causa de inúmeros transtornos que impactam sobre a harmonia da vida social em todas as esferas: do nível familiar ao governamental. Temas como a autonomia e a liberdade contratual esbarram em questões que necessitam de revisões ético-políticas. Como objetivo principal subsiste a caracterização de como, quando e em que circunstâncias se pode alegar que houve a quebra da base objetiva do contrato, e, diagnosticada esta quebra como se procede diante da situação: haverá possibilidade do estabelecimento de novo acordo ou apenas restará a configuração de penas e ressarcimentos. Os objetivos secundários apontam para a identificação de efeitos diretos e indiretos da situação, e na ação das leis para este tipo de ocorrência. Será utilizado o método dedutivo para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa, sendo a revisão da literatura sobre o tema a fonte básica para o enriquecimento das discussões, no convite a autores que já se debruçaram sobre o assunto em livros, artigos, teses e demais dissertações
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Hennicks, Eugèny Charlene. "Psychological contract breach, job satisfaction and turnover intention in the utility industry /|cEugèny Charlene Hennicks." Thesis, North-West University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/10612.
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Globally competitive industries need to keep up with the rigorous technical innovations to ensure that they reach their targets in terms of customer satisfaction. In order to do this, businesses need to ensure that they have the correct skills and capabilities in order to meet their demands. Organisations encounter difficulties as they constantly need to replace lost skills, and once these skills have been replaced, they need to spend additional money to train and equip new employees adequately to perform the jobs that they are employed to do. These days, many companies find themselves in financial turmoil which emerges from large turnover rates. There has been a severe exodus of skilled employees in the utility industry. During the past twelve months, this industry has lost 1 479 critical skills. Scarce skills are expensive to retain and it is important that employee well-being take top priority to keep up with changing labour demographics. This upkeep relates to huge emphasis being placed on customer satisfaction. In order to keep customers happy, companies first need to keep their employees happy. Efforts made by the organisation to improve situational circumstances for its employees, will promote positive individual and organisational outcomes. Two dimensions contribute greatly to a positive employment relationship which is conducive towards promoting positive individual and organisational outcomes, namely a fulfilled psychological contract and fairness in allocating monetary rewards. Money should not be used as a Band-Aid; not everything can be remedied with money. However, money is important, although it is not the most important factor. Fulfilment of the different dimensions of the psychological contract, including, but not limited to opportunities for personal growth and career advancement, and a management-supportive work environment are vital towards establishing and maintaining a positive employment relationship. The aim of the study was to investigate the role of psychological contract breach, job satisfaction and turnover intention in the utility industry and to determine the outcomes thereof. A mixed method approach was used to gather data. In the qualitative study, managers and staff (N = 15) were interviewed and a thematic content analysis was performed. In the second phase of the study, the quantitative part, questionnaires were distributed to employees (N = 251) across all levels of the organisation. The measuring instruments used were the Psychological Contract Inventory, Job Satisfaction Scale and Turnover Intention Scale. The results of Article 1 (Chapter 2) showed that a total of 60% of participants made reference to the importance of money. Emphasis was also placed on other aspects, where 53% of participants made mention of leadership being an important driver of job satisfaction. Other themes also regarded as important toward curbing skills loss were the importance of personal excellence and the need for effective communication as drivers of job satisfaction.
Article 2 (Chapter 3) found that a fulfilled balanced psychological contract displayed a strong, positive relationship with job satisfaction and that job satisfaction had a negative impact on turnover intention. These findings support the negative impact of psychological contract breach on job satisfaction and, in relation to this, job dissatisfaction positively impacted turnover intention. It was further found that psychological contract breach of the balanced contract had an indirect positive impact on turnover intent via job satisfaction. Recommendations for future studies were made.MCom (Labour Relations Management), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2014
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Arain, Ghulam Ali. "Impact of organizational social context on employee's perception of psychological contract breach (PCB) and subsequent performance behaviors." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM1072.
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Notre travail doctoral vise à étudier l'impact du contexte social de l'organisation à un premier niveau, sur les perceptions des employés des ruptures du CP et à un second niveau, sur la performance au travail. Nous soutenons que la perception des employés de la rupture du CP est fortement subjective, et donc, qu'elle dépend majoritairement des repères sociaux que l'employé capte en observant la façon dont l'organisation traite les autres employés. S'appuyant sur ces arguments, l'existence de relations politiques au sein de l'organisation ainsi que les processus de comparaison sociale ont été plaidés comme facteurs contextuels sociaux influençant la perception des employés de la rupture du CP et leurs comportements subséquents de performance au travail. L'enquête a été réalisée sur un échantillon non aléatoire de 322 dyades subordonné-superviseur. Le test des hypothèses a démontré que le contexte social négatif est positivement associé à la rupture du CP au niveau transactionnel et au niveau relationnel. Les ruptures des CP transactionnel et relationnel ont des effets significatifs et négatifs sur les comportements volontaires et obligatoires des employés. L'effet est d'ailleurs légèrement plus fort pour les comportements volontaires que pour les comportements obligatoires. L'importance perçue des promesses non tenues a des effets modérateurs significatifs sur la relation entre la rupture des CP transactionnel et relationnel et sur les comportements volontaires des salariés. En revanche, cette importance n'a pas d'effet modérateur significatif sur la relation entre la rupture du CP et les comportements obligatoires des salariésThe current study is aimed at investigating the impact of organizational social context on employees' perceptions of PCB and subsequent performance behaviors. We argued that employee's perception of PCB is highly subjective in nature, thus, heavily depends on social cues the employee picks up from the organization's treatment to other coworkers. Based on these arguments, organizational politics and social comparison processes (positive and negative comparisons) were argued as social contextual factors that influence employee's perception of PCB and subsequent performance behaviors. A non-random purposive sample of 322 subordinate-supervisor matching dyads, with 60% response rate, collected from various public & private organizations of Pakistan. The SR model results demonstrated that the negative social contextual factors (organizational politics & negative comparison) had significant positive associations with both transactional and relational PCB. However, the positive social contextual factor (positive comparison) had non-significant effects on both transactional and relational PCB. Both transactional and relational PCB had significant negative effects on employees' extra-role (OCB-I) and in-role behaviors, and the effect size was, slightly, greater for extra-role than in-role behaviors. Perceived importance of broken promises showed significant moderating effects only for the relationship between PCB (transactional & relational) and employees' extra-role behaviors (OCB-I) but not between PCB and in-role behaviors
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Schropp, Simon A. B. "Trade policy flexibility and enforcement in the WTO reform agenda towards an efficient "breach" contract /." kostenfrei, 2008. http://www.unisg.ch/www/edis.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/3435.
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Tourinho, Anna Carolina Morizot. "O poder público inadimplente: uma busca por mecanismos para garantir o cumprimento de obrigações do poder concedente em contratos de concessão de serviço público." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/20500.
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Currently, in Brazil, there is a movement to change the relationship of the public and private sector from a supremacy of the Government status to a more consensual and collaborative relationship. That is because this extraordinary power system used in the concession agreement is proving to be inefficient, costlier, and is being used to support authoritarian practices from the Government. In that context, is urgent to reconsider this superior position that the Government exercise in concession agreements. This paper searched in the national and international doctrine the reasons why it was understood to be important for the Government to have these special powers in such contracts. It was searched in judicial precedents what is the most common forms of the Government´s default. It was analyzed several preventive and reactive mechanisms to avoid the default to happen, to respond to the non-compliance compelling the Government to act as established in the contract, and to compensate the private partner in case it is impossible to meet the agreement. It was understood that the best way to ensure the public interest is to reduce the extraordinary powers from the Government, ensuring legal certainty and reducing the costs to the Government as a partner
Hoje, no Brasil, há uma tendência de substituição no eixo de atuação da Administração com base na supremacia e na unilateralidade para uma ideia de consenso e bilateralidade. Entende-se que Administração e particular devem atuar em conjunto, de forma colaborativa e não em uma situação de subordinação do particular à Administração. Isto porque, cada vez mais, o regime de prerrogativas especiais acaba servindo de base para o estímulo à ineficiência da Administração, geração de contratos mais onerosos, legitimação de práticas autoritárias e facilitação de desvios em razão da flexibilidade de alteração de cláusulas contratuais. Diante deste contexto, é preciso rever a posição de supremacia que o poder concedente exerce em contratos de concessão de serviço público. Buscou-se através do presente trabalho explicações na doutrina nacional e estrangeira que pudessem justificar esse desequilíbrio e as peculiaridades que cercam essa relação entre poder concedente e concessionárias nos contratos de concessão comum. Em seguida, foram analisadas decisões dos Tribunais Regionais Federais para identificar quais são as possíveis formas de descumprimento contratual pela Administração Pública. Por fim, foram analisados mecanismos para evitar que o poder concedente incorra no inadimplemento, para o compelir a cumprir suas obrigações e, finalmente, para compensar o concessionário por eventuais danos sofridos em razão do descumprimento de cláusula contratual. Conclui-se, assim, que a melhor forma de garantir o interesse público é limitar o exercício dos poderes exorbitantes, que deve se dar apenas em situações excepcionais, de forma a garantir segurança jurídica e diminuir os custos de contratar com o poder público
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Queiroz, Ana Alice Lima de. "Retenção pecuniária e autotutela nos contratos empresariais." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/19977.
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O trabalho investiga as hipóteses de retenção pecuniária e o exercício de autotutela presentes nos contratos interempresariais através de pesquisa dos diversos institutos utilizados e expressos nas disposições contratuais acordadas entre as partes. Para este fim, considera retenção pecuniária as hipóteses de suspensão ou glosa, temporária ou definitiva, parcial ou integral, do pagamento de valores devidos pela contratante à contratada. O mecanismo é bastante utilizado nos contratos interempresariais e espelha em sua forma e conteúdo a experiência destes atores. É postulado como uma das soluções para redimir a mora e o inadimplemento das partes, e, na maioria dos casos, permite a continuidade regular do contrato, com benefícios aos envolvidos, aos terceiros e à sociedade. O estudo avalia a aderência destas postulações à legislação e aos princípios informadores dos contratos, tendo em conta sua adequação ao objeto desejado pelas partes. A autotutela das contratantes deste mecanismo se passa na maioria dos casos à margem da lei, mas se pauta pela intepretação dos tribunais. Em sua primeira parte, o trabalho define os recortes da pesquisa empírica pervasiva e da metodologia utilizada. Na sequência, descreve os mecanismos usuais de retenção divididos em quatro capítulos – retenção determinada por previsão legal; retenção como garantia de cumprimento do contrato; retenção por inadimplemento de obrigação contratual e retenção por inadimplemento de obrigação extracontratual – detalhando as práticas, o enquadramento jurídico das condutas encontradas e sugerindo alguns ajustes que facilitem sua sustentação em sede judicial. Na conclusão são retomados os principais aspectos das práticas usuais, sua fundamentação jurídica, identificados os pontos de atenção e feitas algumas recomendações para o uso deste mecanismo nos contratos interempresariais, com o objetivo de proporcionar uma referência para aqueles que trabalham na elaboração destas minutas.
This paper investigates correlation between pecuniary retention hypothesis and self-help dispositions, as found in most corporate agreements. It is based on research of several mechanisms, as generally used and expressed by the contractual terms agreed between the parties. For such purpose, the definition of pecuniary retention would be suspending or withholding, temporarily or definitely, in whole or in part, the payment of amounts due by the contracting party to the contracted party. This resource is widely used within corporate agreements. Format and contents thereof are generally expressing past situations, as experienced by stakeholders, who use them as alternative solutions for preventing delays or reducing breach of contractual obligations by the parties and, in most cases, ensuring the continuity and completion of the contract as desired originally, benefitting the contracting parties, third parties and the society at large. The paper evaluates the adequacy of these practices in light of Brazilian legislation and of contractual law principles, taking into consideration their matching with the utmost object, as agreed between the parties. These self-help mechanisms are regularly practiced among contractors, and although not usually disputed, are designed according to courts interpretations. The first part of the paper defines the pervasive empirical survey details and methodology. Follows a description of the usual pecuniary retention mechanisms, divided into four chapters – withholding by legal provision; withholding as guarantee for contract completion, withholding as a result of infringement of contractual obligations and withholding for preventing default of extra contractual obligations – describing in detail the practices, the applicable legislation and suggesting a few adjustments, to help sustain their exercise in case of a court judgment. The conclusion reviews the relevant aspects of the usual practices, their legal basis and key points, followed by a few recommendations on how to use such mechanism in corporate agreements, with the purpose of providing reference for those who are in charge of drafting these contracts.