Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Contrastive Pragmatics'

Set within the framework of the newly established field of variational pragmatics (Schneider and Barron, 2008), this study investigates pragmatic variation between two different regional varieties of English, namely American English and Singaporean English. Specifically, the speech act of compliment responses is compared. The data were collected through written discourse completion tasks (DCT) and responses were analysed and coded using an adapted version of Holmes’ (1988) categorization system for compliment responses (CRs). The CRs come from a total of 40 participants and a total of 320 compliment responses were analysed. The DCT was supplemented by an introspective-recall with six participants. The findings demonstrate that the preferred strategy for both groups is in the order of accept, evade and reject. Even so, the Singaporeans use more reject strategies and less accept strategies than the Americans do. Further, the Americans employ more combination strategies than the Singaporeans. The Singaporeans however, employ more non-verbal and paralinguistic cues than the Americans. The results also show differences in the two varieties’ attitudes to and perceptions of compliment responses. In addition, the study suggests that compliments in Singapore might be undergoing a change. The findings are particularly important for pedagogical purposes.

Cette thèse s’est proposé d’explorer le rôle de l’intentionnalité et de l’affiliation sociale dans la compréhension des inférences communicatives. Trois des quatre études principales portent sur l’inférence contrastive, qui consiste à déduire d’une expression référentielle telle que le chien sec, l’existence d’un autre objet de même nature (un autre chien) dans le contexte de la communication en cours. Les études que j’ai menées dans ce travail de thèse suivent une réflexion autour de cette inférence particulière, s’inscrivant à ses débuts dans le champ traditionnel de la pragmatique expérimentale et portant une attention croissante au rôle de l’affiliation sociale dans la communication inférentielle.L’Etude 1 propose un paradigme original qui capte de façon précise la capacité des sujets à faire une inférence contrastive, dans un contexte théorique qui fait généralement l’hypothèse d’un traitement par défaut lorsque les conditions contextuelles sont réunies. Une trajectoire développementale a été mise en évidence chez les enfants, et les performances des adultes mettent en évidence le caractère optionnel de cette inférence. L’Etude 2 s’intéresse à l’âge à partir duquel les enfants se montrent capables d’utiliser leurs attentes de rationalité sur les actes référentiels du locuteur pour se poser la question des raisons qui incite celui-ci à utiliser une description plus informative que nécessaire a priori. Les résultats de cette expérience montrent qu’à 5 ans, mais pas à 3 ans, les enfants sont ralentis dans le processus de compréhension d’une instruction lorsqu’elle est sur-informative, suggérant qu’ils sont sensibles à la pertinence d’un choix référentiel.Dans la continuité de cette réflexion sur le rôle fondamental de la prise en compte des intentions d’autrui dans les inférences pragmatiques, la question s’est posée de savoir si la relation entre le sujet et le locuteur pouvait influencer le processus inférentiel lui-même. Une première démarche a été de regarder si une induction de groupe minimal aurait un effet sur la propension à prendre la perspective visuelle de l’autre dans une tâche communicative (Etude exploratoire). Les études suivantes suivent une approche différente pour répondre à cette même question, à partir de l’idée que les inférences pragmatiques jouent un rôle dans l’établissement et le maintien des liens sociaux. L’Etude 3 est une étude en électromyographie et porte sur le cas particulier des blagues. L’affiliation sociale entre le locuteur et le sujet a été manipulée à partir d’une induction politique. Cette étude sur les blagues montre que la compréhension d’une inférence humoristique est mieux valorisée et génère davantage de réactions positives lorsque le locuteur a une pertinence sociale pour le sujet. L’Etude 4 teste avec un paradigme d’eyetracking l’hypothèse d’un effet de l’affiliation sociale sur l’inférence contrastive. Les résultats montrent qu’une induction politique influence la manière dont l’inférence d’un objet contraste est traitée. Précisément, lorsque le locuteur est un membre de l’outgroup, les individus vérifient davantage le contexte épistémique du locuteur pour s’assurer de la présence d’un objet contraste qui justifie l’utilisation d’une expression référentielle sur-informative du point de vue du sujet. L’ensemble de ces études apportent un éclairage nouveau sur l’inférence contrastive, à partir d’une démarche issue des récents développements de la pragmatique expérimentale. Elles contribuent également à caractériser le rôle des mécanismes sociaux impliqués dans la communication inférentielle<br>This thesis aimed to explore the role of intentionality and social affiliation in the processing of communicative inferences. Three of the four main studies deal with contrastive inference, which consists in inferring from a referential expression such as the dry dog, the existence of a contrast object of the same kind (e.g. another dog) in the context at hand. The studies that I conducted in this work were developed within the traditional framework of experimental pragmatics, with a growing interest for the role of social affiliation in inferential communication.Study 1 uses an original paradigm that captures in a fine-grained manner subjects’ propensity to draw a contrastive inference, in a theoretical background that generally assumes that its computation is done by default when the context allows it. A developmental trajectory was observed among children, and adults’ performance suggests that drawing a contrastive inference is actually optional. Study 2 was interested in determining when children start using their expectations of optimal relevance when interpreting under- and over-informative instructions. It shows that at the age of five, but not three, children are slowed in responding to a modified instruction in a context where it is over-informative, compared to optimal, suggesting that they are sensitive to the relevance of a referential choice.Building on the idea that intentionality is crucial for pragmatic communication, I asked the question of whether features of the speaker-listener relationship could influence the inferential process itself. A first step was to test the effect of group affiliation on perspective taking abilities (Exploratory study). The next studies follow a different approach, by viewing inferential communication as a way to establish and maintain social affiliation.Study 3 is an electromyography study that deals with the particular case of jokes. Social affiliation between speakers and subjects were manipulated using a political induction. The results show that a humorous inference is better evaluated and triggers more positive reactions when the speaker’s identity is socially relevant to the subject.Study 4 uses an eyetracking procedure to test the hypothesis of an effect of social affiliation on contrastive inference. Manipulating political affiliation proved to affect the processing of a possible contrast object when responding to an over-informative instruction. Specifically, when the speaker was a member of the outgroup, subjects tended to check more on a hidden image that possibly contained a contrast object, in order to ascertain the relevance of the speaker’s referential choice.In sum, these studies shed a new light on contrastive inference, taking advantage of the recent developments in experimental pragmatics. They also allow for a better characterization of the social mechanisms involved in inferential communication

Les langues offrent une multitude d’éléments linguistiques pour organiser et délivrer les informations (Jisa, Reilly, Verhoeven, Baruch &amp; Rosado, 2002). Il y a plusieurs manières d’exprimer en mot la représentation mentale des événements. Le locuteur, en fonction des outils linguistiques dont il dispose, choisit les formes qui lui apportent le plus de valeur communicative pour transmettre son message.Notre étude est centrée sur deux connecteurs de l’amharique, -mm et dämmo, qui sont abondants dans la langue, et dans la narration en particulier. Nous avons pour objectif d’examiner, dans une perspective développementale, comment les locuteurs les utilisent, et les fonctions que ces particules ont dans leurs narrations. Nous cherchons à distinguer les fonctions communicatives ou pragmatiques qui sont signalées dans l’énoncé au moyen de ces marques. Pour ce faire, nous avons constitué un corpus de soixante productions narratives d’enfants de groupes d’âges différents (5-6, 7-8 et 10-12 ans) et d’adultes locuteurs d’amharique. Nous avons utilisé le support imagé sans texte « Frog, where are you? » (Mayer, 1969) pour recueillir nos données. Ce matériel expérimental a déjà servi à de nombreuses études développementales dans plusieurs langues (Bamberg, 1987 ; Kail &amp; Hickmann, 1992 ; Berman &amp; Slobin, 1994 ; Kern 1997 ; Akinci, 1999 ; Strömqvist &amp;Verhoeven 2003 ; Jisa, Chenu, Fekete &amp; Omar, 2010 ; Fekete, 2011, Saïdi 2014 entre autres).Les résultats montrent que le clitique -mm et la locution dämmo, bien qu’ils soient tous les deux employés par tous les locuteurs, n’ont pas toujours la même portée selon le locuteur et varient en fonction de l’âge. dämmo, marque principalement le thème contrasté pour montrer la concomitance des événements. Il s’avère être plus maniable pour les enfants par rapport à –mm qui est beaucoup plus complexe, non seulement de par sa structure synthétique mais surtout parce qu’il est multiusage. –mm ancre l’information dans le contexte, il met en exergue le constituant sur lequel il opère<br>Languages provide speakers with a wide range of linguistic units to organize and deliver information (Jisa, Reilly, Verhoeven, Baruch &amp; Rosado, 2002). There are several ways to verbally express the mental representations of events. The speaker, according to the linguistic tools he has acquired, selects the one that brings out the most communicative effect to convey his message.Our study focuses on two markers in Amharic, -mm and dämmo, which abound in the language and in narratives in particular. Our aim is to examine, from a developmental perspective, how the speakers use them, and the functions these elements have in their narratives. We seek to distinguish the communicative and pragmatic functions indicated by means of these markers. To do so, we created a corpus of sixty narrative productions of children from 5-6, 7-8 to 10-12 years old and adult Amharic speakers. The material we used to collect our data is a series of pictures without text “Frog, Where are you?” (Mayer, 1969). This experimental material has already been used in many developmental studies and in several languages (Bamberg, 1987 ; Kail &amp; Hickmann, 1992 ; Berman &amp; Slobin, 1994 ; Kern 1997 ; Akinci, 1999 ; Strömqvist &amp;Verhoeven 2003 ; Jisa, Chenu, Fekete &amp; Omar, 2010 ; Fekete, 2011, Saïdi 2014 and many more).The results show that -mm and dämmo, although all the speakers use them both, do not always have the same scope according to the speaker and vary according to the age. dämmo is mainly used to mark a contrastive topic to signal the concomitance of the events. It seems to be easy to use for children compared to -mm which is much more complex, not only because of its synthetic structure but primarily because it is a multi-purpose morpheme. -mm anchors the information into the context, it highlights the constituent on which it operates

[ES] Entendida como la disciplina que aborda el estudio de los usos comunicativos del lenguaje, la pragmática ha sido uno de los centros de la investigación en lingüística de las últimas décadas (Escandell Vidal, 2013). En línea con esta orientación teórica eminentemente funcional que otorga preeminencia tanto a la interacción emisor-receptor como al contexto de enunciación, el metadiscurso (Hyland y Tse, 2004; Hyland, 2018) se erige como un paradigma de análisis fiable en la medida en que proporciona un marco conceptual para comprender las diversas estrategias interpersonales que atienden al modo en el que el hablante organiza su discurso y se relaciona con su destinatario, desvelando, por tanto, las prácticas retóricas propias de diferentes comunidades lingüísticas y culturales. La presente propuesta busca examinar estos rasgos y patrones metadiscursivos en el discurso político hablado de las elecciones en España y los Estados Unidos, estableciendo así las bases para una investigación de las estrategias del discurso que acompañan y refuerzan al acto de habla. En este sentido, se pretende avanzar en una doble dirección epistemológica, revelando por un lado las estrategias interpersonales arriba citadas que expresan la función de persuasión en una modalidad concreta, la política, y por otro descubriendo la variabilidad interlingüística e intercultural de estas marcas persuasivas y de adecuación a las exigencias del contexto comunicativo. Todo ello se consigue al estudiar, desde una óptica comparativa, los debates electorales destinados a las comunidades española y estadounidense, aplicando los presupuestos teóricos y metodológicos ya mencionados sobre una gran base documental, es decir, avalada por procedimientos propios de la lingüística de corpus (Baker, 2010).<br>[CAT] Entesa com la disciplina que aborda l'estudi dels usos comunicatius del llenguatge, la pragmàtica ha estat un dels centres de la investigació en lingüística de les últimes dècades (Escandell Vidal, 2013). En línea amb aquesta orientació teòrica eminentment funcional que atorga importància tant a la interacció emissor-receptor com al context d'enunciació, el metadiscurs (Hyland y Tse, 2004; Hyland, 2018), s'erigeix com un paradigma d'anàlisi fiable en la mesura en què proporciona un marc conceptual per comprendre les diverses estratègies interpersonals que atenen la manera en què l'autor organitza el text i es relaciona amb el destinatari, desvetlant, per tant, les practiques retòriques pròpies de diferents comunitats lingüístiques i culturals. La present proposta busca examinar aquests trets i patrons metadiscursius en el discurs polític parlat de les eleccions a Espanya i els Estats Units per tal d'establir les bases per a una investigació de les estratègies del discurs que acompanyen i reforcen l'acte de parla. En aquest sentit, pretenem avançar en una doble direcció epistemològica, examinant d'una banda les estratègies interpersonals adès citades que expressen la funció de persuasió en una modalitat concreta, la política, i d'altra descobrint la variabilitat interlingüística i intercultural d'aquests marcadors persuasius i d'adequació a les exigències del context comunicatiu. Tot això ho aconseguim arran d'estudiar, des d'una òptica comparativa, els debats electorals destinats a les comunitats espanyola i nord-americana, aplicant els pressupostos teòrics i metodològics ja esmentats sobre una gran base documental, és a dir, avalada per procediments propis de la lingüística de corpus (Baker, 2010).<br>[EN] Characterized as the discipline that focuses on the research of the communicative uses of language, pragmatics has been one of the main areas of linguistics in the last few decades (Escandell Vidal, 2013). In line with this functional orientation that gives prominence to both speaker-hearer interactions and the broad socio-cultural context, the interpersonal metadiscourse model (Hyland y Tse, 2004; Hyland, 2018) emerges as a reliable analytical framework since it provides a way to understand the diverse interpersonal strategies addressing the way in which speakers can organize their own discourse and engage with audiences, thus revealing diverse persuasive resources embedded in particular linguistic and cultural communities. The present proposal seeks to explore these metadiscursive traits and patterns in speeches belonging to the political election campaigns taking place in Spain and the United States, thus establishing the foundations for an investigation of the metadiscourse features that serve and reinforce the speech act. In this sense, it is intended to advance in a two-fold epistemological direction, signalling, on the one hand, the interpersonal strategies that accomplish the role of persuasion in a particular modality, the political one, and, on the other hand, exploring the cross-linguistic and cross-cultural variability of these persuasive markers adapted to the characteristics and demands of a given communicative context. This can be achieved by analizing, from a comparative perspective, the election campaign debates addressed to the Spanish and North-American communities, adjusting to the theories and analytical methods endorsed by corpus linguistics (Baker, 2010).<br>Albalat Mascarell, A. (2021). Análisis comparativo de las estrategias metadiscursivas en el género del debate electoral en España y Estados Unidos [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/166438<br>TESIS

Ce travail analyse la manière dont les expressions de la troisième personne dénotant des êtres humains peuvent référer aux destinataires d’un énoncé – par opposition à l’allocutaire – en français, anglais et allemand. Les formes de la troisième personne incluent tout élément linguistique déclenchant un accord à la troisième personne, considérée comme une catégorie hétérogène : pronoms (il(s), elle(s), on, en français, he, she, they, one en anglais, er, sie, man en allemand), pronoms interrogatifs et indéfinis (qui, quiconque, whoever, anyone, wer), quantifieurs (tous, chacun, certains, all, every, anyone, some, alle, jeder, manche, etc.), relatives précédées par ceux (ceux qui, those who, diejenigen, die) et groupes nominaux contenant un nom dénotant un agent humain (peuple, personnes, citoyen, people, citizen, Volk, Leute, Menschen, Bürger, etc.). A partir d’un corpus de débats parlementaires en France, en Allemagne et au Royaume-Uni, nous montrons que les locuteurs peuvent référer aux destinataires, conçus comme un rôle discursif distinct des personnes empiriques, par des expressions de la troisième personne. L’accent mis sur la première et la deuxième personnes a conduit à un relatif oubli des formes de la troisième personne. Pourtant, la conceptualisation des destinataires par des expressions de la troisième personne est explicite, omniprésente, fonctionnelle et se produit à une fréquence égale dans l’ensemble du corpus. En se concentrant sur le rôle discursif du destinataire, une attention particulière est accordée au système constitué par la deuxième et la troisième personnes, prises dans leur continuité plutôt que leur opposition, dans l’acte de référence<br>Based on a corpus of British, French, and German parliamentary debates, this research presents an integrated account of how third person expressions denoting human referents can encode the targets of an utterance – as opposed to the addressee. Third person forms include every linguistic item triggering third person agreement, regarded as a heterogeneous category: third person pronouns (he, she, one, they in English, il(s), elle(s), on in French, er, sie, man in German), interrogative and indefinite pronouns (whoever, qui, quiconque, wer), quantifiers (all, every, many, some, anyone, tous, chacun, beaucoup, certains, alle, jeder, viele, manche, etc.), relative clauses introduced by those (those who, ceux qui, diejenigen, die), and noun phrases containing a noun denoting a human agent (people, citizen, peuple, personnes, citoyen , Volk, Leute, Menschen, Bürger, etc.). I combine a trilingual contrastive research design with a qualitative discourse-analytic and a quantitative corpus- based perspective to determine how reference to the targets of an utterance, conceived as a speech role distinct from the empirical persons, can be achieved by third person expressions. With most existing research focusing on the first and second persons, third person reference has been considerably neglected. Yet, the conceptualisation of targets via third person expressions is explicit, pervasive, functional, and occurs with equal frequency throughout the political spectrum. By focusing on the newly refined speech role of the target, attention is given to the continuity between second and third grammatical persons as a system referring to addressees and targets of an utterance<br>In dieser Arbeit präsentiere ich eine umfassende Analyse der Funktionsweisen von englischen, französischen und deutschen Ausdrücken der dritten Person zur Bezeichnung menschlicher Referenten, an die eine Äußerung gerichtet ist. Zu den Formen der dritten Person gehören alle sprachlichen Elemente, die in Bezug auf die grammatischen Kategorien Person und Numerus mit Verben in der dritten Person verwendet werden: Personalpronomen (er, sie, man im Deutschen, he, she, they, one im Englischen, il(s), elle(s), im Französischen), Interrogativ- oder Indefinitpronomen (wer, whoever, qui, quiconque), Quantifikatoren (alle, jeder, viele, manche, all, every, many, some, anyone, tous, chacun, beaucoup, certains), Relativsätze (diejenigen, die, ceux qui, those who), und Nominalsyntagmen, die ein Substantiv enthalten, das einen menschlichen Referenten bezeichnet (Volk, Leute, Menschen, Bürger, people, citizen, peuple, personnes, citoyen, etc.). Anhand eines Korpus britischer, französischer und deutscher Parlamentsdebatten kombiniere ich ein sprachkontrastives Forschungsdesign mit einer qualitativen Diskursanalyse und einer quantitativen korpusbasierten Perspektive, um zu bestimmen, wie der Bezug auf die gemeinten Referenten erfolgt. Bisher hat sich die Forschung auf Formen der ersten und zweiten Person konzentriert und die dritte Person vernachlässigt, obwohl explizite, funktionale Bezüge auf den intendierten Referenten einer Äußerung in der dritten Person allgegenwärtig sind und im gesamten politischen Spektrum vorkommen

The aim of this thesis is to compare and contrast the ways in which native speakers of Turkish (NST) and native speakers of American English (NSAE) write the acknowledgment sections of their MA and PhD dissertations. The analysis in the study focuses on the pragmatic and discourse strategies used by the authors in the texts written in English. First, the study uncovers the organization of the dissertation acknowledgments and the thanking strategies employed in the acknowledgment sections written in English by native speakers of Turkish and American English in their MA and PhD dissertations. Then, the authors&rsquo<br>choices of expressions of gratitude for specific addressees (e.g., supervisors vs. friends) are discussed. Data examined in the study comprise 144 dissertations written by 72 NST and 72 NSAE and are collected from sources such as the National Theses Centre of The Council of Higher Education of Turkey, ProQuest dissertation services. The thesis aims to contribute to the areas of foreign language education, pragmatics and cross-cultural communication.

While the role of pragmatic skills in a foreign or second language has been receiving increased attention both from a research and a language teaching perspective, there is still a lamentable scarcity of systematic empirical studies into the effectiveness of instructional methods in the teaching of pragmatics. Addressing this research gap, this article reports about a quasi-experimental study into possible differences between an explicit-inductive and an explicitdeductive instructional approach in the teaching of pragmatic skills in English as a Foreign Language (EFL), more specifically the teaching of offer refusals to 49 advanced adult EFL learners in Germany. The instruction consisted of three 90-minute lessons, which were spread out over the duration of a 15-week academic semester and designed according to the deductive principle and the inductive principle, respectively. While the deductive group was provided with metapragmatic rules directly at the beginning of the instruction, the inductive group only encountered such rules after engaging in language use and guided discovery. Production data was elicited by means of DCTs and role play in a pretest-posttest format. Effectiveness of instruction was operationalized by means of two indicators: Indicator 1 measured the increased usage of the strategies taught in class, while indicator 2 measured the approximation to a native speaker target. The results indicate that the gains in the inductive group surpassed those in the deductive group, suggesting that when situated within the explicit framework, inductive instruction is more effective in the teaching of pragmatic skills.

As construções passivas no Português Brasileiro e no Espanhol apresentam tanto tendências comuns, quanto assimetrias. Este trabalho tem o propósito de investigar os efeitos desse fenômeno na aquisição/aprendizagem de Espanhol por estudantes brasileiros. Inicialmente, propõe-se uma descrição das construções passivas nas duas línguas. Em seguida, faz-se uma análise contrastiva dessas construções no Português Brasileiro e no Espanhol. Finalmente, investiga-se o comportamento das construções passivas (sobretudo as perifrásticas e as lexicais) na produção escrita de brasileiros aprendizes de Espanhol língua estrangeira. Os resultados obtidos na análise dos corpora sugerem algumas hipóteses sobre os fatores que possivelmente influenciam a preferência dos aprendizes por determinadas construções em detrimento de outras<br>Passive constructions in Brazilian Portuguese and Spanish present both common tendencies and assimetries. The aim of this project is to investigate the effects of such phenomenon on Spanish acquisition/learning process by brazilian students. Initially, a description of passive constructions is proposed for both languages. After that, a contrastive analysis is made of those constructions in Brazilian Portuguese and Spanish. Finally, the behavior of passive constructions is analyzed in the written production of brazilian students who learn Spanish as a foreign language. Results from corpora analysis suggest some hypotheses on the factors which possibly influence learners\' choices for certain constructions to the detriment of others

La presente tesis doctoral tiene como propósito el estudio del fenómeno sociopragmático llamado atenuación retórica (hedging en inglés) en dos géneros distintos del discurso médico escrito: los artículos de investigación científica y los informes de caso o casos médicos. Con este fin se examina un corpus de ambos géneros escritos en español y en inglés (L2) por científicos españoles y publicados en revistas científicas de prestigio en el campo de la biomedicina . Se comparan los resultados obtenidos del análisis del corpus con los obtenidos por otros autores con muestras lingüísticas escritas en inglés. El trabajo, pues, consiste en un análisis interlingüístico e intergenérico de la atenuación retórica en el discurso médico. Un interés particular que presenta la tesis reside en las aplicaciones pedagógicas que tiene para los profesores de enseñanza de idiomas con fines específicos (LFE).<br>La present tesi doctoral té com a objectiu l'estudi del fenòmen sociopragmàtic anomenat atenuació retòrica (hedging en anglès) en dos gèneres diferents del discurs mèdic escrit: els articles d' investigació científica i els informes de cas o casos mèdics. Amb aquesta finalitat s' examina un corpus en ambdós gèneres escrits en espanyol i en anglès (L2) per cientifics espanyols i publicats en revistes científiques de prestigi en el camp de la biomedicina . Es comparen els resultats obtinguts de l'anàlisis del corpus amb els obtinguts per altres autors amb mostres lingüístiques escrites en anglès. El treball, doncs, consisteix en una anàlisi interlingüística i intergenèrica de la atenuació retòrica en el discurs mèdic. Un interès particular que presenta la tesis resideix en les aplicacions pedagògiques que té pels professors d' ensenyament d' idiomes per a finalitats específiques (LFE).<br>This PhD aims at studying the sociopragmatic phenomenon called hedging in two different genres of the written medical discourse: the research article and the case report. Therefore, a corpus of these two genres is examined both in Spanish and in English (L2). Being all texts written by Spanish scientists and published in scientific journals of prestige in the biomedical field . The results obtained in the corpus analysis are then compared to the ones obtained by other authors with similar linguistic samples written in English. This thesis, hence, consists of itergeneric and interlinguistic analyses of hedging in medical disourse. A special interest of this research project may lay in the pedagogical applications for teachers of languages for specific purposes (LSP).

Esta pesquisa se fundamenta, principalmente, na pragmática sociocultural. Nessa perspectiva, a interpretação da cortesia e da descortesia deve ser realizada a partir de relações entre o linguístico e o sociocultural. Em consonância com essa perspectiva, esta tese objetiva verificar, de modo contrastivo, em corpus do espanhol argentino e do português brasileiro, como está formulado linguisticamente o ato de fala da crítica, quais as possibilidades de respostas a esse ato e quais os efeitos de (des)cortesia presentes nos intercâmbios analisados. Por fim, visa comparar, de modo breve, algumas análises com as percepções dos juízes (informantes) obtidas a partir do método de consulta (BRAVO, 2009). Nosso corpus argentino é formado por 15 cenas do filme FRANCIA (2009) e nosso corpus brasileiro é formado por 14 cenas do filme LINHA DE PASSE (2008). Nesses corpora, selecionamos o ato de fala da crítica em cenas ocorridas em dois âmbitos: o privado e o público. Nossa proposta metodológica é composta, basicamente, por quatro etapas. A primeira e a segunda consistem em analisar linguisticamente em cada corpus o ato de fala da crítica e suas reações a partir do cotexto e do contexto explicitados durante a análise, e a partir dessas trocas interpretar o efeito de (des)cortesia. A terceira etapa consiste em comparar nossa interpretação com a percepção de juízes (informantes) de cada língua, a partir de resultados do método de consulta. A última etapa consiste em tecer comparações entre o âmbito privado e público de cada idioma, para por fim, comentar diferenças e semelhanças entre os dois idiomas. Os resultados da comparação entre os âmbitos em cada idioma demonstram que não há diferenças significativas entre os âmbitos. Quanto aos tipos de críticas, percebemos que, mais do que a influência dos âmbitos, fatores como o grau de compromisso afetivo, a simetria ou assimetria na relação entre os interlocutores, o grau de problematicidade temática da interação, ou seja, da conflituosidade da interação e questões culturais são determinantes nas escolhas linguísticas dos falantes fictícios ao criticar. Acerca das reações, tanto no âmbito privado como no público, predominam as Defesas, dada a natureza ameaçadora do ato de fala da crítica. No que se refere à FRANCIA EA em comparação com LINHA DE PASSE PB, os resultados da análise linguística e sociocultural sinalizam que não há muitas diferenças no modo como argentinos e brasileiros formulam linguisticamente a crítica, mas há diferenças importantes no modo como ambas as nacionalidades reagem a esse ato de fala, diferenças essas, de modo geral, relacionadas às premissas culturais de cada comunidade de fala.<br>This research is mainly based upon sociocultural pragmatics. In this perspective, the interpretation of politeness and impoliteness has to be done from the relations between linguistic and socialcultural contexts. According to this view, this thesis aims at showing, in a contrastive way, in an Argentinian Spanish corpus and in a Brazilian Portuguese corpus, how speech acts about criticism are linguistically formulated, what the possible responses to these acts are and what (im)politeness effects are present in the analysed exchanges. At last, it focuses on briefly comparing some analyses with judges (informants) perceptions gotten by the consulting method (BRAVO, 2009). Our Argentinian corpus is composed by 15 scenes of the film FRANCIA (2009) and our Brazilian corpus consists of 14 scenes of the film LINHA DE PASSE. In these corpora we have selected speech acts about criticism in scenes that happened in two situations: privately and publicly. Our methodological proposal is basically composed by four phases. The first and the second ones consist of linguistically analysing in each corpus the speech acts about criticism and their reactions established in the co-text and set in the context during the analysis, and interpreting the effect of (im)politeness in these turn exchanges. The third phase consists of comparing our interpretation with judges (informants) perceptions in each language, considering the results from the consulting methods. The last phase consists of making comparisons between the private and the public contexts in each language in order to, at last, comment on differences and similarities between the two languages. The results in the comparison between the contexts in each language show that there are not significant differences in the contexts. As far as the types of criticism are concerned, we see that, more than the influence of the contexts, elements like the degree of affective commitment, the symmetry or asymmetry in the relation among speakers, the degree of theme problems in the interaction, that is, the conflicts in the interaction and the cultural issues are crucial in the linguistic choices the fictional speakers make when criticizing. About reactions, both in the private and in the public contexts, Defenses predominate, due to the threatening nature of the speech act of criticism. Particularly for FRANCIA EA (argentinian spanish) in comparison with LINHA DE PASSE PB (brasilian portuguese), the results of the linguistic and sociocultural analyses show that there are not many differences in the way Argentinians and Brazilians express criticism linguistically, but there are important differences in the way these peoples respond to this type of speech act, which, in general, are concerned with cultural premises specific to each speaking community.

Este trabalho investiga a interação da Estrutura Informacional (EI) de duas construções marcadas do português - as clivadas e os tópicos contrastivos - com propriedades semânticas e pragmáticas associadas a estas duas estruturas. No que concerne às clivadas, o trabalho investiga de que modo a EI interage com quatro propriedades "de significado" comumente associadas a esta construção: (a) a leitura "especificacional" da sentença como um todo; (b) o "efeito de exaustividade" associado ao constituinte focalizado; (c) o caráter "pressuposicional" da oração clivada; e (d) o caráter "denegador" da sentença clivada como um todo dentro do discurso. A principal conclusão é de que tanto a propriedade (b) quanto a (d) não parecem ser "inerentes" à clivada; em particular, a propriedade (b) - que é analisada como um subproduto de um tipo particular de foco, o "foco identificacional", no influente trabalho de Kiss (1998) - não parece ser um aspecto convencionalizado da EI, mas sim um efeito da interação entre as propriedades (a) e (c) - estas sim, "convencionais" relativamente às clivadas. Quanto aos tópicos contrastivos, o trabalho concentra-se no impacto de sua EI na estrutura do discurso; mais especificamente, este estudo procura esclarecer qual o papel da EI dos tópicos contrastivos - e o papel da EI em geral - no estabelecimento de "relações retóricas" como a de "contraste", normalmente equacionada ao significado da conjunção adversativa mas. A conclusão é de que a EI dos tópicos contrastivos, em conjunto com a EI não-marcada, é que parece induzir a relações retóricas de "contraste" - independentemente de elementos externos à EI, como expressões que, à semelhança do mas, veiculam convencionalmente contraste. Deste modo, teorias que se valham da EI para estruturar o discurso - como a de Büring (2003), por exemplo - parecem ser mais adequadas para lidar com este tipo de fenômeno do que outras que depositam a maior parte do poder descritivo nas relações retóricas em si, como a de Asher & Lascarides (2003).<br>This work investigates the interaction of the Information Structure (IS) of two marked constructions of Portuguese - the clefts and the contrastive topics - between semantic and pragmatic properties associated with those constructions. Concerning clefts, this work investigates how IS interacts with four "properties of meaning" commonly associated with cleft sentences: (a) the "specificational" reading of the sentence as a whole; (b) the "exhaustivity effect" associated with the focalized constituent; (c) the "presuppositional" character of the cleft clause; and (d) the "denying" character of the cleft sentence as a whole in the discourse. The main conclusion is that neither property (b) nor property (d) seem to be "inherent" properties of clefts; in particular, property (b) - which is analyzed as a sub-product of a particular kind of focus, the "identificational focus", in Kiss' (1998) influential paper - doesn't seem to be a conventionalized aspect of IS, but instead a product of the interaction between properties (a) and (c) - which are actually "conventionalized" with respect to clefts. As for contrastive topics, this work concentrates on the impact of its IS in discourse structure; more specifically, this paper tries to clarify what is the role of the IS of contrastive topics - and of IS in general - in the establishment of "rhetorical relations" such as "contrast", usually identified with the meaning of conjunctions like but. The conclusion is that the IS of contrastive topics, together with the non-marked IS, seems to induce rhetorical relations like "contrast" - independently of elements external to IS, like expressions that, as but, induce contrast conventionally. Thus theories that use IS to structure the discourse - like Büring's (2003), for instance - seem to be more adequate to deal with this kind of phenomenon than theories that place much of the descriptive power in rhetorical relations itself, as in Asher & Lascarides (2003).

Cette thèse en linguistique contrastive décrit et met en opposition les propriétés syntaxiques ainsi que les fonctionnements pragmatico-discursifs de parce que en français parlé dans le septième arrondissement de Paris et de certains de ses équivalents en arabe parlé à Tripoli (Libye) : liʔǝnna, ʕlēxāṭǝṛ, māhu et biḥkum.Pour ce qui concerne l’arabe parlé à Tripoli, ces ligateurs peuvent appartenir à deux classes grammaticales différentes : ils peuvent être des ligateurs conjonctionnels et/ou des ligateurs prépositionnels. Cela dépend de leur degré de grammaticalisation. Alors que liʔanna et māhu sont des ligateurs conjonctionnels qui introduisent des propositions subordonnées organisées autour de prédicats verbaux ou non-verbaux, ʕlēxāṭǝṛ et biḥkum peuvent s’employer comme ligateurs prépositionnels et introduire des compléments circonstanciels, ou grammaticalisés comme ligateurs conjonctionnels et introduire des propositions causales.De plus, ces ligateurs peuvent occuper une position canonique lorsque le ligateur suit une proposition principale et introduit une causale, ou une position non-canonique pour laquelle il existe deux cas de figure : soit l’énoncé commence par la causale qui est introduite par un ligateur de cause et la causale est suivie par la proposition principale, soit l’énoncé commence par la proposition principale qui est suivie par la causale qui n’est pas introduite par un ligateur de cause ; ce dernier se trouve en fin de causale et clôture l’énoncé. D’un point de vue pragmatique, la modification de l’ordre des constituants, lorsque les ligateurs et les causales ne sont pas en position canonique, permet de focaliser la causale.Contrairement à l’arabe de Tripoli, l’examen du Corpus du Français Parlé Parisien des années 2000 (CFPP2000) montre que parce que est un ligateur conjonctionnel et introduit des propositions causales qui s’organisent autour de prédicats verbaux, très rarement averbaux.De plus, parce que peut occuper une position canonique lorsque le ligateur suit une proposition principale et introduit une causale et non canonique lorsque parce que suit le présentatif c’est et introduit une causale. Mais il ne peut pas être postposé. Il n’accepte pas non plus de suffixe.En outre, parce que peut être repris mais sous la forme réduite « que », lorsqu’il introduit plusieurs propositions causales. On remarque alors une série de « que ».Parce que ne peut pas non plus relier deux énoncés coordonnés par la préposition et. D’un point de vue pragmatique lorsque l'énoncé commence par c'est parce que, cette structure permet de focaliser la causale<br>This contrastive linguistic thesis describes and contrasts the syntactic properties and the pragmatic-discursive function of parce que in spoken French in the seventh district of Paris and some of its Arab equivalents in spoken Arabic of Tripoli (Libya): liʔǝnna, ʕlēxāṭǝṛ, māhu and biḥkum.Regarding the spoken Arabic of Tripoli, these ligators may belong to two different grammatical classes: they may be conjunctional ligators and / or prepositional ligators. It depends on their degree of grammaticalization. While liʔanna and māhu are conjunctional ligators that introduce causal clauses organized around verbal or non-verbal predicates, ʕlēxāṭǝṛ and biḥkum can be used as prepositional ligators and introduce circumstantial complements or be grammaticalized as conjunctional ligators and introduce causal clause.In addition, these ligators can occupy a canonical position when the ligator follows a main clause and introduces a causal clause or a non-canonical position for which there are two cases : either the utterance begins with the causal which is introduced by the ligator of cause and is followed by the main clause, or the utterance begins with the main clause which is followed by the causal not introduced by a ligator of cause; the latter is found at the end of the causal and closing the utterance. From a pragmatic point of view, changing the order of the constituents when ligators and causal clauses are not in canonical position allows the focalization of the causal clause.Unlike the spoken Arabic of Tripoli, the examination of the “Corpus Français Parlé Parsien des années 2000 (CFPP2000)” shows that parce que is conjunctional ligator. It introduces a causal clause organized around verbal predicate, rarely non-verbal.Parce que can occupy a canonical position when the ligator follows a main clause and introduces a causal clause and a non-canonical position when parce que follows c’est and introduces a causal clause. However, it cannot be postponed and it does not accept either suffix.When parce que introduces several causal clauses, it may be found but in reduced form que, giving a series of que.In addition, parce que cannot connect two utterances coordinated by the preposition et. From a pragmatic point of view, when the utterance begins with c’est parce que this structure allows to focalisation of the causal clause

Le but de cette thèse est la définition de la construction avec aunque, la sélection modale qui y est opérée et l'analyse de deux traductions possibles en français : la construction avec bien que et la construction avec même si. Après un examen des différentes propositions explicatives qui ont essayé de rendre compte de cette construction, il apparaît que ce qui définit une construction du type A aunque B est la présupposition d'une relation implicative sous-jacente selon laquelle la déclaration A implique l'absence de la déclaration B. La sélection modale opérée dans la proposition en aunque est expliquée au moyen de l'opposition qui s'établit en langue entre un mode de type actualisant [canto, canté, cantaré] et un mode de type inactualisant [cantaba, cantaría, cante, cantara]. Cette nouvelle description des formes du système verbal espagnol permet non seulement de fournir une explication plus simple et plus générale, mais aussi plus objective du mode qui est employé dans ce type de propositions. La traduction de celle-ci exige que l'on tienne compte de la valeur spécifique des formes verbales qui suivent aunque et de celle qu'il faut accorder en langue aux locutions conjonctives bien que et même si.

Cette thèse présente une réflexion sur quatre formes passives anglaises et françaises : les passifs canoniques en BE Ven et ETRE Vé et leurs concurrents respectifs en GET Ven et SE FAIRE Ver. Dans une perspective constructionnelle, ce travail consiste en un nouvel examen de leurs propriétés sémantiques et fonctionnelles. A partir de l'étude d'un corpus de 1235 énoncés en BE Ven, ETRE Vé, GET Ven et SE FAIRE Ver extraits d'articles scientifiques, d'articles de presse et de sites Internet [blogs, forums, etc.], on a pu montrer que ces quatre formes possèdent un sens qui n'est pas entièrement prévisible à partir de leurs éléments [grammaticaux et lexicaux] constitutifs et sont conventionnellement attachées à des fonctions pragmatico-discursives spécifiques. Par conséquent, elles ne sont pas de simples agencements syntaxiques mais des " constructions ", au sens où les Grammaires de Construction l'entendent, c'est-à-dire des appariements conventionnels entre une forme, un sens et des fonctions. D'autre part, l'analyse a révélé que GET Ven et SE FAIRE Ver expriment un sens différent de celui de BE Ven et ETRE Vé, qui est lié à des fonctions différentes dans les domaines de l'organisation de l'information et de la relation interpersonnelle établie en discours et explique leur affinité avec des types de discours interactionnels et expressifs, par opposition aux discours factuels impersonnels associés aux passifs canoniques. Enfin, on a montré que les deux constructions passives françaises étaient soumises à des contraintes syntaxiques et sémantiques plus strictes que les constructions homologues anglaises.

This study involved the analysis of a corpus of health brochures in Spanish, contrasting the way this particular genre is formed and understood in the United States and Mexico. The corpus is made up of two subcorpora: a collection of health brochures published in the United States (translated from English into Spanish), and a collection of brochures from Mexico (written originally in Spanish). These subcorpora were analyzed and compared from many different angles, providing a comprehensive view of how the texts are structured and organized. Analysis at the microlinguistic level, grounded in Speech Act Theory, shows differences in the linguistic realization of the persuasive interactional goals in the two text types. At the macrolinguistic level, a factor analysis reveals differences between the two text types in terms of the patterning and co-occurrence of linguistic features serving the overall informational and persuasive functions characteristic of the health brochure. These differences are attributed to the interpersonal relations and cultural and social contexts in which the two text types are embedded. A subset of texts from both subcorpora was field tested with the aim of assessing the impact of the two text types on readers, in addition to readers' perceptions of the texts. Fifty-four Spanish-speaking adults from Mexico participated in this part of the study. Field testing involved a three pronged approach: a pretest-posttest protocol, recall protocol, and interviews. Responses provide a look at the brochures from the perspective of the reader, and shed light on the role of the two text types in the Mexican community. Results of both parts of this study contribute to the fields of translation studies, translator training, contrastive rhetoric, corpus linguistics, genre analysis, cross-cultural communication, and health education and communication.

En esta investigación se aborda el tratamiento de la fraseología periférica y, más específicamente, de la clase de las Unidades Fraseológicas Pragmáticas (UFP), en la enseñanza y aprendizaje del español y del italiano como lenguas extranjeras. Ante el papel que esta unidades juegan en el desarrollo de las competencias fraseológica y comunicativa global, así como las lagunas que, a pesar del creciente interés que despiertan los estudios fraseológicos, siguen afectando a esta parcela, nuestro objetivo es definir las especificidades que su didáctica implica y proponer un acercamiento práctico a la misma. Valiéndonos del marco metodológico de la Investigación en la Acción Educativa combinado con un análisis cualitativo-interpretativo, hemos diseñado y testado en el aula un modelo didáctico operativo, llamado Modelo Fraseológico-Pragmático (Mo.Fra.P.), a través del cual planteamos unos recursos y procedimientos, tanto lingüístico-fraseológicos como pedagógicos, susceptibles de ser aplicados al proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje de las UFP.<br>This dissertation analyzes the treatment of the peripheral area of the phraseological repertoire, especially Phraseological-Pragmatic Units (UFP), in the teaching environment of Spanish and Italian as foreign languages. This work describes the specificities of UFP pedagogy and, especially, provides a practical approach to it, considering the role played by these units in students’ development of phraseological competence and, consequently, in their global communicative competence, as well as the gaps that, despite increasing interest in phraseological studies, continue to affect this area. Making use of the Action Research framework combined with a qualitative/interpretive analysis, the author designed and tested an operative model, called Phraseological-Pragmatic Model (Mo.Fra.P.), with students in class, by means of suggesting linguistic-phraseological and didactic resources and methods, that can be applied to the teaching and learning of UFP.<br>Nel presente studio si analizza il trattamento riservato alla fraseologia periferica, in particolare alle Unità Fraseologico-Pragmatiche (UFP), nell’ambito dell’insegnamento e apprendimento dello spagnolo e dell’italiano como lingue straniere. Tenendo conto del ruolo che queste unità svolgono ai fini dello sviluppo della competenza fraseologica y comunicativa globale e, allo stesso tempo, delle lacune che, nonostante il crescente interesse suscitato dagli studi fraseologici, permangono in questa area, l’obiettivo è definire le specificità che la didattica delle UFP implica e proporre un approccio pratico alla medesima. Servendoci della metodologia della ricerca nell’azione educativa combinata con un’indagine qualitativo-interpretativa, abbiamo disegnato e testato in aula un modello didattico operativo, che prende il nome di Modello Fraseologico-Pragmatico (Mo.Fra.P.), mediante il quale proponiamo una serie di risorse e procedimenti, linguistico-fraseologici e pedagogici, da applicarsi nell’ambito del processo di insegnamento e apprendimento delle UFP.

The aim of this Master's thesis is to analyse the means of persuasion in Czech and Spanish texts of political discourse. The thesis is divided into a theoretical part and a practical part. The first chapter of the theoretical part is focused on the pragmatics. The second chapter deals with the discourse and the specific characteristics of political language. In the last chapter of the theoretical part we introduce the term of persuasion and afterwards we describe the linguistic means of persuasion in political discourse. The practical part is focused on the proper research conducted on the basis of the selected sample of Czech and Spanish political texts. The result of this thesis is a comparison of the data obtained from the analysis between the above mentioned languages. The thesis is finally summarized in Spanish résumé.

碩士<br>國立屏東科技大學<br>應用外語系所<br>104<br>The present study examines the functions of contrastive discourse markers dan, danshi, buguo, and keshi in written Mandarin. The data analyzed in the present study consist of society news articles drawn from the online archives of three newspapers in Taiwan: China Times, United Daily News, and Apple Daily. The news articles under investigation in this study were published in the period between 1 May and 31 May, 2015. Adopting the Relevance Theory (Wilson and Sperber, 1995), this study aims to investigate how these four contrastive discourse markers guide the readers to interpret the relation between the segment in which they occur and the previous segment. Under the theoretical framework, dan and danshi are found to have four interpretations, i.e., “contrast”, “concessive relation”, “challenge”, and “topic change”. In the contrast use of dan/danshi, they guide the readers to interpret the proposition communicated in the second segment is in contrast with the one explicitly or implicitly expressed in the preceding segment. They can also signal the concessive relation by conveying the denial-of-expectation relation or the concessive opposition relation. They encode the meaning of “denial of expectation” in the sense that the proposition they introduce is relevant as a denial of an “expectation” created by the proposition of the first clause. When signaling the concessive opposition relation, they indicate that the implication derived from S2 contradicts the one created by the first segment. They also mark a challenge relation between the two segments, and signal a topic-shift function in marking shift between segments of text. As to buguo, two main functions are discussed, i.e., contrastive function and denial-of-expectation function. When conveying the contrastive and denial-of-expectation relation, the procedural meaning encoded by buguo is similar to that encoded by dan/danshi. Keshi is the one that occurs least frequently in the data. Studies on contrastive discourse markers (Lin, 2005; Ross, 1978; Wang, 2005) suggest that keshi is more likely to be used in spoken discourse. This could be the reason why keshi is used more often in direct and indirect quotations in the data.

碩士<br>國立高雄第一科技大學<br>應用英語所<br>98<br>Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is considered one of the great American novels. Twain impresses readers with Huck’s colloquial narrating style. The present study aims to probe into how the speech-act reporting verbs are rendered by four translators (Zhang You-song, Li Yu-han, Wen Yi-hong, Jia Wen-hao and Jia Wen-yuan) in Taiwan. We analyze two types of reporting verbs: the neutral verbs (such as say) and the illocutionary verbs (such as agree, explain, beg, promise etc.). Wieslaw Oleksy’s pragmatic contrastive analysis (PCA) model is applied to investigate the renderings of the reporting verbs from three aspects: locutionary component, illocutionary component and the sociocultural context. The findings show that when rendering the neutral verb say, most translators translate it literally in direct and indirect discourses. But if say appears in the direct discourse which appears to be a question or a response in the dialogue, it is likely for the translators to alter the locutionary act. When translating the illocutionary verbs, the translators tend to produce more variations in their translations. The most prevalent practice is to translate them literally. The other way is to weaken their illocutionary forces by rendering them into neutral verbs such as say. A strategy used frequently by the translators is to intensify the particular locutionary manner by adding adverbs or adverbial phrases. In addition, the narrative point of view embedded in the speech act representation is found altered. Overall speaking, the translators do well in transferring the literal meanings denoted in the original reporting verbs, but they do not pay consistent attention to reproduce their connoted meanings in the context of speech act representation. They fail to elaborate on the illocutionary force intended by the original. To demonstrate how the translator could manipulate the illocutionary force due to the performative nature of the speech act representation, some of the examples are chosen for retranslation. We adopt pragmatic approach to interpret the illocutionary component encoded in the reporting verbs used by the narrator or the character and then select suitable Chinese reporting verbs or linguistic expressions (locutionary component) to translate the speech act representation. It can be concluded that when dealing with the locutionary elements of the reporting verbs, most translators tend to translate these verbs literally. Less attention is paid to reproduce the illocutionary force or effect the narrator’s or character’s speech intends to perform. Judged from the pragmatic perspective, such a rendering fails to capture the strength of the illocutionary force intended by the original speech act. Since the use of different strategies may result in the production of distinct illocutionary forces, the translators should pay consistent attention to reproduce the connoted meanings in the context of speech act representation.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Estudos Portugueses Multidisciplinares apresentada à Universidade Aberta<br>A importância de reconhecer a intenção comunicativa dos atores numa interação verbal revela-se diariamente na prática de tradução-interpretação, especialmente quando os tradutores-intérpretes exercem a sua atividade profissional numa situação enunciativa delicada como é a que se associa ao discurso diplomático. O presente estudo, no âmbito da Pragmática Linguística, resulta de uma investigação, que, numa perspetiva contrastiva, observa a realização dos atos de saudação e dos atos de agradecimento, no contexto do discurso diplomático, em duas línguas – português europeu e croata. O objetivo é tentar compreender os processos linguísticos subjacentes à realização dos referidos atos ilocutórios, estabelecendo um contraste entre os resultados obtidos em português e em croata para, através desta análise contrastiva, determinar algumas características gerais do discurso diplomático. Para tal, parte-se da observação detalhada do objeto de estudo central, um conjunto de dois corpora de textos do âmbito específico do discurso diplomático: um subcorpus em português e outro em croata. Os resultados obtidos demonstram uma maior tendência para a aproximação do que para o distanciamento das duas línguas quanto ao modo de realização dos atos de saudação e dos atos de agradecimento no contexto analisado. Assim, é possível definir os princípios gerais que, no contexto do discurso diplomático, regem a produção verbal dos interactantes. Como resultado prático, o presente estudo apresenta uma proposta de esquematização das formas linguísticas através das quais são realizados os atos de saudação e os atos de agradecimento, no referido contexto.<br>The work of a translator-interpreter requires that the speaker’s intention during any verbal interaction be correctly recognized. This is of paramount importance especially when translating/interpreting speech communication in diplomatic discourse. This paper is a result of a contrastive study, conducted in the field of pragmatics, which aims to examine Portuguese and Croatian diplomatic discourse, focusing on expressions of gratitude and greetings in both languages. The aim of the study is to discover the linguistic processes underlying the speech acts in the two languages. This will be achieved by means of a contrastive analysis of utterances in Portuguese and Croatian. As a result of the study, some general characteristics of diplomatic discourse will be identified. The study is based on an in-depth analysis of two corpora of verbal communication, Portuguese and Croatian, within the realm of diplomatic discourse. The results of the study show that the similarities between the two linguistic systems outweigh the differences, thus allowing the author of the study to identify some general characteristics and principles underpinning expression of gratitude and greetings within diplomatic discourse. The Master’s Thesis also presents the practical implications of the study by trying to schematize the various linguistics forms through which gratitude and greetings are expressed in the discourse in question.<br>Prepoznavanje komunikacijske namjere govornika bitan je uvjet za uspješno obavljanje prevoditeljske aktivnosti. Važnost te komunikacijske kompetencije prevoditelja osobito se ističe u govornim situacijama koje se odvijaju o okviru diplomatskog diskursa. Ovaj rad, iz područja pragmalingvistike, je rezultat istraživanja govornih činova pozdravljanja i zahvaljivanja koji se pojavljuju u diplomatskim govorima na portugalskom i na hrvatskom jeziku. Glavni cilj istraživanja je opisati lingvističke procese koji uvjetuju realiziranje gore navedenih govornih činova. Kontrastivnom analizom načina na koji se pozdravi i zahvale ostvaruju na portugalskom i na hrvatskom jeziku, otkrivaju se i glavne značajke diplomatskog diskursa. Korpus je sastavljen od niza usmenih tekstova ostvarenih u komunikacijskoj situaciji u kojoj izvorni govornik bilo portugalskog, bilo hrvatskog jezika obavlja poslove diplomatskog predstavnika svoje države. Rezultati analize korpusa upućuju na sličnosti između dva jezična sustava prilikom ostvarivanja govornih činova pozdravljanja i zahvaljivanja u okviru diplomatskog diskursa. Stoga se može zaključiti da na jezičnu aktivnost govornika utječu čimbenici koji nadilaze jezičnu razinu.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Português como Língua Estrangeira e Língua Segunda (PLELS) apresentada à Faculdade de Letras<br>Os atos ilocutórios constituem um objeto de estudo analisado por um ramo da Pragmática Linguística, a Pragmática Ilocutória, e têm vindo a ser explorados com base nas teorias pioneiras de Austin e de Searle, embora, hoje em dia, se encontre já investigação que desenvolve o tópico bem para lá desses estudos iniciais. Parte dessa investigação mais recente reflete as preocupações dos analistas com a aquisição da competência pragmática dos alunos que aprendem uma língua estrangeira, isto é, com a pragmática da interlíngua e, nomeadamente, com a capacidade de falantes não-nativos usarem uma língua estrangeira para fins específicos, como os diferentes tipos de atos ilocutórios. A presente dissertação alicerça-se numa investigação sobre a realização do ato ilocutório de crítica, uma subcategoria de atos ilocutórios ainda pouco explorada no âmbito das pesquisas efetuadas na área, com o objetivo de analisar a produção do ato de crítica por alunos chineses que aprendem o português europeu como língua estrangeira (PLE), em comparação com os usos desse ato ilocutório produzidos pelos falantes nativos portugueses. Saber formular adequadamente uma crítica numa língua (e numa comunidade) estrangeira constitui um desafio para qualquer aprendente de LE, pelo que os aprendentes de PLE sentirão, certamente, dificuldades em verbalizá-la. Para levar a cabo a nossa análise, foram recolhidos, no total, 30 conjuntos de produções escritas (transcritas nos anexos) de um inquérito elaborado com 5 situações que serviram de estímulo. O grupo dos informantes do presente estudo é constituído por 10 aprendentes chineses do nível intermédio, 10 do nível avançado e 10 alunos nativos da língua portuguesa europeia. A análise do corpus recai principalmente sobre os seguintes aspetos: (i) orientação da crítica; (ii) estratégias de realização; e (iii) estratégias de modificação linguística (atenuação e intensificação). E as variáveis consideradas dizem respeito aos aspetos como o nível de proficiência linguística, ao grau de formalidade, ao grau de imposição do ato ilocutório, e às características do grupo e do seu ethos, entre outros. A investigação desenvolvida, enquadrada no âmbito da Pragmática, considerou ainda questões relacionadas com a Pragmática da Interlíngua e a Pragmática Intercultural.<br>Illocutionary acts, which have been analyzed by the pioneering theories of Austin and Searle and developed by a good deal of recent research, constitute a research object of Illocutionary Pragmatics, a subfield of Linguistic Pragmatics. Part of the latest research reflects analysts’ concerns with non-native speakers’ acquisition of pragmatic competence during the process of learning a foreign language. Second language (L2) pragmatics or interlanguage pragmatics studies how learners acquire the ability to use a foreign language for specific purposes, such as different types of illocutionary acts. This study focuses on a subcategory of illocutionary acts still little explored in the research done in the area of Illocutionary Pragmatics: the act of criticism. In fact, knowing how to formulate a criticism in a foreign language is a prominent challenge for any FL learner, who will positively have difficulty in producing this illocutionary act. To carry out the analysis, a corpus was compiled for this study with a total of 30 sets of written samples (transcribed in the appendix). For the purposes of the study, five different stimulus situations were presented to the students. The data that sustain this analysis were produced by 30 volunteers, distributed in three different groups, 10 of them being Chinese intermediate learners, 10 advanced learners and 10 native speakers of European Portuguese. The analysis focuses mainly on the following aspects: (i) orientation of criticism; (ii) realization strategies; and (iii) language modification strategies (mitigation and intensification). The variables underlying this research include aspects such as the level of language proficiency, the degree of formality, and the characteristics of the group and its ethos, among others. Developed within the scope of Pragmatics, the present research also considers issues related to Interlanguage Pragmatics and Intercultural Pragmatics.