Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Contrainte électrique'
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Hannachi, Fasia. "Modélisation d'un contact électrique soumis à une contrainte mécanique." Nancy 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NAN10444.
Full textLe, Roy Séverine. "Modélisation numérique des phénomènes de transport électrique dans un isolant polyéthylène sous contrainte électrique." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00347923.
Full textStankeviciute, Loreta. "L'impact de la contrainte carbone sur le secteur électrique européen." Phd thesis, Grenoble, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00466498.
Full textFatmaoui, Hassan. "Comparaison entre les réponses électriques obtenues au cours de dépassivations mécanique et électrique d'aciers inoxydables en milieu chloruré." Bordeaux 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986BOR10552.
Full textCabon, Béatrice. "Etude du vieillissement de transistors MOS submicroniques soumis à une contrainte électrique." Grenoble INPG, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986INPG0123.
Full textOhanessian, Hagop. "Conversion mécano électrique par contrainte uniaxiale dans les générateurs piézoélectriques : optimisation des paramètres électriques, mécaniques et physico-chimiques des matériaux." Lyon, INSA, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989ISAL0020.
Full textHenri, Victor. "Identification et analyse des marqueurs de vieillissement pour polymères isolants sous contrainte thermique en aéronautique." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30066.
Full textThis work deals with the determination of ageing markers of high-performance polymers for electrical insulation applications in aeronautics. Most of power cables are made of a successive winding of poly(tetrafluoroethylene) PTFE and poly(imide) PI. This research is focused on the effects of thermal ageing on the physico-chemical structure of these polymers in order to link them to changes in thermomechanical and electrical behaviours. For PTFE, enthalpic and mechanical relaxations are strongly impacted by changes in chemical structure associated to a depolymerisation mechanism. The values of the enthalpy of crystallization and of the amplitude of the ß mechanical relaxation associated with the crystal/crystal transition, can be used as markers of thermal ageing for PTFE. For PI, changes in the chemical structure associated to the scission - recombination mechanism, highlight the formation of heterogeneities, modifying sorption process and electrical charge transport as measured in broadband dielectric spectroscopy. The evolution of the diffusion mechanism and of the activation energy of the electrical conductivity, constitute pertinent ageing markers for PI
Marc, Nicolas. "Méthodologie de dimensionnement d’un véhicule hybride électrique sous contrainte de minimisation des émissions de CO2." Thesis, Orléans, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ORLE2078/document.
Full textThis thesis work proposes a systematic methodology dedicated to the evaluation and comparison of CO2 emissions’ reduction for hybrid electric vehicles with different architectures and different levels of functionality. A sizing methodology has been developed, which is based on the definition of the requirements for the dynamic performances of vehicles, on the development of scaling algorithms in order to generate the dataset for the powertrain components (battery, electric motor, engine), and on the application of procedures for the sizing of a vehicle under CO2 emissions’ minimization constraint. The energy consumption evaluation of the different vehicle configurations, which were previously sized, is founded on the definition of a variety of vehicle’s type of use, as well as on the implementation of an optimal energy management strategy, the Pontryaguin’s Minimum Principle. These methodologies have been applied to a conventional vehicle architecture, which has been used as a reference for dynamic performances and energy consumption, and to a hybrid parallel pre-transmission architecture, which has been defined in two configurations, a plug-in hybrid and a non plug-in full-hybrid
Lahoud, Nadine. "Modélisation du vieillissement des isolants organiques sous contrainte électrique : application à la fiabilité des matériaux." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/517/.
Full textThe aim of this study is to improve the description of solid organic insulators or polymers ageing under electrical stress. With this objective in view, the different ageing scenarios existing in the literature were analyzed, compared and improved. This theoretical study showed that many parameters related to their heterogeneous structure and the distribution of their properties were neglected in order to simplify the modelling. This study presents a new approach in the description of solid organic insulators ageing by taking into consideration their experimentally demonstrated structural complexity. In this approach, the polymer material has been assimilated to a set of sites representing different energy states, thereby different properties as well as ageing rates depending on each site. The principal parameters involved during the ageing process, such as the specific volume variation, the dielectric strength evolution and the local value of the electrical field have been defined. The expression of the retardation time specific to each elementary ageing process has been established. Finally, a distributed form of those retardation times has been presented. Our "phenomenological" approach is thus a multi-sites one permitting, along with an experimental study, to establish an equation relating the life time of polymer electrical insulators to the different parameters at play, all along respecting their distribution over the entire set of sites within the polymer
Baëtens, Tiffany. "Développement d'un microsystème étirable pour l'étude de l'activité électrique de cellules neuronales sous contrainte mécanique." Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1I100.
Full text50 million people suffer from head trauma each year worldwide. The shock (external mechanical stress) acting on neural networks insided the brain can lead to the appearance of traumatic brain injuries (TBI). In the short term and long term, this process can lead to neuroinflammation and the manifestation of pathologies such as Parkinson’s disease or Alzheimer’s disease. This thesis aims to develop a stretchable microsystem for the electromechanical study of neural networks in vitro. Such a microsystem must integrate insulated electrodes which are mechanically robust on the stretchable support. The first part of this work consisted in studying the direct metallization on PDMS using physical masking. Next, a patterned photoresist (SU-8) thin film was then used between the PDMS and the metals. The stiff SU-8 shields the metallization from strain—which now occurs in the adjacent PDMS. In order to avoid cracks under mechanical stress, the architecture and orientation of the electrodes has been studied and validated by a physical model. The second part was the fabrication of a PDMS/SU-8/Cr-Au/Parylene stretchable microsystem by photolithography using a planar process developed during the thesis work. The microsystems is compatible with MultiChannel System© commercial device which allows the visualization and recording the nerve impulses of a mature neural network. A microfabrication process has been developed with 3 photolithography steps on a PDMS substrate. The functionality of the microsystem has been validated by the visualization of electrical responses of neural network at 12 days in vitro (DIV). In addition, this microsystem demonstrates a signal/noise ratio comparable to commercial MultiElectrode Array (MEA)
Romo-Guzman, Guillermo. "Détection acoustique et électrique des décharges partielles dans les isolants polymères sous contrainte continue ou alternative." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30099.
Full textThe purpose of the work presented is the acoustic detection of the partial discharges in thin polymeric insulating films under direct voltage. Partial discharges are the name related to electrical discharges induced by an electrical stress and involving a given volume of a dielectric placed between two electrodes. They are at the origin of the acceleration of the processes of degradation and ageing of the insulating materials. Acoustic method detects acoustic waves produced by electrical discharges within a dielectric using a piezoelectric sensor. The advantage of the acoustic methods is that they are non-invasive and insensitive to electromagnetic interference. In this work, we present the experimental set-up developed which enables us to apply a continuous or alternative tension of 10 Kilovolts and simultaneously to detect the partial discharges by the acoustic and electric method, with a sensitivity of 1 picoCoulomb. The studied material is the polyethylene naphthalene 2,6 dicarboxylate (PEN), under his formed semi crystalline. We noted a good correlation between the results by our acoustic detection of discharges partial and the evolution of the space charges, the mechanical displacement induced by a electric field, the electric conduction mechanism and the electroluminescence measurement
Attar, Abdelkader. "Transfert spectral de l'excitation optique dans le rubis en présence d'un champ électrique ou d'une contrainte uniaxiale." Lyon 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985LYO11634.
Full textVelazquez, Salazar Amanda. "Mesure de charge d'espace par la méthode (F)LIMM : vers une caractérisation sous contrainte électrique DC externe." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30051/document.
Full textSolid dielectrics are basic elements of most insulations used in devices or systems in electrical engineering or in power electronics. Mainly due to current trends in downsizing, these insulations being subjected to increasing stresses (electrical, mechanical or thermal) may degrade and age dielectrically. This may lead to failure and breakdown, which have to be addressed. More specifically, the global charge store inside the dielectric and generally called space charge is directly linked to these degradation processes. It is therefore necessary to analyze this space charge behavior when the material is at the same time stressed under conditions close to those of the real environment of use. Among many existing techniques, the (F)LIMM is a thermal wave method dedicated to the space charge analysis of thin dielectric films (with a thickness from 5µm to 50µm), with a possibility of 3-D cartographies when the beam is focused onto the sample under study. Its first characterizations were related to the determination of the space charge distribution in thin films that were first submitted to an external DC field and next analyzed in a volt-off way (no voltage applied). This off-line procedure remained the only way of space charge investigations for quite a while. New developments became necessary in order to provide answers to the industry for which a characterization close to the actual conditions of use was lacking. For this purpose, an on-line version of the conventional (F)LIMM set-up was developed. It allows a measurement of the (F)LIMM current when simultaneously a DC bias field is applied to the sample. This development presents, apart from allowing an in-situ and on-line analysis, another important advantage, namely the possibility for assessing or calibrating the temperature profile. In this work, the experimental modifications made to the measuring test rig are first detailed and validated. Then, the calibration procedure of the thermal model developed is explained and tested. As a consequence, the possibility of simulating the (F)LIMM currents is possible and shows a very good agreement with the experimental registered ones. Finally, some applications to PEN and PP polymer thin films are described and results got prove the efficiency of these new developments for space charge on-line investigation
Hoang, Mai Quyen. "Implémentation de la polarisation dans un modèle de transport de charges appliqué au PEN sous contrainte électrique." Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2631/.
Full textA 1D bipolar model, able to describe transport, trapping and recombination of electronic carriers (electrons and holes) on the basis of experimental results, has been developed. This model already gives good results on low density polyethylene. However improvements are still possible, especially in order to predict any dielectric behavior under electrical stress, particularly polar ones. This work aims at implementing the polarization processes in the charge transport model for polyethylene naphtalene (PEN), a polar polymer, and to define an optimized set of parameters for the model in order to predict the material behavior under any thermo-electrical stress. Thermo-stimulated depolarization current (TSDC), space charge (PEA) measurements, and dielectric spectroscopy (DS) were used to characterize the electrical, dielectric and physic-chemical properties of the material under electric field and temperature, in order to have access to processes related to dipoles and conduction. Four relaxation peaks were observed in the increasing order of temperature. The first three peaks, beta, beta* and alpha, observed using DS and TSDC, are related to the orientation polarization process. The last peak rho, only observed by TSDC, has been attributed to negative charges trapped in the dielectric, and measured with space charge measurement. Polarization phenomena have then been implemented in the charge transport model based on dielectric spectroscopy measurements. The dielectric response has been treated using a Cole-Cole function for each relaxation process, function of the temperature. Then, with the help of an inverse transform Fourier, the time dependent permittivity has been obtained and is added to a charge transport model. Simulated currents are then compared to measured currents under low fields. Experimental and simulated currents are in good agreement when the material response is essentially from dipolar origin. Finally, the developed model was used for experimental protocols where polarization and conduction are present (high fields and/or high temperatures). The first simulations yield to encouraging results regarding the simulated and measured currents, which are comparable
Domenjoud, Mathieu. "Caractérisation des propriétés électro-acoustiques de structures piézoélectriques soumises à une contrainte statique de type électrique ou mécanique." Phd thesis, Université François Rabelais - Tours, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00782090.
Full textFontbonne, Frédéric. "Détermination in situ de champs de contrainte régionaux et interprétations." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005GLOB0007.
Full textThe determination of a regional stress field by HTPF method (Hydraulic Tests on Preexisting Fractures) requires, on the one had, accurate data of local stresses and, on the other hand, an interpolation law which smooths low scale heterogeneities and puts forward the strong disturbances. We develop these two complementary aspects in this PhD while working first of all, on uncertainties related to the HTPF method. Then, we present the interpretation results of three different sets of stress measurements: influence of the main stress directions on the hydraulic activity of regional faults, geotechnical information deduced from the ratio of the horizontal minimump stress over the vertical stress (K0), and topographic influences in the framework of the construction of a deep tunnel connecting two alpine valleys. Finally, we integrate stress measurements in a numerical geomechanical model (FLAC3D) in order to extrapolate the results at the massif scale. That gives us the opportunity to study the influence of large regional heterogeneities on the stress field, as well as the incidence of visco-elastic parameters. We also discuss the choice to inverse the direct normal stresses rather than the stress profiles deduced from HTPF method. Then, the solution is examined, by considering an homogeneous elastic medium, which enabled us to extract the stress values at 12 km depth and we show that they are coherent with local focal mechanisms
Boucher, Eric. "Elaboration et caractérisation de céramiques PZT bi-substituées et modélisation non-linéaire de leur comportement en contrainte et en champ électrique." Lyon, INSA, 2002. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2002ISAL0088/these.pdf.
Full textThe oxides formulated Pb(ZrTi)O3 (noted PZT), having a perovskite-type structure, are industrially used in piezoelectric transducers and sensors owing to their dielectric and electromechanical properties. For specific applications, it is necessary to develop ceramics with stable characteristics during a thermal cycle and under stress. In order to obtain these characteristics, new fluorinated PZT materials have been prepared by a semi-wet route and characterized. We also studied the stability of the N33 coefficient during a thermal cycle and the coefficient d33 under static stress. The objective of this work is to determine the influence of (Mn,F) doping on the dielectric and electromechanical properties of PZT ceramics. Then we studied the effects of an electrical field and a mechanical stress on the macroscopic polarization to apprehend the mechanisms of polarisation/depolarisation under high disturbances. Finally a model, based on non-linear elements (dry friction), is developed to characterize hysteresis in ferroelectric materials due to mechanical stress and electric field
Ruat, Marie. "Etude des mécanismes de viellissement [i. E. Vieillissement] sous contrainte électrique des transistors bipolaires à hétérojonction Si/SiGeC issus de technologies BiCMOS avancées." Grenoble INPG, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006INPG0157.
Full textRapid evolution in bipolar transistors architectures and materials in the past ten years led to new reliability concerns. Degradation of electrical characteristics and especially of base current was investigated under the three main known degradation modes for bipolar transistors: reverse mode, forward mode and mixed-mode. Main relevant results led to a unique behaviour after any of these three reliability stresses: the apparition of a generation recombination non-ideal excess base current, characteristic of interface traps created by hot carriers at Si/Si02 spacer and/or STI interfaces. Acceleration factors of the base current degradation with stress time and any other stress parameters were extracted in details, and led to the proposal of empirical models that should be taken into account next bipolar transistors generations qualification work. TCAD simulations and LF noise measurements before and after stress were also implemented for further understanding of bipolar transistor aging studies. Finally, the unified behaviour of degradation under any reliability stress is discussed
Cardin, Nicolas. "Effet de la contrainte normale électrique sur la forme d'une interface liquide-vapeur dans une rainure carrée : amélioration des performances hydrodynamiques d'un caloduc capillaire." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02612823.
Full textThis project aims to demonstrate the feasibility and value of using electrohydrodynamic (EHD) inside flat plate heat pipes (FPHP). FPHPs are passive devices able to transfer high heat fluxes with low temperature differences owing to phase change heat transfer and capillarity. A numerical model, devoted to the study the shape of a meniscus trapped in a square groove in the presence of an electric stress, is developed. Particular attention is paid to the detailed understanding of the linkages between EHD phenomena, wetting or electro-wetting and capillarity. Dimensionless results from the numerical study are provided in order to be used as abacus for the design of EHD FPHP. Two experimental benches, sharing the same capillary structure made of square grooves, are studied. The first experimental bench devoted to study the local effect of the electric field on the interface shape in the absence of heat flux, by means of a confocal microscope. The experimental results are obtained with a DC electric field and with an AC electric field by means of a vobulation methodology. The experimental results are compared to the numerical results for validation purposes. The second experimental bench is devoted to the study of the effect of an electric field on the thermal performances of a FPHP. The temperature profiles along the FPHP are recorded with thermocouples, while the effect of the electric field on the liquid distribution are recorded by means of a camera. The experimental results proves useful to define the prospects for further experimental an numerical studies to expand the knowledge about of the effect on the use of an electric field in a FPHP
Dumas, Virginie. "Réponse des ostéoblastes à des stimulations physiques basées sur des contraintes mécaniques basses amplitudes hautes fréquences. Implication en ingénierie tissulaire." Phd thesis, Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00670904.
Full textDumas, Florian. "Contribution à l'étude des machines polyentrefers à aimants permanents et à entrefer réduit. Applications aux machines à flux axial à hautes performances sous contrainte d'encombrement." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00842061.
Full textBendali, Mahraz. "Conception multi-niveau multi-physique de systèmes mécatroniques automobiles : prise en compte de la contrainte de fiabilité de convertisseurs de puissance embarqués dans un véhicule hybride/électrique." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112345/document.
Full textThis PhD thesis work is in the context of electric/hybrid vehicle embedded subsystems electrification. In mechatronic design field, the permanent objectives are costs and delays reducing. To achieve this, there is need of design methodologies and appropriate tools to perform a reliable design approach and leave maximum of risks before making the first prototypes. Embedded mechatronic systems mobilize technological brick keys which include the power electronic converter. Their performances are based on the capacity of the design methodologies to consider the environment multi-disciplinary constraints, the adequacy of the technologies, topologies and control laws. This thesis work shows how we can meet these requirements and needs through the development of multi-physics and multi-level design methodology for multi-level converters (interleaved) predisposed to an easy reconfiguration. This methodology, based on optimization under multi-physics constraints allows systematic choice of optimal architecture and component technologies from manufacturer database. It integrates the reliability aspect in the design since the pre-sizing process in the same level as the other constraints (electric, efficiency, thermal, volume, electromagnetic compatibility). In order take advantages of such interleaved converters, the integration of reliability in the design "reliability by design" is completed by the development of fault tolerant control architecture "reliability by control" which increase the availability by reconfiguring hardware or software (control law) of the designed converter
Acheen, Robin. "Détermination et impact de l'existence de décharges partielles dans une chaîne de traction ferroviaire utilisant des composants à base de SiC." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30161.
Full textThe introduction of SiC-based components in the electromechanical chain presents numerous advantages, but has consequences on the reliability of the insulation systems in the machine. For switching frequencies up to 5 kHz, and dV/dt varying from 15 to 30 kV/µs, a system lifetime of around 40 years (or 200 000 hours) must be guaranteed. The question that arises is to know what margin insulation systems of the current equipment have. It is thus necessary to determine whether, under normal operating conditions, phenomena that did not previously exist or were not completely apprehended will appear with the transition to SiC-based inverters. One of these phenomena is Partial Discharge (PD) and its development in machines, and more precisely in the turn-to-turn, turn-to-ground, and phase-to-phase insulation systems. Therefore, the objective of the thesis is to study the influence of the electrical stress imposed by SiC-based components on the insulation of machines. To do so, a first phase of electrical stress identification allows accounting for the constraints undergone by the machine. In a second phase, these constraints are reproduced on representative samples, which are thus subject to accelerated aging, in order to establish aging laws and to study the degradation of the insulation systems under stress
André, Régis. "Effet piézo-électrique dans les puits quantiques CdTe/CdMnTe et CdTe/CdZnTe." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1994. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00002688.
Full textLosa, Damiana. "Planification de manoeuvres à poussée forte vs à poussée faible pour le maintien à poste de satellites géostationnaires." Phd thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2007. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00002163/en/.
Full textVenturi, Linda. "Etude des propriétés de photoluminescence de nano-matériaux sous champ électrique intense." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMR118.
Full textIn this thesis, the Laser-assisted Atom Probe Tomography is coupled in-situ with a photoluminescence (PL) bench, where the pulsed laser radiation is used to trigger the ion evaporation from the specimens and, simultaneously, to activate the emission from optically active centers present into the material. For this work, two different materials were selected: diamond nano-needles with embed- ded optically active defects (color centers) and a ZnO/(Mg,Zn)O multi-quantum-well (MQW) heterostructure, which contains quantum emitters of different thicknesses. Thanks to this original photoluminescence setup, the influence of the electric field on the fine structure of some color centers, embedded into the diamond nanoneedles, was observed. The first study focused on the neutral nitrogen-vacancy center (NV0), which is one among the most studied color centers in literature. The evolution of the NV0 optical signature, as a function of the applied bias, allowed to evaluate the mechanical stress (> 1 GPa) and the electric-field acting on diamond tips. These results demon- strate an original new method to perform contactless piezo-spectroscopy of nanoscale systems under uniaxial tensile stress, generated by the electric field. This method was applied also on another color center, which nature is still not clear in literature, emitting at 2.65 eV, and more sensitive than the NV0 color centers to the stress/strain field. New results on its opto-mechanical properties were obtained, but its identity still needs to be understood. Since the evaporation field of diamond is really high, the diamond nanoneedles were not analyzed using La-APT. Therefore the coupled in-situ technique was applied in order to study the ZnO/(Mg,Zn)O MQW heterostructure, accessing to the structure, composition and optical signature of the probed specimen in only one experiment. The photoluminescence spectra acquired by the specimen during its ongoing evaporation represents a unique source of information for the understanding of the mechanism of light-matter interaction and the physics of photoemission under high electric field. The correlation of the structural and optical information, related to this MQW heterostructure, demonstrates that the coupled in-situ technique can overlap the diffraction limit of the PL laser and that, as done for the diamond nanoneedles, is pos- sible to estimate the induced-tensile-stress. The results achieved by the in-situ coupling of the La-APT technique with the PL spec- troscopy show that such instrument is an innovative and powerful technique to perform research at the nanometric scale. For this reason, this work can open new perspectives for a deeply understanding of the physicics related to the studied systems in parallel with the continuous enhancement of the experimental setup
Brassard, Serge. "Méthodologie et modélisation floues des connaissances dans l'activité de conception en électrotechnique : application à la réalisation d'un système expert d'aide à la conception de l'appareillage électrique." Grenoble INPG, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989INPG0093.
Full textPelloux-Prayer, Johan. "Etude expérimentale des effets mécaniques et géométriques sur le transport dans les transistors nanofils à effet de champ." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAY042/document.
Full textThis document is the result of my thesis work at the CEA-Leti Grenoble.It covers the evolution of the piezoresistive effect and the electrical transport properties of field effect transistor device against several variable such as geometry, temperature, internal stress....The focus of this work is to understand the effect brought by extreme reducing of channel and gate dimensions in MOSFET transistors.A special attention is given on electrical data modeling. Different algorithms are used to extract key parameters of devices and their viability against the device dimensions considered is discussed. A new piezoresistive coefficients model is drawn from a known mobility model,it allows to draw a reliable tendancy of piezoresistive variation against the cross section (channel width and thickness) of a given multigate device.An effect not accountable by standard theory for small cross section was shown by the measurements, and some hypothesis are made and discussed to explain whose results
Simon, Antoine. "Optimisation énergétique de chaînes de traction hybrides essence et Diesel sous contrainte de polluants : Étude et validation expérimentale." Thesis, Orléans, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ORLE2010.
Full textPowertrain hybridization is a solution that has been adopted in order to conform to future standards for emissions regulations. The supervisory strategy of the hybrid powertrain divides the power emitted between the internal combustion engine and the electric machine. In past studies, this strategy has typically responded to an optimization problem with the objective of reducing consumption. However, in addition to this, it is now necessary to take pollutant emissions into account as well. The after-treatment system, placed in the exhaust of the engine, is able to reduce pollutants emitted into the atmosphere. It is efficient from a certain temperature threshold, and the temperature of the system is dependent on the heat brought by the exhaust gas of the engine. The first part of this dissertation is aimed at modelling the energy consumption and pollutant emissions of the hybrid powertrain. The efficiency model of the after-treatment system is adapted for use in two different contexts. The zero-dimensional model conforms to the constraints of the optimal control calculation. The one-dimensional model associated with a state estimator can be embedded in a vehicle and calculated in real time. From this work, the second part of this dissertation deduces supervisory strategies from the optimal control theory. On the one hand, Bellman’s principle is used to calculate the optimal control of a Diesel hybrid vehicle using different supervisory criteria, each having more or less information about the after-treatment system efficiency over NOX emissions. On the other hand, a strategy from Pontryagin’s minimum principle, embedded in a gasoline hybrid vehicle, running in real time and calibrated with two parameters, is proposed. The whole of this work is validated experimentally on an engine test bed and shows a significant reduction in pollutant emissions for a slight fuel consumption penalty
Audebert, Marine. "Développement d'une méthode de contrainte des modèles hydrodynamiques par une stratégie d'analyse des données géophysiques ERT : Application aux écoulements de lixiviat dans les massifs de déchets." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAU011/document.
Full textIn France, approximately 25% of the total amount of collected household waste is stored in municipal solid waste landfills (MSWL). To reduce their impact on the environment, the bioreactor concept was studied and tested for more than a decade in Europe. This concept is based on leachate reinjection, which consists in collecting leachate at the bottom of the waste deposit cell and reinjecting it underneath the landfill cover. The optimization of leachate distribution requires tools to design leachate injection systems (LIS) and to assess volumes and flow rates for the reinjection. To design LIS and to improve the understanding of leachate flow in the waste medium, a subsurface flow modelling procedure may be considered. Hydrodynamic models are based on a conceptual approach to represent the porous medium and a mathematical model to describe flow. To simulate an infiltration into a porous medium, the assessment of the hydrodynamic parameters included in the mathematical equations of the model is required. Thus, additional information is needed to constrain hydrodynamic models and to assess hydrodynamic parameters.This thesis focused on the use of the electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) method to constrain hydrodynamic models at the landfill scale. Indeed, many studies have shown that this geophysical method is suitable to study leachate reinjection into the waste landfills. However, this geophysical method does not allow ERT users to directly measure water content and to assess hydrodynamic parameters. In the literature, several authors proposed constraint methods of hydrodynamic models from ERT measurements, based on the use of Archie's law. To avoid the use of this relationship, which seems to be inappropriate for heterogeneous media such as waste, we found relevant to use the infiltration shape obtained on the ERT results to constrain hydrodynamic models.Thus, the aim of this thesis is to improve the understanding of leachate flow by proposing a constraint method of hydrodynamic models using the infiltration shape extracted from ERT measurements.This thesis was divided into three successive steps corresponding to each part of the manuscript. The first part corresponds to a bibliographic study concerning the ERT method and hydrodynamic modelling. The second part aimed at proposing an interpretation methodology to delimitate an infiltration area from the ERT measurements. The third part allowed us to develop a constraint method of hydrodynamic models using the infiltration delimitation obtained from the ERT measurements with the methodology developed in the second part
Krause, Eric. "Comportement électrique et physico-chimique de films de poly (éthylène-naphtalène 2,6 dicarboxylate) soumis à des contraintes électriques et thermiques." Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30104.
Full textZaraket, Jean Gerges. "Étude de la fiabilité des structures silicium employées dans le domaine des énergies renouvelables suite à leur fonctionnement sous conditions extrêmes." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0244/document.
Full textThe objective of this work aim to study the performance, reliability of semiconductor structures after their operation under extreme conditions, during and after electrical stress, thermal stress, and combined electro thermal stresses. The studied semiconductor structures are photovoltaic cells for applications in the field of renewable energies. These devices have been exposed to several types of degradation generating localized defects in the structures. The I (V) and C (V) characteristics and electrical parameters have been studied before and after each stress case. The Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy (DLTS) was used as advanced technique for tracking the defects created at the interface and in the bulk structures. The DLTS technique allows identifying and locating these defects within the devices, by determining their activation energy and their capture cross-Section
Pauze, Nathalie. "Fatigue corrosion dans le sens travers court de tôles d'aluminium 2024-T351 présentant des défauts de corrosion localisée." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00359611.
Full textNous avons caractérisé la sensibilité de l'alliage 2024-T351 à la corrosion intergranulaire. Il se forme en 7h d'immersion dans NaCl 0.5 M un défaut semi-elliptique de 200 µm de profondeur. Puis la corrosion intergranulaire ralentit fortement.
Nous avons étudié les mécanismes de propagation en fatigue à partir de ces défauts, en particulier la transition entre la corrosion intergranulaire et les fissures transgranulaires courtes de fatigue. A chaque étape de l'endommagement, une estimation des cinétiques, du Delta-K et la morphologie des défauts sont données. Deux mécanismes ont été distingués : un mécanisme de corrosion sous contrainte (cyclique) intergranulaire et un mécanisme de fatigue corrosion transgranulaire. Un critère de transition est proposé
Prost, Mathias. "Injection électrique pour un laser en germanium contraint." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112027/document.
Full textTensile strained and n-doped germanium can be used as an active material for the realization of an optical source for silicon photonics. I have investigated electroluminescence of device as a function of tensile strain and n-doping. For that, I have performed modeling of the carrier transport through double heterostructures to obtain population inversion in the germanium layer. An operating point that reduces by two orders of magnitude the population inversion current threshold has been evidenced. For a germanium layer doped at 4×〖10〗^19 cm-3 with a 0.9% biaxial strain, the current density threshold could be reduced below the 10 kA/cm2 range. The germanium interface properties are critical. To experimentally investigate electroluminescence in germanium, I had to establish different methods of carrier injection to offer an alternative to the double heterostructure p-GaAs/n-Ge/n-GaAs. We first propose to use a Schottky heterostructure to inject carriers in n-doped germanium. We show that carrier injection and electroluminescence devices can be optimized by depositing a thin interfacial oxide layer on top of n-doped germanium. We have also developed an approach to form SiGe layers on germanium by epitaxial laser induced annealing in order to obtain a double heterostructure. I have developed several clean room processes to fabricate germanium cavities which can combine electrical injection and strain transfer, including waveguides and micropilars structures. We show that a biaxial tensile strain up to 0.72% can be transferred in micropilar cavities under electrical pumping. The evaluation of strain level was confronted to finite element simulations of mechanical deformation, taking into account the electrical carrier injection
Fernandes, cardoso Juliana. "Démarche de pré-dimensionnement d’une machine électrique pour véhicule électrique : optimisation sur cycle de fonctionnement et avec contraintes de l’entraînement électrique." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. https://thares.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/2020GRALT046.pdf.
Full textThe environmental problem is changing the way to see our own needs. In order to make living the way we do sustainable, new solutions are being developed in every aspect of human life. In this context, the transport sector turned to the electrical vehicle. This technology is challenging from a powertrain design viewpoint, due mainly to the system complexity and the vehicle drive cycle.In this work, we propose a pre-design by optimization methodology for the electrical machine and the voltage inverter, considering a target drive cycle. In order to do so, we develop a semi-analytical model of a permanent magnet synchronous machine and present an analytical model of the voltage inverter losses. Then, we develop a method to simplify drive cycles so as to represent a whole cycle by a reduced number of operating points. Finally, we use the developed models and the cycle treatment method in order to create an optimization problem. By using the Sequential Quadratic Programming algorithm to solve this optimization problem, we perform the design by optimization of a reference machine considering different drive cycles
Bianchi, Granato Giovanni. "Optimal power Management of Hybrid Vehicles." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2012. https://theses.hal.science/docs/00/78/81/60/PDF/_GRANATO_print_.pdf.
Full textThe purpose of the this work is to apply optimal control techniques to enhance the performance of the power management of hybrid vehicles. More precisely, the techniques concerned are viscosity solutions of Hamilton-Jacobi equations, level set methods in reachability analysis, stochastic dynamic programming, stochastic dual dynamic programming and chance constrained optimal control. This document starts by presenting the necessary technical background and models for the study of optimal power management of hybrid vehicles. The synthesis of efficient power management strategies for hybrid vehicles accounting for uncertainty in the vehicle speed is studied next. This is done via a stochastic dynamic algorithm, at a first time, and then by a stochastic dual dynamic programming algorithm. In addition, we introduce a chance constrained optimal control problem that can be used to synthesize more flexible optimal control strategies. We detail a dynamic programming principle in a form that can be readily used for the numerical synthesis of optimal feedback using a dynamic programming algorithm. Later, theoretical results regarding the reachability analysis of hybrid systems are obtained. The reachability set of a continuous-time hybrid system is characterized by a value function via a level set approach. Furthermore, we show that the value function of a hybrid optimal control problem is the unique solution of a system of quasi-variational inequalities in the viscosity sense. Then, we prove the convergence of a class of numerical schemes for the computation of the value function. As a further step in the reachability analysis, we study of the discrete-time dynamical system and the discrete-time optimal control problem for the reachability analysis of hybrid systems. Here, the focus is on a discrete-time modeling of the hybrid system, which leads to dynamic programming principle, which can be used to characterize the value function. Lastly, we describe the construction of a stochastic model of the speed profile for electric vehicles
Hamieh, Mohamad. "Effet magnéto-électrique dans des nanoparticules d'oxyde de chrome Cr203 contraintes." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01038026.
Full textCodani, Paul. "Integration des véhicules électriques dans les réseaux électriques : Modèles d’affaire et contraintes techniques pour constructeurs automobiles." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLC073/document.
Full textElectric vehicles (EVs) penetration has been rapidly increasing during the last few years. If not managed properly, the charging process of EVs could jeopardize electric grid operations. On the other hand, Grid Integrated Vehicles (GIVs), i.e. vehicles whose charging and discharging patterns are smartly controlled, could turn into valuable assets for the electrical grids as distributed storage units.In this thesis, GIVs are studied from a technical, regulatory, and economics perspectives. First, the general framework for a smart grid integration of EVs is reviewed: application areas and benchmark scenarios are described, the main actors are listed, and the most important challenges are analyzed.Then, the emphasis is put on system wide services, and more particularly on frequency control mechanisms. The regulatory conditions enabling the participation of GIV fleets to this service are studied based on an intensive survey of existing transmission system operator rules. Several economics and technical simulations are performed for various market designs.Then, local grid services are investigated. A representative eco-district is modeled, considering various consumption units and distributed generation. A local energy management system is proposed; it is responsible for controlling the charging / discharging patterns of the GIVs which are located in the district in order to mitigate the overloading conditions of the eco-district transformer. Economic consequences are derived from this technical analysis.At last, some experimental results are presented. They show the behavior of two GIVs, including one with bidirectional capabilities. The experimental proof of concepts confirm the theoretical abilities of GIVs: they are very fast responding units (even considering the complete required IT architecture) and are able to follow grid signals very accurately
Manrique, Espindola Dolly Tatiana. "Commande optimale d’une voiture électrique à faible consommation sous contraintes temps réel." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0198/document.
Full textIn the field of transportation, the research on energy efficiency has been carried out for few decades by the automotive industry, where one of the main objectives is to reduce the energetic consumption. This particular problem can be rephrased as how the vehicle must be driven so that the minimum quantity of energy is used. This is the optimal driving strategy. In this project, a suitable model of the Vir'volt electric vehicle involved in the European Shell Eco-Marathon is obtained. The unknown parameters involved in the vehicle dynamics are estimated using Parameter identification from experimental data. The identified dynamics is used to derive an optimal driving strategy that is intended to be tracked on-line during the driving task. The tracking task is subject to time-varying polytopic constraint on the input and/or the state. A MPC-based tracking strategy that uses an homothetic transformation as a suitable time-varying invariant set is used. The time-varying invariant set guarantees the asymptotic stability of the control law. The problem of the MPC tracking for Linear Parametric Varying (LPV) systems is introduced. A new explicit MPC strategy for LPV systems is developed. This strategy uses a Parameter dependent Lyapunov Function (PDLF) to involve explicitly the time-varying parameter in the control law and so it reduces conservatism. A benchmark is used to test the performances of the optimal driving strategy and the explicit MPC tracking strategy. Finally, a robust adaptive technique with on-line identification of the dynamics is has been proposed and tested in the race showing good performances of the adaptive driving strategy
Belmehdi, Yassine. "CONTRIBUTION A L'IDENTIFICATION DE NOUVEAUX INDICATEURS DE DEFAILLANCE DES MODULES DE PUISSANCE A IGBT." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00988332.
Full textWurtz, Frédéric. "Une nouvelle approche pour la conception sous contraintes de machines électriques." Grenoble INPG, 1996. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00729068.
Full textThe aim of this work is to define and to present a new approach to the design with constraints of electrical devices. It gives to electrical engineers and searchers the opportunity to use computers not only as analysis tools but also as tools that have real capabilities to make automatic designs. This approach offers great advantages like the ability: -to take into account constraints on the specifications of the device, -to take into account the interdependence of all the physical phenomenon that occur, - to find optimal solutions. However its main originality is that it automatically generates the design software by using techniques of symbolic calculation and automatic programming. For this an analytical model of the device is used as basic knowledge. For the design process, constrained optimisation algorithms are used. In this work, the approach is particularly used for the design of induction machines
Creyssels, Mathieu. "Quelques propriétés du transport électrique dans les milieux granulaires." Lyon, École normale supérieure (sciences), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ENSL0371.
Full textSenouci, Abdelhak. "Etude théorique et expérimentale du comportement tribologique d'un contact électrique cuivre/acier." Poitiers, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001POIT2278.
Full textEl, Manfalouti Abdelaaziz. "Etude de la conduction des contacts électriques et de leur dégradation sous l'effet combiné des contraintes mécaniques et électriques." Rennes 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005REN1S045.
Full textFontaine, Clément. "Supervision optimale des véhicules électriques hybrides en présence de contraintes sur l'état." Phd thesis, Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambresis, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00981589.
Full textFontaine, Clément. "Supervision optimale des véhicules électriques hybrides en présence de contraintes sur l’état." Thesis, Valenciennes, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013VALE0024.
Full textParallel hybrid electric vehicles are generally propelled by an internal combustion engine, which is combined to a reversible electric machine. The power flows between these two traction devices are determined by a supervisory control algorithm, which aims at reducing the fuel consumption and possibly some polluting emissions. In the literature, optimal control theory is now recognized as a powerful framework for the synthesis of energy management strategies for full hybrid vehicles. These strategies are referred to as “Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategies” (ECMS) and are based on the Pontryagin Maximum Principle. To demonstrate the optimality of ECMS, it must be assumed that the storage system limits are not reached during the drive cycle. This hypothesis cannot be made anymore when considering the micro and mild hybrid vehicles studied in this thesis because the state variable generally reaches several times the boundaries. Some mathematical tools suitable for the study of state constrained optimal control problems are introduced and applied to two energy management problems. The first problem consists in determining the optimal profile of the voltage across a pack of ultra-capacitors. The second problem focuses on a dual storage system. The stress is put on the study of the optimality conditions holding in case of active state constraints. Some consequences of these conditions for the online control are pointed out are exploited for the design of a real-time controller. Its performances are assessed using a demonstrator vehicle. A comparison with a classical ECMS-based approach is also provided
Jun, Chang-Hoon. "Analyse des contraintes mécaniques par la méthode des éléments finis dans une machine électrique." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ECDL0006.
Full textToudji, Mustapha. "Développement de méthodes d'analyse des contraintes sur les isolants inter-spires des bobinages des machines électriques." Thesis, Artois, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ARTO0212.
Full textThe transition to a higher DC voltage network is the most suitable solution to meet with the steady increase in the need/requirement for power flowing in the networks. Today, the control of embedded electric actuators involves the massive use of electronic converters that impose sudden voltage variations. The latter, when applied to an electrical machine windings, generates high electric field levels between the insulators, exceeding sometimes the partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV). Exceeding this threshold leads to the appearance of partial discharges, which are particularly harmful to the turn-to-turn insulation and are responsible for a very rapid deterioration of the electrical insulation system.This physical phenomenon is the main element of the problem on which these research works are based. In this thesis, a numerical tool was developed, which allows prior to the electrical machine design, to predict the electrical stresses applied to the machine's insulation system. This tool should allow the development of new solutions in the various research axes on the aging problem of electric actuators. It involves the development of an RLC lumped element equivalent circuit whose parameters were computed by means of a finite elements analysis considering both the geometry of turns and its location in the coil. Firstly, this tool is used to analyse the electrical stresses applied to the inter-turns insulation of the windings in order to localize the critical zones in the electrical windings. A method based on a simulation of the distribution of the electric field in the windings as a function of time has been developed. The visualization and analysis of electric field maps over a defined time interval allow to determine and to localize the maximum electrical stresses applied to the turn-to-turn insulation. Secondly, to study the aging of the electrical insulation system and to improve the detection methods, a diagnosis assistance tool is proposed. This tool is based on a calculation of the the resonance frequencies’ variations which are most sensitive to the ΔC indicator tested in the laboratory. In order to refine the possibilities of diagnosis, new correlations have been sought, analysed and highlighted
Ramanatha, Dayalu Anand Theerthan. "Effet des contraintes électriques et magnétiques sur des cristaux simples ferroélectriques et céramiques." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00914178.
Full textMoeneclaey, Julien. "Méthode de conception des bobinages des actionneurs électriques adaptés aux nouvelles contraintes de l'avionique." Thesis, Artois, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ARTO0201/document.
Full textThe More Electric Aircraft development is reflected by a bigger use of the electrical actuators, which replace the hydraulic or pneumatic system existing or they can also answer to new needs. The energy distribution on board is based on a high voltage continuous bus of 540V connected to electrical power converter. The electric power wide band gap components (SiC, GaN) improve the converters performances but very steep of voltage edge is imposed on the windings of the electric actuators. Each edge excites a transitory regime including an important surge which corresponds to intense electric fields in the inter-turns insulation of coils. When this repetitive electrical constraint exceeds the partial discharges inception voltage (PDIV), the life time of the organic layer between the turns is strongly reduced. The detailed study of the partial discharges (PD) in the area which separate the enamel wire of the windings allows to locate the area where the PD appears. The use of thermo-bonding, with a bonding thickness adapted, allows to raise PDIV beyond the repetitive edge of voltage for the actuators which work in the pressurized parts of the planes. The orderly windings solutions were tested on impregnated cylindrical coils. This analysis shows that the impregnation increases slightly the PDIV from the inter-turns insulation in proportions that do not totally correspond to the intrinsic characteristics of the used varnish. Therefore, the impregnated coils must be conceived on the basis of the primary insulation performance of the enamelled wire. The turn’s arrangement in an orderly coil allows to distribute the constraints and so to conceive the windings which can resist the compulsory repetitive of voltage spikes by the inverter in low pressures corresponding to not pressurized zones in a plane during the flight. A model, based on HF equivalent schema taking in consideration the first two resonances of the elementary coils, allows to analyse the constraints distribution between the coils connected in series of a machine phase