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Journal articles on the topic 'Contracts, france'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 July 2025

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1

Chub, D. V. "Legal regulation of smart contracts in France." Actual Problems of Russian Law, no. 8 (September 20, 2019): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2019.105.8.151-158.

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The paper is devoted to the legal regulation of smart contracts in French law. The question of the admissibility of the use of smart contracts in economic relations is considered. Particular attention is given to the French legal doctrine in the issue of formulating the definition of “smart contract” and identifying its characteristic features, the various points of view of French legal scholars are compared. Examples of the most effective use of a smart contract in economic relations are given. The problems of applying contractual legal obligations and obligations of French law to smart contr

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2

Whittaker, Simon. "Contractual Control and Contractual Review in England and France." European Review of Private Law 13, Issue 6 (2005): 757–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2005048.

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In this article, the author looks at two very different techniques for the control of the terms on which contracts are made. The first technique consists of the insertion of contract terms into the contract directly by law or by standard conditions set by public authorities or, less directly, as a result of a regulatory regime set up for the conduct of the business in the course of which the contracts are made. The second technique ? familiar to all European lawyers from Article 7 of the EC Directive on unfair terms in consumer contracts ? consists of the policing of unfair terms by public or

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Rafeapour Tehrani, Hamidreza, Bakhtiar Abbaslou, and Hatam Sadeghi Ziyazi. "Comparative Study of Compensation for Breach of Technology Transfer Contracts in the Legal Systems of Iran, Canada, and France." Comparative Studies in Jurisprudence, Law, and Politics 6, no. 3 (2024): 166–85. https://doi.org/10.61838/csjlp.6.3.11.

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Technology transfer contracts are among the common agreements in the field of industrial property law. Based on these contracts, specific technologies, often of strategic value, are made available by the holder to the transferee in exchange for a specified amount and for a defined period. However, like any other contract, these agreements may be breached. Each legal system may adopt different approaches to compensating for the damages incurred in this regard. This study examines these approaches in the legal systems of Iran, Canada, France, and Islamic jurisprudence. In the Canadian legal syst

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Nielsen, Peter Arnt. "Ole Lando and Choice of Law for Contracts." European Review of Private Law 28, Issue 3 (2020): 523–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2020029.

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The author represents the content of Ole Lando’s doctoral dissertation from 1961 on the choice of law for contracts. The dissertation examined the evolution of the choice of law rules for contracts in France, Germany, England, the US and the Scandinavian countries. It is concluded that Ole Lando in his dissertation proposed choice of law rules for contracts that in general were adopted two decades after his dissertation in the Rome Convention on Choice of Law for Contractual Obligations. Harmonization, contract law, European private law, restatements

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Mazé, Armelle. "Retailers' branding strategies: Contract design, organisational change and learning." Journal on Chain and Network Science 2, no. 1 (2002): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jcns2002.x016.

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This article analyses the recent development by some large retailers in France of dedicated Quality Supply Chains for their food products. The major contractual innovation rests on the design of tripartite contracts between a retailer, agro-food firms and farmers' associations. In contrast to mainstream contract literature, we demonstrate that contract adaptations may reflect a mutual learning process between contractors: why do transactors write explicit contracts that they know cannot be court enforced? Empirical data are based on the joint analysis of a full set of contracts between one ret

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Radomirović, Ivana. "Consent to contract." Glasnik Advokatske komore Vojvodine 95, no. 2 (2023): 480–531. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/gakv95-41494.

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The topic of this paper is the consent of a third party to the conclusion of a contract. The current lack of interest of legal science in the institution of third-party consent to contract is a consequence of its scattered normative regulation. Considering third-party consent is required often, in numerous and diverse cases, it is sporadically regulated in parts of regulations governing these contracts. Given the large number of cases where third-party consent to contract is required, this institution is sporadically regulated in parts of regulations governing individual contracts for which co

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Jentsch, Valentin. "Government Responses on Corona and Contracts in Europe: A Compilation of Extraordinary Measures in Times of Crisis." European Business Law Review 32, Issue 6 (2021): 1067–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eulr2021039.

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In March 2020, the new coronavirus (Covid-19) outbreak, which was eventually declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization, changed everyday life all over Europe from one day to another. Under those extraordinary circumstances, a wide range of issues concerning the law of contracts are becoming particularly important. In the early stages of the pandemic, during lockdowns and a subsequent reopening of the economy, many European countries have implemented significant and unprecedented measures in response to the current crisis. Against this backdrop, the more fundamental question arises w

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Taylor, Simon. "Legal Ignorance: France." European Review of Private Law 29, Issue 2 (2021): 223–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2021013.

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This contribution considers the role of legal ignorance in French private law. After a short description of how the issue of legal ignorance has been approached by French academic writers, the article focuses on three areas: the law of contract, limitation periods and tort law. With respect to contracts, the article demonstrates that ignorance of the law has principally been approached through the perspective of contractual consent. The study considers the extent to which ignorance of the law can vitiate contractual consent before turning to examine the role played by informational duties in s

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Bano, Elona, and Edmond Ahmeti. "Legal Nature of Concessionaire and Public-Private Partnership Contracts." Journal of Legal Studies 31, no. 45 (2023): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jles-2023-0001.

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Abstract This paper aims to analyze the legal nature of concessionaire and PPP contract in Albanian Legislation and through the perspective of European legislation analyzing mainly the Italian and French legislation and doctrine in this area. The main hypothesis that this paper aims to address is related to the fact, if it is enough to categorize these kinds of contracts with a hybrid status between public and private law, or the fact that so many countries appellate more and more to the concessionaire and PPP contracts is the momentum to create a separate law discipline as so many universitie

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Rhéaume, Jean. "La cession générale de créances commerciales à titre de garantie comme contrat de « fiducia » en droit québécois, français et anglais." Les Cahiers de droit 28, no. 1 (2005): 137–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/042799ar.

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General assignment of book debts is a frequently used financing contract. Jurisprudence and doctrine have not yet determined its juridical nature in a sure and definitive way. They have qualified it as a pledge, a conditional sale, a giving in payment, a mortgage, a cession en pleine propriété à titre de garantie. Proposed in Quebec, France and England, these various qualifications nevertheless indicate that identital contracts having an identity of finality must correspond to a unity of juridical nature. The author then observes that this contract could well be a fiducia cum creditore or cont

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Slesarev, V. L., and V. D. Kravets. "A Contract for Rendering Paid Services in the Civil Law of Russia and France." Lex Russica 76, no. 4 (2023): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2023.197.4.061-074.

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The paper provides a comparative legal research on the regulation of relations for rendering paid services under civil laws of Russia and France. The authors note the significant influence of Roman private law on the formation of legal regulation of the relations under consideration in France. The paper explores the problems of differentiating legal regimes of works and services, as well as the admissibility of their convergence. It also analyzes the possibility of involving third parties in the performance of a contract for rendering paid services and pecularities of its termination, includin

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Valentino, Daniela. "The Rent to Buy in Italy: Mater artium necessitas." European Business Law Review 29, Issue 2 (2018): 325–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eulr2018012.

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The paper analyzes the legal issues of rent-to-buy contracts which are mostly preferred in times of crises due to the lack of liquidity and the increased difficulty in obtaining credit for house purchase. Scholars qualify these agreements as a sale subject to a deferred payment and constant installments. The complexity of the bargain could lead to reflect alternatively on two independent and autonomous yet connected contracts or a new contract, characterized by its unique and original purpose (“causa”). Indeed, the essential articulation of the monthly option credit and the monthly rent amount

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Saussier, Stéphane. "Transaction Cost Economics and Contract Duration: An Empirical Analysis of EDF Coal Contracts." Recherches économiques de Louvain 65, no. 1 (1999): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0770451800007703.

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SummaryThis paper studies duration of inter-firm contracts in a transaction cost perspective. The aim of the paper is to test the propositions that can be derived from a transaction-cost framework. We built a non-truncated database representing the entire contractual relationships of Electricité de France (EDF) with its coal carriers and coal unloaders over the period 1977–1997. Section I explores factors that can explain the choice of contract duration. Section II describes the relationships between EDF and its suppliers. In Section III, we test and confirm most propositions derived from tran

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Kyrychenko, T. S. "Contractual Regulation of Marital Relations in Ukraine." Law and Safety 97, no. 2 (2025): 81–91. https://doi.org/10.32631/pb.2025.2.07.

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The contractual regulation of marital relations as a modern legal and social instrument for regulating the interaction of spouses in Ukraine is analysed. Attention is paid to clarifying the concept, legal nature, and characteristics of the parties to a marriage contract, as well as comparing the legal regulation of the institution of marriage contracts in Ukraine and foreign countries from the perspective of the possibility of integrating positive foreign experience. The legislation of various countries is analysed, with particular attention paid to the experience of the France and Germany, an

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Brunet, E., L. Guérin-Schneider, and F. Bonnet. "Impact of a new legislation on the water market and competition in France." Water Supply 3, no. 1-2 (2003): 389–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0129.

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In France, watr services are under municipal responsibility. They can be managed, either by municipalities themselves, or by private companies through delegation contracts. Whatever the situation is, water management remain under state control. The law of 29 January 1993 known as “Sapin Act” limits the duration of the contracts of delegation and imposes a procedure of publicity and consultation preliminary to their conclusion or their renewal. A study has been led from 1998 by our laboratory on the impact of this competition between private companies on the delegation contracts and their price

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16

Ben Khelil, Kawthar. "Transposition of the 2014 European Directives on public procurement by France." European Journal of Public Procurement Markets 1, no. 1 (2018): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.54611/nwpx1893.

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The French public procurement code should be published in the next weeks. This project initiated by the French Government gave rise to a public consultation between 23 April and 29 May 2018; it is aimed at grouping together, without any amendments to current rules, all existing provisions relating to public procurement law (all contracts qualifying as public contracts and concessions), according to a consistent plan, in order to make the relevant legal framework clearer and more accessible. As of this day however, French rules relating to the conclusion and performance of public procurement co

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Prier, Eric, Clifford McCue, and Emily A. Boykin. "Assessing European Union standardization: a descriptive analysis of voluntary ex ante transparency notices." Journal of Public Procurement 21, no. 1 (2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jopp-12-2019-0086.

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Purpose This study aims to empirically assess the standardization of using voluntary ex ante transparency notices to announce the awards of noncompetitive large-value contracts. Design/methodology/approach Based on open data published in the Official Journal of the European Union, a pooled cross-sectional research design is used to determine the level of standardized use of noncompetitive contracting by member states. Findings Findings suggest little evidence of standardization when publicizing direct contract awards, which might warrant remedial measures for promoting standardization by the E

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18

CARMONA, JUAN. "Sharecropping and livestock specialization in France, 1830–1930." Continuity and Change 21, no. 2 (2006): 235–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416006005996.

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Historians of sharecropping in France have usually emphasized its negative effects on growth and on the workers' welfare. However, from about 1840 the regions of central and western France, regions where sharecroppers were especially numerous, were also areas that saw great improvements and the specialization in commercial livestock. As the author shows, landowners from these areas used sharecropping contracts in order both to seize the opportunities given by the potential scale economies in livestock rearing and to take advantage of family labour at a time of increasing wages. After presentin

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Sädevirta, Markus. "Regulation of Fixed-Term Employment Contracts in the EU, France, Finland and the United Kingdom: A Comparative Analysis." International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 31, Issue 2 (2015): 207–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2015012.

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This article considers the regulation of fixed-term contracts in the Framework Agreement on Fixed-Term Work, in the light of its key objectives. It considers whether the Framework Agreement has managed to retain open-ended contracts as the main form of employment, to prevent the abuse of successive fixed-term contracts, and to sanction such abuse. The article provides a comparative analysis of the regulations implementing the Framework Agreement and their objectives, and an assessment of whether these regulations meet the said objectives, in three European Union (EU) Member States: Finland, Fr

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20

Khanderia, S. "Transnational Contracts and Their Performance During the COVID-19 Crisis: Reflections from India." BRICS Law Journal 7, no. 3 (2020): 52–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2412-2343-2020-7-3-52-80.

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The outbreak of COVID-19 has severely impacted the performance of contracts across the globe. In some situations, the outbreak may render the performance of contracts impossible as a result of governmental restrictions in the form of national lockdowns to curb the spread of the virus. In other situations, the pandemic may adversely impact the execution of contractual obligations by dramatically affecting the price of the performance and, thus, resulting in hardship or commercial impracticability, while in certain situations the pandemic may be legally construed to not affect the performance of

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21

Isaieva, A. P. "Analysis of the system of labor contracts in France." Legal position 2 (2019): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32836/2521-6473-2019-2-130-137.

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22

Butler, Declan. "Japan consoled with contracts as France snares fusion project." Nature 435, no. 7046 (2005): 1142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/4351142a.

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23

Fadairo, Muriel. "Why include royalties in distribution contracts? Evidence from France." International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 41, no. 8 (2013): 566–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijrdm-05-2013-0097.

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Berson, Clémence. "Fixed-Term Contracts and Labor Market Duality in France." De Economist 166, no. 4 (2018): 455–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10645-018-9318-y.

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Ghashghaei, Leila, and Ali Ravanan. "A Comparative Study on the Role of the Electronic Commerce Act in Remote Transactions and Its Effect on Compensation from Iran and France Legal Perspective." Journal of Politics and Law 10, no. 2 (2017): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v10n2p146.

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Legal implications in various fields of e-commerce transactions are described by means of e-commerce from one of the parties and through the transaction implemented by Internet. Online contracts are a manifestation of true innovation in the field of traditional legal agreements. The main issue of concern is the lack of tools has traditionally been used to express the will of the contract.The lack of legal grounds to use in e-commerce, such as: Expert of judges, the admissibility of electronic documents, electronic signatures, the principle of good faith, law of consumer protection, commercial

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Kang, Ji Eun. "A study on conflict of interest in the process of concluding a public procurement contract: Focusing on recent French case law issues." Korea Association for Corruption Studies 28, no. 3 (2023): 161–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.52663/kcsr.2023.28.3.161.

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The Act on the Prevention of Conflict of Interest prohibits public officials from pursuing private interests in connection with the performance of their duties. The Act aims to ensure fair performance of duties, and to secure the public's trust in public administration. It was enacted and went into effect on May 19, 2022. It is not easy to find precedents in comparative law for regulations regarding conflict of interest situations. In particular, defining and determining the scope of conflict of interest involves evaluation and judgment on very comprehensive issues, such as procurement contrac

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Mamouri, Mahdieh Sadat, and Mansour Amini. "Non-Conformity of Contracting Parties in the Performance Stage of Debt and Claim Transfer Contracts: A Comparative Study in the Legal Systems of France, Germany, and England." Comparative Studies in Jurisprudence, Law, and Politics 6, no. 3 (2024): 206–20. https://doi.org/10.61838/csjlp.6.3.13.

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In principle, the performance of contractual obligations is carried out by the obligor in favor of the obligee. However, sometimes what matters to the parties is the execution of the obligation itself, not the person performing or the one receiving the performance. In such contracts, the contracting party may change, through new agreements and within different legal frameworks, and a third party may be substituted as the new obligor or obligee. Debt and claim transfer contracts are recognized in various legal systems, including those of France, Germany, and England, as contracts for changing t

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Pezon, Christelle. "How the Compagnie Générale des Eaux survived the end of concession contracts in France 100 years ago." Water Policy 13, no. 2 (2010): 178–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2010.049.

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The end of the nineteenth century coincided with the end of concession contracts as a desirable option for French municipalities to organise their water services. An increasing number of disagreements between municipalities and their water concessionaires were brought to administrative courts, while the most difficult cases went to the French Supreme Court, the Conseil d'Etat. All cases dealt with the same issue: the conditions to renegotiate and/or terminate concession contracts. The Compagnie Générale des Eaux, the biggest French water company, lost its biggest concession contracts and had t

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Shcherbyna, Valentyn S., Viktoriia V. Rieznikova, Valeria V. Radzyviliuk, Svitlana I. Bevz, and Iryna M. Kravets. "Problems of concluding business contracts in electronic form." Linguistics and Culture Review 5, S2 (2021): 751–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/lingcure.v5ns2.1417.

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Due to the evolution of modern technologies, first of all the internet, new business opportunities are emerging. Therefore, there is a need to find new forms of concluding contracts. To save time, more and more contracts are concluded in electronic form. In addition, in recent years, there has been a noticeable increase in the use of electronic signatures in business operations. Therewith, an electronic signature of documents is a convenient alternative to handwritten signatures. The purpose of the study is a comprehensive analysis of the problems of concluding business contracts in electronic

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Todorović, Ilijana. "A Closer Look at the Doctrine of Separability in Arbitration." IUS Law Journal Vol 1, No 1 (2022): 6–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21533/iuslawjournal.v1i1.6.

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In the ever-growing business world impacted by globalization, many commercial contracts nowadays contain an arbitration clause. This article focuses on the history behind arbitration as an alternative method of dispute resolution and its penetration to the forefront of mechanisms for resolving commercial disputes—with focus on England, France, and the United States. The article also delves into some of the key questions related to the relationship between an arbitration clause and the underlying contract in which it is contained. And those are the infamous separability and competence-competenc

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Stoffaës, Christian. "France : le contrat de gestion comme moyen de moderniser l’État." Revue française d'administration publique 61, no. 1 (1992): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rfap.1992.2541.

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Contracts as Means for Modernization. Management agreements as elements of reponsabilization are very essential tools for modernization. This should become a general formula not only throughout all public enterprises but in all State regalian services.

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Dambrine, Christian. "Channelling Students towards Industrial Research: Sponsorship of PhD Students in France." Industry and Higher Education 7, no. 1 (1993): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095042229300700111.

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Under the Conventions Industrielles de Formation par la Recherche (CIFRE), the French Ministry of Research and Technology sponsors industrial research with 700 doctoral candidates per year. A CIFRE is a contract between the National Association for Technical Research (ANRT) which manages the programme and a French firm, entitling the firm to assign an R&D project to a young professional under 26 years of age as part of his/her doctoral thesis. The graduate engineer gets a minimum salary of £12 500 per year from the firm, which receives £9000 directly from ANRT. This grant is awarded for th

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Tay, Charles. "Satellite Launch and Production Services and Arbitration in the Chinese Private Sector." Journal of International Arbitration 39, Issue 6 (2022): 775–816. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/joia2022034.

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China has grown to become one of the largest producers and launchers of rockets and satellites in recent years. Both Chinese private companies and state-owned enterprises (SOEs) are in this sector, and there are reports of satellite launch and sale contracts being signed between Chinese and foreign parties. Over the past decade, South Korea, India, the United States, France and other countries have had experience with very large arbitration claims being made arising from satellite contracts. Chinese companies have not yet had such arbitrations, but they may in the future. What likely issues mi

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Rodwin, Marc A. "Pharmaceutical Price and Spending Controls in France: Lessons for the United States." International Journal of Health Services 50, no. 2 (2020): 156–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020731419897580.

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As U.S. policymakers consider strategies to control pharmaceutical spending, they can learn from France, which has stopped drug spending growth without slowing access to innovative medicines. France determines the comparative therapeutic value of new drugs. Insurance pays more for drugs superior to their comparator and the same or less for drugs offering modest or no improvement. Contracts require discounts for high sales volume and prohibit price increases. In addition, payers reduce prices of older drugs. Furthermore, Parliament sets an insurance pharmaceutical spending budget, and manufactu

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Ahmed, Babaammi Hadj. "MODERN MECHANISMS FOR COMBATING ABUSIVE CLAUSES IN INSURANCE DOCUMENTS “A COMPARATIVE STUDY”." Journal of Law and Sustainable Development 13, no. 4 (2025): e04385. https://doi.org/10.55908/sdgs.v13i4.4385.

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Objective: To restore the balance between the obligations of both parties to the insurance contract, prevent insurance companies from depriving the insured of compensation, and promote a culture of insurance by granting judges discretionary authority to modify the contract and remove or annul abusive clauses based on economic public policy. Theoretical Framework: The study is based on extracting examples of insurance clauses from contracts available in the market and comparing them with model lists deemed abusive by the legislator. It also discusses the extent to which the legal system is capa

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Schwenzer, Ingeborg. "Force Majeure and Hardship in International Sales Contracts." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 39, no. 4 (2008): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v39i4.5487.

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This article takes an analytical look of the concepts of force majeure and hardship when attempting to extract oneself from an agreement. The article starts off with a brief summary of their historical background and their presence in various domestic legal systems, such as France, Germany and the Netherlands. It goes on to examine the Convention on the International Sale of Goods (CISG) which does not have force majeure and hardship provisions but does have a provision that has the same effect. The article goes on to describe the requirements for avoiding liability in international sales cont

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Jentsch, Valentin. "Contractual Performance, Breach of Contract and Contractual Obligations in Times of Crisis: On the Need for Unification and Codification in European Contract Law." European Review of Private Law 29, Issue 6 (2021): 853–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2021045.

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The sanctity of contracts, a guiding principle of contract law in civil law systems, requires that both or all contracting parties be expected to meet their contractual obligations, thereby ensuring efficacy and efficiency of private ordering. Under extraordinary circumstances, however, legal systems provide for mechanisms, which may excuse contractual performance or lead to adaption or termination of contractual obligations. Since the coronavirus pandemic, these mechanisms have clearly gained traction. Drawing on five important civil law jurisdictions (Germany, Austria, Switzerland, France, I

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du Marais, B. "PPP Contracts in France through the 2015-2016 “Big Bang Reform”." European Procurement & Public Private Partnership Law Review 13, no. 1 (2018): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21552/epppl/2018/1/7.

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Shafer, Glenn. "Marie-France Bru and Bernard Bru on Dice Games and Contracts." Statistical Science 33, no. 2 (2018): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/17-sts639.

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Dermineur, Elise M. "Rethinking Debt: The Evolution of Private Credit Markets in Preindustrial France." Social Science History 42, no. 2 (2018): 317–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2018.5.

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This article focuses on traditional private credit markets in eighteenth-century France through the examination of notarized loan deeds and to a lesser extent civil court records. It examines in particular how credit markets functioned and how they developed in the eighteenth century. It argues that traditional credit markets featured norms of solidarity, cooperation, and fairness, and allowed considerable flexibility and input from both creditors and debtors. But in the middle of the eighteenth century, this market experienced several major changes. Not only did the volume of exchange and the

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Sabetipour, Behzad, Moein Sabahi, Syed Jafar Hashemi Bajgani, and Yaser Salari. "A Comparative Study of the Legal Effects of Trust with Deposit and Loan in the Legal Systems of Iran, France, and England." Interdisciplinary Studies in Society, Law, and Politics 3, no. 2 (2024): 128–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.61838/kman.isslp.3.2.16.

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One of the contracts commonly used in various forms in society today is the contract of deposit. The Civil Code, from Article 607 onwards, defines this contract and explains its rulings and effects. Similarly, the concept of trust (Trust) is one of the fundamental and widely used concepts in the legal systems of countries like the United States and England, which are influenced by their legal system. In this institution, the owner, by relinquishing their ownership rights, subjects it to a trust and transfers their legal ownership rights to a person called the trustee. Loan, in the jurisprudenc

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Cahuc, Pierre. "Labour market inequality in France and in the UK." Oxford Open Economics 3, Supplement_1 (2024): i933—i939. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ooec/odad056.

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Abstract This commentary shows that a high minimum wage, a rigid grid of minimum wages negotiated at central or sectoral level and legislation ensuring job stability for employees on permanent contracts have enabled France to contain wage inequalities. On the other hand, there is a low employment rate and a high unemployment rate that create significant inequalities in access to employment and a high poverty rate before taxes and transfers.

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Raboisson, Didier, Ahmed Ferchiou, Tifenn Corre, et al. "Could Contracts between Pharmaceutical Firms and French Veterinarians Bias Prescription Behaviour: A Principal-Agency Theory Approach in the Context of Oligopolies." Antibiotics 10, no. 2 (2021): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10020176.

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In France, veterinarians can both prescribe and deliver veterinary medicines, which is a questionable situation from the perspective of antimicrobial use (AMU) reduction to avoid antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This situation places veterinarians in direct commercial relationships with the pharmaceutical industry as purchase contracts are signed between veterinarians and pharmaceutical companies. The aim of the present work is to analyse the relationships between veterinarians and pharmaceutical firms in the oligopoly market context of French veterinary medicine to determine whether the prescr

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Peters, Gretchen. "Urban minstrels in late medieval southern France: opportunities, status and professional relationships." Early Music History 19 (October 2000): 201–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261127900001996.

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By piecing together fragments of diverse archival evidence, it is possible to document a large minstrel population in urban settings in late medieval southern France that was able to support itself through a multiplicity of freelance activities and complex working relationships. Information concerning the urban minstrel in medieval Europe is usually drawn from city accounts and contracts providing details concerning the duties, function and wages of civic musicians. In order to create a multi-dimensional image of the urban minstrel, however, a wide variety of archival sources needs to be explo

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Savchuk, Sergiy. "Special aspects of legal regulation of fixed-term employment contracts of some European countries." Law Review of Kyiv University of Law, no. 2 (August 10, 2020): 286–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.36695/2219-5521.2.2020.54.

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The article is devoted to the study of foreign experience in legal regulation of fixed-term employment contracts. Fixed-termemployment contracts should be considered as one of the earliest and, accordingly, the oldest forms of non-standard employment. Tur -ning to the concept of the application of fixed-term employment contracts in Ukraine in the near future, it seems appropriate to consider the possibility of their further development through the prism of studying European experience. Indeed, in many European countriesthe fixed-term contracts are quite common and therefore analysis of both po

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Defeuilley, Christophe. "Holdups and Non-standard Breach Remedies in Delegation Contracts." Recherches économiques de Louvain 65, no. 3 (1999): 349–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0770451800009933.

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SummaryA vast literature is devoted to assess the Transactional Approach in several empirical fields. Common to all these studies is the testing of transactional approach conjectures from the standpoint of private contractual relationships. The aim of this paper is to explore the relevance of Transaction Cost Theory in the French administrative legal context. The paper examines the delegation contracts used to manage the provision of urban services in France. The paper shows that (1) these delegation contracts can be considered as self-enforcing agreements (2) they do not operate in “the shado

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Galès, Patrick Le, and John Mawson. "Contracts versus competitive bidding: Rationalizing urban policy programmes in England and France∗." Journal of European Public Policy 2, no. 2 (1995): 205–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13501769508406983.

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Piechucka, Joanna. "Design of Regulatory Contracts – Example of the Urban Transport Industry." Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies 9, no. 13 (2016): 121–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7172/1689-9024.yars.2016.9.13.6.

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The present article discusses economic issues related to the design of optimal regulatory contracts on the example of the urban public transport industry. It highlights the importance of the design of efficient regulatory contracts in the context of changes facing the urban transportation industry in the European Union. Furthermore, it provides an overview of the main issues put forward in economic literature related to the design of regulatory contracts. It discusses several problems relevant in this context such as informational asymmetries, transaction costs, and regulatory capture. It also

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Edo, Anthony. "The Impact of Immigration on Native Wages and Employment." B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 15, no. 3 (2015): 1151–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2014-0075.

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Abstract This paper investigates the immigration impact on native outcomes using microlevel data for France. I find that immigration does not affect the wages of competing natives, but induces adverse employment effects. This finding is consistent with a wage structure that is rigid in France. The quality of the data allows to dig more deeply into the interpretation of the immigration impact. First, I show that immigrants displace native workers because they are more willing to work at lower wages due to lower outside options. Second, I find that natives on short-term contracts, who are less s

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Schreiner, Bernard. "Le câble en déroute ?" Revue française d'administration publique 44, no. 1 (1987): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rfap.1987.1873.

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Cable TV on the Blink ? The 1982 Plan Cable was followed by a period of confusion about the launching of cable TV in France that began in June 1986, thus discouraging the parties involved. Network commissioning delays and broadcasting restrictions caused major financial embarassment to 52 communes and agglomerations with PTT contracts. Direction Générale des Télécommunications has stepped down as sole owner to leave the field open to private enterprise, thereby repealing the principles of public service, equal access, standard charges and network coexistence. The 1982 Plan nonetheless constitu

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