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Journal articles on the topic 'Contralesional Limb'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Vaishnavi, Sandeep, Jesse Calhoun, and Anjan Chatterjee. "Binding Personal and Peripersonal Space: Evidence from Tactile Extinction." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 13, no. 2 (2001): 181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892901564243.

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Behavioral and neurophysiological studies suggest that the brain constructs different representations of space. Among these representations are personal and peripersonal space. Personal space refers to the space occupied by our bodies. Peripersonal space refers to the space surrounding our bodies, which can be reached by our limbs. How these two representations are bound to give a unified sense of space in which humans act is not clear. We tested 10 patients with tactile extinction to investigate this issue. Tactile extinction is an attentional disorder in which patients are unaware of being t

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Johnson, Scott H., Gwen Sprehn, and Andrew J. Saykin. "Intact Motor Imagery in Chronic Upper Limb Hemiplegics: Evidence for Activity-Independent Action Representations." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 14, no. 6 (2002): 841–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892902760191072.

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Four experiments were undertaken to examine the effects of chronic hemiplegia on the ability to internally represent actions involving either the paralyzed (contralesional) or relatively unaffected (ipsilesional) limb. An experimental group of chronic, densely hemiplegic patients was compared with controls who experienced nearly full recovery from an initially dense hemiparesis. All participants suffered cerebral vascular accidents that spared sites in premotor and parietal areas directly involved in representing upper limb actions. Despite chronic limb immobility, hemiplegic patients performe

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Kerr, Abigail L. "Contralesional plasticity following constraint-induced movement therapy benefits outcome: contributions of the intact hemisphere to functional recovery." Reviews in the Neurosciences 33, no. 3 (2021): 269–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revneuro-2021-0085.

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Abstract Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. A common, chronic deficit after stroke is upper limb impairment, which can be exacerbated by compensatory use of the nonparetic limb. Resulting in learned nonuse of the paretic limb, compensatory reliance on the nonparetic limb can be discouraged with constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT). CIMT is a rehabilitative strategy that may promote functional recovery of the paretic limb in both acute and chronic stroke patients through intensive practice of the paretic limb combined with binding, or otherwise preventing activat

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Tam, Pui Kit, Nicodemus Edrick Oey, Ning Tang, Guhan Ramamurthy, and Effie Chew. "Facilitating Corticomotor Excitability of the Contralesional Hemisphere Using Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation to Improve Upper Limb Motor Recovery from Stroke—A Scoping Review." Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 15 (2024): 4420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm13154420.

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Upper limb weakness following stroke poses a significant global psychosocial and economic burden. Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) is a potential adjunctive treatment in rehabilitation. However, traditional approaches to rebalance interhemispheric inhibition may not be effective for all patients. The supportive role of the contralesional hemisphere in recovery of upper limb motor function has been supported by animal and clinical studies, particularly for those with severe strokes. This review aims to provide an overview of the facilitation role of the contralesional hemisphere for post-s

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Cleland, Brice T., and Sangeetha Madhavan. "Ipsilateral Motor Pathways and Transcallosal Inhibition During Lower Limb Movement After Stroke." Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 35, no. 4 (2021): 367–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1545968321999049.

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Background Stroke rehabilitation may be improved with a better understanding of the contribution of ipsilateral motor pathways to the paretic limb and alterations in transcallosal inhibition. Few studies have evaluated these factors during dynamic, bilateral lower limb movements, and it is unclear whether they relate to functional outcomes. Objective Determine if lower limb ipsilateral excitability and transcallosal inhibition after stroke depend on target limb, task, or number of limbs involved, and whether these factors are related to clinical measures. Methods In 29 individuals with stroke,

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Kakinoki, Ryosuke, Scott F. M. Duncan, Ryosuke Ikeguchi, et al. "Motor and Sensory Cortical Changes after Contralateral Cervical Seventh Nerve Root (CC7) Transfer in Patients with Brachial Plexus Injuries." Journal of Hand Surgery (Asian-Pacific Volume) 22, no. 02 (2017): 138–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218810417500162.

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Background: Previous animal studies demonstrated that the sensory and motor functions in ipsilesional upper limbs that had been reconstructed by CC7 transfer eventually associated with the contralesional brain cortices that had originally mediated the functions of the ipsilesional upper limbs before brachial plexus injury (BPI). Our hypothesis was that the same findings would be seen in humans.Methods: Four patients with total BPI treated with CC7 transfer were included. Changes in the locations of the activated areas in the primary motor (M1) and somatosensory (S1) cortices corresponding to t

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Hammerbeck, Ulrike, Sarah F. Tyson, Prawin Samraj, Kristen Hollands, John W. Krakauer, and John Rothwell. "The Strength of the Corticospinal Tract Not the Reticulospinal Tract Determines Upper-Limb Impairment Level and Capacity for Skill-Acquisition in the Sub-Acute Post-Stroke Period." Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 35, no. 9 (2021): 812–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15459683211028243.

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Background. Upper-limb impairment in patients with chronic stroke appears to be partly attributable to an upregulated reticulospinal tract (RST). Here, we assessed whether the impact of corticospinal (CST) and RST connectivity on motor impairment and skill-acquisition differs in sub-acute stroke, using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)–based proxy measures. Methods. Thirty-eight stroke survivors were randomized to either reach training 3-6 weeks post-stroke (plus usual care) or usual care only. At 3, 6 and 12 weeks post-stroke, we measured ipsilesional and contralesional cortical connect

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Vanbellingen, Tim, Beatrice Ottiger, Noortje Maaijwee, et al. "Spatial Neglect Predicts Upper Limb Use in the Activities of Daily Living." Cerebrovascular Diseases 44, no. 3-4 (2017): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000477500.

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Background and Purpose: Motor tests performed at stroke onset have been shown to predict the recovery of upper limb motor impairment. Less is known about upper limb recovery at the level of functional activity or of participation and how spatial neglect may influence the integration of the upper limb in the activities of daily living (ADL). Our objective was to investigate whether the initial severity of spatial neglect may predict upper limb use in ADL. Methods: Eighty-two patients with a right-hemispheric stroke (RHS) were prospectively included in the study. They were assessed twice in the

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Robertson, Ian H., Karen Hogg, and Tom M. McMillan. "Rehabilitation of Unilateral Neglect: Improving Function by Contralesional Limb Activation." Neuropsychological Rehabilitation 8, no. 1 (1998): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713755556.

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Maenza, Candice, David C. Good, Carolee J. Winstein, David A. Wagstaff, and Robert L. Sainburg. "Functional Deficits in the Less-Impaired Arm of Stroke Survivors Depend on Hemisphere of Damage and Extent of Paretic Arm Impairment." Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 34, no. 1 (2019): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1545968319875951.

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Background. Previous research has detailed the hemisphere dependence and specific kinematic deficits observed for the less-affected arm of patients with unilateral stroke. Objective. We now examine whether functional motor deficits in the less-affected arm, measured by standardized clinical measures of motor function, also depend on the hemisphere that was damaged and on the severity of contralesional impairment. Methods. We recruited 48 left-hemisphere-damaged (LHD) participants, 62 right-hemisphere-damaged participants, and 54 age-matched control participants. Measures of motor function incl

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Cash, Jasmine J., Mark G. Bowden, Andrea D. Boan, Lisa M. McTeague, and John H. Kindred. "Systematic Evaluation of the Effects of Voluntary Activation on Lower Extremity Motor Thresholds." Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 18 (2023): 5993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm12185993.

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The purpose of this investigation was to elucidate the relationship between the resting motor threshold (rMT) and active motor threshold (aMT). A cross-sectional comparison of MTs measured at four states of lower extremity muscle activation was conducted: resting, 5% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), 10%MVC, and standing. MTs were measured at the tibialis anterior in the ipsilesional and contralesional limbs in participants in the chronic phase (>6 months) of stroke (n = 11) and in the dominant limb of healthy controls (n = 11). To compare across activation levels, the responses were sta

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Mooney, Ronan A., Suzanne J. Ackerley, Deshan K. Rajeswaran, et al. "The Influence of Primary Motor Cortex Inhibition on Upper Limb Impairment and Function in Chronic Stroke: A Multimodal Study." Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 33, no. 2 (2019): 130–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1545968319826052.

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Background. Stroke is a leading cause of adult disability owing largely to motor impairment and loss of function. After stroke, there may be abnormalities in γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated inhibitory function within primary motor cortex (M1), which may have implications for residual motor impairment and the potential for functional improvements at the chronic stage. Objective. To quantify GABA neurotransmission and concentration within ipsilesional and contralesional M1 and determine if they relate to upper limb impairment and function at the chronic stage of stroke. Methods. Twelve chron

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Cunningham, David A., Jayme S. Knutson, Vishwanath Sankarasubramanian, Kelsey A. Potter-Baker, Andre G. Machado, and Ela B. Plow. "Bilateral Contralaterally Controlled Functional Electrical Stimulation Reveals New Insights Into the Interhemispheric Competition Model in Chronic Stroke." Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 33, no. 9 (2019): 707–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1545968319863709.

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Background. Upper-limb chronic stroke hemiplegia was once thought to persist because of disproportionate amounts of inhibition imposed from the contralesional on the ipsilesional hemisphere. Thus, one rehabilitation strategy involves discouraging engagement of the contralesional hemisphere by only engaging the impaired upper limb with intensive unilateral activities. However, this premise has recently been debated and has been shown to be task specific and/or apply only to a subset of the stroke population. Bilateral rehabilitation, conversely, engages both hemispheres and has been shown to be

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van Lieshout, Eline C. C., Johanna M. A. Visser-Meily, Sebastiaan F. W. Neggers, H. Bart van der Worp, and Rick M. Dijkhuizen. "Brain stimulation for arm recovery after stroke (B-STARS): protocol for a randomised controlled trial in subacute stroke patients." BMJ Open 7, no. 8 (2017): e016566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016566.

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IntroductionMany patients with stroke have moderate to severe long-term sensorimotor impairments, often including inability to execute movements of the affected arm or hand. Limited recovery from stroke may be partly caused by imbalanced interaction between the cerebral hemispheres, with reduced excitability of the ipsilesional motor cortex while excitability of the contralesional motor cortex is increased. Non-invasive brain stimulation with inhibitory repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the contralesional hemisphere may aid in relieving a post-stroke interhemispheric excit

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Pundik, Svetlana, Margaret Skelly, Jessica McCabe, Heba Akbari, Curtis Tatsuoka, and Ela B. Plow. "Does rTMS Targeting Contralesional S1 Enhance Upper Limb Somatosensory Function in Chronic Stroke? A Proof-of-Principle Study." Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 35, no. 3 (2021): 233–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1545968321989338.

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Background Somatosensory deficits are prevalent after stroke, but effective interventions are limited. Brain stimulation of the contralesional primary somatosensory cortex (S1) is a promising adjunct to peripherally administered rehabilitation therapies. Objective To assess short-term effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) targeting contralesional (S1) of the upper extremity. Methods Using a single-session randomized crossover design, stroke survivors with upper extremity somatosensory loss participated in 3 rTMS treatments targeting contralesional S1: Sham, 5 Hz, and 1

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CORBEN, LOUISE A., JASON B. MATTINGLEY, and JOHN L. BRADSHAW. "A kinematic analysis of distractor interference effects during visually guided action in spatial neglect." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 7, no. 3 (2001): 334–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617701733073.

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Patients with left spatial neglect following right hemisphere damage may show anomalies in ipsilesional-limb movements directed to targets on their affected side, in addition to their characteristic perceptual deficits. In this study we examined the extent to which visually guided movements made by neglect patients are susceptible to interference from concurrent visual distractors on the contralesional or ipsilesional side of a designated target. Eleven right hemisphere patients with visual neglect, plus 11 matched healthy controls, performed a double-step movement task upon a digitizing table

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Bradnam, L. V., C. M. Stinear, P. A. Barber, and W. D. Byblow. "Contralesional Hemisphere Control of the Proximal Paretic Upper Limb following Stroke." Cerebral Cortex 22, no. 11 (2011): 2662–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhr344.

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Robertson, I. H. "Rehabilitation of unilateral neglect: reducing inhibitory competition by contralesional limb activation." Neurocase 5, no. 2 (1999): 159a—159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neucas/5.2.159-a.

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Luk, Ka Yan, Hui Xi Ouyang, and Marco Yiu Chung Pang. "Low-Frequency rTMS over Contralesional M1 Increases Ipsilesional Cortical Excitability and Motor Function with Decreased Interhemispheric Asymmetry in Subacute Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Study." Neural Plasticity 2022 (January 5, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3815357.

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Objective. To determine the long-term effects of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (LF-rTMS) over the contralesional M1 preceding motor task practice on the interhemispheric asymmetry of the cortical excitability and the functional recovery in subacute stroke patients with mild to moderate arm paresis. Methods. Twenty-four subacute stroke patients were randomly allocated to either the experimental or control group. The experimental group underwent rTMS over the contralesional M1 (1 Hz), immediately followed by 30 minutes of motor task practice (10 sessions within 2 wee

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Ballardini, Giulia, Alexis Krueger, Psiche Giannoni, Lucio Marinelli, Maura Casadio, and Robert A. Scheidt. "Effect of Short-Term Exposure to Supplemental Vibrotactile Kinesthetic Feedback on Goal-Directed Movements after Stroke: A Proof of Concept Case Series." Sensors 21, no. 4 (2021): 1519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21041519.

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Many survivors of stroke have persistent somatosensory deficits on the contralesional side of their body. Non-invasive supplemental feedback of limb movement could enhance the accuracy and efficiency of actions involving the upper extremity, potentially improving quality of life after stroke. In this proof-of-concept study, we evaluated the feasibility and the immediate effects of providing supplemental kinesthetic feedback to stroke survivors, performing goal-directed actions with the contralesional arm. Three survivors of stroke in the chronic stage of recovery participated in experimental s

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Jayaram, Gowri, and James W. Stinear. "Contralesional paired associative stimulation increases paretic lower limb motor excitability post-stroke." Experimental Brain Research 185, no. 4 (2007): 563–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-007-1183-x.

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Zhang, Lan, Guoqiang Xing, Shiquan Shuai, et al. "Low-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Stroke-Induced Upper Limb Motor Deficit: A Meta-Analysis." Neural Plasticity 2017 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2758097.

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Background and Purpose. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (LF-rTMS) over the contralesional hemisphere on upper limb motor recovery and cortex plasticity after stroke.Methods. Databases of PubMed, Medline, ScienceDirect, Cochrane, and Embase were searched for randomized controlled trials published before Jun 31, 2017. The effect size was evaluated by using the standardized mean difference (SMD) and a 95% confidence interval (CI). Resting motor threshold (rMT) and motor-evoked potential (MEP) were also ex

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Juan Du, Weihe Yao, Jianrui Li, et al. "Motor Network Reorganization After Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Early Stroke Patients: A Resting State fMRI Study." Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 36, no. 1 (2021): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15459683211054184.

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Objective To compare the effects of high-frequency (10 Hz) versus low-frequency (1 Hz) repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) on motor recovery and functional reorganization of the cortical motor network during the early phase of stroke. Methods Forty-six hospitalized, first-ever ischemic stroke patients in early stage (within two weeks) with upper limb motor deficits were recruited. They were randomly allocated to three groups with 10 Hz ipsilesional rTMS, 1 Hz contralesional rTMS, and sham rTMS of five daily session. All patients underwent motor function (Upper Extremity Fugl–Me

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van Dokkum, Liesjet E. H., Emmanuelle le Bars, Denis Mottet, Alain Bonafé, Nicolas Menjot de Champfleur, and Isabelle Laffont. "Modified Brain Activations of the Nondamaged Hemisphere During Ipsilesional Upper-Limb Movement in Persons With Initial Severe Motor Deficits Poststroke." Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 32, no. 1 (2017): 34–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1545968317746783.

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Background. Poststroke, the ipsilesional upper limb shows slight but substantial and long-term motor deficits. Objective. To define brain activation patterns during a gross motor flexion/extension task of the ipsilesional elbow early poststroke before and after rehabilitation, in relation to the corresponding kinematic characteristics at each time point. Method. Simultaneous analysis of kinematic features (amplitude, frequency, smoothness, and trajectory of movement) and of corresponding functional magnetic resonance imaging activations (block-design). A total of 21 persons with subacute initi

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Dr., Shaik Kareemulla* Dr. Shaik Mohammed Khasim Syeda Sana Samreen Hafiza Begum Siddiqua Saba Mehboob Khatoon. "NEURO PSYCHOLOGICAL BEHAVIOUR OF HEMISPATIAL NEGLECT: A SYSTEMATIC ANATOMIZATION ON ITS PARADIGM AND REHABILITATION APPROACH." Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 04, no. 11 (2017): 3901–10. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1041988.

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This article summarize about common neuropsychological brain disorder i.e., Hemispatial Neglect. Spatial neglect is a lateralized disorder of space related to behaviour of patients which is characterized by the failure to explore the side Neglect is associated with unilateral brain damage occur due to stroke and many other neurodegenerative disorders like neoplasia, trauma, cardiac infarction, etc. Many patients with neglect following stroke improve within a few weeks, but some continue to have persistent neglect that are likely to require rehabilitation input. It deals with the symptoms of ty

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Verhaegh, Anke P. M., Brenda E. Groen, Pauline B. M. Aarts, et al. "Multisensory Stimulation and Priming (MuSSAP) in 4-10 Months Old Infants with a Unilateral Brain Lesion: A Pilot Randomised Clinical Trial." Occupational Therapy International 2023 (January 6, 2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/8128407.

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Aim. To explore the effect of an Early Intensive-Upper Limb intervention (EI-UL) compared to EI-UL with integrated Multisensory Stimulation And Priming (MuSSAP) training on improving manual ability in infants with a unilateral brain lesion. Method. A pilot randomised clinical trial with pre- and postintervention and follow-up measurements (T0, T1, and T2) was conducted. Sixteen infants with a unilateral brain lesion (corrected age is 4-10 months) received home-based intervention with video coaching. Eight infants received EI-UL and eight infants received EI-UL with integrated MuSSAP training.

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Dai, Wenjun, Xi Yang, Canhuan Liu, et al. "Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over the contralesional dorsal premotor cortex on upper limb function in severe ischaemic stroke: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial." BMJ Open 13, no. 12 (2023): e074037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-074037.

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IntroductionRepetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is an evidence-based treatment widely recommended to promote hand motor recovery after ischaemic stroke. However, the therapeutic efficacy of rTMS over the motor cortex in stroke patients is currently restricted and heterogeneous. This study aimed to determine whether excitatory rTMS over the contralesional dorsal premotor cortex (cPMd) facilitates the functional recovery of the upper limbs during the postacute stage of severe ischaemic stroke.Methods and analysisThis study will be conducted as a single-blind, controlled, randomis

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Bakalkin, Georgy, Olga Nosova, Daniil Sarkisyan, et al. "Unilateral traumatic brain injury of the left and right hemisphere produces the left hindlimb response in rats." Experimental Brain Research 239, no. 7 (2021): 2221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-021-06118-4.

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AbstractTraumatic brain injury and stroke result in hemiplegia, hemiparesis, and asymmetry in posture. The effects are mostly contralateral; however, ipsilesional deficits may also develop. We here examined whether ablation brain injury and controlled cortical impact (CCI), a rat model of clinical focal traumatic brain injury, both centered over the left or right sensorimotor cortex, induced hindlimb postural asymmetry (HL-PA) with contralesional or ipsilesional limb flexion. The contralesional hindlimb was flexed after left or right side ablation injury. In contrast, both the left and right C

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Karnath, Hans–Otto. "Spatial orientation and the representation of space with parietal lobe lesions." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 352, no. 1360 (1997): 1411–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1997.0127.

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Damage to the human parietal cortex leads to disturbances of spatial perception and of motor behaviour. Within the parietal lobe, lesions of the superior and of the inferior lobule induce quite different, characteristic deficits. Patients with inferior (predominantly right) parietal–lobe lesions fail to explore the contralesional part of space by eye or limb movements (spatial neglect). In contrast, superior parietal lobe lesions lead to specific impairments of goal–directed movements (optic ataxia). The observations reported in this paper support the view of dissociated functions represented

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Gao, Tianhao, Yiqian Hu, Jie Zhuang, Yulong Bai, and Rongrong Lu. "Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Brain Region Activated by Motor Imagery Involving a Paretic Wrist and Hand for Upper-Extremity Motor Improvement in Severe Stroke: A Preliminary Study." Brain Sciences 13, no. 1 (2022): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13010069.

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Approximately two-thirds of stroke survivors experience chronic upper-limb paresis; however, treatment options are limited. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) can enhance motor function recovery in stroke survivors, but its efficacy is controversial. We compared the efficacy of stimulating different targets in 10 chronic stroke patients with severe upper-limb motor impairment. Motor imagery-based brain–computer interface training augmented with virtual reality was used to induce neural activity in the brain region during an imagery task. Participants were then randomly assigne

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Senadheera, Isuru, Beverley C. Larssen, Yvonne Y. K. Mak-Yuen, Sarah Steinfort, Leeanne M. Carey, and Damminda Alahakoon. "Profiling Somatosensory Impairment after Stroke: Characterizing Common “Fingerprints” of Impairment Using Unsupervised Machine Learning-Based Cluster Analysis of Quantitative Measures of the Upper Limb." Brain Sciences 13, no. 9 (2023): 1253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13091253.

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Altered somatosensory function is common among stroke survivors, yet is often poorly characterized. Methods of profiling somatosensation that illustrate the variability in impairment within and across different modalities remain limited. We aimed to characterize post-stroke somatosensation profiles (“fingerprints”) of the upper limb using an unsupervised machine learning cluster analysis to capture hidden relationships between measures of touch, proprioception, and haptic object recognition. Raw data were pooled from six studies where multiple quantitative measures of upper limb somatosensatio

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Rounis, Elisabeth, and Ferdinand Binkofski. "Limb Apraxias: The Influence of Higher Order Perceptual and Semantic Deficits in Motor Recovery After Stroke." Stroke 54, no. 1 (2023): 30–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.122.037948.

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Stroke is a leading cause of disability worldwide. Limb apraxia is a group of higher order motor disorders associated with greater disability and dependence after stroke. Original neuropsychology studies distinguished separate brain pathways involved in perception and action, known as the dual stream hypothesis. This framework has allowed a better understanding of the deficits identified in Limb Apraxia. In this review, we propose a hierarchical organization of this disorder, in which a distinction can be made between several visuomotor pathways that lead to purposeful actions. Based on this,

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Silva, Cláudia C., Augusta Silva, Andreia Sousa, et al. "Co-activation of upper limb muscles during reaching in post-stroke subjects: An analysis of the contralesional and ipsilesional limbs." Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 24, no. 5 (2014): 731–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2014.04.011.

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Scheidt, Robert A., and Tina Stoeckmann. "Reach Adaptation and Final Position Control Amid Environmental Uncertainty After Stroke." Journal of Neurophysiology 97, no. 4 (2007): 2824–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00870.2006.

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We characterized how hemiparetic stroke survivors and neurologically intact individuals adapt reaching movements to compensate for unpredictable environmental perturbations. We tested the hypotheses that like unimpaired subjects, hemiparetic stroke survivors adapt using sensory information obtained during only the most recent movements and that the reliability of target acquisition decreases as the degree of sensorimotor impairment increases. Subjects held the handle of a two-joint robotic arm that applied forces to the hand while reaching between targets in a horizontal plane. The robot simul

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Zaidi, Khadija F., and Qi Wei. "Temporal localization of upper extremity bilateral synergistic coordination using wearable accelerometers." PeerJ 12 (September 3, 2024): e17858. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.17858.

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Background The human upper extremity is characterized by inherent motor abundance, allowing a diverse array of tasks with agility and adaptability. Upper extremity functional limitations are a common sequela to Stroke, resulting in pronounced motor and sensory impairments in the contralesional arm. While many therapeutic interventions focus on rehabilitating the weaker arm, it is increasingly evident that it is necessary to consider bimanual coordination and motor control. Methods Participants were recruited to two groups differing in age (Group 1 (n = 10): 23.4 ± 2.9 years, Group 2 (n = 10):

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Mattos, Daniela, Xin Hong, Jerrel Rutlin, Joshua Shimony, and Alexandre Carter. "Contralesional White Matter Integrity May Predict Response To Upper Limb Task-Specific Training In Chronic Stroke." Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 100, no. 10 (2019): e19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2019.08.038.

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Eskes, Gail A., and Beverly Butler. "Using limb movements to improve spatial neglect: The role of functional electrical stimulation." Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience 24, no. 4-6 (2006): 385–98. https://doi.org/10.3233/rnn-2006-00353.

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Purpose: Spatial neglect is common after right-hemisphere stroke and has proven resilient to a number of therapeutic interventions. Both active and experimenter-induced passive movements of the left limb in left hemispace have been shown to ameliorate neglect in subsets of patients by improving performance on tasks requiring attention to the left side of space. However, the high incidence of contralesional hemiparesis and poor motor recovery in neglect makes active limb movement therapies applicable to only a small subset of patients. The purpose of our studies was to investigate the effects o

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McPherson, Jacob G., Michael D. Ellis, C. J. Heckman, and Julius P. A. Dewald. "Evidence for Increased Activation of Persistent Inward Currents in Individuals With Chronic Hemiparetic Stroke." Journal of Neurophysiology 100, no. 6 (2008): 3236–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.90563.2008.

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Despite the prevalence of hyperactive stretch reflexes in the paretic limbs of individuals with chronic hemiparetic stroke, the fundamental pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for their expression remain poorly understood. This study tests whether the manifestation of hyperactive stretch reflexes following stroke is related to the development of persistent inward currents (PICs) leading to hyperexcitability of motoneurons innervating the paretic limbs. Because repetitive volleys of 1a afferent feedback can elicit PICs, this investigation assessed motoneuronal excitability by evoking the

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Antelis, Javier M., Luis Montesano, Ander Ramos-Murguialday, Niels Birbaumer, and Javier Minguez. "Decoding Upper Limb Movement Attempt From EEG Measurements of the Contralesional Motor Cortex in Chronic Stroke Patients." IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 64, no. 1 (2017): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2016.2541084.

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Nazarova, Maria, Sofya Kulikova, Michael A. Piradov, et al. "Multimodal Assessment of the Motor System in Patients With Chronic Ischemic Stroke." Stroke 52, no. 1 (2021): 241–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.119.028832.

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Background and Purpose: Despite continuing efforts in the multimodal assessment of the motor system after stroke, conclusive findings on the complementarity of functional and structural metrics of the ipsilesional corticospinal tract integrity and the role of the contralesional hemisphere are still lacking. This research aimed to find the best combination of motor system metrics, allowing the classification of patients into 3 predefined groups of upper limb motor recovery. Methods: We enrolled 35 chronic ischemic stroke patients (mean 47 [26–66] years old, 29 [6–58] months poststroke) with a s

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Toba, Monica N., Chiara Pagliari, Marco Rabuffetti, et al. "Quantitative Assessment of Motor Neglect." Stroke 52, no. 5 (2021): 1618–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.120.031949.

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Background and Purpose: We used differential actigraphy as a novel, objective method to quantify motor neglect (a clinical condition whereby patients mimic hemiplegia even in the absence of sensorimotor deficits), whose diagnosis is at present highly subjective, based on the clinical observation of patients’ spontaneous motor behavior. Methods: Patients wear wristwatch-like accelerometers, which record spontaneous motor activity of their upper limbs during 24 hours. Asymmetries of motor behavior are then automatically computed offline. On the basis of normal participants’ performance, we calcu

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Boasquevisque, Danielle De S., Larissa Servinsckins, Joselisa P. Q. de Paiva, et al. "Contralesional Cathodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Does Not Enhance Upper Limb Function in Subacute Stroke: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial." Neural Plasticity 2021 (August 10, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8858394.

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Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has the potential to improve upper limb motor outcomes after stroke. According to the assumption of interhemispheric inhibition, excessive inhibition from the motor cortex of the unaffected hemisphere to the motor cortex of the affected hemisphere may worsen upper limb motor recovery after stroke. We evaluated the effects of active cathodal tDCS of the primary motor cortex of the unaffected hemisphere (ctDCSM1UH) compared to sham, in subjects within 72 hours to 6 weeks post ischemic stroke. Cathodal tDCS was intended to inhibit the motor cortex of

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O'Neill, B., and T. M. McMillan. "The efficacy of contralesional limb activation in rehabilitation of unilateral hemiplegia and visual neglect: a baseline-intervention study." Neuropsychological Rehabilitation 14, no. 4 (2004): 437–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09602010443000001.

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MacIntosh, Bradley J., William E. McIlroy, Richard Mraz, W. Richard Staines, Sandra E. Black, and Simon J. Graham. "Electrodermal Recording and fMRI to Inform Sensorimotor Recovery in Stroke Patients." Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 22, no. 6 (2008): 728–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1545968308316386.

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Background. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) appears to be useful for investigating motor recovery after stroke. Some of the potential confounders of brain activation studies, however, could be mitigated through complementary physiological monitoring. Objective. To investigate a sensorimotor fMRI battery that included simultaneous measurement of electrodermal activity in subjects with hemiparetic stroke to provide a measure related to the sense of effort during motor performance. Methods. Bilateral hand and ankle tasks were performed by 6 patients with stroke (2 subacute, 4 chronic

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Buxbaum, Laurel J., Rini Varghese, Harrison Stoll, and Carolee J. Winstein. "Predictors of Arm Nonuse in Chronic Stroke: A Preliminary Investigation." Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 34, no. 6 (2020): 512–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1545968320913554.

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Background. Nonuse (NU) after stroke is characterized by failure to use the contralesional arm despite adequate capacity. It has been suggested that NU is a consequence of the greater effort and/or attention required to use the affected limb, but such accounts have not been directly tested, and we have poor understanding of the predictors of NU. Objective. We aimed to provide preliminary evidence regarding demographic, neuropsychological (ie, apraxia, attention/arousal, neglect), and psychological (ie, self-efficacy) factors that may influence NU in chronic stroke. Methods. Twenty chronic stro

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Urushidani, Naoki, Takatsugu Okamoto, Shoji Kinoshita, et al. "Combination Treatment of Low-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Intensive Occupational Therapy for Ataxic Hemiparesis due to Thalamic Hemorrhage." Case Reports in Neurology 9, no. 2 (2017): 179–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000478975.

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Background: Both low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (LF-rTMS) and intensive occupational therapy (OT) are clinically beneficial for post-stroke patients with upper-limb hemiparesis. However, the usefulness of LF-rTMS and intensive OT for ataxic hemiparesis (AH) is unknown. Methods: The study subjects included 7 patients with AH. All patients had ataxia and mild hemiparesis without a sensory disturbance that was due to thalamic hemorrhage. Each patient was scheduled to receive 20-min rTMS at 1 Hz at the contralesional cerebral hemisphere followed by 120-min intensive OT,

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Baroni, Andrea, Annibale Antonioni, Giulia Fregna, et al. "The Effectiveness of Paired Associative Stimulation on Motor Recovery after Stroke: A Scoping Review." Neurology International 16, no. 3 (2024): 567–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/neurolint16030043.

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Paired associative stimulation (PAS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique combining transcranial magnetic stimulation and peripheral nerve stimulation. PAS allows connections between cortical areas and peripheral nerves (C/P PAS) or between cortical regions (C/C PAS) to be strengthened or weakened by spike-timing-dependent neural plasticity mechanisms. Since PAS modulates both neurophysiological features and motor performance, there is growing interest in its application in neurorehabilitation. We aimed to synthesize evidence on the motor rehabilitation role of PAS in stroke patients.

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Beaulieu, Louis-David, Hugo Massé-Alarie, Edith Ribot-Ciscar, and Cyril Schneider. "Reliability of lower limb transcranial magnetic stimulation outcomes in the ipsi- and contralesional hemispheres of adults with chronic stroke." Clinical Neurophysiology 128, no. 7 (2017): 1290–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2017.04.021.

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Pundik, Svetlana, Adam D. Falchook, Jessica McCabe, Krisanne Litinas, and Janis J. Daly. "Functional Brain Correlates of Upper Limb Spasticity and Its Mitigation following Rehabilitation in Chronic Stroke Survivors." Stroke Research and Treatment 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/306325.

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Background.Arm spasticity is a challenge in the care of chronic stroke survivors with motor deficits. In order to advance spasticity treatments, a better understanding of the mechanism of spasticity-related neuroplasticity is needed.Objective.To investigate brain function correlates of spasticity in chronic stroke and to identify specific regional functional brain changes related to rehabilitation-induced mitigation of spasticity.Methods.23 stroke survivors (>6 months) were treated with an arm motor learning and spasticity therapy (5 d/wk for 12 weeks). Outcome measures included Modified As

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Mattos, Daniela J. S., Jerrel Rutlin, Xin Hong, Kristina Zinn, Joshua S. Shimony, and Alexandre R. Carter. "White matter integrity of contralesional and transcallosal tracts may predict response to upper limb task-specific training in chronic stroke." NeuroImage: Clinical 31 (2021): 102710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102710.

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