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Journal articles on the topic 'Contracts – European Union countries'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Williams, Colin C., and Aysegul Kayaoglu. "Evaluating the prevalence of employees without written terms of employment in the European Union." Employee Relations 39, no. 4 (2017): 487–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/er-10-2016-0189.

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Purpose Until now, there has been scant evidence on the proportion and characteristics of employees working without a written contract or terms of employment. To begin to fill this gap, the purpose of this paper is to evaluate the prevalence and distribution of employees without written contracts or terms of employment in the European Union (EU), examining whether they are unevenly distributed across countries and EU regions, and whether it is vulnerable population groups who are more likely to be without such written contracts. Design/methodology/approach A 2013 Eurobarometer survey comprisin

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Savchuk, Sergiy. "Special aspects of legal regulation of fixed-term employment contracts of some European countries." Law Review of Kyiv University of Law, no. 2 (August 10, 2020): 286–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.36695/2219-5521.2.2020.54.

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The article is devoted to the study of foreign experience in legal regulation of fixed-term employment contracts. Fixed-termemployment contracts should be considered as one of the earliest and, accordingly, the oldest forms of non-standard employment. Tur -ning to the concept of the application of fixed-term employment contracts in Ukraine in the near future, it seems appropriate to consider the possibility of their further development through the prism of studying European experience. Indeed, in many European countriesthe fixed-term contracts are quite common and therefore analysis of both po

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Plebankiewicz, Edyta. "Procedures for Awarding Work Contracts in Europe." Buildings 14, no. 4 (2024): 883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14040883.

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Choosing a contractor with the best competencies is particularly important, especially in construction contracts. Using data available on the opentender.eu platform, information for 2022 was compiled regarding the size of the public procurement market and the procedures used in public procurement for construction works in European countries. The most common procedure used under the European Union Directive for awarding work contracts, in most countries, is the open procedure. The largest share of this procedure, amounting to over 95% of all proceedings, is in the countries Croatia, Cyprus, Gre

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Nemec, Peter, and Peter Džupka. "DETERMINANTS OF SME ACCESS TO PUBLIC PROCUREMENT: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM THE VISEGRAD GROUP COUNTRIES." Proceedings of CBU in Economics and Business 2 (October 24, 2021): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/peb.v2.257.

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This article aims to investigate the factors influencing the success of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in public procurement in the Visegrad Group Countries. According to the European Union, tools such as the division of contracts into smaller lots or the evaluation of tenders based on the most economically advantageous tender (MEAT) increase the chances of SME’s winning contracts in public procurement. In particular, the evaluation of tenders based on MEAT rather than the lowest price is a tool favoring SMEs, as it boosts their innovative potential, which creates the preconditions

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Pytlak, Przemysław. "Kwalifikowanie umów zawieranych w obrocie na rynkach rolnych." Przegląd Prawno-Ekonomiczny, no. 2 (1) (March 31, 2008): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/ppe.15141.

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Streszczenie dostęne wyłącznie w języku angielskim: One of the most important instruments utilsed by the European Union to influence the trade on the agricultural commodity markets are regulations concerning contracts between producers and undertakings operating on the markets. The EU’s regulations define contracts organising particular agricultural markets (i.e. hops, tobacco, sugar, milk markets) through dermining demands whitch those contracts should fulfill without creating named contracts, incorporated to law systems of the member countries. The present study proposes how to qualify contr

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Baccaro, Lucio, Rüya Gökhan Koçer, Jorge Galindo, and Valeria Pulignano. "Determinants of Indefinite Contracts in Europe: The Role of Unemployment." Comparative Sociology 15, no. 6 (2016): 794–838. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691330-12341412.

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Using individual-level data from the 2010 wave of the European Working Conditions Survey (ewcs), and country-level data on unemployment, employment protection legislation and union density for 21 European countries, this paper provides a comprehensive multi-level analysis of the determinants of indefinite employment contracts. The authors find that workers’ autonomy on the job, the intensity of computer use, and the presence of general and specific skills are associated with greater contract security. Perhaps more importantly, the authors find a strong negative effect of unemployment, particul

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Matsue, Toyoki. "Labour Market Institutions and Amplification of Employment Fluctuations." Central European Economic Journal 6, no. 53 (2020): 164–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ceej-2019-0010.

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AbstractLabour market reforms have been undertaken to eliminate labour market rigidities in European countries since 1970s. The important features of the reforms are the reduction in adjustment costs and the introduction of fixed-term contracts (FTC). Some empirical studies point out that employment fluctuations have become more volatile after the reforms. This paper presents a model with FTC and analyzes the effects of the key features of the reforms. Numerical examples show that an expected productivity shock causes the oscillatory behaviour of employment. Moreover, a reduction in adjustment

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Zabzaliuk, D. E. "The place of the contract in the mechanism of regulation of economic legal relations: a comparativist dimension." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 1 (March 1, 2025): 24–30. https://doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2025.01.2.

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The article examines the essence and content of the concept of an economic contract in national law and compares it with the law of Western European countries. The problems that prevent the harmonization of Ukrainian legislation with the law of the European Union in the sphere of regulation of economic contracts are pointed out, and ways of solving them are proposed. Analyzed: the contract as a form of expression of will of subjects of economic relations; the main principles of contractual regulation, such as: freedom of contract, obligation to fulfill contractual obligations, mutual benefit o

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9

Lampreia dos Santos, M. J. P. L. "Segmenting farms in European Union." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 59, No. 2 (2013): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/28/2012-agricecon.

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The main objective of this work is to characterize and segment the farms of the twenty-seven Member States of the European Union (EU). For this purpose, the techniques of cluster analysis and cluster of cases segment the farms, based on a sample of farms of the Farm Accountancy and Information Network. The results show the existence of four types of farms in the EU that are distinguishable by their (i) structural characteristics, in particular, for their Utilized Agricultural Area, the total output, by the percentage of contract work and the total work, (ii) by their financial characteristics,

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Korneva, P. M. "Conflicting regulation of relations in the field of medical tourism: the experience of the European Union." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law, no. 65 (October 25, 2021): 364–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2021.65.66.

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The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the conflict regulation of relations in the field of medical tourism in the European Union. The author analyzes the concept of «medical tourism» and other terms used to denote the phenomenon of travel of persons to foreign countries to receive medical services («cross-border healthcare», «medical tourism», «medical travel»). The article analyzes the regulation of the EU-member states and supra-national regulation of private law aspects in the field of medical tourism. In particular, the peculiarities of receiving medical care by citiz

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Drzymała, Agnieszka. "Economic Cooperation Between The European Union And Japan." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 20, no. 2 (2017): 129–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cer-2017-0016.

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The aim of the paper is to show the history of economic relations between the European Union and Japan. This economy is very important to the EU and the countries of the EU are interested in further deepening areas of cooperation. Therefore it seems important to indicate the political will to continue mutual economic relations through the signing of contracts and bilateral agreements, as well as meetings at various levels, including SPA and EPA negotiations and summits. The course of the current economic cooperation will be shown through trade volume and foreign direct investment outflows from

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Krzysztof Adam Firlej and Marcin Stanuch. "Selected determinants of the development of renewable energy sources in the member states of the European Union." Economics and Environment 86, no. 3 (2023): 89–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.34659/eis.2023.86.3.583.

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The objective of this study is to explore the relationship between selected indicators of SDG7, supplemented by the variables of GDP and carbon dioxide emission contract prices, and the consumption of energy from renewable sources in the European Union. The research problem of the study is whether it is possible to explain the consumption of energy from renewable sources in the European Union from 2010 to 2020 within the group of selected indicators for SDG 7 supplemented by GDP variable and variable CO2 emission futures contracts. Based on conducted econometric research, it was proved that th

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Kim, Jin-Kyu. "A Legal Review of ‘Best Efforts’ Clauses: Focusing on COVID-19 Vaccine Purchase Contracts." Korea Association for International Commerce and Information 24, no. 3 (2022): 175–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15798/kaici.2022.24.3.175.

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Since the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020, declared the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak a global pandemic, many countries around the world have experienced contractual inequality in their dealings with global vaccine developers, such as delayed deliveries, limitations of liability for claims, disclaimers of warranties, and excessive confidentiality when negotiating purchase contracts. In 2021, the EU Commission filed a lawsuit in Brussels against AstraZeneca for not keeping to its purchase agreement for the supply of COVID-19 vaccines. This study reviews the best-

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Niglia, Leone. "The New Transformation of Europe: Arcana Imperii." American Journal of Comparative Law 68, no. 1 (2020): 151–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcl/avaa005.

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Abstract The European Union is undergoing a structural transformation—a regression from integration through law as an anti-hegemonic project of equal membership to a condition in which member state orders, under a transformed European Union law, gravitate around unequal relations of subordination. Alongside the surveillance mechanisms that constrain the member states to conform to the requirements of the Economic and Monetary Union are private law arrangements (the “memoranda of understanding” qua “contracts”) that equally, and with greater force, produce subordination. Adopting a critical com

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15

Larsson, Bengt. "Trade Union Channels for Influencing European Union Policies." Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies 5, no. 3 (2015): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.19154/njwls.v5i3.4809.

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This paper analyzes what channels trade unions in Europe use when trying to influence European Union (EU) policies. It compares and contrasts trade unions in different industrial relations regimes with regard to the degree to which they cooperate with different actors to influence EU policies, while also touching on the importance of sector differences and organizational resources. The study is based on survey data collected in 2010–2011 from unions affiliated with the European Trade Union Confederation and from below peak unions in 14 European countries. Results of the survey show that the ‘n

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Rubtsova, S. O., and N. A. Besetskaya. "LEGAL REGULATION OF SURROGACY IN THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS AND THE EUROPEAN UNION." Vestnik of Polotsk State University. Part D. Economic and legal sciences, no. 6 (June 30, 2022): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.52928/2070-1632-2022-61-6-128-133.

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The article is devoted to the study of the legal framework of surrogacy as a method of assisted reproductive technologies in the Republic of Belarus and the European Union countries. Based on the identified models of legal regulation of surrogacy, the European Union countries are divided into three groups. The specific features of regulation of traditional and gestational surrogacy, commercial and altruistic surrogacy contracts, legal status of surrogate mother and genetic parents, effects of presumptions of maternity and paternity, etc., are revealed within each group. The author notes the po

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Tashian, Roman. "MEDICAL CONTRACTS WITH CONDITIONS CONTRARY TO PUBLIC POLICY." Wiadomości Lekarskie 76, no. 1 (2023): 226–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202301131.

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The aim: To reveal some features of medical contracts with conditions contrary to public policy. Materials and methods: The study is based on the statutory acts of countries of European Union. The author also uses acts of international law in the field of medical services, the law and cases court practice of EU. Conclusions: The sphere of medical services objectively requires increased control by the state. There are various legal mechanisms for ensuring the rights of the patient and the proper level of medicine. It is important to invalidate the unfair terms of medical contracts, compensation

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18

Rychlicki, Stanisław, and Jakub Siemek. "Current conditions and forecasts of natural gas application in the production of electricity." Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management 29, no. 1 (2013): 5–172. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/gospo-2013-0004.

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Abstract In times of global crisis, there is a dynamic change in the European gas market. This leads to: - decline or stagnation in demand for gas in the industrial sector; - growing importance of unconventional natural gas; - LNGmarket development especially in terminal condensing due to the availability of rawmaterials derived from unconventional gas deposits (USA, Canada); - development of regasification terminals in Europe due to the possibility of receiving additionalmaterial; - development of gas exchanges; - development of cross-border gas pipeline connections leading to a progressive i

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Natividade, Jorge, Carlos Oliveira Cruz, and Cristina Matos Silva. "Improving the Efficiency of Energy Consumption in Buildings: Simulation of Alternative EnPC Models." Sustainability 14, no. 7 (2022): 4228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14074228.

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The construction sector and the operation and maintenance of buildings largely contribute to energy consumption and emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the European Union (EU). Therefore, it is of utmost importance to improve the energy performance of buildings. Yet, this frequently involves high short-term investments, which may not be compatible with owners’ budgetary constraints. In this research we analyze the importance of Energy Performance Contracting (EnPC) for the improvement of energy efficiency in buildings. These models allow bypassing budgetary restrictions of owners (public an

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20

Shevchuk, Volodymyr. "Draft Regulation of the European Union about artificial intelligence and related initiatives." Theory and Practice of Intellectual Property, no. 3 (June 19, 2023): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.33731/32023.282188.

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The article generally examines the project of the European Law on Artificial Intelligence (hereinafter the European Law on Artificial Intelligence — EAIA, and artificial intelligence — AI), developed by the European Commission, which is part of the AI package presented by the European Commission, which additionally includes the European Commission's message on promoting a European approach to AI; revision of the coordinated plan with AI (with EU member states); appropriate assessment of the impact of the project of the EAIA. Such an AI package defines the European approach to the regulation of

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Kozłowski, Waldemar, Ukilyay Kerimova, Saule Yessengaziyeva, and Gaukhar Rakhimzhanova. "Some Issues Concerning the Formation of The Common Economic Space Of Kazakhstan, Russia and Belarus." Olsztyn Economic Journal 9, no. 3 (2014): 225–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/oej.3178.

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The article discusses the issues of creating a common economic zone with the countries of the Common Economic Space by comparing this economic area to the area of the European Union. Analysis of contracts for its establishment is for consideration, as well as the pluses and minus of the implementation of the grant agreement on the CES industrial countries. A comparison of these two economic zones with similar economic problems will enable the future of their cooperation.

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22

Akçay, S. Belgin, and Begüm Şeren Güler. "European Mortgage Markets Versus Institutions." International Real Estate Review 24, no. 4 (2021): 577–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.53383/100331.

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This study aims to measure the institutional features of residential mortgage markets in the European Union (EU) countries. The institutional features of the mortgage markets include access to credit information, protection of creditor rights, and enforcement of contracts among others, and attributes that define the evolution and functioning of mortgage markets. Differences among these features lead to institutional variations in mortgage markets among countries. In this study, we measure the institutional features along four dimensions (financial, legal, openness and cultural), and compare th

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Fradera, Vera. "Les Rapports entre le Droit Privé Européen et la Convention de Viene de 1980 sur la Vente Internationale de Marchandises." Revista Brasileira de Arbitragem 6, Issue 23 (2009): 54–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/rba2009041.

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ABSTRACT: This article deals with the relationships between European private law and the CISG in the sense of beeing its contribution the most efficient to the aim of the harmonization of the contracts law, making easier the development of the Common Market, in a more effective way than another unification instruments, such as Unidroit Principles and the Code Européen des Contrats. Starting from the analysis of the obstacles for the uniformization of contracts rules in the European space (the pluralism of legal systems and the different languages of Law), as well the author demonstrates that t

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Major, Iván. "Will Central and Eastern European Countries Dismantle the European Union?—Contrasting European Developments to Current Trends in the US." Journal of Economics and Public Finance 5, no. 2 (2019): p234. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jepf.v5n2p234.

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This paper analyzes the historical background of the current developments in Central Eastern Europe, in other parts of Eastern Europe and in previously member countries of the former Soviet Union. The author concludes that the political and economic transformation of these countries to a solid democracy and well-functioning market economy have not been successful for most of them yet, and this may have serious consequences on the European Union, too.The paper contrasts these trends with what we can observe in the United States now. The author turns to the “hard facts” next, when he discusses t

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Tashian, Roman I. "THE INVALIDITY OF CONTRACTS IN THE FIELD OF MEDICAL SERVICES AS A WAY TO PROTECT THE RIGHTS OF THE PATIENT." Wiadomości Lekarskie 74, no. 11 (2021): 3004–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202111224.

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The aim of this article is to reveal the essential features of contracts providing medical services. The author also focused on the grounds for the invalidity of such contracts – entering into medical services contract without license or permission, prohibition of some medical services or methods of treatment, the imposing of unnecessary medical services, a contradiction to corporate regulations, fraud. A significant part of the work is devoted to the consequences of the invalidity of the contract – the restitution of the money received under the contract and compensation of harm. Materials an

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Kubak, Matus, Peter Nemec, Robert Stefko, and Marcel Volosin. "On competition and transparency in public procurement during the COVID-19 pandemic in the European Union." E+M Ekonomie a Management 26, no. 2 (2023): 4–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15240/tul/001/2023-2-001.

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Government expenditures on acquiring services, goods, and work through public procurement represent a substantial proportion of the EU’s GDP. Competitive and transparent tendering procedures are generally believed to promote achieving the primary goals of public procurement: maximising value for money and reducing corruption. However, during the crisis, procurement rules allow a temporary departure from transparency standards toward fast and more discretionary procurement procedures justified by force majeure, possibly restricting competitiveness and information availability in the whole procu

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Saad, Youssef G. "Deliverable accountability, change management and breach in consultancy contracts: A comparative study of world bank versus europeaid funded projects." Journal of Public Procurement 17, no. 4 (2017): 525–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jopp-17-04-2017-b003.

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A considerable proportion of donor aid is dedicated to technical assistance to support developing countries in their development initiatives. The majority of this aid comes from globally-operating international donors including the World Bank and the European Union. In spite of several harmonization attempts, there still exist major differences in their procurement regulations and standard contracts. Based on an extensive literature review on consulting services and an in-depth analysis of the standard forms of contract, it was found that divergence between both forms is not only clear but als

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Paszkowski, Michał. "Strategies of Central European countries in the energy dimension during the Russian-Ukrainian war." Energy Policy Studies 12, no. 1 (2023): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.62316/zzdt2905.

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The Russian-Ukrainian war had a significant impact on the energy situation of Central European countries and significantly influenced the need to activate efforts to diversify the sources and directions of energy supply, as well as activities to reduce natural gas demand. The energy dependence built over the years by the Russian Federation was characterized primarily by the development of infrastructure and the conclusion of longterm contracts. The aim of the article was to analyze the activities of the Central European countries of the European Union during the Russian-Ukrainian war and to de

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Steinhauser, Dušan, and Miroslava Čukanová. "Impact of Corporate Governance Framework on Economic Performance in European Union." Studia Commercialia Bratislavensia 11, no. 40 (2018): 236–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/stcb-2018-0018.

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Abstract In the current post-crisis period, the implementation of Corporate Governance principles has proven to be important. The Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development considers failure of Corporate Governance as one of the causes of the latest financial and economic crisis. We assume that the higher quality of institutional environment point to higher performance of the economy. The aim of the paper is to quantify the implementation of Corporate Governance in the European Union through selected qualitative indicators and his impact on economies. We have verified that countries

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Cherepanova, Viktoriia, Petro Pererva, Olha Podrez, Oksana Utienkova та Dmytro Migulin. "ВПЛИВ ГЛОБАЛІЗАЦІЙНИХ ПРОЦЕСІВ НА КОН’ЮНКТУРИ РИНКІВ ЄС ТА МІЖНАРОДНУ СТРАТЕГІЮ УКРАЇНИ". Bulletin of the National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute" (economic sciences), № 2 (23 квітня 2024): 134–38. https://doi.org/10.20998/2519-4461.2024.2.134.

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The purpose of the article is to substantiate the impact of global transformations on changes in the conjuncture of global commodity markets and service markets, as well as on the formation of Ukraine's national strategy for functioning in foreign sales markets. To achieve the goal, the following tasks were set: to analyze the positive and negative factors of globalization on the economy and life of countries, including Ukraine; to determine the impact of globalization processes on the conditions of the commodity markets of the European Union and its features regarding stock exchange trading o

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Andriyanov, D. V. "Application of Smart Contracts and Blockchain Platforms in Cross-Border Oil and Gas Transactions: Aggravation of Conflict-of-Laws Problem." Actual Problems of Russian Law 15, no. 6 (2020): 84–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2020.115.6.084-094.

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Modern international hydrocarbons turnover is becoming more autonomous and decentralized. This process is facilitated not only by the introduction into contractual practice of such network technologies as smart contracts and blockchain platforms, but also by the wide dissemination of sources of non-governmental regulation (lex petrolea). In the context of the network paradigm of private international law, the classic problem of conflict of laws is exacerbated. The author considers the conflict-of-laws aspects of the use of smart contracts based on blockchain technology in cross-border oil and

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Glushchenko, A. A. "Overview of international COVID-19 vaccines development and administration programs." Urgent Problems of Europe, no. 1 (2022): 58–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/ape/2022.01.03.

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The pandemic caused by the spread of the novel coronavirus has presented challenges to the international community that it has never faced before. The high rate of spread of the infection and the economic, social and political challenges associated with it have pushed individual states and international organisations to the limit in proposing the most effective methods to combat the pandemic. The article examines various examples of government support for vaccine development programs in the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom, China and Russia, as well as the specifics of usi

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Kravchenko, M., O. Ilyash, L. Smoliar, К. Boiarynova, and O. Trofymenko. "Changes in the energy supply strategy of the EU countries amid the full-scale Russian invasion." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1126, no. 1 (2023): 012035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1126/1/012035.

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Abstract Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine could have a profound impact on short-term solutions to the energy crisis (due to the loss of long-term contracts for additional volumes of Russian gas). It could block a unified agenda because of diverging interests of European countries, reduce European negotiating power, and therefore, weaken Europe’s resistance to Russian energy coercion in the long term. The article confirms the hypothesis that the European energy crisis leads to a slowdown in production and is caused primarily by smaller gas reserves, higher prices and tighter global suppl

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Imamova, Dilfuza. ""INTERNATIONAL DISTRIBUTION CONTRACT AND AGENCY CONTRACT: SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES "." Review of Law Sciences 9, no. 1 (2025): 18–30. https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.rols.2025.9.1./vdti3639.

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"The article analyzes the main aspects of international distribution and agency agreements, as well as the similarities and differences between them. The subject of the research is the legal regulation of international distribution and agency agreements. The purpose of the research is to identify the peculiarities of the regulation of these contracts in various legal systems and to substantiate the need for their legal consolidation in the legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The relevance of the topic is due to the intensification of international trade relations, the need for clear leg

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Ślęzak, Jarosław. "Polityka migracyjna Unii Europejskiej a problem integracji imigrantów w Niemczech, Francji i Holandii." Cywilizacja i Polityka 16, no. 16 (2018): 392–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.1598.

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Several stages can be distinguished in the EU migration policy. Member States within the European Communities have adopted internal regulations on economic migrants. Since the 1980s, the process of regulating the migration problem by the countries of the European Community has begun. The most important activities are TREVI agreement, Schengen, the TAMPERE Program, the Hague Program, FRONTEX, EURODAC, the Integrated Border Management Fund and the European Return Fund. The European Union has demonstrated a global approach to migration. The migration crisis has influenced the emergence of a new i

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Ten Wolde, Mathijs H. "Balancing Consumer Rights and Business Interests in Online Cross-Border Consumer Contracts." Journal of Central Banking Law and Institutions 1, no. 1 (2022): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21098/jcli.v1i1.11.

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Protection of consumers as weaker parties is an important goal in Indonesian society and in Indonesian law. The same applies to the EU Member States. When it comes to crossborder consumer contracts, special rules are needed to ensure this goal can still be achieved. In this regard the European Union developed rules on jurisdiction and applicable law which apply both to situations exclusively connected with EU Member States and to international situations connected with third countries. The Brussels I Regulation pursues an objective of legal certainty which consists in strengthening the legal p

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Chandak, Aashana. "Are Browse-wrap Agreements Legally Binding: As Analysed Across Multiple Jurisdictions." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 5, no. 7 (2020): 1333–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20jul858.

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Browse-wrap agreements are e-contracts that lack the element of express consent which creates ambiguity in their enforcement across countries like India and Canada. The United States of America has through a plethora of case laws attempted to follow a framework with a adequate communication of notice system which is subjected to consumer protection concerns. With the recent enforcement of the General Data Protection Regulations(GDPR)in the European Union it has led to the complete abandonment of the browse-wrap agreements due to the lack of the consentbeing explicitly provided. Leading to the

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Radwanowicz-Wanczewska, Joanna. "Implementation of New EU Directives Coordinating the Procedures for Awarding Public Contracts in European Union Member States: The Example of Poland." Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 65, no. 1 (2020): 133–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/slgr-2020-0052.

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Abstract This article concerns the implementation of new EU Directives coordinating the procedures for awarding public contracts in European Union Member States. In a number of countries, including Poland, the process of their implementation (Directive 2014/24/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 February 2014 on public procurement; Directive 2014/25/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 February 2014 on procurement by entities operating in the water, energy, transport, and postal services sectors; Directive 2014/23/EU of the European Parliament and of the Co

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Kovalenko, I. "The impact of European law on national legislation and the need to harmonize contract law of Ukraine." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 1, no. 78 (2023): 186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2023.78.1.30.

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The practical implementation of the harmonization of Ukrainian legislation with European law includes harmonization of legislative acts, implementation of European standards, institutional reforms, information campaign and education, international cooperation, creation of specialized bodies, strengthening of legal education and training, monitoring and evaluation of implementation. The practical implementation of harmonization contributes to the creation of a consistent and modern legal system, ensures the protection of citizens’ rights, promotes economic development and promotes international

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Yudina, O. "Forming the European Union Common External Energy Policy: Key Events and Results." World Economy and International Relations 65, no. 5 (2021): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-5-39-48.

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Received 08.05.2020. Energy has always been of particular importance to the European Union. Meanwhile, up to the beginning of the 21st century, this area had been in exclusive competence of member states, with timid attempts of the European Commission (EC) to receive part of the powers in the energy sphere. The article is devoted to the issues of the EU common external energy policy development that was accompanied by a dichotomy of interests between the member-states, which hardly like the idea of the energy sector communitarisation, and the European Commission, which has been the main driver

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Högberg, Björn, Mattias Strandh, and Anna Baranowska-Rataj. "Transitions from temporary employment to permanent employment among young adults: The role of labour law and education systems." Journal of Sociology 55, no. 4 (2019): 689–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1440783319876997.

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Temporary work is common across Europe, especially among young people. Whether temporary employment is a transitory stage on the road to standard employment, and whether this varies depending on institutional contexts, is controversial. This article investigates variability in transition rates from temporary to permanent employment across Europe, and how this is related to employment protection legislation (EPL) and the vocational specificity of education systems. We utilize harmonized panel data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions, covering 18 European countries

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Al-Enizi, Ziad Kh, and Waleed Fouad Mahameed. "Protection of employees in international employment contracts." Journal of Governance and Regulation 12, no. 1 (2023): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgrv12i1art7.

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This study investigated the level of labor protection as per the international labor contract. Thus, the way applicable law is applied to international labor relations in Jordan and other Arab countries such as Kuwait and Bahrain, and Rome I Regulation were discussed (Council of the European Union, 2008). This was done to evaluate labor protection in Jordan compared to the other countries. Attempts were made to raise the problem, delineate the ongoing situation in Jordan, and suggest suitable solutions. The analytical method, and the survey of judiciary literature and relevant legal documents

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MOSNEAGA, Valeriu, and Gheorghe MOSNEAGA. "Moldovan labor migration into the European Union." Moldoscopie 1 (LXXXIV) (March 15, 2019): 154–86. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3366059.

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The article gives a characteristic of Moldovan labor migration into the European Union. The authors show that Moldovan labor migration into the EU begins in the second half of the 1990’s. Since the late 1990’s – the early 2000’s, it acquires a mass character. The main reasons of Moldovan migration into the European Union are economic reasons. The factors that determine the choice of country for labor migration are varied. These are the desire to earn more money and to provide the growth of welfare for themselves and their family; lingual proximity; the presence of socia

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Putra, Rengga Kusuma, Adi Suryo Ramadhan, Tri Imalia, Greget Widhiati, and Kapsah. "Perlindungan Hukum bagi Pekerja Gig Economy: Perspektif Hukum Perdata di Indonesia." Perkara : Jurnal Ilmu Hukum dan Politik 2, no. 4 (2025): 553–64. https://doi.org/10.51903/perkara.v2i4.2227.

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The gig economy has emerged as a global phenomenon, reshaping traditional work patterns, including in Indonesia. While offering flexibility to workers, this work model poses significant challenges concerning legal protection, especially in work relationships mediated by digital platforms. Gig workers often find themselves in vulnerable positions due to insufficient regulations and an imbalance in bargaining power between them and digital platforms. This study aims to analyze the legal protection for gig economy workers in Indonesia from a civil law perspective, highlighting gaps in existing re

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Ryan, Lorraine, Juliet MacMahon, Michelle O’Sullivan, et al. "The Same but Different: Regulating Zero Hours Work in Two Liberal Market Economies." Irish Journal of Management 38, no. 1 (2019): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ijm-2019-0002.

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AbstractThe rise in zero hours contracts in liberal market economies (LMEs) has recently received much attention with calls for regulation to protect workers. LMEs typically adopt flexible labour market policies that are less regulated than coordinated market economies (CMEs) as a competitive advantage. In this paper we examine nuanced differences in the nature and regulation of zero hours work in the United Kingdom (UK) and Ireland. With an increased diffusion of zero hours work in both countries, we examine the different responses taken by these similar LMEs to this contemporary employment i

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Lubelska-Sazanów, Małgorzata. "The Wild Differences in Law when Trading in Wild Animals: a US and EU Perspective." American Journal of Trade and Policy 5, no. 2 (2018): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajtp.v5i2.434.

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This paper aims to show the differences between a regular animal trade and trade in wildlife in the European Union (EU) and in the United States (USA/US). Although the ideas towards using the international sale of animals are similar in the US legal system and in the EU legal system, they have very different foundations. The European model aims for policy – neutral rules of private international law agreed on a multilateral basis, whereas the American approach uses unilateral rules of private international law based on a country’s own domestic interests. Even though there are still no binding

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Melnychenko, Oleksandr, Tetyana Kalna-Dubinyuk, Olha Vovchak, and Tetiana Girchenko. "The influence of climate change on the life insurance in the EU: A panel data approach." E3S Web of Conferences 307 (2021): 07001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130707001.

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The financial sector, as one of the most sensitive economic sectors, is alert to all trends and changes in the environment. The aim of the article is to study the impact of climate change on the life insurance market using panel data from 28 countries of the European Union (EU) for the last 9 years. This study is based on a panel model, where the amount of premiums under life insurance contracts is defined as a function of the fundamental factor of climate change - greenhouse gas emissions. According to empirical findings, an increase in greenhouse gas emissions per thousand tons leads to an i

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Ates, Leyla, Moran Harari, and Markus Meinzer. "Positive Spillovers in International Corporate Taxation and the European Union." Intertax 48, Issue 4 (2020): 389–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2020035.

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The international spillover effects of specific domestic policies and practices have been subjected to increasing scrutiny from a range of international organizations, academia, and civil institutions with tax policy and practice both central in this discussion. Nevertheless, the extant international tax spillover analyses explore a limited set of spillover pathways or indicators that have been criticized in the literature for not being sufficiently inclusive. The focus of this article is on a newly launched index that includes a comprehensive set of plausible pathways in which spillovers occu

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Coetzee, Juana. "A Pluralist Approach to the Law of International Sales." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 20 (April 3, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2017/v20i0a1355.

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International trade can support economic development and social upliftment. However, people are often discouraged from contracting internationally due to differences in legal systems which act as a non-tariff barrier to trade. This article focuses on the private law framework regulating international contracts of sale. During the twentieth century, the problem of diverse laws was primarily addressed by global uniform law such as the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG). However, uniform law is rarely complete and has to be supplemented by national l

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Vagina, І. "Foreign experience of legal regulation of the conclusion of contracts between mother, father and children." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 1, no. 75 (2023): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.75.1.26.

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In the scientific article, the author conducted a scientific study of the foreign experience of legal regulation of contractual relations between mother, father, and child, including under the legislation of the European Union states. Based on the conducted research, the author concluded that the legal regulation of the conclusion of contracts between the mother, father, and child under the legislation of the European Union states is mainly carried out through the determination of the possibility of concluding contracts, without clarifying the provisions on their form and essential conditions.

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