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Journal articles on the topic 'Contractual constraints'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Mahmood, Moazam. "Profitability, Productivity and Contractual Choice in Agriculture." Pakistan Development Review 31, no. 4II (1992): 911–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v31i4iipp.911-927.

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This paper examines cross-sectional trends in profitability, and explains them through contractual choice. Producers attempt to increase profits constrained by their production environments of imperfect markets and imperfect information. Contractual choice then offers an important variable which producers manipulate to increase profitability.-These two critical conditions are seen to determine the observed trends in the relationship between farm size and productivity. The study examines two contrasting production environments, two villages in the Punjab. The production enVironments of the cana

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Kós, J. Stephen. "Constraints on the Exercise of Contractual Powers." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 42, no. 1 (2011): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v42i1.5405.

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This article considers a topic largely ignored by the standard contract texts: contractual powers vested, usually without express restraints, in one of the contracting parties. It gathers the leading Commonwealth decisions on the subject and considers the nature and limits of the commonly-implied "default rule" that such powers may not be exercised arbitrarily, unreasonably or for an improper purpose. The author concludes that in the case of substantive principles such as error of law, improper purpose and irrationality, there is no fundamental difference between the interests protected by con

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Romana, Gurjinder Singh, Gurmeet Singh Dhillon, and Navneet Kaur Dhaliwal. "Contractual Pisciculture in South West Punjab: Prospects and Constraints." Indian Journal of Economics and Development 13, no. 4 (2017): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2322-0430.2017.00237.2.

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Mookherjee, Dilip, and Debraj Ray. "Contractual Structure and Wealth Accumulation." American Economic Review 92, no. 4 (2002): 818–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/00028280260344489.

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Can historical wealth distributions affect long-run output and inequality despite “rational” saving, convex technology and no externalities? We consider a model of equilibrium short-period financial contracts, where poor agents face credit constraints owing to moral hazard and limited liability. If agents have no bargaining power, poor agents have no incentive to save: poverty traps emerge and agents are polarized into two classes, with no interclass mobility. If instead agents have all the bargaining power, strong saving incentives are generated: the wealth of poor and rich agents alike drift

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WAN ISMAIL, WAN NORIZAN, and HAMIMAH ADNAN. "The Influence of Project Characteristics on Contractual Behaviour of Key Participants in Civil Engineering Projects." Built Environment Journal 17, no. 2 (2020): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/bej.v17i2.9030.

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This paper described the importance of paying attention on the aspects of project characteristics in understanding the contractual behavior of key participants in civil engineering projects. The purpose of this paper was to identify the project characteristics variables contributing to the unfavorable contractual behavior of key participants in civil engineering projects. An extensive literature review was carried out using content analysis and unveiled nine (9) civil engineering project characteristics that may contribute to the contractual behavior of key participants. They were project type

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Bebchuk, Lucian Arye. "Limiting Contractual Freedom in Corporate Law: The Desirable Constraints on Charter Amendments." Harvard Law Review 102, no. 8 (1989): 1820. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1341358.

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Lehnert, Andreas, Ethan Ligon, and Robert M. Townsend. "LIQUIDITY CONSTRAINTS AND INCENTIVE CONTRACTS." Macroeconomic Dynamics 3, no. 1 (1999): 1–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100599010019.

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Are firms and households constrained in the use of a productive input? Theoretical approaches to this question range from exogenously imposed credit allocation rules to endogenous market failures stemming from some sort of limited-commitment or moral-hazard problem. However, when testing for constraints, researchers often simply ask firms or households if they would wish to borrow more at the current interest rate and/or test for suboptimal use of inputs in production functions relative to a full-information, full-commitment benchmark. We demonstrate that if credit is part of a much larger inf

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Watson, Dennys. "Setting up academic spin-out companies." Industry and Higher Education 2, no. 1 (1988): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095042228800200105.

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Following some relaxation in recent years of contractual and legal constraints on academic entrepreneurship, there has been an increasing interest in venture capital as a source of financial backing. This paper analyses availability, methodology and management of venture capital investment in this field, looks at how investment projects are chosen, and suggests possible future developments.

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Zimberg, Bernardo, Carlos E. Testuri, and Germán Ferrari. "Stochastic modeling of fuel procurement for electricity generation with contractual terms and logistics constraints." Computers & Chemical Engineering 123 (April 2019): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2018.12.021.

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Fisher, Kenneth W. "The Impact of Contracts on Ship Design Preparation." Journal of Ship Production and Design 28, no. 02 (2012): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jspd.2012.28.2.87.

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The implementation of vessel designs is usually achieved through contracts for ship construction or conversion. Accordingly, the design process and the design organization's product have to anticipate and take into account the constraints and requirements of the contracts that control the use of the design, as well as the contract that initiates the design process. This paper addresses the most common contractual factors that have to be considered during preparation of ship designs.

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Robie, David. "Editorial: Reinventing muckraking." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 17, no. 1 (2011): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v17i1.367.

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Journalists need to be highly committed and determined when pursuing an issue in an investigative way because they inevitably will be confronted with considerable pressures. These pressures include resistance from publishers and editors due to time and resource constraints, threats from those under scrutiny and legal and contractual complications after publication or broadcast. Investigative journalists, particularly in New Zealand and the Pacific, where investigative journalism is in decline, risk being isolated when attempting vigorous Fourth Estate-styled reportage.

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Zhou, Wenliang, Xia Yang, Lianbo Deng, and Jin Qin. "Crew Scheduling Considering both Crew Duty Time Difference and Cost on Urban Rail System." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 28, no. 5 (2016): 449–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v28i5.1842.

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Urban rail crew scheduling problem is to allocate train services to crews based on a given train timetable while satisfying all the operational and contractual requirements. In this paper, we present a new mathematical programming model with the aim of minimizing both the related costs of crew duty and the variance of duty time spreads. In addition to iincorporating the commonly encountered crew scheduling constraints, it also takes into consideration the constraint of arranging crews having a meal in the specific meal period of one day rather than after a minimum continual service time. The p

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NIU, Zihan, and Gijs VAN DIJCK. "The Impact of Culture on Chinese Judges’ Decision-Making in Contractual Damages Cases." Asian Journal of Law and Society 6, no. 2 (2017): 359–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/als.2017.12.

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AbstractThis research examines the impact of Chinese cultural values on the application of law on contractual damages. Following an experimental design, 43 in-depth interviews were conducted with Chinese judges in 13 cities and provinces across China. The data reveal two patterns. First, the judges took the cultural values into account when determining the amount of damages. Second, the consideration of cultural value factors reduced the judges’ consideration of legal factors. The local cultural values did not change the Chinese judges’ understanding of law. Instead, the judges compromised the

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DENG, SHI-JIE, and ZHENDONG XIA. "A REAL OPTIONS APPROACH FOR PRICING ELECTRICITY TOLLING AGREEMENTS." International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making 05, no. 03 (2006): 421–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219622006002039.

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An electricity tolling agreement (or, tolling contact) is a supply contract in which the buyer reserves the right to take the output of an underlying electricity generation asset by paying a predetermined premium to the asset owner. We propose a real options approach to value a tolling contract incorporating operational characteristics of the generation asset and contractual constraints. Dynamic programming and value function approximation by Monte Carlo based least-squares regression are employed to solve the valuation problem. The effects of different electricity price assumptions on the val

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Ouma, Emily, Justus Ochieng, Michel Dione, and Danilo Pezo. "Governance structures in smallholder pig value chains in Uganda: constraints and opportunities for upgrading." International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 20, no. 3 (2017): 307–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22434/ifamr2014.0176.

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This paper analyses governance structures in Uganda’s smallholder pig value chains by applying the New Institutional Economics framework. It utilises cross sectional and qualitative survey data from randomly selected pig value chain actors in 4 districts. A multinomial logit model is applied to assess the determinants of vertical integration among pig traders. The findings indicate that most relationships at the pig production node of the value chain are based on spot market governance structures supported by personal relationships and trust. Live pig traders are mostly vertically integrated.

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Hester, Patrick, Larry Thomas, and Sankaran Mahadevan. "Reliability-Based Shipboard Facility Optimization." Journal of Ship Production 21, no. 04 (2005): 235–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsp.2005.21.4.235.

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This paper develops a methodology for reliability-based facility optimization (RBFO), that is, finding an optimum and reliable solution for a facility layout problem given a set of operational and resource constraints. The RBFO problem examined in this paper involves the TAKE class of ships being designed for the US Navy. The primary goal of the TAKE ships is to provide efficient underway replenishment (UNREP, or delivery of cargo to a deployed ship) of goods and ammunition to ships in the Navy's fleet. As a supply ship delivering goods to deployed ships, the TAKE must complete its mission in

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Gul, Ferdinand A., Stephen G. Lynn, and Judy S. L. Tsui. "Audit Quality, Management Ownership, and the Informativeness of Accounting Earnings." Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance 17, no. 1 (2002): 25–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0148558x0201700102.

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This study has two primary objectives. First, it examines whether audit quality moderates the association between informativeness of accounting earnings and management ownership. Second, it also examines whether audit quality moderates the negative association between management ownership and discretionary accruals. Using Australian data, it is shown that the positive relationship between returns-earnings association and management ownership is signijicantly weaker for firms with Big 6 auditors. Similarly, the negative association between management ownership and discretionary accruals is weak

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Akampurira, Emmanuel, David Root, and Winston Shakantu. "Stakeholder perceptions in the factors constraining the development and implementation of public private partnerships in the Ugandan electricity sector." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 20, no. 2 (2009): 2–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2010/v20i2a3300.

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Amidst increasingly constrained public budgets and inadequate service delivery, private sector participation through public private partnerships is increasingly being used as a means for delivering physical infrastructure. The government of Uganda, which is currently grappling with a crippling electricity power deficit, has over the years, pursued a number of strategies to encourage private sector participation in the electricity sector, but with limited success. This paper presents the findings of research into the relative importance as perceived by sector stakeholders, of factors that hamst

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Waddington, Ivan, Andrea Scott-Bell, and Dominic Malcolm. "The social management of medical ethics in sport: confidentiality in English professional football." International Review for the Sociology of Sport 54, no. 6 (2017): 649–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690217733678.

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This paper examines one of the major ethical challenges in the practice of sports medicine, confidentiality. Drawing on interview and questionnaire data with doctors and physiotherapists working in English professional football clubs, it explores the degree to which ethical compliance has improved since the publication of, and publicity surrounding, an earlier study of medical practice in professional football conducted by Waddington and Roderick. Thus, it provides an updated empirical examination of the management of medical ethics in sport. The data illustrate how the physical and social env

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Szczepaniak-Sienniak, Joanna, and Marek Kośny. "Kierunki zmian w instytucjonalnej opiece nad dziećmi do lat 3 w świetle oczekiwań rodzin – studium przypadku." Studia Demograficzne, no. 1(171) (June 2, 2017): 71–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/sd.2017.1.4.

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New solutions in the field of childcare under the age of 3 were introduced in Poland in 2011. This article, based on a survey conducted among Wroclaw families, provides arguments for the thesis that actual implementation of these new solutions is by far insufficient. An analysis of the instruments showed that nurseries are the most popular and recognizable ones – in contrast to other quite unpopular services, such as children’s clubs, daily caregivers and nannies employed on a contractual basis. The results of the research presented in this article, indicate the existence of constraints on bot

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Conway, M. Edye, Cassidi Dailey Kalejta, Darci L. Sternen, and Ila R. Singh. "The Importance of Genetics Experts in Optimizing Genetic Test Orders Through Prospective and Retrospective Reviews." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 153, no. 4 (2019): 537–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqz188.

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Abstract Objectives To demonstrate the impact of genetics specialists on identifying test order errors and improving reimbursement for genetic testing. Methods Forty-four cases in which whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed but not reimbursed were reviewed by a genetic counselor through simulated prospective and retrospective reviews. Results Fifty-two percent of WES requests were ordered by nongenetics providers. Retrospective review revealed that 50% of cases were denied because of contractual constraints on billing. If review by a genetic counselor had occurred in real time, modificati

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Iñigo, Melissa Mae, Leslie Podlog, and Morgan S. Hall. "Why Do Athletes Remain Committed to Sport After Severe Injury? An Examination of the Sport Commitment Model." Sport Psychologist 29, no. 2 (2015): 143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2014-0086.

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The purpose of this study was to examine athletes’ sources of commitment to return to sport following a severe injury using the Sport Commitment Model (Scanlan, Carpenter, Schmidt, Simons, & Keeler, 1993). To address this aim, ten varsity athletes from the University of the Philippines Diliman were interviewed following protocols outlined in the Scanlan Collaborative Interview Method (SCIM; Scanlan, Russell, Wilson, & Scanlan, 2003a). Results indicate that sport enjoyment, valuable opportunities, personal investments, social constraints, and social support were salient sources of commi

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Xie, Jiaping, Jing Li, Ling Liang, Xu Fang, Guang Yang, and Lihong Wei. "Contracting Emissions Reduction Supply Chain Based on Market Low-Carbon Preference and Carbon Intensity Constraint." Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research 37, no. 02 (2020): 2050003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217595920500037.

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Carbon emissions reduction has become a frequently discussed topic in industry and academia. However, how can reduction effects be enhanced with dominant brand and downstream manufacturer? This paper incorporates emissions reduction into a green supply chain which considers consumers’ low-carbon preference behavior and government intensity regulations, in order to discuss the impacts of consumers’ environmental awareness and government constraints on optimal emissions reduction and profit, respectively. The paper first constructs three reduction models on the basis of reality: independent redu

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GRZYL, Beata, Emilia MISZEWSKA-URBAŃSKA,, and Agata SIEMASZKO. "SAFETY OF INVESTMENT PROCESS PARTIES IN THE ASPECT OF CONSTRUCTION WORK CONTRACT." Journal of Science of the Gen. Tadeusz Kosciuszko Military Academy of Land Forces 186, no. 4 (2017): 208–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.7229.

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The essential characteristics of a construction investment project include, but are not limited to: individual, comprehensive, specialized, complex and multi-step nature of activities, significant time constraints, demand for different qualifications and resources (material, financial). The above characteristics are a potential source of risk, which makes it necessary to accurately describe the mutual relations of entities involved in the project - primarily in the scope of the content of a construction work contract. Its task is to settle the commitments of the parties, their rights and oblig

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Di Peri, Rosita. "Speaking Secular, Acting Sectarian. Lebanese Women’s Rights beyond the Constitution." Oriente Moderno 98, no. 2 (2018): 247–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22138617-12340195.

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Abstract The aim of this paper is to show that, despite the constitutional provisions that sanction the equality of all Lebanese, women’s rights in Lebanon are subject to different (social, religious and political) constraints. In a system characterised by a complex and often perverse interweaving of state norms, religious tribunal norms, society structure and politics, women’s rights have received little to no attention or protection. This is the result, we argue, of the institutionalisation of the communities in the 1900s that has created, over the years, a system of power that has increasin

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Toledo, Tomer, Omar Mansour, and Jack Haddad. "Optimal Dynamic Tolls for Managed Lanes." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2606, no. 1 (2017): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2606-04.

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This paper presents a real-time simulation-based control framework to determine dynamic toll rates to optimize an operator's objective subject to various operational and contractual constraints, such as smooth toll rate changes and maintenance of prescribed levels of service on the toll lane. The toll-setting system incorporates models to predict both the vehicle arrival process upstream of the toll lane facility and drivers’ choice whether to use the toll lanes as a function of the toll rate and travel times presented to drivers within the information system. A macroscopic traffic simulation

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Brown, Lynton, Terri Seddon, Lawrence Angus, and Peter Rushbrook. "Professional Practice in Education in an Era of Contractualism: Possibilities, Problems and Paradoxes." Australian Journal of Education 40, no. 3 (1996): 311–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000494419604000308.

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Recent policy changes have encouraged the development of a contractualist environment in Australian education, where social relations are organised around the promise of each party to fulfil particular obligations. Contractualism is evident not only in moves to expand contract employment and to organise service delivery around a contractual relationship between service providers and service consumer agencies, but also in government efforts to privatise public services so that individual consumers make choices about the kinds of services they will receive. The focus of this paper is particularl

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Ziff, Elizabeth. "“Honey, I Want to Be a Surrogate”: How Military Spouses Negotiate and Navigate Surrogacy With Their Service Member Husbands." Journal of Family Issues 40, no. 18 (2019): 2774–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x19862843.

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This article examines how military spouses negotiate the decision to become a surrogate with their service member husband and how the two navigate surrogacy together. It is speculated that military spouses are ideal candidates for surrogacy due to their particular status as a military spouse; however, military spouses face structural constraints in their everyday lives which in turn would prove challenging to their desire to become a surrogate. Based on in-depth interviews with 33 military spouses who had been surrogates, this article examines how military spouses discuss, negotiate, and exper

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Tajani, Francesco, Pierluigi Morano, Francesca Salvo, and Manuela De Ruggiero. "An evaluation model for an effective risk assessment in the rent to buy property market." Property Management 38, no. 1 (2019): 124–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pm-09-2019-0052.

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Purpose In this research a model for the rationalization of the assessment in a rent to buy contract has been proposed, in order to contextualize the economic amounts involved in the negotiation according to the specific market risk of the area where the property is located. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach The model borrows the logical principles of operational research, in order to take into account the convenience constraints of the parties involved (seller and buyer) and to determine the minimum amount of the additional annual rent to be charged as down pay

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Miller, Sandra K. "The Role of the Court in Balancing Contractual Freedom with the Need for Mandatory Constraints on Opportunistic and Abusive Conduct in the LLC." University of Pennsylvania Law Review 152, no. 5 (2004): 1609. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3313050.

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Moselhi, Osama. "Schedule compression using the direct stiffness method." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 20, no. 1 (1993): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l93-007.

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This paper presents a new method for critical path (CPM) scheduling that optimizes project duration in order to minimize the project total cost. In addition, the method could be used to produce constrained schedules that accommodate contractual completion dates of projects and their milestones. The proposed method is based on the well-known "direct stiffness method" for structural analysis. The method establishes a complete analogy between the structural analysis problem with imposed support settlement and that of project scheduling with imposed target completion date. The project CPM network

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Ma, Xin. "Stability Analysis of Supply Chain Cooperation Contract under Asymmetric Information." Applied Mechanics and Materials 44-47 (December 2010): 794–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.44-47.794.

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The stability of cooperation contract is the result of abandon opportunistic behavior in the process of repeated games among the enterprise and the other subjects in the supply chain from long-term interests, and is also the foundation of healthy development for the whole supply chain. But in real life cooperation contract instability everywhere for a variety of reasons, such as ethical considerations, institutional factors, cultural factors and special reasons during the transition period and so on. From the perspective of information economics and game theory, the main game process of cooper

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SHAHRARA, Neda, Tahir ÇELIK, and Amir H. GANDOMI. "Risk analysis of BOT contracts using soft computing." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 23, no. 2 (2016): 232–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2015.1068844.

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Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) contracts have been widely implemented in developing countries facing budget constraints. Analysing the expected variability in project viability requires extensive risk analysis. An objective analysis of various risk variables and their influence on a BOT project evaluation requires study and integration of many scenarios into the concession terms, which is complicated and time-consuming. If the process of negotiating the financial parameters and uncertainties of a BOT project could be automated, this would be a milestone in objective decision-making from variou

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Broderick, James L., and Matthew L. Giles. "Strategies for addressing investor liquidity concerns and funding capital needs in real estate funds." Journal of Investment Compliance 21, no. 4 (2020): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/joic-10-2020-0034.

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Purpose To discuss issues that real estate fund sponsors may encounter due to investor liquidity constraints amidst the COVID-19 pandemic (such as investors seeking redemptions or transfers) and to provide guidance on potential ways that fund sponsors can prepare for, and respond to, such inquiries while at the same time addressing their fund’s liquidity needs (such as by utilizing subscription-secured credit facilities). Design/methodology/approach The article identifies the types of requests that investors may make to address their internal liquidity constraints, discusses contractual, legal

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Mahmood, Moazam. "Growrth and Distribution of Agrarian Assets in the Punjab." Pakistan Development Review 34, no. 3 (1995): 181–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v34i3pp.181-223.

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This is a micro study of the growth and distribution of the non-land agrarian assets in the Punjab between 1970 and 1984. This period of farm accumulation is interesting especially since it allows us to trace the agricultllral productivity impact of the Green Revolution (introduced in the late 1960's) on the distribution of wealth. The Green Revolution was based on a wide spread adoption of inputs, HYV seed, and fertiliser, albeit with some evidence of time lags and differentials across farm size, and it generated a high rate of acquisition of agrarian assets, especially tubewells and mechanis

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Nesticò, Antonio, and Marianna La Marca. "Urban Real Estate Values and Ecosystem Disservices: An Estimate Model Based on Regression Analysis." Sustainability 12, no. 16 (2020): 6304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12166304.

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It is well known that production activities are often the cause of ecosystem disservices. Such disservices can have serious effects on urban real estate values. But how much is the contraction that the market values of housing suffer due to the polluting emissions produced by a medium-sized foundry? And how large is the urban area within which buildings are depreciated? With this research we intend to give an answer. To this aim, with specific regard to urban apartments free from contractual constraints, the use of multiple regression analysis makes it possible to obtain a function that explai

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Vicente, Joana Andrade. "State-owned enterprises’ corporate governance: Evidence from a Portuguese company." Corporate Ownership and Control 18, no. 1 (2020): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv18i1art10.

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This paper analyses state-owned enterprises’ (SOEs) corporate governance, addressing whether there are differences between these and private enterprises that make it necessary to formulate a specific corporate governance theory for the former. This will be achieved through a case study based on Carris company, mitigating the lack of empirical knowledge in this field and taking a step forward by clearly proving what it is suggested by the literature: SOEs’ governance particularities actually influence their day-to-day business and financial viability. That helps to highlight the urgency to appl

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DS Susilowati, Kartika, Asminah Rachmi, and Nur Indah Riwajanti. "Analysis of Contract Farming Partnership for Sustainable Supply of Tobacco (a Case Study on the Integrated Production System Program of PT. HM Sampoerna Tbk. - Indonesia)." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.15 (2018): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.15.22993.

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This study explored the implementation of the integrated production system program established by PT. HM Sampoerna Tbk Indonesia, a leading Indonesian tobacco company, and examined its potential and constraints. The program was intended to develop cooperation between the company and its tobacco suppliers to get a sustainable supply of tobacco from farmers with quantity, quality and price set according to the company’s standards. This study employed an interpretive research design, following a post-positivist paradigm. The data were collected by means of in-depth interviews, observation and doc

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Mohamed, Muhammad Izzat, and Muhammad Hakimi Mohd Shafiai. "Islamic Agricultural Economic Financing Based On Zakat, Infaq, Alms And Waqf In Empowering The Farming Community." IQTISHADUNA: Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Kita 10, no. 1 (2021): 144–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.46367/iqtishaduna.v10i1.334.

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In the development of the agricultural sector, farmers are the key to its success. However, to a certain extent, specific interventions need to be done considering the problems faced by most farmers, such as financial constraints, lack of assistance, facilities, agricultural tools, and lack of land, which are obstacles to developing farmers enterprises. Therefore, this study attempts to analyze the potential of Islamic social finance tools in farmers development, particularly in facilitating financial problems of farmers in line with the government efforts in strengthening the agricultural sec

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Resa, Teresia Dweyana, Achmad jaka Santos Adiwijaya, and Ujang Bahar. "ASAS ITIKAD BAIK DALAM KONTRAK KERJASAMA KEGIATAN PERTAMBANGAN DI INDONESIA." JURNAL ILMIAH LIVING LAW 12, no. 2 (2020): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.30997/jill.v12i2.2625.

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Every human being has a variety of interests both individuals and the interests of the group, of course, to fulfill these interests is required of other human relationships or deeds. One manifestation of human relations is carried out through a conshelf or agreement, in particular cooperation agreements. This research aims to determine the application of the principles of goodwill in the contract of cooperation in mining activities in Indonesia, how the termination of unilateral agreements and how the agreement related to the cooperation with the law Mining in Indonesia.This research uses empi

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Dai, Chifeng. "Wealth constraint and contractual arrangements." Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique 42, no. 1 (2009): 226–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5982.2008.01506.x.

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Chandler, Adrian, and James Devenney. "Breach of contract and the expectation deficit: inconvenience and disappointment." Legal Studies 27, no. 1 (2007): 126–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.2006.00041.x.

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One of the most controversial aspects of the assessment of damages for breach of contract is the extent to which there can be recovery for ‘intangible’ losses such as disappointment and inconvenience. In Watts v Morrow, Bingham LJ assumed that public policy generally proscribed contractual liability for such losses, unless the object of the contract was to provide pleasure and/or peace of mind, or the breach caused foreseeable physical inconvenience to the victim. Unfortunately, Watts, and its associated case-law, offered scant guidance on the underlying rationale for either the general rule o

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Geretto, Enrico, Maurizio Polato, and Laurence Jones. "Single Supervisory Mechanism and corporate finance: A DSCR based approach for AQR prudential provisioning." Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets and Institutions 11, no. 2 (2021): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/rgcv11i2p4.

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Asset quality review (AQR) conducted by the European Central Bank (ECB) introduced 2014 indicators and logic typically used in the context of corporate finance. The new approach tries to overcome the backward-looking approach in favour of a completely forward-looking perspective based on the assessment of cash flows. From the AQR point of view, EBITDA and DSCR have taken particular importance also in the prudential provisioning process. As is known, the AQR manual, for calculating the prudential provisioning, provides that banks, in a going-concern perspective, estimate the recoverable amount

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Shahsavand, Parvaneh, Akbar Marefat, and Majid Parchamijalal. "Causes of delays in construction industry and comparative delay analysis techniques with SCL protocol." Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 25, no. 4 (2018): 497–533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ecam-10-2016-0220.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to reveal the main causes of delays in the projects are from the client (relative importance index (RII)=0.716), labor and equipment (RII=0.701) and contractor (RII=0.698). Hence determining the contractual responsibility of delay is the most likely source of dispute in construction projects and many techniques have been used in the courts to demonstrate the criticalities of a delay event on the project schedule. Therefore, authors try to investigate all process-based techniques of delay claims and evaluated and conformed them with principles by Society of

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Amorim, Marco, António Lobo, and António Couto. "TOLLING MOTORWAYS IN THE TIME OF ECONOMIC DOWNTURN: THE CASE OF PORTUGAL." Transport 34, no. 3 (2019): 146–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transport.2019.8581.

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The recent European debt crisis has led many governments to impose strict measures to alleviate public expenditure and increase revenue, especially in the southern countries. Many public services and infrastructures became more costly for users due to the increase of existing fees or the implementation of new ones. In Portugal, one of the measures adopted by the government consisted in the removal of shadow tolls and the application of the user-pays principle to the entire network of rural motorways. To rapidly implement, this measure, in the context of financial constraints, the Electronic To

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Hamrouni, Amal, Ali Uyar, and Rim Boussaada. "Are corporate social responsibility disclosures relevant for lenders? Empirical evidence from France." Management Decision 58, no. 2 (2019): 267–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-06-2019-0757.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to test whether or not CSR disclosure (i.e. aggregate as well as its three sub-indicators) reduces the cost of debt for French corporations listed in the SBF 120 index between 2010 and 2015. Design/methodology/approach CSR disclosure ratings of firms were collected from the Bloomberg database under three dimensions such as environmental, social and governance (ESG). Then, a pooled regression analysis was run. Findings The results indicate that overall CSR disclosure score as a combination of ESG disclosure scores has a negative effect on the cost of debt (i

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Akhtar, Sajjad, and Maqsood Sadiq. "Occupational Status and Earnings Inequality: Evidence from PIHS 2001-02 and PSLM 2004-05." Pakistan Development Review 47, no. 2 (2008): 197–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v47i2pp.197-213.

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Wage/earnings inequalities are one source of overall inequality in a country. The former inequalities in turn are closely linked with differential occupational status either defined in a contractual or productive/skill sense. Using the Pakistan Standard Classification of Occupations [PSCO (1994)], this paper estimates Gini coefficients for three types (all types, employee, selfemployed) of individuals/earners by occupational status from the Pakistan Integrated Household Survey (PIHS) 2001-02 and Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey (PSLM) 2004-05. Long-term trends in earning

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Ashraf, Badar Nadeem, and Changjun Zheng. "Shareholder protection, creditor rights and bank dividend policies." China Finance Review International 5, no. 2 (2015): 161–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cfri-08-2014-0057.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of legal protection of bank minority shareholders (noncontrolling shareholders) and bank creditors (e.g. depositors or debt-holders) on bank dividend payout policies using a panel data set of 5,918 banks from 52 countries over the period 1998-2007, after controlling for country-level deposit insurance coverage and bank- and country-level regulatory pressures. Design/methodology/approach – Tobit panel regression models are used to examine the impact of legal protection of shareholders and creditors on bank dividend payout amounts. And

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Kuzina, Viktoriia. "Quality is a key indicator of efficiency of brewery barley production." Ekonomika APK 314, no. 12 (2020): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.32317/2221-1055.202012103.

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The purpose of the article is to generalize the theoretical foundations of the formation of brewing quality in grain and practical experience of barley farms and formulate recommendations on ways to improve the quality of grain products as a key indicator of efficiency of production of malting barley. Research methods. The following methods were used in the research: monographic, scientific generalization (in clarifying the essence of the concept of "quality"), dialectical (in determining the role of quality), expert evaluation (to determine the requirements of statistically unaccounted for ba

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Durdyyeva, A. A. "PROBLEMS OF DIPLOMACY IN THE PROCESS OF EURASIAN INTEGRATION." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 3(36) (June 28, 2014): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-3-36-37-42.

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Nowadays regionalization and integration are key trends in international relations. The creation of alliances and international organizations and the establishment of contractual relations in various spheres have acquired global dimensions. Among such prominent integration groupings as the EU, ASEAN, APEC, NAfTa, MERCOSUR, the African Union and others, one of the most ambitious is the project of the Eurasian Union, which is aimed at the economic, cultural and political integration of states in the CIS area. The evolution of the EAU from idea to the main stages of implementation took quite a lo

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