Relevant bibliographies by topics / Contrasts of observations

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Contrasts of observations'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 8 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Contrasts of observations"

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Doehne, Eric. "Charge Contrast: Some ESEM Observations of A New/Old Phenomenon." Microscopy and Microanalysis 4, S2 (1998): 292–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600021589.

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Over the past few years there have been occasional reports of unusual secondary electron contrasts in certain nonmetallic materials using conventional (CSEM-Johansen et al, 1997), low voltage (LV-SEM-Harker et al, 1993; Harker et al, 1994) and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM-Griffin, 1997; T. Hardt, personal communication) which have documented novel contrast mechanisms whose origins are not yet well understood. Indeed, similar observations were made over 20 years ago in certain uncoated materials (such as SiC) using conventional SEM (Sawyer and Page, 1978). Aspects of these charge contrast imaging (CCI) phenomena are further documented here in a series of ESEM experiments on polished cross sections of uncoated travertine calcite. What is “old” is the fact that these contrasts have been reported on several occasions. What is “new” is the observation that these unusual contrasts are more readily studied and, in some cases, have been found in a wider range of materials using ESEM.
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Lawrence, J. K., and G. A. Chapman. "Photometric observations of facular contrasts near the solar limb." Astrophysical Journal 335 (December 1988): 996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/166986.

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Hordern, J. H. "Some observations on the Persae of Timotheus (PMG 791)." Classical Quarterly 49, no. 2 (1999): 433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cq/49.2.433.

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At lines 7–10 the description of the sea-battle appears to involve the destruction of the oars of the enemy ship (accepting Page's ῥηγì[κωπ] ος at 9), with the result that the sailors fall over (9–10 suppl. Danielsson). We would expect lines 11–13 to provide some sort of contrast with this description, since εἰ δέ at 11 contrasts with 7 ảλλ’ εἰμέυ, but the exact sense is not quite clear.
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Tracey, John P., Peter J. S. Fleming, and Gavin J. Melville. "Accuracy of some aerial survey estimators: contrasts with known numbers." Wildlife Research 35, no. 4 (2008): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr07105.

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Density estimates are seldom examined against actual population size, hence the ability of estimators to correct for bias is unknown. Studies that compare techniques are difficult to interpret because of the uncertainty of adherence to their respective assumptions. Factors influencing detection probability, estimators that correct for bias, the validity of their assumptions and how these relate to true density are important considerations for selecting suitable methods. Here we contrasted five estimates of feral goat (Capra hircus) densities obtained from aerial surveys (strip counts, Petersen, stratified Petersen, Chao, Alho) against known densities derived from total counts. After correcting for recounting, the Alho and stratified Petersen estimators applied to helicopter surveys were the most accurate (bias = 0.08 and –0.09 respectively), which suggests that estimates were improved by correcting individual observations according to the characteristics of each observation. An approach using modified Horvitz–Thompson equations for unequal-sized units is described and is recommended to allow for this. Both the Chao (bias = 0.35) and Petersen (bias = 0.22) estimators were positively biased, which is likely to be a consequence of averaging detection probability across all observations. Helicopter survey using capture–recapture with multiple observers is recommended for estimating the density of wildlife populations. However, adjustment for the factors that influence detection probability is required.
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Keppel-Aleks, G., P. O. Wennberg, C. W. O'Dell, and D. Wunch. "Towards constraints on fossil fuel emissions from total column carbon dioxide." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 12, no. 11 (2012): 29887–913. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-29887-2012.

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Abstract. We assess the large-scale, top-down constraints on regional fossil fuel emissions provided by observations of atmospheric total column CO2, XCO2. Using an atmospheric GCM with underlying fossil emissions, we determine the influence of regional fossil fuel emissions on global XCO2 fields. We quantify the regional contrasts between source and upwind regions and probe the sensitivity of atmospheric XCO2 to changes in fossil fuel emissions. Regional fossil fuel XCO2 contrasts can exceed 0.7 ppm based on 2007 emission estimates, but have large seasonal variations due to biospheric fluxes. Contamination by clouds reduces the discernible fossil signatures. Nevertheless, our simulations show that atmospheric fossil XCO2 can be tied to its source region and that changes in the regional XCO2 contrasts scale linearly with emissions. We test the GCM results against XCO2 data from the GOSAT satellite. Regional XCO2 contrasts in GOSAT data generally scale with the predictions from the GCM, but the comparison is limited by the moderate precision of and relatively few observations from the satellite. We discuss how this approach may be useful as a policy tool to verify national fossil emissions, as it provides an independent, observational constraint.
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Keppel-Aleks, G., P. O. Wennberg, C. W. O'Dell, and D. Wunch. "Towards constraints on fossil fuel emissions from total column carbon dioxide." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, no. 8 (2013): 4349–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4349-2013.

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Abstract. We assess the large-scale, top-down constraints on regional fossil fuel emissions provided by observations of atmospheric total column CO2, XCO2. Using an atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) with underlying fossil emissions, we determine the influence of regional fossil fuel emissions on global XCO2 fields. We quantify the regional contrasts between source and upwind regions and probe the sensitivity of atmospheric XCO2 to changes in fossil fuel emissions. Regional fossil fuel XCO2 contrasts can exceed 0.7 ppm based on 2007 emission estimates, but have large seasonal variations due to biospheric fluxes. Contamination by clouds reduces the discernible fossil signatures. Nevertheless, our simulations show that atmospheric fossil XCO2 can be tied to its source region and that changes in the regional XCO2 contrasts scale linearly with emissions. We test the GCM results against XCO2 data from the GOSAT satellite. Regional XCO2 contrasts in GOSAT data generally scale with the predictions from the GCM, but the comparison is limited by the moderate precision of and relatively few observations from the satellite. We discuss how this approach may be useful as a policy tool to verify national fossil emissions, as it provides an independent, observational constraint.
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Einasto, Jaan, Maret Einasto, Enn Saar, Bernard J. T. Jones, and Vicent J. Martinez. "Superclustering: Theory Versus Observations." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 130 (1988): 245–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900136113.

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The spatial distribution of galaxies is compared with model distributions. It is demonstrated that giant and dwarf galaxies in the Local Supercluster occupy statistically identical regions. Various tests suggest that galaxy formation is biased since all unbiased model distributions are in conflict with observed distribution of galaxies. Multifractal analysis shows that a cold dark matter dominated universe with biased galaxy formation has a fairly constant fractal dimension over a broad range of scales. This contrasts with the observed distribution which does not show simple fractal features.
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Kuhn, Jeffrey R. "Brightness Observations of the Sun." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 143 (1994): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100024635.

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There are few solar surface brightness observations with sufficient accuracy to have direct bearing on the question of the origin of the Sun’s bolometric luminosity and irradiance changes (the correlative observations have been reviewed elsewhere in these proceedings). This paper contrasts these observations with a model for the solar variability and illustrates our clear need for high precision surface photometry, in combination with helioseismic data and numerical experiments.
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Foukal, P., and T. Moran. "Properties of Faculae from Observations Near the Opacity Minimum." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 154 (1994): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900124210.

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Imaging of active regions in continuum around 1.6 μm shows that many facular regions are less bright than the photosphere when observed nearer to disk center than μ = cos θ ~ 0.75. The contrast of these dark faculae increases with magnetic flux above a threshold of approximately 2 × 1018 Mx. This explains why not all faculae are dark at 1.6 μm, since the magnetic flux density in many regions of bright Ca K plage emission falls below this threshold. After correction for blurring, the typical contrast value is about 4-5%, so the brightness temperature deficit is about 130 K. Faculae are brighter than the photosphere at 1.63 μm nearer to the limb than μ ~ 0.5. The negative contrast of dark faculae may arise from cooling of the surrounding photosphere, or from increased visibility of cool layers of the facular flux tube itself. Quantitative comparison of these IR data with MHD models awaits calculation of flux tube contrasts at realistic angular resolution.
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Tsai, Feng, and J. M. Cowley. "Contrasts of planar defects in reflection electron microscopy." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 51 (August 1, 1993): 1004–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s042482010015085x.

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Reflection electron microscopy (REM) has been used to study surface defects such as surface steps, dislocations emerging on crystal surfaces, and surface reconstructions. However, only a few REM studies have been reported about the planar defects emerging on surfaces. The interaction of planar defects with surfaces may be of considerable practical importance but so far there seems to be only one relatively simple theoretical treatment of the REM contrast and very little experimental evidence to support its predications. Recently, intersections of both 90° and 180° ferroelectric domain boundaries with BaTiO3 crystal surfaces have been investigated by Tsai and Cowley with REM.The REM observations of several planar defects, such as stacking faults and domain boundaries have been continued by the present authors. All REM observations are performed on a JEM-2000FX transmission electron microscope. The sample preparations may be seen somewhere else. In REM, the incident electron beam strikes the surface of a crystal with a small glancing angle.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Contrasts of observations"

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Gabriel, R., Amber N. Warren, and Natalia Ward. "The Observation Tools We Have and Those We Need: Contrasts in Read-Aloud Practices from Classrooms Rated Highly Effective by Different Rubrics." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5942.

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The purpose of this study is to compare features of read-alouds from fourth grade classrooms that have been identified as very high-performing using contrasting rubrics for classroom observations, including an English/Language Arts-specific rubric, a general rubric designed for 4th-8th grade classrooms, and a general rubric designed for all subjects and grades. We draw on analytic tools from conversation analysis (Sacks, 1992) and positioning theory (Davies & Harré, 1990) to conduct a micro-analysis of instructional interactions during read-alouds in order to identify similarities and differences among read-alouds from exemplary classrooms across these three different rubric rating systems. In doing so we discuss the implications of each rubric as a guide for shaping specific instructional practices.
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TOURNIAIRE, JEAN. "Application de l'effet t1 de l'ami-25 au diagnostic des hemangiomes hepatiques : a propos de 6 observations." Lyon 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LYO1M062.

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Alves, Sandra Isabel Rodrigues. "Curricular training report in a contract research organization (CRO)." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/14881.

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Mestrado em Biomedicina Farmacêutica<br>This report describes my experience as a trainee at W4Research, a national Contract Research Organization (CRO). This internship intended to put into practice the skills acquired during the curricular year of the Master in Pharmaceutical Biomedicine. This professional context experience has allowed me to perform activities especially in the implementation of a quality management system and also in medical writing. I was also involved in the design of two observational studies and one socioepidemiological study, and in a clinical trial site feasibility.<br>Este relatório descreve a minha experiência enquanto estagiária na W4Research, uma Contract Research Organization (CRO) nacional. Este estágio pretendeu pôr em prática os conhecimentos adquiridos durante a parte curricular do Mestrado em Biomedicina Farmacêutica. Esta experiência de contexto profissional permitiu-me desempenhar atividades sobretudo no âmbito da implementação de um sistema de gestão da qualidade e também de medical writing. Estive também envolvida na conceção de dois estudos observacionais e um sócio epidemiológico, e para além disso, participei na fase de feasibility de um ensaio clínico.
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Florens-Zmirou, Danielle. "Statistiques des diffusions : observation discrétisées, passages à niveau donné, lissage des trajectoires." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112126.

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Ce travail est composé de six articles portant sur la statistique des diffusions récurrentes lorsqu'on ne dispose que d'une observation partielle des trajectoires. La première partie concerne la discrétisation de pas Δ de l'intervalle de temps d'observation. La chaîne de Markov Xk Δ observée, a une probabilité de transition dont on donne un développement en fonction de Δ. On peut ainsi évaluer la perte d'information. Les estimateurs ont un biais calculé en fonction de Δ et un théorème de limite centrale est démontré pour des fonctionnelles de chaînes de Markov. La discrétisation intervient pour des diffusions contrôlées. On montre que les gains asymptotiques de ces modèles discrétisés convergent, quand le pas tend vers zéro, vers le gain asymptotique de la diffusion continûment contrôlée. La deuxième partie étudie l'observation des passages par une barrière donnée (zéro par exemple). L'observation en temps continu des zéros de la diffusion étant impossible, on observe les excursions de longueur &gt;Δ. Le contraste proposé donne un estimateur consistant et asymptotiquement gaussien. On étudie les propriétés des familles de mesures de Lévy. Pour les passages en zéro de la diffusion discrétisée les observations ne sont plus markoviennes. On construit des estimateurs consistants et asymptotiquement gaussiens. Cette observation permet d'approcher le temps local de la diffusion. Le dernier article étudie le lissage par convolution d'un processus gaussien stationnaire non dérivable. On montre que le nombre de passages en zéro du processus régularisé, convenablement normalisé, converge vers le temps local du processus gaussien<br>This thesis studies the statistical properties of recurrent diffusions partially observed. The first part concerns the discretization of the time interval by means of a sampling interval Δ. 6. Let Xk Δ. Be the observed Markov chain. We consider an expansion of its transition probability density in terms of Δ. The information loss is computed as a function of Δ and of the diffusion coefficient. Then we use the autoregressive model as an approximate statistical model of the diffusion. This method yields biased estimators enables us to compute the bias. We prove a central limit theorem for functionals of Markov chains. Discretization is used to study controlled diffusions. We prove that the asymptotic gains of the discretized models converge to the asymptotic gain of the diffusion controlled on continuous time. Ln the second part, the crossings of a given barrier are studied (i. E. Zero). A continuous observation of the zero-crossings of a diffusion is not feasible. Therefore, we observe the excursions greater than Δ. We construct a minimum contrast estimator and prove its consistency and asymptotic normality. We study the properties of the families of Levy measures associated to the diffusion local time. The zero crossings of the discretized diffusion are not Markovian any more. The proposed minimum contrast estimators are consistent and asymptotically Gaussian. The previous observation enables us to find an approximation of the diffusion local time. Ln the last paper we study the smoothing of a non differentiable stationary Gaussian process by means of convolution. We prove that the number of zero-crossings of the regularized process suitably normalized converges too in L 2 to the zero local time of the given Gaussian process
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PISSAVIN, CHRISTINE. "Hypertension intracranienne benigne : a propos de 11 observations ; interet de la perimetrie statique automatique et de la sensibilite au contraste." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988CLF11024.

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Genon-Catalot, Valentine. "Observations partielles de diffusions traitement statistique dans l'asymptotique de la variance /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376053759.

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MAITRE, MARIE-FRANCOISE. "Les nephropathies lupiques : etude du sediment urinaire en microscopie a contraste de phase ; correlations anatomo-cytologiques ; a propos de 30 observations." Lyon 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LYO1M279.

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Favetto, Benjamin. "Observations bruitées d'une diffusion : estimation, filtrage, applications." Phd thesis, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00524565.

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Les modèles aléatoires basés sur l'observation bruitée de diffusions discrétisées sont couramment utilisés en biologie ou en finance pour rendre compte de la présence d'erreur (ou bruit) entâchant la mesure d'un phénomène dont le comportement est dirigé par une équation différentielle stochastique. Deux questions statistiques sont liées à ces modèles : l'estimation d'un paramètre theta déterminant le comportement de la diffusion cachée, et le calcul du filtre optimal, ou d'une approximation. La première partie de cette thèse porte sur l'étude d'un modèle d'Ornstein-Uhlenbeck bidimensionnel partiellement observé et bruité, en lien avec l'estimation de paramètres de microvascularisation pour un modèle pharmacocinétique stochastique. Plusieurs résultats sur données médicales sont présentés. Dans la seconde partie, des estimateurs pour les paramètres de la diffusion cachée, sont obtenus dans un contexte de données haute fréquence, comme minima de fonctions de contraste ou comme zéros de fonctions d'estimation basées sur des moyennes locales d'observations bruitées. On montre en particulier la consistence et la normalité asymptotique de ces estimateurs. Enfin, la troisième partie étudie la tension de la suite des variances asymptotiques obtenues dans le théorème central limite associé à l'approximation particulaire du filtre et de la prédiction dans un modèle de Markov caché.
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Witzig, Eric W. "Observations on The Serial Killer Phenomenon: An Examination of Selected Behaviors of the Interstate Offender Contrasted with the Intrastate Offender." VCU Scholars Compass, 1995. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5546.

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The purpose of this work was to compare serial homicides committed by interstate and intrastate offenders and to determine differences in behavior between them. Knowledge of such differences would enable the trained homicide detective to structure his investigation according to the killer's inferred range of action. This study used homicide data collected by the Violent Criminal Apprehension Program (VICAP), of the National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime (NCAVC). VICAP's data was voluntarily submitted by investigators working at the state, local, and federal levels. The VICAP database had information on more than 804 cases of homicides committed by 241 different, serial offenders. The VICAP data was examined in order to learn whether offender behaviors could reveal a distinction between the interstate serial offender and the intrastate serial offender. Five variables of conscious or unconscious offender behavior were selected: (1) the victim's occupation, (2) the victim's last known location, (3) the type and kind of restraints used on the victim (if any), (4) the victim's cause of death, and (5) the level of concealment of the victim at the body disposal site. Information from the attributes in these variables could be helpful to the homicide detective in an early determination of the types and kinds of investigative resources that should be applied to the case for a successful resolution. A hypothesis was formed: there is a detectable difference on the five variables in the behaviors of interstate and intrastate serial killers. The findings supported the hypothesis that there was a detectable difference between the two types of serial killers. An unexpected finding revealed that one type of offender was more deadly than the other, and thus less likely to leave behind surviving victims. viii interstate serial offender and the intrastate serial offender. Five variables of conscious or unconscious offender behavior were selected: (1) the victim's occupation, (2) the victim's last known location, (3) the type and kind of restraints used on the victim (if any), (4) the victim's cause of death, and (5) the level of concealment of the victim at the body disposal site. Information from the attributes in these variables could be helpful to the homicide detective in an early determination of the types and kinds of investigative resources that should be applied to the case for a successful resolution. A hypothesis was formed: there is a detectable difference on the five variables in the behaviors of interstate and intrastate serial killers. The findings supported the hypothesis that there was a detectable difference between the two types of serial killers. An unexpected finding revealed that one type of offender was more deadly than the other, and thus less likely to leave behind surviving victims.
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Santos, Antonio dos. "Observations sur le contrat de société à Bordeaux au cours de la seconde moitié du 18è siècle : vers 1750, vers 1791." Bordeaux 4, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR40038.

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L'on trouve les societes generales et en commandite, dites societes de personnes. Le critere de distinction est celui de la responsabilite solidaire et indefinie des associes en nom, mais limitee pour les commanditaires. Les sources montrent que les societes anonymes dites occultes, sont frequentes. Cela pose un probleme par rapport a l'ordonnance de 1673 qui impose aux associes l'ecrit et la publicite de leur societe afin d'assurer la securite des transactions et eviter les fraudes. Dans l'histoire du commerce elle marque un tournant. Il s'agit d'une immixtion dans les affaires privees. Il existe des societes de capitaux mais elles sont rares. La societe contrat de droit civil, est basee sur des notions telles que intuitus personae ou affectio societatis. On remarquera un caractere familial dans certaines societes. Cet aspect peut fortement influencer les regles de fonctionnement au sein des societes notamment generales, ou l'on percoit des aspects communautaires conditionnant l'existence du contrat. Ces traits concernent toutes les societes quelque soit leur activite des lors que les parties ont en vu la realisation et le partage d'un benefice. Les regles de fonctionnement varient dans les societes de personnes. Le commanditaire peut s'immiscer dans la gestion des affaires. Quant aux societes de capitaux l'administration semble plus technique. Mais dans ce cas un probleme de controle des affaires par l'assemblee des actionnaires est mis en evidence. En cours de vie sociale des causes de dissolutions, volontaires ou involontaires, peuvent amener les associes a dissoudre la societe. La procedure de dissolution releve avant tout de l'usage. Parmi les causes de dissolutions, la mesentente semble un cas assez frequent. A cet egard le legislateur impose aux associes de regler leurs litiges par la voie de l'arbitrage afin d'eviter les meandres d'une procedure judiciaire longue et couteuse.
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Books on the topic "Contrasts of observations"

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Observations on decided cases concerning antenuptial contracts. Published by the Govt. Printer on behalf of the South African Law Commission, 1986.

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Groupes de contrats et ensembles contractuels: Quelques observations en droit positif. Larcier, 2006.

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Berthier, Guillaume François. Observations sur Le contrat social de Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Editions "A L'écart", 1988.

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Ragland, Susan. Program Fraud Civil Remedies Act: Observations on implementation. U.S. Govt. Accountability Office, 2012.

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Chaplain, Cristina T. Preliminary observations on DOD estimates of contract termination liability. U.S. Government Accountability Office, 2013.

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Kirk, Ayers J., Weaver Steven P, and Langley Research Center, eds. Surface-based observations of contrail occurrence over the U.S., April 1993-April 1994. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1997.

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Kirk, Ayers J., Weaver Steven P, and Langley Research Center, eds. Surface-based observations of contrail occurrence over the U.S., April 1993-April 1994. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1997.

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Kirk, Ayers J., Weaver Steven P, and Langley Research Center, eds. Surface-based observations of contrail occurrence over the U.S., April 1993-April 1994. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1997.

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Kirk, Ayers J., Weaver Steven P, and Langley Research Center, eds. Surface-based observations of contrail occurrence over the U.S., April 1993-April 1994. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1997.

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E, Oseberg Terje, Nielsen Norman B, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. NASA DC-8 airborne scanning lidar cloud and contrail observations. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Contrasts of observations"

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Cunniffe, Christine. "The psychological contract." In Transforming School Culture through Lesson Observation. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429203664-5.

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Bíba, Jiří, Jiří Hodík, Michal Jakob, and Michal Pěchouček. "Contract Observation in Web Services Environments." In Service-Oriented Computing: Agents, Semantics, and Engineering. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-10739-9_1.

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Kumar, Pankaj, and Jaivir Singh. "Fieldwork Observations and Analysis." In Issues in Law and Public Policy on Contract Labour in India. Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8444-7_6.

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Lamzin, S., F. Giovannelli, C. Rossi, et al. "Observational Contrains on Collimation Mechanisms in RU Lupi." In Astrophysics and Space Science Library. Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1924-5_23.

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Schumann, U., and P. Wendling. "Determination of Contrails from Satellite Data and Observational Results." In Lecture Notes in Engineering. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-51686-3_9.

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Paulson, Shane, Nesredin Kedir, Tao Sun, Kamel Fezzaa, and Wayne Chen. "Observation of Dynamic Adhesive Behavior Using High-Speed Phase Contrast Imaging." In Dynamic Behavior of Materials, Volume 1. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30021-0_34.

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Pocar, Fausto. "Quelques observations sur la continuité des contrats face à l’introduction de l’euro." In Private Law in the International Arena. T.M.C. Asser Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-575-9_37.

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Darvann, Tron A., and Serge Koutchmy. "The IR Contrast of Magnetic Elements Obtained from High Spatial Resolution Observations at 1.6 µm." In Infrared Solar Physics. Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1926-9_57.

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Henderson, Joan. "Politics and tourism within South-East Asia." In Tourism in development: reflective essays. CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242812.0010.

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Abstract This chapter examines the interactions between politics and international tourism which are shown to be inextricably linked in assorted ways. The focus of the discussion is on members of the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN). After some general observations with regards to the tourism-politics relationship, the chapter looks back to the 1970s when political uncertainties and upheavals characterized parts of the region and impeded tourism. Such circumstances are then contrasted with those of the current era which tend to be more settled, reflecting the political shifts occurring in the intervening years, and which are more favourable for tourism.
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Bohmann, Axel, and Adesoji Babalola. "Verbal past inflection in Nigerian English." In Varieties of English Around the World. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/veaw.g68.02boh.

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We analyze variation in Nigerian English verbal past inflection on the basis of 2,989 verbs with past-time reference. Observations were extracted from the spontaneous conversations category of the International Corpus of English Nigeria and from two sets of sociolinguistic interviews. In contrast to the previous literature, our analysis shows rich systematicity in the constraints governing verbal past inflection, but also significant differences between the data sets. The latter concern both the overall frequency of past inflection and the number and strength of linguistic conditioning variables. At the level of method, we argue for ‘sociolinguistic compound vision,’ i.e. an active effort to include diverse data sets in order to avoid homogenizing accounts of New Englishes.
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Conference papers on the topic "Contrasts of observations"

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Lamperti, Gianfranco, Marina Zanella, and Xiangfu Zhao. "Diagnosis of Active Systems with Abstract Observations and Compiled Knowledge." In 18th International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning {KR-2021}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/kr.2021/42.

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An active system (AS) is a discrete-event system (DES) with asynchronous behavior, which is represented by a network of components that are modeled as communicating automata. When being operated, an AS performs a trajectory within its behavior space, while generating a sequence of observations, namely a temporal observation. The model of the AS and a temporal observation are the two key ingredients of the diagnosis task, which aims to find out possible faulty behavior via abductive reasoning. Among other knowledge, such reasoning requires knowing what is observable and what is not. This essential distinction constitutes the observability of the AS. In the literature, the observability of a DES boils down to qualifying each state transition either as observable or unobservable, which contrasts with the way humans observe reality, typically by mapping a collection of observations to a single, abstract perception. Moreover, the occurrence of single state transitions is not necessarily what we can observe or what we want to observe for diagnosis purposes. This paper presents an extended notion of observability, where each observation is associated with a behavioral scenario rather than a single state transition, where a scenario is defined as a regular language on state transitions. To speed up the online diagnosis engine, specific diagnosis-oriented knowledge is compiled offline. Eventually, the diagnosis technique based on abstract observability is extended to cope with temporal uncertainty.
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Victor, Jonathan. "Two stages of nonlinearity in texture processing." In OSA Annual Meeting. Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1992.mnn2.

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The visual system readily discriminates certain black-and-white textures whose spatial frequency spectra (or autocorrelations) are identical. This implies that preattentive texture discrimination is based on local features, and not just global spatial frequency content. The psychophysi­cal distinguishability of such isodipole textures is paralleled by an evoked-potential component elicited by texture interchange. Psychophysical and evoked-potential measures of discrimination among a library of isodipole texture pairs force rejection of computational models based on symmetry, information content, or a single nonlinear stage. Models with two nonlinear stages, which consist of local nonlinear subunits whose outputs combine in a spatially specific and cooperative fashion, are consistent with experimental observations. In order for such models to maintain sensitivity and specificity over a wide range of contrasts, modulation of one or both nonlinear stages by local contrast is required. This model structure is consistent with features of connectivity within striate cortex. A spatiotemporal analog of this model may account for joint extraction of Fourier and non-Fourier motion.
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Boinski, F., O. Dugne, S. Gosse´, E. Brackx, and C. Gue´neau. "XRD and SEM/EDS Study of the Phase Distribution in the UO2 and Carbon Reactional System at High Temperature." In Fourth International Topical Meeting on High Temperature Reactor Technology. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/htr2008-58167.

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Several fissile kernels are considered for the TRISO particles of (Very) – High Temperature Reactors (V)-HTR. Considering uranium as the fissile nucleus, the basic chemical composition of the TRISO fuel is always made of UO2 which can be added by some UC2 carbide. The high level operating temperature of this fuel implies to determine the products formed by the interactions between these two previous compounds. Some UO2 kernels embedded in black carbon were heated in the 1250–1400°C temperature range in order to determine the kinetics of gaseous species formation [1] and the relative stability of the oxide and carbide phases. After High Temperature Mass Spectrometry (HTMS) experiments, the products formed during the interaction between uranium oxide (UO2) and carbon powders were characterized by various global and punctual analysis methods. The XRD diagram showed the presence of UO2 and UC phases. The contrasts of density observed by SEM in the Quadrant Back-Scattering Detector (QBSD) mode also allowed to highlight both oxide and carbide phase distributions within the TRISO kernels. During SEM observations, some particles showed particular profiles resulting from “non-uniform” reactional mechanisms as already described by Lindemer [2]. In other singular cases, the interaction between UO2 and carbon led to the formation of the UC phase in the middle of the kernel, the UO2 phase remaining at the outside part. Complementary EDS analyses confirmed the results on both oxide and carbide phases. By considering the interference energies between the K-ray of carbon and the N-ray of uranium, the study of the ray intensities consolidated the contrast distributions observed in SEM. Thanks to these results, some assumptions are also advanced concerning the dissolution of oxygen in the UC crystalline structure.
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Koshelev, Kirill L., Sergey Kruk, Elizaveta Melik-Gaykazyan, et al. "Observation of highly efficient second-harmonic generation at the nanoscale driven by bound states in the continuum." In High Contrast Metastructures IX, edited by Connie J. Chang-Hasnain, Weimin Zhou, and Andrei Faraon. SPIE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2544231.

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Henderson, Alan D., Gregory J. Walker, and Jeremy D. Hughes. "Unsteady Transition Phenomena at a Compressor Blade Leading Edge." In ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2006-90641.

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Wake-induced laminar-turbulent transition is studied at the leading edge of a C4-section compressor stator blade in a 1.5-stage axial compressor. Surface hot-film sensor observations are interpreted with the aid of numerical solutions from UNSFLO, a quasi three-dimensional viscous-inviscid flow solver. The passage of a rotor wake, with its associated negative jet, over the stator leading edge is observed to have a destabilizing effect on the suction surface boundary layer. This leads to transition closer to the stator leading edge than would have occurred under steady flow conditions. The strength of this phenomenon is influenced by the rotor-stator axial gap and the variability of individual rotor wake disturbances. A variety of transition phenomena are observed near the leading edge in the wake path. Wave packets characteristic of Tollmien–Schlichting waves are observed to amplify and break down into turbulent spots. Disturbances characteristic of the streaky structures occurring in bypass transition are also seen. Examination of suction surface disturbance and wake-induced transitional strip trajectories points to the leading edge as the principal receptivity site for suction surface transition phenomena at design loading conditions. This contrasts markedly with the pressure surface behavior, where transition at design conditions occurs remote from leading edge flow perturbations associated with wake chopping. Here the local receptivity of the boundary layer to the wake passing disturbance and turbulent wake fluid discharging onto the blade surface may be of greater importance.
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Al-Sulaimi, Ghadna, Loic Bazalgette, Salim Al-Shuaili, Mohammed Al-Harthi, Fakhriya Al-Shuaibi, and Samantha Large. "Is Water Cut Influenced by Natural Fractures in South of Sultanate of Oman Porous Clastic Reservoirs? An Answer Based on Integrated Observations." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211658-ms.

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Abstract The field location is in the South of the Sultanate of Oman. It produces from two clastic reservoirs which are mainly developed by closely spaced horizontal wells. One of the key challenges is the quick development of a high water cut. During the recent past years, this behavior was attributed to water shortcutting through a supposed network of natural open fractures in the reservoir. For this reason, the usual mitigation consisted in acquiring borehole images (BHI) to detect supposedly natural open fractures. The corresponding well sections were then isolated using swellable packer (EZIP) technology to delay water cut development. Questioning the presence of an abundant network of open natural fractures in the reservoir and their potential role in high water cut, an integrated technical study was performed to evaluate the adequacy of data acquisition and mitigation plans. Through the integration of multidisciplinary static and dynamic data a better understanding of fracture geomechanics in this specific reservoir was reached. The main building blocks of this integrated study were: – Thorough QC of the initial BHI interpretations. Re-interpretation had to be performed in multiple occasions to keep interpretation methods and nomenclature uniform. – Analysis of the mechanical behavior of high porosity / low cohesion sandstone reservoirs developed in the field. Evaluation of the likelihood of encountering natural open fractures in such lithologies based on elementary principles of rock mechanics. – Analysis of fluid production history and of dynamic data with regards to the potential origins of early water breakthrough. Our main results were the following: – The quantities of natural open fractures originally interpreted from borehole images were significantly overestimated. Electrically resistive traces on BHI were almost systematically interpreted as open fractures in the reservoirs. – The application of elementary rock mechanics principles (based on Mohr-Coulomb laws) does not support the presence of dense networks of natural open fractures in high porosity/low cohesion clastic rocks under the deformation conditions to which the field was exposed. Therefore, the presence of highly connected fracture patterns is unlikely in such rocks. – Dynamic observations indicate that water short circuiting in high permeability matrix is most likely due to the fluid mobility contrasts for heavy oil reservoir supported by relatively strong aquifer (water "fingering" through oil in high permeability matrix). Based on these results we recommended to reconsider the systematic acquisition of BHI in these reservoir formations as a mitigation for early water breakthrough as well as the systematic isolation of supposedly fractured intervals. Conversely, the improvement of the characterization of the distribution, geometry, and spatial organization of sand bodies and of their connectivity in the reservoir units was suggested. This task is challenging but will be supported by optimizing the utilization of the large amount of already acquired borehole image data. With this aim in mind new images may also be collected in selected wells. A proper understanding of the impact of the detailed reservoir architecture on water versus oil flow through the reservoir is now needed to provide an enhanced mitigation plan to early water breakthroughs. Provisional solutions rely in adapting production parameters such as the rates of oil offtake for the new infill wells. Investing in well and reservoir surveillance (WRS) will also increase the value of the current well stock.
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Smith, Christopher, Graeme Knowles, Edwina Jones, Celine Martin, Patience Dlamini, and John Mahlalela. "Online co-design of a university Work-Based Learning degree programme: lessons learned from comparing cases in United Kingdom and Eswatini." In SEFI 50th Annual conference of The European Society for Engineering Education. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/conference-9788412322262.1210.

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Greater collaboration is required between universities, industry and society to provide the engineering education that will tackle society’s challenges. Work-based learning (WBL) programmes offer an industry-aligned, academically-informed education to support such socio-economic development. Co-design of such programmes is vital with responses to the COVID-19 pandemic innovating alternative ways to design programmes. Knowles et al (2021) [1] outlined an approach to online programme co-design in the UK university context, framed using Signature Pedagogy and through online conferencing and Miro (online whiteboard). Subsequently, the approach has been utilised to co-design a WBL degree programme in Electrical Engineering in Eswatini, supported by Knowles and other UK and Eswatini colleagues. This paper compares and contrasts cases from UK and Eswatini, and from this address the research question, “What considerations are required to support an effective online process to co-design a work-based learning programme in Engineering?” A collaborative autoethnographic methodology based around field notes, observations and reflections is used to allow exploration across pedagogy, technology, work practices, expectations and challenges. Many aspects of the approach worked well in both cases (for example, effectiveness of Signature Pedagogy, Miro as shared space), whereas differences arose related to limitations in the synchronous use of technologies, and readiness to adopt an outcome-focused approach. Addressing these differences, along with balancing progress against full participation and having clear expectations of participants, are key considerations in online co-design of WBL programmes. Moreover, the approach of Knowles (ibid) has shown to be adaptable with potential for broader adoption.
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Ruane, M., S. Gadetsky, and M. Mansuripur. "Observation of Domains and Grooves on MO Disks with Optical Microscopy and Image Processing." In Optical Data Storage. Optica Publishing Group, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ods.1994.wd8.

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Simple, nondestructive observation of grooves and magnetic domain structures is important to improved MO disk quality control, performance evaluation, and development of novel disk systems. Direct observation is difficult because groove and domain dimensions are on the order of one wavelength of visible light and, therefore, at the diffraction limit of optical microscopy. Complicating the matter further are the facts that illumination is somewhat non-uniform, contrast is low, and observations must be made through the substrate. A conventional metallurgical microscope has been modified to allow observation of grooves and domains on standard MO disks, using digital image processing to enhance otherwise obscure features.
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Carter, Aarynn L., Andrew Skemer, Camilla Danielski, et al. "Simulating JWST high contrast observations with PanCAKE." In Techniques and Instrumentation for Detection of Exoplanets X, edited by Stuart B. Shaklan and Garreth J. Ruane. SPIE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2594501.

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Dong, Wenjie, M. Nafi Toksöz, and Chengbin Peng. "Crosswell seismic observations near a high‐contrast interface." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1994. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1932178.

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Reports on the topic "Contrasts of observations"

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Hart, Carl R., D. Keith Wilson, Chris L. Pettit, and Edward T. Nykaza. Machine-Learning of Long-Range Sound Propagation Through Simulated Atmospheric Turbulence. U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41182.

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Conventional numerical methods can capture the inherent variability of long-range outdoor sound propagation. However, computational memory and time requirements are high. In contrast, machine-learning models provide very fast predictions. This comes by learning from experimental observations or surrogate data. Yet, it is unknown what type of surrogate data is most suitable for machine-learning. This study used a Crank-Nicholson parabolic equation (CNPE) for generating the surrogate data. The CNPE input data were sampled by the Latin hypercube technique. Two separate datasets comprised 5000 samples of model input. The first dataset consisted of transmission loss (TL) fields for single realizations of turbulence. The second dataset consisted of average TL fields for 64 realizations of turbulence. Three machine-learning algorithms were applied to each dataset, namely, ensemble decision trees, neural networks, and cluster-weighted models. Observational data come from a long-range (out to 8 km) sound propagation experiment. In comparison to the experimental observations, regression predictions have 5–7 dB in median absolute error. Surrogate data quality depends on an accurate characterization of refractive and scattering conditions. Predictions obtained through a single realization of turbulence agree better with the experimental observations.
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Xin, Y., N. D. Browning, S. Sivananthan, et al. Direct observation of threading dislocations in GaN by high-resolution Z-contrast imaging. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/650358.

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Xin, Y., S. J. Pennycook, N. D. Browning, et al. Direct observations of atomic structures of defects in GaN by high-resolution Z-contrast STEM. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/564252.

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Bertoni, Eleonora, Gregory Elacqua, Carolina Méndez, and Humberto Santos. Teacher Hiring Instruments and Teacher Value Added: Evidence from Peru. Inter-American Development Bank, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003123.

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In this article, we explore whether the evaluation instruments used to recruit teachers in the national teacher hiring process in Peru are good predictors of teacher effectiveness. To this end, we estimate teacher value-added (TVA) measures for public primary school teachers in 2018 and test for their correlation with the results of the 2015 and 2017 national evaluations. Our findings indicate that among the three sub-tests that comprise the first, centralized stage of the process, the curricular and pedagogical knowledge component has the strongest (and significant) correlation with the TVA measure, while the weakest correlation is found with the reading comprehension component. At the second, decentralized stage, we find no significant correlation with our measures of TVA for math, as well as non-robust correlations for the professional experience and classroom observation evaluation instruments. A positive and significant correlation is found between the classroom observation component and TVA for reading. Moreover, we find correlations between our measure of TVA and several teacher characteristics: TVA is higher for female teachers and for those at higher salary levels while it is lower for teachers with temporary contracts (compared to those with permanent positions).
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Musty, Michael, Vuong Truong, Jay Clausen, et al. Thermal infra-red comparison study of buried objects between humid and desert test beds. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45064.

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This study pertains to the thermal variations caused by buried objects and their ramifications on soil phenomenology. A multitude of environmental conditions were investigated to observe the effect on thermal infrared sensor performance and detection capabilities. Correlations between these external variables and sensor contrast metrics enable determinable key factors responsible for sensor degradation. This document consists of two parts. The first part is a summary of data collected by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer and Research and Development Center Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (ERDC-CRREL), ERDC-Geotechnical Structures Laboratory, and Desert Research Institute at the Yuma Proving Ground (YPG) site in February 2020 and observations from this activity. The second part is a comparison of target visibility between data collected at YPG and data collected at the ERDC-CRREL test site in 2018.
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White, William. Why The Monetary Policy Framework in Advanced Countries Needs Fundamental Reform. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp210.

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The objective pursued by most central banks in recent decades has been a low level of inflation. Since inflation was believed to respond to changes in unemployment, this implied a primary focus on labor markets and output gaps in the “real” economy when setting monetary policy. In contrast, “financial” sector developments were thought to be of no great importance. It is argued in this paper that monetary policy should be guided much more by financial sector developments (credit and debt) and much less by near term targets for inflation. This argument is first supported by an empirical review of the negative outcomes produced by the current policy framework; in particular, financial bubbles have created ever larger bubbles which threaten future growth prospects. A second level of support is provided through questioning the need for and the effectiveness of easy money, and through pointing out its many unintended and dangerous consequences. An alternative monetary policy framework would begin with the observation that an economy is a complex, adaptive system like many others in nature and society. From this perspective, arguments for introducing a “narrow money” regime need more attention.
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Tabinska, Iryna, та Yaroslav Tabinskyi. Феномен «смислу поміж фактами» у друкованому виданні Reporters: взаємодія тексту та фотоілюстрації. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2023.52-53.11728.

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The article states that with the development of new journalism, the author’s ability to characterize a phenomenon and identify a trend acquires special value. Representatives of Ukrainian new journalism, which is a relatively new genre, are already gradually implementing these tasks. They compose entire books from their reports, offering the reader a condensed version of versatile observations about a certain country, situation, or phenomenon. In contrast to ordinary reportage, fiction is a synthetic genre, in which it is not reported, but told. The authors of the article research Reporters which is the first magazine of new journalism in Ukraine. Their main task is to explain the phenomenon of “meaning between facts”. According to the authors, this phenomenon is simple and unique at the same time, because through people’s stories you can find depths that relate to historical, cultural and geopolitical life. The article analyzes the interaction of text and images, shows how to find meaningful messages in actual data using specific examples. The study singled out accents that relate to the interaction of text and images. Quite often, photography reproduces reality and helps the reader to paint reality in his imagination. Textual forms delve into the plot through human history and detail. In four printed issues of the magazine, the authors of the study analyzed the stories that are particularly relevant today. First of all, this concerns Russian aggression and the insubordination of Ukrainians. Key words: new journalism, non-fiction, text, images, dialog, photojournalism.
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Malkinson, Mertyn, Richard Witter, and Irit Davidson. Reduction of Reticuloendotheliosis in Foundation Breeding Flocks of Chickens: A Combined Immunological and Molecular Biological Approach. United States Department of Agriculture, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7613026.bard.

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Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) is an avian retrovirus that can cause immunosuppression, growth retardation and tumors. An attempt to define the extent of the economic damage to the poultry industry that it causes is discussed in this report. In addition to losses experienced by commercial laying flocks, reduced rates of hatchability and embryo developmental disorders were demonstrable due to vertical transmission of the virus. I. Eradication of REV In this project a comprehensive national program was applied for the eradication of REV from Israeli breeding stocks by the elimination of antibody-positive birds from the breeding program. The prevention of REV-infected breeders entering Israel was also implemented by serological examination of imported day-old chickens and turkeys for maternal antibody. At the same time commercial breeding flocks in Israel were surveyed routinely to measure the extent of environmental exposure to REV throughout Israel. II. Economic factors associated with vertical transmission on breeders and progeny It was observed that on some poultry farms exposure of breeding flocks to viral infection, if it occurs when the birds are immunocompetent, leads only to a seroconvertion event. In these flocks no differences were demonstrated between the performances of seronegative and seropositive birds. When the F1 generation was selected according to seronegativity of the parents, all the progeny were seronegative, indicating that tolerantly infected birds did not form a significant proportion of the parent flock. In sharp contrast, breeding flocks that became exposed to the virus about the point of lay or during the laying period, shed virus vertically for a brief period of time through the egg. Our epizootiological observations lead us to conclude that the progeny (laying pullets) becomes tolerantly infected and are immunosuppressed as they increase in age. Increased mortality and susceptibility to intercurrent diseases were recorded.
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Mbani, Benson, Timm Schoening, and Jens Greinert. Automated and Integrated Seafloor Classification Workflow (AI-SCW). GEOMAR, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/sw_2_2023.

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The Automated and Integrated Seafloor Classification Workflow (AI-SCW) is a semi-automated underwater image processing pipeline that has been customized for use in classifying the seafloor into semantic habitat categories. The current implementation has been tested against a sequence of underwater images collected by the Ocean Floor Observation System (OFOS), in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone of the Pacific Ocean. Despite this, the workflow could also be applied to images acquired by other platforms such as an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV), or Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV). The modules in AI-SCW have been implemented using the python programming language, specifically using libraries such as scikit-image for image processing, scikit-learn for machine learning and dimensionality reduction, keras for computer vision with deep learning, and matplotlib for generating visualizations. Therefore, AI-SCW modularized implementation allows users to accomplish a variety of underwater computer vision tasks, which include: detecting laser points from the underwater images for use in scale determination; performing contrast enhancement and color normalization to improve the visual quality of the images; semi-automated generation of annotations to be used downstream during supervised classification; training a convolutional neural network (Inception v3) using the generated annotations to semantically classify each image into one of pre-defined seafloor habitat categories; evaluating sampling strategies for generation of balanced training images to be used for fitting an unsupervised k-means classifier; and visualization of classification results in both feature space view and in map view geospatial co-ordinates. Thus, the workflow is useful for a quick but objective generation of image-based seafloor habitat maps to support monitoring of remote benthic ecosystems.
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Phillips, Donald A., Yitzhak Spiegel, and Howard Ferris. Optimizing nematode management by defining natural chemical bases of behavior. United States Department of Agriculture, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7587234.bard.

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This project was based on the hypothesis that nematodes interacting with plants as either parasites or beneficial saprophytes are attracted to their host by natural products. This concept was supported by numerous observations that parasitic nematodes are attracted to root exudates. Our overall goal was to identify nematode sensory compounds from root exudates and to use that information for reducing nematicide applications. We applied skills of the investigators to achieve three specific objectives: 1) Identify nematode behavioral cues (e.g., attractants or repellents) in root exudates; 2) Identify new natural nematicidal compounds; and 3) Combine a natural attractant and a nematicide into a nematode trap. Because saprophytic nematodes benefit plants by mineralizing organic matter, we sought compounds attractive primarily to parasitic nematodes. The project was constructed on several complementary foundations. First, data from Dr. Spiegel’s lab showed that under aseptic conditions Ditylenchus dipsaci, a parasite on onion, is attracted to certain fractions of onion root exudates. Second, PI Phillips had a sizeable collection of natural plant products he had identified from previous work on Rhizobium-legume interactions, which could be tested “off the shelf”. Third, Dr. Ferris had access to aseptic and natural populations of various saprophytic and parasitic nematodes. The project focused on five nematode species: D.dipsaci, Heterodera avenae, and Tylenchulussemipenetransat ARO, and Meloidogyne javanicand Caenorhabditis elegans at UCD. Ten pure plant compounds, mostly flavonoids, were tested on the various nematode species using six different assay systems. Results obtained with assorted test systems and by various scientists in the same test systems were essentially irreproducible. Many convincing, Many convincing, i.e. statistically significant, results in one system or with one investigator could not be repeated with other assays or different people. A recent report from others found that these compounds, plus another 30, were inactive as attractants in three additional parasitic nematode species (Wuyts et al. Nematology 8:89- 101, 2006). Assays designed to test the hypothesis that several compounds together are required to attract nematodes have thus far failed to find a reproducibly active combination. In contrast to results using pure plant compounds, complex unfractionated exudates from aseptic onion root reproducibly attracted D. dipsaci in both the ARO and UCD labs. Onion root exudate collection, separation into HPLC fractions, assays using D. dipsaci and MS-MS experiments proceeded collaboratively between ARO and UCD without any definitive identification of an active compound. The final active fraction contained two major molecules and traces of several other compounds. In the end, analytical studies were limited by the amount of onion root exudate and the complexity of the purification process. These tests showed that aseptic plant roots release attractant molecules, but whether nematodes influence that release, as insects trigger release of attractants from plants, is unknown. Related experiments showed that the saprophyte C. elegans stimulates its prey, Pseudomonas bacteria, to increase production of 2, 4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG) a compound that promotes amino acid exudation by plant roots. It is thus possible that saprophytic nematodes are attracted primarily to their bacterial or fungal prey and secondarily to effects of those microorganisms on root exudation. These observations offer promising avenues for understanding root-zone interactions, but no direct routes to controlling nematodes in agriculture were evident. Extracts from two plant sources, Chrysanthemum coronarium and Sequoia sempervirens, showed nematicidal activity at ARO and UCD, respectively. Attempts to purify an active compound from S. sempervirens failed, but preliminary results from C. coronarium are judged to form a potential basis for further work at ARO. These results highlight the problems of studying complex movement patterns in sentient organisms like nematodes and the issues associated with natural product isolation from complex mixtures. Those two difficulties combined with complications now associated with obtaining US visas, slowed and ultimately limited progress on this project. As a result, US investigators expended only 65% of the $207,400 originally planned for this project. The Israeli side of the project advanced more directly toward its scientific goals and lists its expenditures in the customary financial report.
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