Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Contraintes et déformations résiduelles'
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Depouhon, Pierre. "Contribution à la modélisation des déformations et des contraintes résiduelles induites par la nitruration des pièces mécaniques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4015.
Full textNitriding of steel is a thermo-chemical treatment well known to improve the mechanical properties of the material. It is based on the diffusion of nitrogen into the surface of treated parts. Complex phenomena are then involved and generate residual stresses and distortions. Depending on their geometry, parts can be distorted up to several millimeters and be subject to significant internal tensile-compression stresses. The aim of this work is to provide a multi-physical model of the nitriding in order to predict, for any part geometry, their residual stresses and distortions after treatment. These informations, precious for engineers, will allow to optimize the design and the manufacturing processes of nitrided parts
Ghfiri, Rachid. "Etude du retard à l'amorçage et à la propagation d'une fissure de fatigue après perçage d'un trou avec et sans expansion." Lille 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LIL10146.
Full textDans ce travail, trois degres d'expansion ont ete analyses (de = 1. 7%, 3. 4% et 4. 3%). L'expansion du trou ameliore considerablement la duree de vie qui augmente avec le degre d'expansion. Par ailleurs, l'effet du chargement sur le nombre de cycles a l'amorcage est etudie. Ce dernier augmente quand l'amplitude du facteur d'intensite de contrainte diminue. L'analyse des facies de rupture par microscope electronique a balayage montre une zone comprimee au bord du trou et une absence des microfissures. Par contre, loin de cette zone des microfissures orientees dans tous les sens ont ete observees. Une modelisation numerique par elements finis est realisee afin de quantifier les contraintes residuelles de compression ainsi que la zone affectee par l'expansion au bord du trou
Lê, Minh-Bao. "Propagation de fissure par fatigue en présence d'une pré-déformation et de contraintes résiduelles." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EPXX0032.
Full textVeaux, Michaël. "Étude expérimentale et prévisions par le calcul des cinétiques de transformation de phases, des contraintes résiduelles et des déformations lors de la transformation bainitique." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003INPL050N.
Full textA fully bainitic microstructure is required for some mechanical steel parts. The simulation of the dedicated heat treatment process is necessary to optimise the parts in terms of final microstructures (i. E. Mechanical properties), residual stresses and distortions. The first part of the work deals with the experimental study of the bainitic transformation kinetics, the thermomechanical behaviour of the formed microstructures and the effect of an applied stress on the bainitic transformation (transformation plasticity and kinetic effect) for a middle alloyed steel. Different models for the prediction of phase transformation kinetics and thermomechanical behaviour (macroscopic and microscopic cnes) have been used at the scale of specimen without gradients. The. Experimental validations at that scale have allowed to move to the scale of massive specimen (with high gradients) for whlch the dlfferent coupllngs between thermal, metallurglcal and mechanlcal phenomena have been taken into account in finite element simulations. The influence of phase transformations on the development of internai stresses and deformations during cooling have been analysed in details. Moreover, quenching experiments with in-situ temperature measurements have allowed to validate the numerical simulations. It has been pointed out that it is necessary to take into account the effect of internai stresses on bainitic transformation kinetics to predict final microstructure and hardness distributions
Krier, Joël. "Influences des hétérogénéité élastoplastiques sur les contraintes du deuxième ordre dans les polycristaux métalliques mono- et biphasés : calculs autocohérents - mesures par diffraction X." Metz, 1993. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1993/Krier.Joel.SMZ9305.pdf.
Full textThe aim of this work is to study influences of elastoplastic heterogeneities on microscopic stress and strain fields in one - and two phased polycrystals. Local stresses and strains are calculated owing to the self consistant scheme of cinematic integral equation linking local and global strains. Elastic strain calculations allow to show second order stresses and to simulate perfectly X-ray diffraction experiments on isotropic materials and materials with crystallographic and morphologic texture. Parallel calculations and diffraction experiments after tensile plastic déformations show that the model is able to predict residual stresses and their evolution during plastic straining, and their influences on X-ray diffraction experiments. The simple model based on the problem of an inclusion in a matrix allows to explain qualitatively the splitting of X-ray diffraction curves after surface machining in multiphased materials, and to link it to the morphology of the constituents for global homogeneous strains
Roland, Thierry. "Génération de nanostructures par traitement de nanocritallisation superficielle SMAT sur matériaux métalliques et étude des propriétés mécaniques associées." Troyes, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TROY0011.
Full textThis work aims to study a recently developed process for the generation of a nanocrystalline surface layer on metallic materials. Based on a concept, close to which of ultrasonic shot peening, this process, known as “surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT)” is based on a gain refinement mechanism down to the nanometer scale obtained by severe plastic deformations. In this way, the material to be treated is impacted by shot, in general, perfectly spherical balls, launch with random directions at the surface of the sample. Consequently, a nanocrystalline surface layer with a thickness of several tens of micrometers is formed. Because of the very small grain size, nanocrystalline materials are structurally characterized by a large volume fraction of grain boundaries, which may significantly after their physical, chemical and mechanical properties in comparison with conventional coarse-grained polycrystalline materials and which have grain sizes usually in the range of 10-300um. Thus, it may be suggested that the transformation of the surface layer of metals into surface nanocrystalline layer may enhance their overall properties
Stoehr, Michèle. "Epitaxie par MOVPE de ZnSe sur des substrats semiconducteurs et études des contraintes dans ces hétérostructures." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20301.
Full textChevre, Pascal. "Modélisation magnéto-thermique, métallurgique et mécanique et validation expérimentale de traitement par induction des engrenages à dentures hélicoïdales." Paris, ENSAM, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ENAM0009.
Full textThis work is a part of developpemnt of a new gear box by Research Departement of RENAULT. The aim of this work is to replace a thermo chemical by an induction contour harding. To have a perfect control of the process, the different physical phenomena were modeled. This report falls in 3 parts : the 1er chapter is dedicated to the state of the art of induction contour hardening and more particularly of its simulation. An analysis of physical phenomena is performed. In chapters 2 and 3, the equations and models needed are presented. The difficuty to obtain accurate measures is outlined. Chapters 4 and 5 are the heart of this report. The 2D and 3D simulation allowed the study of the process parameters influence and parameters sensibilities on the results. The difficulty to obtain a correct treatment of the gear because of the helical geometry of teeth is shown. The duration cycle, the strains and stress state in the part were calculated. First experimental results were compared to numerical predictions. In conclusion, numericla simulation has shown its usefulness in analys and understanding of physical phenomena, and appears as an efficient tool to design and optimise the induction heat treatment of helical gears
Kombate, N'Yimanne. "Modélisation numérique et optimisation des micro et nano connecteurs twist-pin." Thesis, Reims, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REIMS027.
Full textThis PhD thesis is part of the FUI "MicroConnect" project, carried out by Axon'Cable Group, whose main objective is the design and development of an automated forming process to manufacture a new type of innovative and high-performance twist-pin connectors. These connectors are used in many fields such as aeronautical electronics, avionics, military systems because of their strength and their hability to be used in very demanding environments... An essential element of the connectors is the contact, as it makes the transfer of the electric current from a system to another. Each connector can have tens or even hundreds.Due to the sequence of the processes used to produce these contacts, their initial properties can be modified. The use of numerical simulation is therefore essential to master the influence of these processes on the final product. The approach adopted in this work consisted in modelling the different steps of the contact fabrication (bending, laser welding and crimping) on the Abaqus software in order to determine the residual stresses resulting from these operations. These models are validated by comparing them with experimental investigations carried out. Finally, an optimization of the crimping is done to highlight the geometrical configurations of the tools allowing the developed product to respond to the tearing tests provided by the validation standards
Xu, Chan. "Étude et simulation numérique d’un procédé de cuisson rapide pour l’élaboration de matériaux composites à matrice thermodurcissable." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR14895/document.
Full textThe autoclave polymerization is the bottleneck of the production flux for largepublic parts, hence the speedy polymerization process emerges to improve the productionratio. The objective is to study the possibility of reducing the cycle time of polymerizationfor the production of thin composite laminates using a fast cure process out-of-autoclave.Specific or standard chemical and mechanical characterization tests had been designed inorder to capture the expected characteristics for the model simulation and validate thesimulation results. According to the values obtained, an analysis based on the finiteelement technique is developed to simulate the speedy curing process of epoxy resincomposite. The analysis relates the cure temperature to the thermal, chemical and physicalprocesses occurring in the thin composite part during cure. Included in the analysis are theeffects such as the heat generation due to exothermic chemical reactions. For a specifiedcure cycle, the model could be used to calculate the temperature distribution, the degree ofcure of the resin inside the composite part as well as predict the residual curing stressesand the strains of the cured composite parts.Keywords :
Panicaud, Benoît. "Contraintes « de croissance » et cinétiques d'oxydation dans des couches d'oxydes thermiques de Fer et de Nickel ;Etude in-situ par Diffraction des Rayons X et modélisation." Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00169180.
Full textTaro, Mandikizinoyou. "Modélisation et simulation des procédés de mise en compression des surfaces à très grandes vitesses de déformation par méthode semi-analytique." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAL0105/document.
Full textThe failure of the mechanical parts is very often initiated by a surface defects. Consequently, the generation of compressive residual stresses on mechanical parts by introducing a heterogeneous plastic strain improves the resistance to fatigue and increases the lifetime of the parts. Among the processes making it possible to introduce residual stresses into the parts, the laser shock peening is more interesting for several reasons. On the one hand, it makes it possible to produce pressures on the surface of material of about 1 to 6 going GPa over short pulse times from 3 to 30 nanoseconds. In addition, he gives the opportunity of introducing residual stresses of compression on a certain depth while preserving the initial state of the treated part. The numerical simulation becomes necessary to determine the best physical phenomena involved. Thus, the semi-analytical method offers a lot of advantages, in particular the simplicity of the models and the computation times saving. This method was never extended to the dynamic problems. In this thesis the semi-analytical method was extended to the dynamic problems and the model implemented is applied for the simulation of the Laser process of shock
Xu, Chan. "Étude et simulation numérique d'un procédé de cuisson rapide pour l'élaboration de matériaux composites à matrice thermodurcissable." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01064333.
Full textBerchi, Tarek. "Comportement micromécanique des alliages de zirconium en grandes déformations." Nantes, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NANT2067.
Full textZirconium and its alloys are hexagonal close packed materials which present high plastic anisotropy and a variety of active deformation modes. As a consequence of these properties, second-order strains (and stresses) are generated during a plastic forming process between the grains having different crystallographic orientation. The mechanical behaviour of these alloys has been studied in the large strain framework for two cases: cold rolled Zy-4 plates and cold pilgering M5 zirconium alloy cladding tubes. Using X-ray diffraction technique, we have determined the residual stresses and crystallographic texture evolutions for different total strains. The elastoplastic self-consistent model was used to predict the mechanical state at the different scales. This model was developed to large deformations. A new formulation of the crystal plasticity has been proposed. The influence and the role of elastoplastic anisotropy have also been studied and explained in this work. A good agreement has been found between experimental and predicted crystallographic textures. The contribution and the magnitude of the first as well as the second-order residual stresses have been correctly evaluated from the measured strain. The prismatic slip is the most active deformation mode in these alloys at large strains
Lu, Jian. "Mesure de la distribution des contraintes résiduelles par la méthode du trou incrémentale." Compiègne, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986COMPD045.
Full textAubry, Agnès. "Mesure, par diffraction des rayons X, des contraintes résiduelles dans les couches d'oxyde : application au système Ni/NiO." Compiègne, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985COMPI193.
Full textMaras, Afaf. "Etude expérimentale et numérique des contraintes résiduelles dans des structures à double gradient de contraintes." Troyes, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010TROY0010.
Full textThe knowledge of residual stresses allows a reliable prediction of the evolution of structure performances, and its service life. On this study, we present a new method for residual stresses determination. This method is applied particularly to structures that contain a stress gradient in depth and in surface, like it can be found in welded structures. The internal stress field is mechanically perturbed with the incremental machining of a groove. The mechanical equilibrium is modified in tow directions. A new state of stress is created in the structure when the stress field is mechanically disturbed. The structure finds a new equilibrium state generating displacements on the surface. These displacements are measured using the Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI). The measured displacements field is linked to residual stresses using calibration coefficients calculated with the element finite method. We obtain a representation of the residual stress field in two directions, in-depth and along groove. The utilization of this method for the study of ultrasonic shot-peening is presented. We present also a method for the introduction of a residual stress field in a finite elements model. This method is applied to an Almen strip, its generalization for complexe geometries will allow to use the residual stress field as an initial condition for ameliorated numerical simulations of structure
Alhussein, Akram. "Transport et stockage des dérivés pétroliers : problématique d'endommagement des pipes par érosion de sable et par hydrogène." Thesis, Metz, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010METZ034S/document.
Full textIn this thesis, we have treated the local damage of pipes, with API 5L X52 steel, by impact of sand and hydrogen. The erosion occurs by the projection of corundum (Al2O3), with an average grain size between 300 and 400μm. The variables are the sanding time (between 1 and 8 hours) and the specimen notch radius (0.25 to 1 mm). The effect of erosion is characterized by: mass loss, eroded volume, evolution of notch parameters, residual stress analysis and microhardness HV. We noticed that longer the sanding time and larger the notch radius, more significant is the damage. Residual stresses introduced by sandblasting play an important role on the material resistance. The second part concerns the damage of pipes by the presence of hydrogen. Tests were carried out at a constant potential of -1Vsce, and in a standard electrolytic solution: NS4 (Natural Soil 4). The quantity and the concentration of absorbed hydrogen were evaluated. By performing different mechanical tests: Tensile, Charpy and fatigue, we determined the influence of sandblasting and hydrogen on the mechanical properties of pipes. The results indicate that the sandblasting improves the elongation at fracture and the lifetime of pipe, but on the other side, hydrogen reduces them because "he" penetrates into the steel and changes the failure mechanism. The evolution of material microstructure and fracture mode were observed by scanning electron microscope. The decrease in steel grains size, at the sandblasted notch tip, is a sign of large plastic deformation. The cracks in steel, charged with hydrogen, propagate along the porosity path. Finally, the harmfulness of notch, under sandblasting and hydrogen, was studied by the Modified Failure Assessment Diagram. We have shown that the notch with a depth of 20% of the pipe thickness isn’t dangerous, but the brittleness caused by the presence of hydrogen reduces the safety and security factors about 7%
Deléglise-Lagardère, Mylène. "Caractérisation et modélisation des contraintes résiduelles dans les pièces composites épaisses." Lille 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LIL10150.
Full textPolymer matrix composite materials are more and more chosen for thick structural parts applications. However, thermal and chemical shrinkages can occur during resin polymerization, creating residual stresses. An experimental method based on incremental matrix dissolution for stress relaxation was developed to determine residual stress profiles. Those profiles were comparable to those obtained numerically. The developed approach is based on the thermal and curing history prediction during composite manufacturing. The residual stress profile is then calculated using the laminate plate theory. The generation of residual stresses as well as the temperature at the polymerization peak were shown to be of great importance. Moreover, an inverse method for determination of thermal parameters induced by resin flows during composite manufacturing was presented. The temperature profile and thus the residual stresses can then be modelled accurately
Edeline, Gwenaël. "Méthode énergétique de simulation de propagation de fissure et contraintes résiduelles." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EPXX0060.
Full textLacoste, Emmanuel. "Modélisation et simulation multi-échelles des contraintes d'élaboration et de service dans les matériaux composites." Nantes, 2010. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=c1682c0b-ad83-4eda-8a9b-10bdb4a7e9e5.
Full textIn this thesis, multi-scale methods were used in order to describe the behaviour of an organic-matrix composite material, made of unidirectional reinforcing strips randomly disposed in the layout. The mean-field approach (Mori-Tanaka and self-consistent models) allowed us to forecast the mechanical properties of the composite via a two-steps procedure. The difficulties linked to the coexistence in the material of several morphologies of inclusions were overtaken with a more general formulation of the self-consistent model. This model also allowed us to estimate the local service stresses in the composite. Those stresses in the UD strips were also computed with a periodic full-field approach, using the finite elements, which highlighted the advantages and limits of the mean-field approaches. Relying on a description of the resin’s behaviour as a function of temperature and reticulation degree, the evolutions of the composite’s properties and local residual stresses (created by the thermochemical shrinkage of the resin) along the fabrication process could be determined, for several constraints applied to the composite. The problematic of the residual distortions of composite parts was also addressed, focusing on the effect of angle spring-in in L-shaped parts yielded by the material anisotropy. The finite elements allowed us to simulate this spring-in and also the mould-part interactions, accounting for the evolutions of the mechanical properties during the cure process. The opportunity of using a composite mould to cure composite parts was also evaluated
Zahouane, Abdel Illah. "Fatigue des joints soudés hétérogènes : rôle des contraintes résiduelles et aspects métallurgiques." Paris 11, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA112217.
Full textFerritic austenitic welded joints are complex junctions often difficult to obtain and are subjected to special service loadings due to the presence of dissimilar materials having different chimical and physical properties. Some nuclear reactor components are loaded in such a way that fatigue resistance of these joints is involved. In this work, the effect of residual stresses on crack propagation in a ferritic austenitic welded joint has been taken in consideration. For this purpose, residual stresses measurements on the joint have been performed. Measurements of these stresses have been obtained by hole drilling method (drilling of a hale at the center of a gauge roset stuck at the surface of the material). The presence of non un1form residual stress field, (due in particular to the difference between the expansion coefficients of the steels used to manufacture the joint), implies the use of special function called transmissibility function, to calculate residual stresses in the thicness of different samples used in this study. All the results obtained allow the explain the phenomenon encountered during crack propagation, in particular, the decrease of the crack propagation rate observed in some cases. As a matter of fact, high levels of residual stresses have been measured in the ferritic steel, near the ferritic austenitic weld boundary. These residual stresses produce the decrease of the crack propagation rate in this zone. To take into account this internal stress field, we suggest to calculate residual stress intensity factors Kres derived by weight. Function methods. When crack propagates, the effective stress intensity factor range ΔKeff is given by: ΔKeff = K appl. Max. + Kres
Pilloz, Michel. "Revêtements laser multi couches multimatériau : maîtrise des traitements et des contraintes résiduelles." Lyon, INSA, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990ISAL0029.
Full textValiorgue, Frédéric. "Simulation des processus de génération de contraintes résiduelles en tournage du 316L : nouvelle approche numérique et expérimentale." Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EMSE0038.
Full textThe main goal of this thesis proposed by AREVA NP is to predict the residual stresses induced by finishing turning of AISI 316L. The numerical model is simulating the residual stresses generation with a new approach by applying directly equivalent thermo-mechanical loadings onto the finished workpiece surface without modeling the chip removal process. Thus, this study is divided in two complementary main subsections. On one hand, an experimental campaign is carried out to record data and to compute thermomechanical loadings. This task is made using the AREVA NP parameters. On the other hand numerical models are set up using previous measured values. They are made to reproduce the residual stresses generation by applying and moving the thermo mechanical loadings. The study leads to interesting results because the shapes of the residual stresses curves agree with previous works concerning this topic and with XRD measured residual stresses. The new approach seems to be pertinent because it is possible to simulate several tool passages like no other numerical model
Yao, Wei-Zhen. "Analyses thermomécaniques multi-échelles expérimentale et numérique pour des empilements de couches minces en microélectronique." Thesis, Tours, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOUR4023.
Full textThe aim of this work is to understand and predict the warpage of silicon wafers during the fabrication process of PTIC microelectronic components. The warpages are partially responsible for several productivity problems. This study is done by coupling analytical calculation, finite element modeling and experimentation. The mechanical characterization of thin films constituting the multi-layered stack has been carried out by an experimental method nanoindentation with the help of a finite element model. The intrinsic stress in the thin films has been determined by coupling measurements of the wafer warpage and a finite element model. The obtained Young’s modulus and intrinsic stress are used to feed the database for calculating the wafer warpage by analytical and numerical approaches. The complexity of the structures (thousands of components in the wafer) required the use of homogenized models to calculate the wafer warpage. These results obtained allow the prediction of the wafer-level warpage in order to optimize the fabrication process flow and therefore reduce the risk of the mechanical problem
Lovato, Georges. "Rhéologie des joints brasés : étude expérimentale et détermination par méthode inversé." Paris, ENMP, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995ENMP0563.
Full textSchuman, Christophe. "Etude de l'évolution de la texture cristallographique d'acier extra-doux au cours du tréfilage et d'une opération particulière de laminage : détermination des contraintes internes." Metz, 1994. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1994/Schuman.Christophe.SMZ941.pdf.
Full textThe aim of yhis work is to determine the influence which the texture of the material in the case of the IFS and Al-killed steels may have on the drawability limit according to different drawing and metallurgical conditions. A study of the texture during a specific cold rolled process has also been carried out to compare the obtained textures with two different deformation processes. Since any plastic deformation introduces residual stresses in the material, it was necessary to quantify them in order to predict the in-use behaviour of the material. These residual stresses by means of X-ray diffraction have been determined by taking the crystallographic texture into account
Parant, Olivier. "Étude expérimentale et calcul des contraintes résiduelles dans des tubes extrudés en polyéthylène." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00443735.
Full textLe modèle le plus simple, basé sur une loi de comportement liquide - solide élastique, a mis en évidence deux mécanismes de formation des contraintes résiduelles. Le premier est relié aux différences de température lors du refroidissement qui provoquent des différences de retrait dans l'épaisseur. Ceci met les couches extérieures du tube en compression et les couches intérieures en traction. Ce profil de contrainte fait se refermer le tube lorsqu'on le découpe suivant la génératrice
Le second mécanisme est relié aux efforts extérieurs qui s'appliquent sur le tube. La dépression dans le calibreur maintient le tube contre la chambre de calibrage et l'empêche de se rétracter lors du refroidissement ce qui induit des contraintes de traction dans les couches solidifiées. En fait la dépression bloque le retrait thermique qui était à l'origine du premier mécanisme. Si la dépression est suffisante pour maintenir le tube jusqu'à la fin de la solidification le profil de contraintes résiduelles est nul. Les profils de contraintes intermédiaires sont obtenus par une évolution des conditions aux limites lors de la solidification, la dépression n'étant en faite pas suffisante pour maintenir le contact pendant toute la solidification.
Le modèle élastique a également mis en avant l'influence des forces axiales et en particulier les forces de frottement entre le tube et la chambre de calibrage. En étirant le tube, elles tendent à diminuer son diamètre. La dépression bloque cette rétraction en plus du retrait thermique. Ceci accentue les contraintes de traction dans les couches extérieures jusqu'à inverser le profil des contraintes résiduelles. Le tube peut alors s'ouvrir lorsqu'on le découpe suivant la génératrice.
Le modèle élastique est suffisant pour expliquer l'influence de la dépression sur le profil des contraintes résiduelles. Cependant les propriétés des matériaux que ce modèle peut prendre en compte restent assez éloignées de celui des polyéthylènes pendant le refroidissement.
Le modèle viscoélastique que nous avons développé est original par rapport à la bibliographie dans le sens où la variation du volume spécifique et les propriétés mécanique lors de la transition fluide -- solide sont directement basés sur l'évolution du taux de cristallinité, paramètre du premier ordre sur le comportement physique du matériau.
Le taux de cristallinité peut être obtenu dans le modèle soit par le modèle de cristallisation d'Ozawa soit en reprenant directement les résultats obtenus par DSC. Celui-ci est alors utilisé pour déterminer l'évolution du volume spécifique et permet de tenir de l'importante rétraction du matériau qui se produit lors de la cristallisation. L'influence du retrait du à la cristallisation doit cependant être nuancé car il se produit à des températures pour lesquelles la relaxation des contraintes n'est pas négligeable. Pour des matériaux semi-cristallins tel que les polyéthylènes, il est donc nécessaire d'utiliser un modèle viscoélastique pour pouvoir prendre en compte le retrait lors de la cristallisation.
Afin de pouvoir appliquer les forces d'étirage et de frottement dès le début de la solidification, nous avons montré qu'il était nécessaire de tenir compte des contraintes dans les couches non solidifiées afin de charger progressivement les couches solidifiées. Le comportement viscoélastique des matériaux est pris en compte dans les états fluides et solide par des lois de Maxwell multimode. La répartition des contraintes prédit dans les couches fluides et solides par le modèle viscoélastique permet d'avoir une première information sur l'importance des propriétés mécaniques du matériau à l'état fluide. Les calculs permettent d'expliquer en partie l'orientation mesurée dans les couches extérieures lors de l'étude des polyéthylènes basse densité linéaire.
Le modèle viscoélastique apporte peu de renseignements supplémentaires sur les mécanismes de formation des contraintes résiduelles finales mais il permet de les quantifier en utilisant des caractéristiques matériaux proches de celles des polyéthylènes lors du refroidissement.
Une étude numérique confirme que le procédé de calibrage est relativement sensible à tous les paramètres du procédé et caractéristiques du matériau même si la dépression reste le paramètre de premier ordre.
Finalement, les comparaisons entre les calculs et l'expérience montrent que nous sommes parvenus à borner la réalité en expliquant l'origine des contraintes résiduelles qui se forment lors du calibrage des tubes.
Castrataro, Albert. "Mesure et prédiction des contraintes résiduelles dans une turbine hydraulique de type Francis." Mémoire, École de technologie supérieure, 2006. http://espace.etsmtl.ca/542/1/CASTRATARO_Albert.pdf.
Full textDurand, Nicolas. "Contraintes résiduelles et microstructure dans des films minces de tungstène : évolution sous irradiation." Poitiers, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994POIT2336.
Full textBonaventure, Alix. "Evaluation expérimentale et numérique des contraintes résiduelles dans des structures soudées en multipasse." Troyes, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TROY0011.
Full textArc multipass welding is the assembly process of thick components. For dissimilar joints, different materials (filler and base metals) are used for the assembly. The residual stresses induced by welding are difficult to evaluate because of the multiplicity and difficulty of welding process combined with multi-material aspects. However it is important to estimate them because they may be the cause of damage and then affect the mechanical joint integrity. In this context, welding residual stresses have been evaluated by experimental and numerical methods in a multipass arc welded dissimilar joint. Two complementary methods are used: Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry hole drilling and neutron diffraction. The thermometallurgical and mechanical effects of welding process are next simulated by a finite element analysis with software Sysweld®. In order to study the difficulties of experimental characterizations and the simulation setting up, two simplified mock-ups have been considered in a first step. Then the analysis have been extended on a bimetallic tubular joint (16MND5/Inconel 82/316L), which is representative of configurations in primary coolant circuit of pressurized water nuclear reactors. The comparison of experimental and numerical results for the plane and tubular mock-ups allows the characterization of the thermalmetallurgical-mechanical calculations relevancy
Parant, Olivier. "Etude expérimentale et calcul des contraintes résiduelles dans des tubes extrudés en polyéthylène." Paris, ENMP, 2002. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00443735.
Full textHadad, Mousab. "Évaluation de l’adhérence et des contraintes résiduelles de revêtements obtenus par projection thermique." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10115/document.
Full textFor thermal sprayed coatings that are characterized by thick coatings, the adhesion to the substrate and residual stresses are the main parameters determining their performance in service. Although many methods have been tried to assess adhesion, there is no test, nowadays, that satisfies all requirements, both technical and theoretical, necessary to properly represent the adhesion of a coating on its substrate. The essential idea here is to compare several test methods capable of delivering an interface toughness or interfacial fracture energy representative of the adhesion of coatings. Various conditions of spraying as well as different materials and substrates were used. Apart from the EN582 standard test, indentation interfacial, in-plane shear and C-Rockwell indentation associated with a finite element modeling were used. The residual stresses were estimated using the curvature bending, the incremental hole drilling and the indirect method based on the results of the interfacial indentation. We show that the methods of interfacial indentation and in-plane tensile tests provide the best prospects in terms of consistency and reliability of the physical quantities obtained. For example, for metallic coatings, a quasi-linear correlation was found between the results of the interface indentation and the in-plane tensile tests. This result is very important since both tests provide fully consistent and reliable results, thus demonstrating their relevance to assess adhesion. Finally, the annealing process, allowing the establishment of a new state of residual stress within the coating and substrate, was used to analyze the influence of residual stresses on adhesion
Lévesque, Jean-Benoît. "Développement d'une méthode de calcul des contraintes résiduelles pour la méthode des contours et mesures expérimentales des contraintes résiduelles de joints soudés en T sous l'influence de bridage." Mémoire, École de technologie supérieure, 2010. http://espace.etsmtl.ca/277/1/L%C3%89VESQUE_Jean%2DBeno%C3%AEt.pdf.
Full textBolle, Bernard. "Etude par diffraction des rayons X de la formation d'une couche de laiton par dépôt d'une couche de cuivre et de zinc et diffusion." Metz, 1994. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1994/Bolle.Bernard.SMZ9463.pdf.
Full textIn this study are presented X ray difftaction methods for thin film analysis. Thin brass coating deposited on steel cord are obtained by a sequential deposition of copper and zinc followed by diffusion, leading to an heterogeneous brass. Quantitative analysis is extended to heterogeneous materials. We show the importance of the layer heterogeneity in the calculation of phases quantities. The Houska's method allowing to know the profile of concentration by using X ray line profile analysis is improved. We formulate a new approach of resolution giving directly the solution without the use of trial and error technics. This new formalism is applied to study the phase transformation [beta]'-[alpha]and the homogenisation of the alpha phase which occur during the diffusion in brass. Profiles of concentration determined by this method agree with those given by STIMS or GDL. A new method(ro-ryis) developed to measure residual stresses either in thin films or in bulk materials. Stresses observed in the brass layer appear when the steel is quenched after the thermodiffusion. This study showst hat XRD connected with XRF allows to know rapidly with accuracy the main diffusion parameters as concentration phases composition, stresses and their evolution during the diffusion process used in steel cord making
Tidu, Albert. "Analyse et étude de profils de raies de diffraction des rayons X enregistrées avec un détecteur courbe : application à l'analyse de propriétés microstructurales de matériaux et notion d'indicatrice." Metz, 1990. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1990/Tidu.Albert_1.SMZ904.pdf.
Full textThis study presents works done by using a curved position sensitive detector in the field of X-ray diffraction analysis. The introduction of exeprimental technics allow us to use this detector with a very high accuracy. We propose a simplified expression of asymetric Pearson VII distribution for the fitting and dessomation of mixed X-ray line profiles. We introduce usefull technics for the measurement of residual stresses analysis for large grain materials (discontinuous integration and diffraction lines smoothing). We developpe and extended the pole figure concept to the other X-ray line characteristics (named indicatrix). Using them formal relation between size of the coherently diffracting domains and micro-strain are obtained. The distribution of integrated intensity versus form factor of X-ray line profile show us in cunjunction with X-ray line breadth, that it is one of the best descriptive parameter for polycristalline materials analysis. Using well-known relationships, the relation between size and micro-stress present some analogy with the Hall-Petch relationship. The study of oscillation in graph giving the deformation versus the measurement direction present predominent effect of microstructural parameter such as domain size or micro-strain. This work allow us to say that the indicatricies which reflect structural anisotropy are usefull tools for polycristalline materials analysis
Kétata, Mohamed. "Capteurs à fibres optiques pour la détection et la localisation des contraintes et déformations." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989ECAP0094.
Full textBernard, Frédéric. "Les contraintes résiduelles en réactivité des solides : détermination et rôle sur les mécanismes réactionnels." Dijon, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993DIJOS021.
Full textKahloun, Charlie. "Etude des contraintes résiduelles par diffraction de rayons X : statistiques et déconvolution des mesures." Dijon, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991DIJOS008.
Full textHugot, Françoise. "Modélisation des contraintes résiduelles thermiques et du comportement plastique des composites à matrice métallique." Lyon, INSA, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991ISAL0046.
Full textIn the future, the metal matrix composites, especially the long or discontinuous fibre reinforced composites will be probably used on a large scale for high technology applications ; however several questions remain open in the domain of mechanical properties : the thermal induced internal stress effect, the kind of loading between fibre and matrix, the damage evolution in the composite. In order to under - stand these phenomena, we have studied the following problems - a single fibre composite is modelized analytically in order to estimate the terminal residual stresses level and their evolution after a tensile test. - a fibre crack is simulated by finite element method and a Coulomb friction criterion is introduced at the interface between the matrix and the fibre. The gap study between the two ends of the broken fibre allow to estimate the interface quality. - a parallel and periodical fibre reinforced composite is studied with various mechanical properties depending on : fibre volume fraction, reinforcement geometry, particle size. Then a upper bound method is developed to predict the mechanical behaviour of a composite with random fibre distribution
Xiao, Ji. "Etude de la cinétique d’oxydation et contraintes résiduelles de l’Inconel 600 sous air humide." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112406/document.
Full textHumidity influences on the oxidation behavior of the alloy in air Inconel 600 were investigated at high temperature (600°C to 900°C) for various oxidation periods (24 hours to 150 hours) .The oxidation kinetics were studied by thermo gravimetric analysis: at a relatively low temperature (600°C to 700°C), the kinetics following a single parabolic law; at a higher temperature (800°C to 900°C), a two-stage evolution was observed, each step follows a parabolic law. In the presence of water vapor (from 0% to 19% absolute humidity) at all temperatures studied, the content of Cr in the oxide surface is higher than that oxidized without steam. Oxidation at the same temperature, the weight gain decreases in the presence of water vapor.The morphology of the oxidized surface is studied by FEG-SEM. With the presence of water vapor, the oxide layer is more compact and homogeneous. By coupling with the X-ray diffraction in low incidence (GIXRD), two oxide layers were observed in the cross section when the oxidation temperature is over 700°C with or without humidity: the outer layer contains mainly of the NiO phase and the inner layer contains spinel NiCr2O4 and Cr2O3 phase. The fractions of each phase depend on the oxidation conditions (temperature, humidity, oxidation period etc ...).Constraints studies in the oxide layers have been made by the classical method of ray diffraction sin2ψ to residual stresses as well as the in situ method for deflection of the growth stresses. Residual stresses in the two oxide layers are in compression, while the level of compressive residual stress in the NiO layer (<600 MPa) is less than that in the layer of NiCr2O4 (> 800 MPa). In the presence of water vapor, the compressive residual stress increases dramatically. The analyzes and assessments of constraints (residual, growth and thermal) were performed. These results indicate that the oxidation mechanism is not only a chemical process, but a complex chemical mechanical process involving the mechanical behavior. Analysis by SIMS and XPS were performed on samples oxidized to study the atomic scattering mechanism and the role of humidity on the oxidation
Pimard, Alain. "200 1#Etude de l'aptitude au cintrage des tubes Cu-b écrouis en liaison avec la texture et la répartition des contraintes résiduelles." Lyon, INSA, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985ISAL0015.
Full textFlahaut, Patrick. "Caractérisation et comportement mécanique de placages bimétalliques." Lille 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LIL10164.
Full textKassegne, Komlan Assogba. "Analyse par diffraction X en trois dimensions des déformations/contraintes dans des matériaux cristallins à réseaux très déformés." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1992. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1992_KASSEGNE_K_A.pdf.
Full textGiroud, Thomas. "Mesure et calcul des contraintes résiduelles dans les pièces injectées en thermoplastiques avec et sans fibres de renfort." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00392610.
Full textDerycke, Pascal. "Modélisation de l'anisotropie des propriétés micromagnétiques des tôles d'aciers doux due à la texture cristallographique et aux contraintes." Metz, 1996. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1996/Derycke.Pascal.SMZ9645.pdf.
Full textThe anisotropic effects induced by stress fields and crystallographic texture on micromagnetic quantities such as Barkhausen noise amplitude measurements are correlated to the crystallographic texture and stress states of the material. The results of this thesis allow a relevant improvement of the possibilities to perform and design stress or texture sensitive non-destructive magnetic techniques
Clement, Laurent. "Mesure des déformations et des contraintes par diffraction électronique en faisceau convergent (cbed)." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006GRE10133.
Full textLn this work, we propose a CBED (Convergent Beam Electron Diffraction) procedure to characterize stress in the monocrystalline silicon substrates used for microelectronics devices through the measurement of the stress relaxation in a thin TEM lamella. This relaxation involves a bending of the atomic planes inside the sample and leads to HOLZ lines broadening observed in experimental patterns. This effect is clearly explained by coupling finite element mechanical simulation of stress relaxation in the thin lamella with diffracted intensity ca1culation. This procedure is then applied to stress quantification in reference systems Si/ Si Ge and to 3D transistors. The perfect matching between the theoretical relaxed and experimental CBED patterns is an iterative process, and so could be diflicult and time-consuming. Nevertheless, it looks the only reliable way to provide strain and stresses field in the investigated device with a very good spatial resolution and an excellent sensitivity. Additionally, we have also developed a CBED software tool under MATLAB environment dedicated to the semi-automatic treatment of CBED patterns with fine HOLZ lines. This application inc1udes Hough transform to identify the exact position of experimental HOLZ lines and the automatic comparison with a quasi-kinematical simulation of HOLZ lines position via an objective function minimisation on the lattice parameters. Strain and stress tensor components can then be easily derived. We use this software to characterize stress in epitaxiallayer and we still underline the stress relaxation in the thin lamella which is coherent with our elastic mechanical model
Hoblos, Jazzar. "Évaluation des contraintes résiduelles par méthode ultrasonore avec prise en compte des effets de la microstructure : application au cas du soudage." Lille 1, 2004. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2004/50376-2004-318.pdf.
Full textPatru, Julien. "Modélisation du développement des contraintes résiduelles au sein de dépôts plasma de zircone et d'acier." Limoges, 2005. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/5d1766c7-a7d8-4772-86ee-42cb0dadf849/blobholder:0/2005LIMO0056.pdf.
Full textThe aim of this thesis work is the development of a model able to reproduce the development of the residual stress within zirconia coatings. This model is based on temperature and deflection measurement of substrates during spraying : the zirconia is plasma spayed on a beam whose curve is continuously measured. The experimental strategy consisted in collecting the data necessary to the establishment of the boundary conditions of the model (plasma heat fluxes, convective parameters) and comparing calculated stress profiles with experimental profiles. This model is now a residual stress estimation mean for zirconia coatings on steel substrate. It moreover showed a good adaptability with the nature of considered materials
Wu, Zhu. "Détermination des contraintes résiduelles par interférométrie de Moiré et méthode de perçage du trou incrémental." Troyes, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998TROY0001.
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