Academic literature on the topic 'Contracts in literature'
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Journal articles on the topic "Contracts in literature"
1
Mazé, Armelle. "Retailers' branding strategies: Contract design, organisational change and learning." Journal on Chain and Network Science 2, no. 1 (2002): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jcns2002.x016.
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This article analyses the recent development by some large retailers in France of dedicated Quality Supply Chains for their food products. The major contractual innovation rests on the design of tripartite contracts between a retailer, agro-food firms and farmers' associations. In contrast to mainstream contract literature, we demonstrate that contract adaptations may reflect a mutual learning process between contractors: why do transactors write explicit contracts that they know cannot be court enforced? Empirical data are based on the joint analysis of a full set of contracts between one retailer and all its beef suppliers, and their diachronic evolution before and after the BSE crisis (the period 1993-2000). Contract design and organisational changes at the retailer level are shown to be strongly interrelated.
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Carmichael, David G., and John P. Karantonis. "Construction contracts with conversion capability: a way forward." Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction 20, no. 2 (2015): 132–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfmpc-10-2014-0022.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the role and viability of changing contract terms as a project progresses and to offer an original analysis in this respect. Commonly, projects start out with broadly defined information, and this gets refined as the project progresses. This suggests that a prudent approach would be to tailor the contract between the project owner and the project contractor to the project stage, with conversions along the way. Information asymmetry between owner and contractor also suggests the need to tailor a contract to a project ' s situation. Design/methodology/approach – An original method of analysis of the conversion of contract terms within projects is given, along with discussion on the risk transfer between owner and contractor, the common law issues associated with implementing such conversions, any compensation that the owner might need to pay, the timing of the conversion and associated practical implementation issues. The paper, for definiteness, concentrates on construction contracts with conversion between payment types, but the paper’s approach applies to all contracts and all terms within contracts. Findings – The paper provides a readily usable method for analysing the value of having a convertible contract, couched within acceptable common law practice. Practical implications – The paper offers a novel method and framework usable by practitioners for establishing the value of convertibility within a contract. Having convertibility within a contract can be shown to offer benefits to both contracting parties. Originality/value – The idea of having flexible contracts is not new, but, hitherto, a rational method of analysing their value has been missing. This paper gives an original analysis of contracts with conversion capabilities. Current literature does not deal directly with the matter addressed in the paper.
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Ahroum, Rida, Othmane Touri, and Boujemâa Achchab. "Murabaha and Musharakah Moutanaquissah pricing: an interest-free approach." Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research 11, no. 1 (2020): 201–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jiabr-12-2016-0147.
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Purpose This study aims to provide an interest-free valuation methodology for Murabaha and Musharakah Moutanaquissah contracts. Indeed, In Islamic finance, Murabaha contracts are widely negotiated. Their yield depends mainly on the contracted profit margin. In the current practices, this latter is based on a reference interest rate, which is highly criticized in Islamic literature, just like Musharakah Moutanaquissah contracts. In this perspective, authors suggest a new valuation methodology with parameters related to the real economy. Design/methodology/approach The authors apply an indirect method to determine a lower bound of the profit margin of a Murabaha contract. Considering Musharakah Moutanaquissah as an equivalent contract, the new valuation methodology is based on participation and focuses on parameters from the real economy: the market rent and the rate of return used for an equivalent project. Findings The results show that the pricing of Musharakah Moutanaquissah contracts could be based on several parameters linked to the real economy. Consequently, an implied value of the profit margin could be computed. Also, the interest rate is no longer implicated in the pricing of neither Murabaha nor Musharakah Moutanaquissah contracts. Research limitations/implications The valuation methodology is applicable only if the underlying asset’s financing can be made with Murabaha and Musharakah Moutanaquissah contracts. Practical implications This work will restore the link between Islamic contracts and the real economy. For Islamic banks in particular, the suggested model would reduce the exposure to reputational risk and enhance the compliance to the Sharia (Islamic Law). Originality/value Several studies have analyzed the dependence between Islamic contracts and interest rates. In general, these studies confirm this dependence and few of them have suggested alternatives. Thus, the authors contribute to the literature by providing a practical and applicable model to detach the valuation of Murabaha and Musharakah Moutanaquissah from the interest rate.
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Mahdi Hosseinian, S., and David G. Carmichael. "Optimal sharing arrangement for multiple project outcomes." Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction 19, no. 3 (2014): 264–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfmpc-09-2013-0038.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to address a shortfall in the literature dealing with optimal sharing arrangements. In construction projects, where the owner is concerned about multiple project outcomes (cost, time, quality, […]), there exist no guidelines in the literature on what a sharing arrangement should be between the owner and the contractor. This paper gives that arrangement, under defined risk assumptions on the contractor (risk averse ranging to risk neutral) and the owner (risk neutral). The sharing aligns the contractor's interests with those of the owner. Design/methodology/approach – The results are based on solving a constrained maximisation problem involving the expected utilities of both the owner and contractor. Construction practitioners were interviewed in a designed experiment to validate the results. Findings – It is demonstrated that, at the optimum, the proportions of outcomes sharing to the contractor should be higher for outcomes with lower effort cost and a lower level of uncertainty, and by increasing the correlation between outcomes, the fixed component of the contractor’s fee should increase and the proportions to the contractor should decrease. Research limitations/implications – The theoretical results assume that the contractor is risk-averse ranging to risk-neutral, and that the owner is risk-neutral. The theory is supported through conducting an empirical study based on interviewing a sample of practitioners working for medium-sized contractors, and hence the support is limited to similar situations, until further data are assembled. Practical implications – By providing a broader understanding of sharing arrangements within contracts, a contribution is made to the current practice of contracts management. The results may be used in the design of contracts, or as benchmarks, by which contracts designed differently, may be compared. Originality/value – The results address a shortfall in the literature and are an original solution to establishing an optimal multiple-outcome sharing arrangement.
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Carboni, Julia L. "Ex Post Contract Market Structure: Implications for Performance Over Time." American Review of Public Administration 47, no. 5 (2015): 588–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0275074015608753.
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Government increasingly relies on complex arrangements of providers to deliver public services. There is burgeoning public administration literature on contract management and performance. This literature emphasizes contract management strategies such as contract design and ex post monitoring and relationship building to promote contractor performance. The literature does not examine effects of structural variables on contract performance in ex post contract markets, though work on interorganizational networks has long established that structural factors influence individual performance. This study examines the influence of structural variables on publicly funded contract performance in networked structures of exchange using 5 years of state-level contract data. Network concepts are used to develop contracts as networked exchange structures and develop measures of structural embeddedness for individual programs. Findings include that the structural embeddedness of individual programs influences individual contract performance on quality and cost dimensions over time.
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Abdi, Adel, Hans Lind, and Björn Birgisson. "Designing appropriate contracts for achieving efficient winter road and railway maintenance with high performance quality." International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences 6, no. 4 (2014): 399–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijqss-06-2014-0033.
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Purpose – For a long time, the winter maintenance of the Swedish road and railway network had been performed in-house by Swedish Transport Administration, Swedish local authorities i.e. municipalities and Stockholm public transport. During the last 15 years the winter operation and maintenance of these state infrastructures have been performed by public procurement and contracting from independent contractors, where in practice the lowest price is the dominating selection criteria. The aim of this paper is to investigate and identify how these contracts are designed and how satisfied the parties are with the contract and the quality of the performed work during the winter and point our directions for improvement. Design/methodology/approach – The study was conducted by a literature review and followed by semi-structured interviews and electronic questionnaire. Findings – The results of the study which are based on the interviews and the online questionnaire show that there is widespread dissatisfaction with the contracts among both clients and contractors. Practical implications – The article prepares a basis showing how a contract affects the quality of the performed winter road and railway maintenance services. Originality/value – The findings lead to a number of suggestions about how to improve the contracts, e.g. having a separate winter maintenance contract to increase the quality of performed winter maintenance measures, a more partnering-like structure where consultations and adjustment can be made during the contract period. A partnering structure also makes it less important to get all the details right in the contract.
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Negara, Edi Surya, Achmad Nizar Hidayanto, Ria Andryani, and Rezki Syaputra. "Survey of Smart Contract Framework and Its Application." Information 12, no. 7 (2021): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info12070257.
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This article is a literature review on smart contract applications in various domains. The aim is to investigate technological developments and implementation of smart contracts in various domains. For this purpose, the theoretical basis of various papers that have been published in recent years is used as a source of theoretical and implementation studies. Smart contracts are the latest technology that is developing in line with the development of blockchain technology. The literature review that we have carried out explains that smart contracts work automatically, control, or document legally relevant events and actions in accordance with the agreements set forth in the contract agreement. This technology is one of the newest technologies that is expected to provide solutions for trust, security, and transparency in various domains. This literature review was conducted using an exploratory approach. This literature review focuses on reviewing frameworks, methods, and simulations of smart contract implementations in various domains.
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Neves, Marcos Fava. "Marketing and Network Contracts (Agreements)." Journal on Chain and Network Science 3, no. 1 (2003): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jcns2003.x026.
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The literature shows that bounded rationality makes it almost impossible to build complete contracts to manage transactions between companies. Furthermore, incomplete contracts generate opportunism problems from one of the involved parts and undesirable transaction costs that could be reduced if the process of building a contract/agreement were to include more details (exactness), even in unwritten (oral) agreements. In general, businessmen do not have the instruments to facilitate this process of building contracts, and students, who will deal with contracts at various moments in their professional lives, are not trained for this activity. This article provides a model that has been successfully used as a contract analysis tool in business networks focusing on marketing actions.
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Oorschot, Jane, Gianna Moscardo, and Anna Blackman. "Leadership style and psychological contract." Australian Journal of Career Development 30, no. 1 (2021): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1038416220983483.
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This study explores the relationship between leadership style and psychological contract dimensions. The literature suggests that leaders in general and leadership style in particular can influence the psychological contracts of employees. Currently, there is no research as to how leaders perceive such contracts. This qualitative study presents the interview findings of twenty-three leaders working in public and private sector organisations. Differences were found between neutral and transformational leaders. Neutral leaders had a more transactional psychological contract, whereas the transformational leaders had a more relational psychological contract. This study adds to the literature as there is no current framework that considers the relationship between leadership styles with the psychological contract. Overall, the results indicate differences in psychological contract perceptions for different leadership styles.
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Obiri-Korang, Prince. "A re-examination of the conflict rules governing the validity of international contracts." Journal of Comparative Law in Africa 7, no. 2 (2020): 41–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/jcla/v7/i2a2.
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Generally, under choice of law, the issue of uncertainty associated with the determination of the governing law of international contracts is quite clear. The level of this uncertainty, however, increases when dealing with questions about which law governs the validity of such contracts. Like other areas of private international law, matters concerning validity present several unique challenges both in theory and in practice, making it the most complicated topic in private international law literature. In fact, the uncertainty in this area has led to a situation where different rules are applied by different states, without taking into consideration the link that should exist between the state whose law becomes applicable and the function that the law is expected to serve – determining the validity of a contract. This article attempts to contribute to existing literature on choice of law questions regarding the validity of international contracts and also provides solutions, based on the underlying principles of private international law of contract that effectively address the uncertainty in this area of law. The article submits that the law that governs the validity of an international contract must, at all times, be one that has a legitimate interest in matters concerning the legality or otherwise of such contracts. In this regard, the article strongly opposes the theory that the parties’ intention determines the law that governs the validity of their contract. After a careful examination of literature and landmark judicial decisions in both civil law and common law jurisdictions, the article concludes that the lex loci solutionis is the appropriate law to determine matters relating to the validity of international contracts.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Contracts in literature"
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Van, Keppel Jenneken. ""To kiss the civil text of women's lips" : social contracts and marriage contracts in eighteenth-century prose /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Holmes, Rachel E. "Casos de honra : honouring clandestine contracts and Italian novelle in early modern English and Spanish drama." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/6318.
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This thesis argues that the popularity of the clandestine marriage plot in English and Spanish drama following the Reformation corresponds closely to developments and emerging conflicts in European matrimonial law. My title, ‘casos de honra,' or ‘honour cases', unites law and drama in a way that captures this argument. Taken from the Spanish playwright Lope de Vega's El arte nuevo (1609), a treatise on his dramatic practice, the phrase has been understood as a description of the honour plots so common in Spanish Golden Age drama, but ‘casos' [cases] has a further, and related, legal meaning. Casos de honra are cases touching honour, whether portrayed on stage or at law, a European rather than a strictly Spanish phenomenon, and clandestine marriages are one such example. I trace the genealogy of three casos de honra from their recognisable origins in Italian novelle, through Italian, French, Spanish, and English adaptations, until their final early modern manifestations on the English and Spanish stage. Their seeming differences, and often radical divergences in plot can be explained with reference to their distinct, but related, legal concerns.
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Pader, Kruthardh. "Blockchain Applications in Healthcare Industry : A literature survey." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-21800.
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Background: Blockchain technology may seem like a complex system, but it is simply a decentralized database designed to remove the need for third-party organisation in data management. Blockchain is being researched for uses in the various industry out of which healthcare is one. Healthcare industry suffers from various issues such as imperfect data, a broken medical history that is split across various healthcare institutions, and so on. Blockchain might be the approach it needs to optimize it to a greater level of functioning. Objectives: The objectives of this report are to understand whether the decentralization feature along with other features of blockchain technology can be advantageous to the healthcare industry and also to summarize the previous implementation for the use cases of the technology in the domain. Methods: The method used is a literature survey. We perform a study selection process in four steps. After each step, the number of publications is reduced as unwanted publications are omitted using search strings, inclusion and exclusion criteria. We even conducted a study quality assessment which helps us analyse the quality offindings from the final set of selected papers in answering the research questions. Results: We have summarized the findings from the 36 selected papers from the study selection process according to the research questions. Conclusions: Blockchain technology provides data security, once any data is registered on the blockchain it cannot be altered or manipulated. It eliminates the need for a third party to verify the transactions on the chain. As blockchain is a budding new technology with very little age under its belt, there needs to more research on the topic before this can be applied over a large scale of systems that are operating in critical areas such as healthcare. Even though implementing blockchain for the use cases such as Electronic Medical Records (EMRs), research trials and so on, it can not be done immediately as the exposure of this technology to the common public and healthcare individuals is very limited.
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Dubrau, Alexander. "Shmuel Safrai u.a. [Hg.], The literature of the sages, second part: Midrash and Targum, liturgy, poetry, mysticism, contracts, inscriptions, ancient science and the languages of rabbinic literature / [rezensiert von] Alexander Dubrau." Universität Potsdam, 2007. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/2235/.
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Rezensiertes Werk:
The literature of the sages : second part; Midrash and Targum; Liturgy,
poetry, mysticism, contracts, inscriptions, ancient science and the languages
of rabbinic literature / Shmuel Safrai ... [Hg.]. - Assen : Royal Van Gorcum/Fortress Press, 2006. - XVII, 722 S. - (= Compendia rerum Iudaicarum ad Novum Testamentum, Section 2: 3/2)
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Mattos, Margareth Silva de. "Escritores consagrados, ilustradores renomados, palavra e imagem entrelaçadas : ingredientes de contratos de comunicação literários renovados." Niterói, 2017. https://app.uff.br/riuff/handle/1/3650.
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Tese versão final Margareth Mattos.pdf: 12248873 bytes, checksum: 52f03d571242288d0da107fc56235306 (MD5)<br>Universidade Federal Fluminense, Colégio Universitário Geraldo Reis - COLUNI, Niterói, RJ<br>Esta pesquisa de caráter qualitativo e interdisciplinar vinculada à área de Estudos de
Linguagem tem como principal objetivo investigar os modos de renovação de diferentes
contratos de comunicação literários correspondentes às edições mais recentes de três
textos, dois do gênero conto – Conto de escola de Machado de Assis e De cima para baixo
de Artur Azevedo – e um do gênero crônica – Será o Benedito! de Mário de Andrade –,
produzidos entre o último quartel do século XIX e a primeira metade do século XX. Nessas
edições mais recentes, os textos exclusivamente verbais de autores-escritores brasileiros
canônicos transformam-se em textos híbridos verbo-visuais pelo trabalho dos autoresilustradores Nelson Cruz, Marcelo Ribeiro e Odilon Moraes, e pela iniciativa dos editores.
Com base nos pressupostos da Teoria Semiolinguística de Análise do Discurso, eixo
teórico-metodológico desta pesquisa, e, subsidiariamente, nos estudos dos paratextos
editoriais, na Semiótica da imagem visual, bem como nos estudos da interação palavraimagem no livro ilustrado e no livro com ilustração, pretende-se demonstrar como esses
textos, reeditados na primeira década do século XXI, com ilustrações de autoresilustradores brasileiros consagrados, integram contratos de comunicação literários que se
renovam. A hipótese é a de que a ocorrência de tal processo de renovação deve-se,
principalmente, à transformação dos textos verbais em textos híbridos verbo-visuais; à
redefinição dos parceiros iniciadores do processo de produção da encenação narrativa com
a inclusão dos autores-ilustradores; à redefinição dos parceiros do processo de
interpretação da encenação narrativa com a inclusão do leitor criança, em virtude de sua
inscrição nos textos híbridos como leitor destinatário, inscrição essa não prevista nos
contratos anteriores; à intensificação dos efeitos de sentido visados a partir tanto da
conformação dos paratextos editoriais, que constituem a mise-en-scène material e
discursiva dos livros correspondentes aos contratos de comunicação renovados, quanto da
interação entre as partes verbal e visual dos textos. Com isso, os livros correspondentes aos
contratos de comunicação literários renovados estariam identificados com a literatura de
potencial destinação infantil<br>This paper of qualitative and interdisciplinary nature linked to the area of Language
Studies has as its main objective the investigation of the renewal ways of different literary
contracts of communication corresponding to the most recent editions of three texts, two
short stories – Conto de escola by Machado de Assis and De cima para baixo by Artur
Azevedo – and one chronicle – Será o Benedito! by Mário de Andrade –, written between
the last quarter of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. In these most
recent editions, the exclusively verbal texts of canonical Brazilian writer-authors are
transformed into verbal-visual hybrid texts by the work of illustrator-authors such as
Nelson Cruz, Marcelo Ribeiro and Odilon Moraes, and by the editors’ initiative. Based on
the assumptions of the Semiolinguistic Theory of Discourse Analysis, which is the
theoretical-methodological framework of this investigation, and also based, in a subsidiary
way, on the studies of the editorial paratexts, on the Semiotics of the visual image, as well
as on the studies of the word-image interaction in picturebooks and in the book with
illustration, this paper intends to demonstrate how these texts, reprinted in the first decade
of the twenty-first century, with illustrations by acclaimed Brazilian illustrator-authors,
integrate literary contracts of communication that are renewed. The hypothesis is that the
occurrence of this renewal process is mainly due to the transformation of the verbal texts
into hybrid verbal-visual texts; the redefinition of the initiating partners of the production
process of the narrative staging by including the illustrator-authors; the redefinition of the
partners of the process of interpretation of the narrative mise-en-scène by including
children readers, because of their integration in the hybrid texts as target readers, a
hypothesis which was not incorporated in the previous contracts; the intensification of
meaning effects aimed at both the conformation of the editorial paratexts, which constitute
the material and discursive mise-en-scène of the books corresponding to the renewed
contracts of communication, and the interaction between the verbal and visual parts of the
texts. Thus, the books corresponding to the renewed literary contracts of communication
would be identified as literature potentially targeted for children readers
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Pires, Leicina Alves Xavier. "CONTRASTE ENTRE PERSISTÊNCIA E FLUIDEZ SENSITIVA." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2017. http://tede2.pucgoias.edu.br:8080/handle/tede/3863.
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Previous issue date: 2017-11-21<br>This work intends to make a relational study of some Salvador Dalí’s paintings and
Fernando Pessoa 's writing in “ Na Floresta do Alheamento” under the perspective of
the aesthetics, persistence and fluidity. We aim to prove that both pictorial and poetic
language are fluid, fragmented, wistful, paradoxical, sensitive and full of drunkenness.
They bring us a range of images, dreams and magical worlds of the unconscious,
leading us to the transaesthetic, which is a transspace, since works navigate in the
interlude, in the writing of the artistic imagination, in a state of liquidity. These works
lie outside the world of rationality, opening up to the world of onirism. The proposal has
as its motto the phenomenological approach with emphasis on the paradoxical contrast
relevant to contemporary aesthetics. This study is part of a line of research that deals
with contemporary criticism and seeks to find the theoretical features of art now. Thus,
it is expected that this dissertation can serve as a model of aesthetic relationships of
works in different forms and species. In this way, we will initially approach the work of
art as a process of sensitive fluidity, such as concealment, reverie, movement and
fragmentation. Subsequently, we will trace the person’s poetic art course, in the
interlude, moving from dissimulation to absurdity and from modernity to
contemporaneity. Finally, we will talk about the persistence and fluidity of Dalinian
paintings. We will focus on the unusual, the fragmentation, the saturn and the bizarre,
realizing a counterpoint with the person’s poetic prose.<br>Este trabalho pretende fazer um estudo relacional de algumas pinturas de Salvador Dalí
e da escrita de Fernando Pessoa em Na Floresta do Alheamento sob a perspectiva da
estética da persistência e fluidez. Almejamos comprovar que tanto a linguagem pictórica
quanto a poética mostram-se fluidas, fragmentadas, devaneantes, paradoxais, sensitivas
e de plena embriaguez. Elas nos trazem uma gama de imagens, de sonhos e de mundos
mágicos do inconsciente, nos conduzindo para o transestético, que é um transespaço,
pois que as obras navegam no entrelugar, na escrita do imaginário artístico, em estado
de liquidez. Essas obras encontram-se fora do mundo da racionalidade, abrindo-se para
o mundo do onirismo. A proposta tem como mote a abordagem fenomenológica com
ênfase no contraste paradoxal pertinente à estética contemporânea. Este estudo faz parte
de uma linha de pesquisa que trata da crítica contemporânea e que procura encontrar os
traços teóricos da arte de agora. Dessa forma, espera-se que esta dissertação possa servir
como modelo de relações estéticas de obras em formas e espécies diferentes. Desse
modo, inicialmente, abordaremos a obra de arte como processo de fluidez sensitiva,
como dissimulação, devaneio, movimento e como fragmentação. Posteriormente,
traçaremos o percurso da arte poética pessoana que se encontra no entrelugar,
transitando da dissimulação ao absurdo, e da modernidade à contemporaneidade. Por
último, discorreremos sobre a persistência e fluidez nas pinturas dalinianas.
Enfocaremos o insólito, a fragmentação, o saturno e o bizarro, realizando um
contraponto com a prosa poética pessoana.
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Goncalves, Jacqueline Brizida. "Hans Staden: as narrativas literária e cinematográfica em contraste." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8144/tde-26042012-093525/.
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Tendo as discussões sobre as relações entre literatura e cinema, no que diz respeito a filmes baseados em obras literárias, já superado os limites da mera busca pela fidelidade, ainda são escassos os estudos contrastivos que busquem, antes de tudo, compreender os dois meios respeitando as especificidades, possibilidades e limites de cada um. Este trabalho centra-se no estudo da estrutura narrativa da obra Duas Viagens ao Brasil, de Hans Staden, e do filme Hans Staden, de Luiz Alberto Pereira, baseado nesse mesmo livro. Com o intuito de contribuir para os estudos da narrativa, o que se busca é verificar como a narração se dá na literatura e no cinema, com base nas estratégias presentes no texto literário e no texto fílmico, neste caso duas obras separadas por cinco séculos.<br>Considering that the discussions about the relations between literature and movies, in regards to films based on literary works, have already overcome the limits of the mere research for fidelity, there are still few contrasting studies that pursue, above all, the comprehension of the two means respecting their specificities, possibilities and limits. This work focus on the study of the narrative structure of the book Duas Viagens ao Brasil, by Hans Staden, and the movie Hans Staden, by Luiz Alberto Pereira, based on this same book. In order to contribute to the narrative studies, the present work seeks to verify how the narration takes place in the literature and in the movies, based on the strategies presented on the literary text and on the movie script, in this case, two works separated by five centuries.
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Hardman, Frank Christopher. "A-level English language and English literature : contrasts in teaching and learning." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/604.
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This study is an investigation of methods of teaching and learning in the A-level English curriculum consisting both of the traditional A-level English literature and the more recent arrival of A-level English language. It is generally assumed in commentaries on A-level English teaching that language is taught differently from literature because of differences in aims, content and ideology. English language is seen as a deliberate move away from the more 'pure' academic study of literary texts and towards more 'applied' and even partly 'vocational' study in which independent and collaborative forms of learning are strongly encouraged. There is, however, little empirical evidence about how students are taught and how they learn in these different courses. The study addresses these limitations by carrying out an intensive, qualitative study of the teaching styles of ten teachers who teach across the two A-level English subjects. Video recordings of twenty complete lessons (i. e. 10 English language and 10 English literature) were analysed using a formal framework of analysis adapted from the study of discourse analysis. This system identifies the organisation of the classroom discourse so as to allow for a comparison of the patterning of teaching exchanges across the two subjects. The study also investigates, using semi-structured interviews, how the teachers perceive the learning objectives of the two subjects, and the match between those objectives and the teaching and learning methods used to achieve them. The findings suggest that teachers do not vary their teaching style when teaching across the two English subjects at A-levels supporting an extensive statistical study of students' perceptions of the instructional practices employed by teachers which also found a lack of pedagogic distinctiveness between the two subjects. The analysis revealed that teacher-led recitation is a prominent feature of the discourse in both A-level English language and literature.
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Saint, Marie Katina. "The Changing Face of Property: Land and Bodies in Early Modern English Literature and Contemporary Legal Trends." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/19326.
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Early Modern drama, particularly that of Thomas Middleton, John Webster, and Ben Jonson, reveal the importance of property law in England in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Their treatment of property law not only reflects and comments on the changes in property law and contract law of the period, but, in many surprising ways, it also anticipates our twentieth- and twenty-first-century discussions of property law as it pertains to property in the person. In much the same way that Early Modern persons debated the limitations and moral implications of private property, we today struggle to understand the limitations and moral implications of property in our bodies. Although these issues have universal importance, they are particularly relevant to women because women, from the early days of the sixteenth century through our contemporary period, have been and continue to be denied rights to property in one way or another.
This dissertation explores the drama through the lenses of Early Modern English law, contemporary Western law, feminist philosophy, and literary analysis, and an examination of the plays reveals that women have a property interest in reproductive labor such as gestation, child labor, and child birth. These property interests are relevant to contracts regarding reproductive technologies, paternity law, and doctrines of informed consent, and they also provide a more robust set of rights that protect women from over-reaching state action.<br>10000-01-01
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Sarafraz, Farzaneh. "Finding conflicting statements in the biomedical literature." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/finding-conflicting-statements-in-the-biomedical-literature(963e490a-eeea-4f4c-864d-fb318899beed).html.
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The main archive of life sciences literature currently contains more than 18,000,000 references, and it is virtually impossible for any human to stay up-to-date with this large number of papers, even in a specific sub-domain. Not every fact that is reported in the literature is novel and distinct. Scientists report repeat experiments, or refer to previous findings. Given the large number of publications, it is not surprising that information on certain topics is repeated over a number of publications. From consensus to contradiction, there are all shades of agreement between the claimed facts in the literature, and considering the volume of the corpus, conflicting findings are not unlikely. Finding such claims is particularly interesting for scientists, as they can present opportunities for knowledge consolidation and future investigations. In this thesis we present a method to extract and contextualise statements about molecular events as expressed in the biomedical literature, and to find those that potentially conflict each other. The approach uses a system that detects event negations and speculation, and combines those with contextual features (e.g. type of event, species, and anatomical location) to build a representational model for establishing relations between different biological events, including relations concerning conflicts. In the detection of negations and speculations, rich lexical, syntactic, and semantic features have been exploited, including the syntactic command relation. Different parts of the proposed method have been evaluated in a context of the BioNLP 09 challenge. The average F-measures for event negation and speculation detection were 63% (with precision of 88%) and 48% (with precision of 64%) respectively. An analysis of a set of 50 extracted event pairs identified as potentially conflicting revealed that 32 of them showed some degree of conflict (64%); 10 event pairs (20%) needed a more complex biological interpretation to decide whether there was a conflict. We also provide an open source integrated text mining framework for extracting events and their context on a large-scale basis using a pipeline of tools that are available or have been developed as part of this research, along with 72,314 potentially conflicting molecular event pairs that have been generated by mining the entire body of accessible biomedical literature. We conclude that, whilst automated conflict mining would need more comprehensive context extraction, it is feasible to provide a support environment for biologists to browse potential conflicting statements and facilitate data and knowledge consolidation.
Books on the topic "Contracts in literature"
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Desire and the devil: Demonic contracts in French and European literature. P. Lang, 1991.
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Conradian contracts: Exchange and identity in the immigrant imagination. Lexington Books, 2011.
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Marriage contracts from Chaucer to the Renaissance stage. University Press of Florida, 2001.
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Brown, Laura Ferris. The arbitration of construction disputes: A selected bibliography of literature published from 1980-1990. Eastman Arbitration Library, American Arbitration Association, 1990.
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Harmon, A. G. Eternal bonds, true contracts: Law and nature in Shakespeare's problem plays. State University of New York Press, 2004.
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Harmon, A. G. Eternal bonds, true contracts: Law and nature in Shakespeare's problem plays. State University of New York Press, 2004.
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Wayward contracts: The crisis of political obligation in England, 1640-1674. Princeton University Press, 2004.
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American literary realism and the failed promise of contract. University of California Press, 1997.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Contracts in literature"
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Poujol, Patrice. "Literature Review." In Online Film Production in China Using Blockchain and Smart Contracts. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02468-0_2.
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Höhn, Michaela Isabel. "Literature Review on Supply Chain Contracts." In Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02791-8_2.
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Prem, Christian. "Specifications: The modules and their treatment in the literature." In The Theory of Credit Contracts. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-29362-8_3.
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Feltham, Gerald A. "John E. Butterworth’s Pioneering Contributions to the Accounting and Information Economics Literature." In Economic Analysis of Information and Contracts. Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2667-7_1.
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Narváez, Ramiro-Cristian, Jhonny Carrión, Leonardo Benavides Maldonado, and María del Cisne Ruilova. "Smart Contracts for User Registration on Ethereum Technology: Systematic Literature Review." In Communication, Smart Technologies and Innovation for Society. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4126-8_62.
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Rabb, Melinda Alliker. "Contracts and Promises: Speech Acts, Sex Acts, and Don Juan." In Satire and Secrecy in English Literature from 1650 to 1750. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230609976_5.
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Dhaiouir, Samya, and Saïd Assar. "A Systematic Literature Review of Blockchain-Enabled Smart Contracts: Platforms, Languages, Consensus, Applications and Choice Criteria." In Research Challenges in Information Science. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50316-1_15.
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Fortier, Mark. "Contract and tort." In Literature and Law. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351203838-5.
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Petersitzke, Maida. "Summary of Literature Review." In Supervisor Psychological Contract Management. Gabler, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-8194-3_7.
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Gerzina, Gretchen H. "Contrasts: Teaching English in British and American Universities." In Teaching Literature. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-31110-8_2.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Contracts in literature"
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Leka, Elva, Besnik Selimi, and Luis Lamani. "Systematic Literature Review of Blockchain Applications: Smart Contracts." In 2019 International Conference on Information Technologies (InfoTech). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/infotech.2019.8860872.
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Parjuangan, Sabam, and Suhardi. "Systematic Literature Review of Blockchain based Smart Contracts Platforms." In 2020 International Conference on Information Technology Systems and Innovation (ICITSI). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icitsi50517.2020.9264908.
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Li, Lejing. "Supply Chain Contracts in the Context of Asymmetric Information: a Literature Review." In 2019 16th International Conference on Service Systems and Service Management (ICSSSM). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsssm.2019.8887726.
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Kreye, Melanie E., Linda B. Newnes, and Yee Mey Goh. "Uncertainty Analysis and Its Application to Service Contracts." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-48106.
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Because of the transformation of market structures into the direction of servitization, manufacturing companies are forced to compete through the supply of services as opposed to products. Competing for these service contracts, particularly during bidding, the decision makers face various uncertainties that influence their decisions. This paper presents a holistic approach for identifying, modeling and representing these uncertainties to enable a more informed decision. As current literature lacks a holistic approach to characterize uncertainty, this paper proposes such an approach by classifying uncertainty into five layers. It is described how they offer an integrated approach to describing the uncertainty inherent in a situation. This classification is then applied to the bidding situation for a service contract in the form of a conceptual framework. This framework depicts the influencing factors on a bidding decision, namely, the contract conditions, internal company perspective, competitors and customer. To demonstrate the use of the uncertainty classification in detail the influencing factor of the customer is used as an exemplar. The uncertainty connected to the customer is characterized and the techniques for modeling the uncertainty are described. It is explained how the can be included in a decision matrix representing the probability of winning the contract.
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Medeiros, Breno Barreto, Renata Britto, and Flaviu Barsan. "Challenges with Production Sharing Contracts in Brazil: What the International Experience and Literature Review Can Tell Us?" In Offshore Technology Conference Brasil. Offshore Technology Conference, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/29743-ms.
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"Review of Blockchain Literature – Its Application and Acceptance." In InSITE 2019: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences: Jerusalem. Informing Science Institute, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4347.
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Aim/Purpose: To understand the current state of the body of literature in blockchain technology and propose dimensions for acceptance. Background: Blockchain technology has large promise to replace centralized and even distributed database systems. Its premise focuses on issues such as transparency, immutability, and privacy of transactions. Created for bitcoin, researchers and practitioners have begun to see its potential in different areas and industries. Its acceptance is still debatable as there are a number of issues still to be resolved. Methodology: We conducted a literature review to assess the size and scope of the body of research in the are of blockchain applications and carried a conceptual analysis for blockchain acceptance. Contribution: We provide an assessment of the body of literature in the are of blockchain and cluster the number of articles according to application groupings. We show that research in blockchain cannot be considered that it even started due to its diverse, scattered and weak related studies. At the same time, blockchain is still faced with a lot of resistance yet no one is studying its acceptance. We therefore propose dimension for its acceptance, as adapted from the very rich area of ecommerce research. Findings: Body of research is at its infancy. Research is scattered and weak. Most research is related to bitcoin and cryptocurrency. There is a great need to study the application of blockchain outside its current focus on cryptocurrency. Areas of study of blockchain applications include internet of things, energy and finance – other areas are identified. Dimensions for blockchain acceptance are proposed and include: reputation, risk, usefulness, and intentions. Recommendations for Practitioners: Blockchain has great potential to be applied in areas such as medicine, aviation and disaster relief. In terms of blockchain characteristics, practitioners have a lot of room to innovate in various approaches such as the blockchain hashing algorithm, smart contracts and peer validation. These do not need to be fixed but can vary based on the business characteristics. Recommendations for Researchers: Research in the application of blockchain can be considered as not even started. The application of blockchain is an open playground which today few have stepped in to enjoy. Research opportunities include but are not limited to energy consumption of blockchain transactions, dimensions to blockchain adoption and acceptance, adaptability of blockchain to various industries, and innovation in blockchain characteristics such as new approaches to peer validation of transactions.
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S, Sayiba, and Seema K. Nayar. "Study of Risk Management in EPC Contracts in Highway Constructions: A Case Study of Kollam and Alappuzha Bypas." In International Web Conference in Civil Engineering for a Sustainable Planet. AIJR Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.112.3.
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An efficient project delivery method is the key factor for any venture. For rapidly growing constructions, an effective mode of contracting is needed. When compared with other modes of contracts, EPC (Engineering, Procurement, Construction) contracts have better risk allocation, fixed cost and fixed time. Governments also prefer contracting modes with less risks to them, and EPC is one among them. From review of literature, it has been found that EPC contracts are being extensively used in highway constructions. In Kerala, two prestigious projects, Kollam and Alappuzha bypass, have been done in the EPC mode. For the two bypass projects, risk identification, analysis, assessment and treatment strategies adopted are studied. Direct interviews and questionnaire surveys were conducted on the project personnel.
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Samman, Mahmod, and Brian Doerksen. "The Significance of Coke Resistance in Coke Drum Failures." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65060.
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Shell bulging and cracking in coke drums have been documented for decades. Most of the literature on the subject attributes these failures to severe spatial and temporal thermal gradients that develop during the quench part of the operating cycle. While transient thermal gradients can be severe and can cause excessive stresses, they alone cannot explain all types of observed shell damage in drums. In this paper, the authors present and discuss observations that suggest that when a cooling shell contracts during quenching, the interaction of the cooling shell with the in-situ coke in the drum can induce substantial hoop and axial stresses in its wall. The manner and degree to which this resistance plays a role in causing damage appears to depend on the type of coke produced and the way drums are operated.
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Douglas, Graeham R., Tho Wei Tan, Tim Bond, and A. Srikantha Phani. "Geometry Governs Mechanics of Cardiovascular Stents." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-12924.
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Cardiovascular stents are tubular lattice structures implanted into a stenosed artery to provide adequate lumen support and promote circulation. Commonly encountered complications are stent migration, NeoIntimal Hyperplasia (NIH), and damage to the arterial wall. Central to all these problems is the mechanical response of a stent to forces operating in situ including stent-artery interaction. The influence of geometry or repetitive pattern of the stent upon its mechanical response is the subject of this study. We focus on damage to the arterial wall caused by the stent which can lead to eventual in-stent restenosis. Stent-artery compliance mismatch and longitudinal strain due to Poisson effect are hypothesized as the main contributing factors to restenosis. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is employed to compare radial compliance and longitudinal strains of different stent geometries. Existing geometrical calculations in the literature [1] are applied to stents of different geometries to compute a non-dimensional NIH index. The main finding is that hybrid lattice stent designs exhibit negligible longitudinal strains (Poisson effect) as the stent expands/contracts during each Cardiac cycle. Wall stresses can be minimized though a careful tailoring of stent geometry.
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Dudė, Ugnė, and Rima Žitkienė. "Examination of factors leading expansion of outsourcing and its arrangements in service sec-tor." In Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Economics Engineering. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cibmee.2019.063.
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Purpose – the purpose of this article is to identify factors that influence the spread of outsourcing practice in service sec-tors, classified by WTO and investigate links between factors which lead service sector firms to adopt outsourcing and outsourcing relationship type. Research methodology – the authors conducted a comprehensive review of the literature in the service sector and out-sourcing practices researches to achieve a thorough understanding of the issues involved and identifying the problematic aspects and crucial factors groups affecting the outsourcing using in the service sector. The structured interview with general managers in each service sector group was held in order to explore the factors determining the outsourcing in separate service sector companies and revealed what relationship are used to maintain outsourcing arrangements. Collect-ed data were analysed using the statistical method. Findings – the range of factors that contribute to the expansion of outsourcing in the service sector is distinctive and sig-nificantly narrower than those identified in the scientific literature. The significance of factors that lead service sector firms to adopt outsourcing varies according to what kind of activities – core or non-core are outsourced. Outsourcing re-lationships are based on short- and long-term contracts preferred domestic outsourcing. Research limitations – although the main factors affecting the expansion of outsourcing in the service sector were re-vealed, the compatibility of expert opinions was weak. Therefore, more in-depth research could be carried out in each of the service sector groups and its sub-domains. Practical implications – the practical implication should explain how the results of the research could be used in practice. Originality/Value – while most studies of factors motivating outsourcing where based on manufacturing sector or sepa-rate service sector companies’ groups (hotels, hospitals, etc.), this is empirical study focusing at all service sector groups distinguished by WTO.
Reports on the topic "Contracts in literature"
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Prats, Joan, Helen Harris, and Juan Andrés Pérez. Political Determinants of Public-Private Partnerships. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003619.
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During the last three decades, Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) have emerged as a new contractual arrangement to provide infrastructure investment and services. Examining the evolution of PPPs contracts in emerging countries, this paper analyses the role played by political institutions and partisanship showing that: (i) PPPs are more used when governmental and legislative transaction costs increase; and (ii) political partisanship does not explain the use and consolidation of PPPs as a contractual arrangement. The paper also confirms the relevance of macroeconomic and institutional quality variability variables found in previous literature and sheds new light regarding the political economy of PPPs, especially on how political governance structures shape incentives for using PPPs as a contractual mechanism.
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Eckert, Elizabeth, Eleanor Turner, and Jo Anne Yeager Sallah. Youth Rural-Urban Migration in Bungoma, Kenya: Implications for the Agricultural Workforce. RTI Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2019.op.0062.1908.
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This study provides insights into a specific, hard-to-reach youth subpopulation—those born in agricultural areas in Western Kenya who migrate to large towns and cities—that is often missed by research and development activities. Using a mixed-methods approach, we find high variability in movement of youth between rural villages, towns, and large urban areas. Top reasons for youth migration align with existing literature, including pursuit of job opportunities and education. For youth from villages where crop farming is the primary economic activity for young adults, 77 percent responded that they are very interested in that work, in contrast to the common notion that youth are disinterested in agriculture. We also find many youth interested in settling permanently in their villages in the future. This research confirms that youth migration is dynamic, requiring that policymakers and development practitioners employ methods of engaging youth that recognize the diversity of profiles and mobility of this set of individuals.
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Ji, Yi, Bob McCullouch, and Zhi Zhou. Evaluation of Anti-Icing/De-Icing Products Under Controlled Environmental Conditions. Purdue University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317253.
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Snow and ice removal are important tasks during the winter season and large amounts of anti-icing and de-icing chemicals are used and there is a critical need to review and synthesize information from the literature to compare and contrast anti-icing and de-icing chemicals to understand their environmental impact and support decision making. The effectiveness, costs, and environmental impact of commonly used and alternative anti-icing and de-icing chemicals were reviewed in this study. Application of anti-icing and de-icing chemicals may increase ion concentrations in soils and change nitrogen cycle, soil pH, and trace metal concentrations, affect surface water and groundwater, and increase public health risks. Life cycle assessment was conducted to quantitively evaluate environmental impact of selected anti-icing and de-icing chemicals. A decision support tool on environmental impact was developed to evaluate environmental impact of anti-icing and de-icing chemicals in ten different environmental impact categories. The results showed the environmental life cycle assessment tool developed in this study can be used to compare multiple environment impacts to support decision making for winter operation chemicals.
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Aparicio, Gabriela, Vida Bobić, Fernando De Olloqui, et al. Liquidity or Capital?: The Impacts of Easing Credit Constraints in Rural Mexico. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003336.
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This paper evaluates the effectiveness of easing credit constraints for rural producers in Mexico through loans provided by a national public development finance institution. In contrast to most of the existing literature, the study focuses on the effect of medium-sized loans over a two- to four-year time horizon. This paper looks at the effects of such loans on production and investment decisions, input use, and yields. Using a multiple treatment methodology, it explores the differential impacts of providing liquidity for working capital versus providing credit for investments in fixed assets. It finds that loans increased the likelihood that producers grow and sell certain key annual crops, in particular among recipients of working capital loans. It also finds significant effects on production value and sales (per hectare), with similar impacts for recipients of both types of loans, with gains in yields driven by changes in labor quality and more intensive use of key inputs. There is no evidence of significant effects on the purchase of large machinery, but there are impacts on the acquisition of cattle. Overall, the results reported in this paper suggest that lack of liquidity is at least as important as lack of funding for new investment in capital for rural producers in Mexico. Producers benefit from easing their credit constraints, regardless of the type of loan used for that purpose.
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Bolton, Laura. The Economic Impact of COVID-19 in Colombia. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.073.
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Available data provide a picture for the macro-economy of Colombia, agriculture, and infrastructure. Recent data on trends on public procurement were difficult to find within the scope of this rapid review. In 2020, macro-level employment figures show a large drop between February and April when COVID-19 lockdown measures were first introduced, followed by a gradual upward trend. In December 2020, the employment rate was 4.09 percentage points lower than the employment rate in December 2019. Macro-level figures from the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE) show that a higher percentage of men experienced job losses than women in November 2020. However, the evidence presented by the Universidad Nacional de Colombia based on the DANE great integrated house survey shows that a higher proportion of all jobs lost were lost by women in the second quarter. It may be that the imbalance shifted over time, but it is not possible to directly compare the data. Evidence suggests that women were disproportionately more burdened by home activities due to the closure of schools and childcare. There is also a suggestion that women who have lost out where jobs able to function during lockdowns with technology are more likely to be held by men. Literature also shows that women have lower levels of technology literacy. There is a lack of reliable data for understanding the economic impacts of COVID-19 for people living with disabilities. A report on the COVID-19 response and disability for the Latin America region recommends improving collaboration between policymakers and non-governmental organisations. Younger people experienced greater job losses. Data for November 2020 show 3.3 percent of the population aged under 25 lost their job compared to 1.8 percent of those employed between 24 and 54. Agriculture, livestock, and fishing increased by 2.8% in 2020 compared to 2019. And the sector as a whole grew 3.4% between the third and fourth quarters of 2020. In terms of sector differences, construction was harder hit by the initial mobility restrictions than agriculture. Construction contracted by 30.5% in the second quarter of 2020. It is making a relatively healthy recovery with reports that 84% of projects being reactivated following return to work. The President of the Colombian Chamber of Construction predicting an 8.4% growth in the construction of housing and other buildings in 2021.
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McKenna, Patrick, and Mark Evans. Emergency Relief and complex service delivery: Towards better outcomes. Queensland University of Technology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.211133.
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Emergency Relief (ER) is a Department of Social Services (DSS) funded program, delivered by 197 community organisations (ER Providers) across Australia, to assist people facing a financial crisis with financial/material aid and referrals to other support programs. ER has been playing this important role in Australian communities since 1979. Without ER, more people living in Australia who experience a financial crisis might face further harm such as crippling debt or homelessness. The Emergency Relief National Coordination Group (NCG) was established in April 2020 at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic to advise the Minister for Families and Social Services on the implementation of ER. To inform its advice to the Minister, the NCG partnered with the Institute for Governance at the University of Canberra to conduct research to understand the issues and challenges faced by ER Providers and Service Users in local contexts across Australia. The research involved a desktop review of the existing literature on ER service provision, a large survey which all Commonwealth ER Providers were invited to participate in (and 122 responses were received), interviews with a purposive sample of 18 ER Providers, and the development of a program logic and theory of change for the Commonwealth ER program to assess progress. The surveys and interviews focussed on ER Provider perceptions of the strengths, weaknesses, future challenges, and areas of improvement for current ER provision. The trend of increasing case complexity, the effectiveness of ER service delivery models in achieving outcomes for Service Users, and the significance of volunteering in the sector were investigated. Separately, an evaluation of the performance of the NCG was conducted and a summary of the evaluation is provided as an appendix to this report. Several themes emerged from the review of the existing literature such as service delivery shortcomings in dealing with case complexity, the effectiveness of case management, and repeat requests for service. Interviews with ER workers and Service Users found that an uplift in workforce capability was required to deal with increasing case complexity, leading to recommendations for more training and service standards. Several service evaluations found that ER delivered with case management led to high Service User satisfaction, played an integral role in transforming the lives of people with complex needs, and lowered repeat requests for service. A large longitudinal quantitative study revealed that more time spent with participants substantially decreased the number of repeat requests for service; and, given that repeat requests for service can be an indicator of entrenched poverty, not accessing further services is likely to suggest improvement. The interviews identified the main strengths of ER to be the rapid response and flexible use of funds to stabilise crisis situations and connect people to other supports through strong local networks. Service Users trusted the system because of these strengths, and ER was often an access point to holistic support. There were three main weaknesses identified. First, funding contracts were too short and did not cover the full costs of the program—in particular, case management for complex cases. Second, many Service Users were dependent on ER which was inconsistent with the definition and intent of the program. Third, there was inconsistency in the level of service received by Service Users in different geographic locations. These weaknesses can be improved upon with a joined-up approach featuring co-design and collaborative governance, leading to the successful commissioning of social services. The survey confirmed that volunteers were significant for ER, making up 92% of all workers and 51% of all hours worked in respondent ER programs. Of the 122 respondents, volunteers amounted to 554 full-time equivalents, a contribution valued at $39.4 million. In total there were 8,316 volunteers working in the 122 respondent ER programs. The sector can support and upskill these volunteers (and employees in addition) by developing scalable training solutions such as online training modules, updating ER service standards, and engaging in collaborative learning arrangements where large and small ER Providers share resources. More engagement with peak bodies such as Volunteering Australia might also assist the sector to improve the focus on volunteer engagement. Integrated services achieve better outcomes for complex ER cases—97% of survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed this was the case. The research identified the dimensions of service integration most relevant to ER Providers to be case management, referrals, the breadth of services offered internally, co-location with interrelated service providers, an established network of support, workforce capability, and Service User engagement. Providers can individually focus on increasing the level of service integration for their ER program to improve their ability to deal with complex cases, which are clearly on the rise. At the system level, a more joined-up approach can also improve service integration across Australia. The key dimensions of this finding are discussed next in more detail. Case management is key for achieving Service User outcomes for complex cases—89% of survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed this was the case. Interviewees most frequently said they would provide more case management if they could change their service model. Case management allows for more time spent with the Service User, follow up with referral partners, and a higher level of expertise in service delivery to support complex cases. Of course, it is a costly model and not currently funded for all Service Users through ER. Where case management is not available as part of ER, it might be available through a related service that is part of a network of support. Where possible, ER Providers should facilitate access to case management for Service Users who would benefit. At a system level, ER models with a greater component of case management could be implemented as test cases. Referral systems are also key for achieving Service User outcomes, which is reflected in the ER Program Logic presented on page 31. The survey and interview data show that referrals within an integrated service (internal) or in a service hub (co-located) are most effective. Where this is not possible, warm referrals within a trusted network of support are more effective than cold referrals leading to higher take-up and beneficial Service User outcomes. However, cold referrals are most common, pointing to a weakness in ER referral systems. This is because ER Providers do not operate or co-locate with interrelated services in many cases, nor do they have the case management capacity to provide warm referrals in many other cases. For mental illness support, which interviewees identified as one of the most difficult issues to deal with, ER Providers offer an integrated service only 23% of the time, warm referrals 34% of the time, and cold referrals 43% of the time. A focus on referral systems at the individual ER Provider level, and system level through a joined-up approach, might lead to better outcomes for Service Users. The program logic and theory of change for ER have been documented with input from the research findings and included in Section 4.3 on page 31. These show that ER helps people facing a financial crisis to meet their immediate needs, avoid further harm, and access a path to recovery. The research demonstrates that ER is fundamental to supporting vulnerable people in Australia and should therefore continue to be funded by government.