Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Contrats – Canada'

L’internationalisation du droit n’est pas indifférente aux contrats publics. Les deux pourraient même entrer en contact de manière privilégiée. Leur rencontre, voir leur confrontation, pourraient bien réinterroger des pans entiers du droit des contrats publics en France et au Canada. Si chacun des deux systèmes fait état d’un degré de perméabilité différent face à un tel phénomène, de sérieux arguments militent pour leur rapprochement sous l’effet de ce dernier. Il convient ainsi de proposer une étude approfondie des rapports d’influence entre ce phénomène et cette discipline afin de révéler la présence ou l’absence d’une internationalisation du droit des contrats publics en France et au Canada
The internationalization of law is not indifferent to public contracts. Both would have even come into contact in a privileged way. Their meeting, or even their confrontation, could well re-examine large parts of the law of public contracts in France and Canada. While each of the two systems reports a different degree of permeability in the face of such a phenomenon, there are serious arguments for their rapprochement under the effect of the latter. It will thus be necessary to propose an in-depth study of the relations of influence between this phenomenon and this discipline in order to reveal the presence or the absence of an internationalization of the law of public contracts in France and in Canada

"Thèse en cotutelle, Doctorat en droit : Romain Micalef, Université Laval, Québec, Canada, Docteur en droit (LL. D.) et Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France."
L’internationalisation du droit n’est pas indifférente aux contrats publics. Les deux pourraient même entrer en contact de manière privilégiée. Cette étude a pour ambition de révéler la nature juridique des rapports entre ce phénomène et cette discipline, en prenant comme ancrage deux États : la France et le Canada. Il convient alors d’observer le degré d’influence des normes internationales sur les droit internes, ainsi que l’influence des droits internes sur les normes internationales. Tantôt - selon l’angle d’observation - le phénomène d’internationalisation du droit semble être la cause de l’étude et la discipline du droit des contrats publics l’objet, tantôt l’inverse. A l’appui d’une telle démarche, différents matériaux doivent être mobilisés comme - entre autres - les accords internationaux, les décisions de justice, les sentences arbitrales, les directives internationales et les clauses du contrat. L’intérêt et la complexité d’un tel sujet résident en grande partie dans la méthode choisie, consistant à mobiliser le droit comparé au profit d’un phénomène juridique de nature internationale. Celui-ci est étudié par le biais de la notion de contrat public, mais aussi par sa formation incluant - notamment - son contenu, puis par son caractère financier et enfin par ses aspects contentieux. Si le particularisme de chacun des deux systèmes juridiques est préservé, il paraît intéressant d’analyser les dynamiques d’un éventuel rapprochement - voir d’une harmonisation - du droit des contrats publics en France et au Canada sous l’effet du phénomène d’internationalisation du droit. Le choix de ces deux États permet de matérialiser un tel phénomène à l’échelle nationale. Les divergences entre ces deux systèmes sont a priori assez nombreuses pour que leur éventuel rapprochement interpelle et mérite une étude approfondie.
The internationalization of law is not indifferent to public contracts. Both could even be coming into contact in a privileged way. This study aims to reveal the legal nature of the relationship between this phenomenon and this discipline, by taking two states as an anchor : France and Canada. It is necessary to focus, first and foremost, on the degree of influence of international standards on domestic laws, as well as the influence of domestic laws on international standards. In support of such an approach, it is interesting to make use of different materials such as - among others - the international agreements, the decisions of justice, the arbitral awards, the international directives and the clauses of the contract. The interest and complexity of such a topic lie mostly in the chosen method, using here a comparative approach of law in favor of a legal phenomenon of an international nature. This phenomenon is studied through the concept of public contract, but also by its creation, in particular its content, then by its financial character and finally by its remedies aspects. If the idiosyncrasy of each of the two legal systems is preserved, it will become necessary to analyze the dynamics of a possible merging, or even a harmonization of the law of public contracts under the effect of the phenomenon of the internationalization of law. The choice of France and Canada will make it possible, materializing such a phenomenon on a national scale. The differences between these two systems are a priori numerous enough that a possible merging challenges us and deserves a thorough study.

La circulation des savoirs traditionnels constitue une problématique juridique qui a fait l’objet de nombreuses réflexions et développements au sein de différents forums depuis les années 1990. Au-delà des évolutions du droit international et des législations nationales, très peu d’attention a été portée sur les contributions normatives des acteurs des milieux universitaires et autochtones. Les autochtones et les chercheurs figurent pourtant parmi les acteurs sociaux qui sont les plus directement concernés par la problématique de la circulation des savoirs traditionnels et potentiellement les plus conscients des enjeux dans ce domaine. Leurs contributions demeurent toutefois dans beaucoup de cas largement sous-estimées et méconnues. C’est pourquoi dans le cadre notre thèse, nous nous sommes lancés dans la collecte, la description et l’analyse de deux grands types de contributions: 1-les démarches globales entreprises à l’échelle des institutions de recherche et des institutions autochtones pour l’encadrement des rapports entre les autochtones et les chercheurs et pour l’accès et l’utilisation des savoirs traditionnels (par exemple les codes éthiques ou les protocoles de recherche); 2- les dispositifs d’encadrement plus ponctuels à l’échelle de projets de recherche spécifiques au moyen de pratiques contractuelles entre les communautés autochtones et les chercheurs. Nous sommes parvenus à identifier 121 instruments parmi lesquels 62 cadres généraux et 59 contrats
The circulation of traditional knowledge is a legal issue that has been the subject of many reflections and developments in various forums since the 1990s.Beyond the evolutions in international law and national legislation, very little attention has been paid to the normative contributions of researchers and Indigenous people. Yet, they are among the social actors who are most directly concerned by the issue of the circulation of traditional knowledge and potentially the most aware of the challenges in this area. Their contributions, however, remain in many cases largely underestimated and unknown. This is why, as part of our thesis, we have embarked on the collection, description and analysis of two major types of contributions : 1- Comprehensive approaches undertaken at the level of research institutions and Indigenous institutions to monitor relationships between indigenous peoples and researchers (eg ethical codes or research protocols) ; 2- more specific instruments at the scale of specific research projects through contractual practices between the Aboriginal communities and researchers. We managed to identify 121 instruments among which 65 general frameworks and 57 contracts

Dans notre analyse, nous nous appuyons principalement sur les concepts de la theorie positive de la comptabilite pour mettre en lumiere l'hypothese suivant laquelle l'utilisation d'informations comptables, d'une part, dans les clauses restrictives des conventions de pret et, d'autre part, par les intervenants dans le processus politique induit certaines societes canadiennes a modifier leur politique de publication d'informations comptables. Nous adoptons une approche empirique dans laquelle nous procedons au regroupement des societes en trois categories selon qu'elles ont volontairement effectue ou non une modification comptable et selon l'effet du changement sur l'avoir des actionnaires. Nos resultats montrent que, conformement aux predictions de la theorie, l'endettement des firmes qui effectuent des modifications comptables pour augmenter leur benefice est plus eleve que celui des autres. En ce qui a trait a l'effet qu'aurait la "visibilite" politique de la firme sur sa politique comptable, ces resultats apportent un eclairage nouveau par rapport aux etudes menees aux etats-unis (cf. Holthausen & leftwich 1983)
The arguments of positive accounting theory are used to generate and test the hypothesis that the use of accounting information a) in covenants of debt agreements and b) by participants in the political process may influence the accounting policy of some canadian firms. This study uses econometric analysis with a research design which groups firms into three categories according to whether they volontary changed their accounting policy or not and to the effect of the change on financial results. Our results indicate that there exists a difference in the level of leverage used by the firms which made accounting changes to increase their benefits and the others in the direction predicted by the theory. These results are inconsistent with the general evidence provided by similar studies conducted in the united states (see holthausen and leftwitch 1983) with regard to the effect of the firm's political visibility on its accounting policy

La circulation des savoirs traditionnels constitue une problématique juridique qui a fait l’objet de nombreuses réflexions et développements au sein de différents forums depuis les années 1990. Il est ainsi possible d’observer l’émergence de nombreux principes et mécanismes à l’échelle internationale. Au niveau national, un nombre restreint d’États ont néanmoins adopté des dispositions relatives à la protection et l’utilisation des savoirs traditionnels. Au-delà des évolutions du droit international et des législations nationales, très peu d’attention a été portée sur les contributions normatives des acteurs des milieux universitaires et autochtones. Les Autochtones et les chercheurs figurent pourtant parmi les acteurs sociaux qui sont les plus directement concernés par la problématique de la circulation des savoirs traditionnels et potentiellement les plus conscients des enjeux dans ce domaine. Leurs contributions demeurent toutefois dans beaucoup de cas largement sous-estimées et méconnues. C’est le cas en particulier au Canada où plusieurs contributions majeures sont facilement identifiables, laissant présager un fort dynamisme de la part des acteurs canadiens dans ce domaine. Sans pour autant remettre en cause la pertinence de cadres nationaux, l’ignorance ou le peu d’intérêt qui entourent les contributions développées ou mobilisées par les autochtones et les chercheurs constituent selon nous un gaspillage d’expériences du point de vue de la diversité sociale et normative de nos sociétés. En effet, ces contributions normatives pourraient notamment être utilisées par d’autres au Canada ou ailleurs dans le monde, comme source potentielle d’inspiration ou de modèle. C’est pourquoi dans le cadre notre thèse, nous nous sommes lancés dans la collecte, la description et l’analyse de deux grands types de contributions : 1- les démarches globales entreprises à l’échelle des institutions de recherche et des institutions autochtones pour l’encadrement des rapports entre les autochtones et les chercheurs et pour l’accès et l’utilisation des savoirs traditionnels (par exemple les codes éthiques ou les protocoles de recherche) ; 2- les dispositifs d’encadrement plus ponctuels à l’échelle de projets de recherche spécifiques au moyen de pratiques contractuelles entre les communautés autochtones et les chercheurs. Nous sommes parvenus à identifier 121 instruments parmi lesquels 62 cadres généraux (49 cadres développés ou relayés par les institutions autochtones et 13 issus du monde de la recherche) et 59 contrats (22 sont des contrats négociés (6 accords de collaboration et 16 formulaires de consentement) et 37 sont des contrats modèles (32 développés ou relayés par les institutions autochtones et 5 par le milieu de la recherche)). À partir de ce corpus, nous avons recensé les différents types d’acteurs autochtones et universitaires ayant produit ou mobilisé des instruments d’encadrement de la circulation des savoirs traditionnels observables au Canada. Nous avons également procédé à une analyse minutieuse du contenu de chacun des instruments identifiés ce qui nous a permis de dégager les thèmes abordés au sein de notre corpus. Nous sommes parvenus à mettre en évidence 26 thèmes récurrents. Pour chaque thème, nous avons par la suite été en mesure d’identifier les différents types d’approches proposées ou adoptées par les acteurs des milieux autochtones et des milieux universitaires, soit un total de 71 approches. Nous avons alors procédé à une analyse qualitative de ces approches au moyen de notre cadre théorique mobilisant les outils et concepts proposés par Boaventura de Sousa Santos, en particulier le concept de sociabilité. Finalement, une analyse de la récurrence des différentes approches nous a permis de dégager des tendances du point de vue des types de sociabilités potentiellement induites par les instruments de notre corpus. Cette analyse nous a permis d’observer que les manifestations de convivialité sont prépondérantes au sein de chacune de nos trois catégories d’instruments. Les instruments autochtones sont également la catégorie présentant la proportion de manifestations de convivialité la plus importante soit 96 %. Les instruments universitaires et les pratiques contractuelles présentent eux une proportion de manifestations de convivialité soit 91 %.

La rencontre entre les contrats et les droits fondamentaux est au centre de très nombreux débats juridiques contemporains : qu’il s’agisse notamment de la place du fait religieux dans la société, de la marchandisation du corps humain, ou encore du respect de la dignité de la personne. Cette rencontre stimule la réflexion de nombreux juristes, le sens de l’étude est de contribuer modestement à celle-ci dans la perspective d’une comparaison entre les droits français et québécois.On peut alors observer que l’exigence de respect des droits fondamentaux dans les contrats progresse dans les deux systèmes. En premier lieu, parce que nos droits font une place de plus en plus grande aux instruments de protection des droits fondamentaux, leur autorité s’impose en matière contractuelle. Ensuite, il faut remarquer que l’autorité des droits fondamentaux n’épuise pas leurs effets dans ce domaine. Ils rayonnent dans les contrats, car de relecture en réécriture les droits français et québécois des contrats sont de plus en plus imprégnés par l’exigence de respect des droits fondamentaux. Toutefois, en France et au Québec, à cette progression répond la nécessité de permettre l’inscription sociale des droits fondamentaux. On voit alors que le pouvoir sur les droits fondamentaux dans les contrats s’affirme, et que de contrat médical en contrat de travail, il devient incontournable pour permettre leur exercice. Toutefois, la dangerosité inhérente du pouvoir sur les droits fondamentaux justifie une réflexion sur les limites qui peuvent lui être assigné, à la fois en considération du respect de la dignité de la personne, mais également en considération de sa légitimité
The meeting of contract law with fundamental rights is at the center of numerous contemporary legal debates, notably with regard to the place of the religious in society, the commodification of the body, or respect for human dignity. This encounter has prodded a reflection from numerous jurists. The aim of this study is to bring a modest contribution to the discussion, through a comparison of French and Québec law. The exigencies of respect for fundamental rights is evolving in the two legal systems. Because fundamental rights instruments play a larger role in our laws, their authority in contractual matters is becoming ineludible. Indeed, it should be noted that fundamental rights have not reached their full extent in this field. They emerge within contracts, because from revisiting to re-writing, Québec and French contract law are increasingly influenced by the obligation to comply with fundamental rights.However, this evolution in France and in Quebec is accompanied by a requirement that fundamental rights be allowed social admission. From that point on, we can see power over fundamental rights being asserted within contacts, that power evolving from medical contracts to work contracts towards becoming inescapable for their enforcement. Yet, the danger inherent in such power over fundamental rights calls for serious deliberations on the limits that must be set upon it, both with regard to the dignity of the human person, and in relation to its legitimacy

Our study pertains to the contractual overridability of copyright by the use of end user licence agreements. Our analysis is divided into three parts: first, we try to solve which legislator is responsible of the contractual overridability of copyright according to Canadian federalism. In the second part, we examine the contractual overridability issue under copyright law and we consider multiple doctrines that can be used to protect the copyright balance and its exceptions. The third part, is devoted to the study of the contractual overridability under provincial private law.
Under copyright law, the most important remedies are definitely the copyright balance and exceptions imperativity and the copyright misuse doctrine. Private law can already be used to intervene under the true and informed consent requirements, the Consumer Protection Act specificities and the abuse of right theory.

A pesquisa explora as razões que levam as firmas a manterem arranjos institucionais simultâneos como estratégia de distribuição e escolha de seus canais. As análises são focadas nos arranjos institucionais, que determinam como os agentes envolvidos cooperaram no desenvolvimento de uma determinada atividade, neste caso, na distribuição de ovos. A Economia dos Custos de Transação e a Teoria de Competências Dinâmicas formam o principal arcabouço teórico utilizado neste estudo para analisar os mecanismos de escolha e desenho dos arranjos institucionais. A definição desse arranjo institucional deriva-se da estrutura de governança proposta por Williamson (1985), adicionada de outros incentivos e consideradas as competências dinâmicas definidas por Teece et al (1997). Foram formuladas hipóteses para orientar o trabalho empírico com base na literatura sobre múltiplos arranjos institucionais em redes de franquias, em sistemas agroindustriais e em canais de distribuição. O desenvolvimento da pesquisa aplicada consistiu de três estudos de caso. A seleção das firmas foi pautada na diversidade de origem da empresa, de seu foco de atuação e de sua escala de operação, com o objetivo de garantir uma relevância qualitativa aos casos apresentados. A análise do perfil das firmas e do seu ambiente competitivo e institucional permeou os estudos de caso. Destaca-se a perspectiva histórica adotada na condução dos casos, em atendimento à abordagem de competências dinâmicas, conciliada com os conceitos de custos de transação. Foram apontadas possíveis explicações para o estabelecimento de arranjos institucionais em múltiplos canais de distribuição. O problema da assimetria de informações, que é apontada como uma das razões na literatura sobre múltiplos arranjos institucionais, permeou os casos apresentados nesta pesquisa. O aproveitamento de externalidades positivas entre os arranjos ao longo do tempo, contribuição deste estudo, soma-se ao conjunto de explicações da literatura. As duas abordagens teóricas propostas complementam-se na análise das estratégias nos canais de distribuição, que segue a racionalidade de maximização de valor neoclássica.
This study investigates the reasons which lead the companies to keep simultaneous institutional arrangements as distribution strategies and choice of their channels. The analysis are focused on the institutional arrangements which determine how the agents involved cooperate to the development of a certain activity, in this case, in the egg distribution. The Transaction Cost Economics and the Theory of Dynamic Competence form the main theoretical framework used in this study in order to analyze the mechanisms of choice and drawing of institutional arrangements. The definition of this institutional arrangement arises from the governance structure proposed by Williamson (1985), added to other incentives with the dynamic competences considered, as defined by Langlois (1997). Hypothesis have been formulated to guide the empirical work based on the literature on multiple institutional arrangements in franchise networks, in agro-industrial systems and in distribution channels. The development of applied research consisted of three case studies. The selection of companies was based on the diversity of the company’s origin, on its operational focus and on its operational scale, so as to assure the qualitative relevance to the presented cases. The profile of the firms and of their competitive and institutional environment have permeated the case studies. The historical perspective adopted in the conduction of cases is pointed out, attending to the dynamic competence approach, reconciled with the transaction cost concepts. Possible explanations for the establishment of institutional arrangements have been pointed out in multiple distribution channels. The information asymmetry problem which is pointed as one of the reasons in the literature on the multiple institutional arrangements, has permeated the cases presented in this study. The use of positive externalities between the arrangements along the time, identified in this study, is added to the set of literature explanations. The two theoretical approaches proposed are complemented in the strategic analysis within the distribution channels, which follow the neoclassic value maximization rationality.

São muitas as empresas que estão insatisfeitas com a distribuição de seus produtos. Logo a distribuição, ainda uma forte fonte de vantagem competitiva sustentável disponível para as empresas. No produto, a rápida transferência de tecnologia entre empresas e a competição global possibilitam que empresas competidoras consigam igualdade de condições em design, atributos e qualidade. Em preços, a habilidade das empresas de operar em todos os lugares do mundo cria condições de oferta aos menores preços possíveis. Nas comunicações (promoção), a massiva exposição das pessoas estabelece certa barreira a esse excesso, reduzindo o impacto das mensagens. Portanto, a distribuição, dentro do conceito clássico do composto de marketing (4P´s - Produto, Preço, Promoção ou Comunicações e Ponto de Venda ou Distribuição) é um item importante de diferenciação. Os canais de distribuição oferecem a construção de vantagens competitivas sustentáveis, por suas características de longo prazo, tanto no planejamento como na implementação, por exigirem estrutura de organizações consistentes e terem base em pessoas e relacionamentos. Esta tese propõe um modelo para planejamento de canais de distribuição mais focado em empresas de alimentos e bebidas. Ou seja, fornece uma sequência de etapas para empresas que desejarem rever ou planejar seus sistemas de distribuição. Este modelo foi elaborado com base em pesquisa bibliográfica sobre canais de distribuição e economia dos custos de transação e de pesquisa junto a 10 elementos do setor privado, que foram entrevistados e sugeriram contribuições que foram incorporadas ao modelo proposto. Deve-se destacar que esta tese traz uma contribuição à sistematização da bibliografia sobre o assunto canais de distribuição, analisando suas funções, seus principais agentes (atacado, varejo e setor de serviços de alimentação) e de contribuições teóricas para o referencial de canais, advindas da economia dos custos de transação.
Several food and agribusiness companies are unsatisfied with the distribution of their products and services. Distribution still is a strong source of competitive advantage for companies. In products, the rate of technology transfer between companies all over the world and the global competition turns new product attributes available for competitors to copy. In prices, companies can operate in several parts of the world, creating offers at the lowest prices possible. In communications, the massive exposition of consumers builds a barrier to produce differentiation. So, in the traditional marketing’s 4 P`s, marketing channels or distribution channels are an important source of differentiation. They build stable competitive advantages because they are focused at long range planning and implementing, need a consistent structure and are focused at people and relationships. This study offers a model for distribution channels planning. A sequence of steps specially designed for food companies that want to review, or to plan the distribution channels. The model was designed based on literature review, both in marketing channels and transaction cost economics, and was submitted to 10 agents (specialists) that gave contributions to the model. The study brings contribution in gathering literature about the subject, analysing food marketing channel functions, main agents (wholesaling, retailing and foodservice) and the contributions of transaction cost economics to marketing channels.

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O objetivo do estudo foi verificar ex vivo a penetração de duas substâncias irrigantes hipoclorito de sódio 5% e Chlor-Xtra (Vista Dental Products, Racine, WI) através da adição de corante em canais simulados de dentes clarificados. Sessenta caninos inferiores unirradiculares humanos foram utilizados. As raízes foram seccionados em 16mm e instrumentadas com limas rotatórias do sistema Protaper até a F2 no comprimento de trabalho de 15mm. As amostras foram submetidas ao processo de clarificação para ficarem transparentes e durante o processo foram criados os canais simulados no terço apical. As raízes foram divididas aleatoriamente em três grupos ( NaOCl 5%, Chlor-Xtra e água) contendo 20 espécime por grupo. As amostras foram irrigadas com 1,5mL de solução contraste( tinta chinesa junto com a solução irrigante do respectivo grupo). E cada amostra foi fotografada e analisada. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente pelos testes Kruskal-Wallis e Student-Neuman-Keuls. Não houve diferença estatística entre as substâncias irrigantes testadas (p>0,05). A partir da análise dos dados, foi possível concluir que apesar da presença de agentes surfactantes na solução irrigante de Chlor-Xtra não houve uma melhor penetrabilidade nos canais simulados em comparação ao hipoclorito de sódio(NaOCl).
The aim of this work was to asses ex vivo penetration of two irrigation substances sodium hypochlorite 5% and Chlor-Xtra (Vista Dental Products, Racine, WI) by the addition of dye in simulated canals from cleared teeth. Sixty single-rooted human mandibular canines were used. Roots length was standardized to 16 mm and root canal shaping was performed to a working length of 15 mm using Protaper Universal rotary files (Maillefer) up to F2 corresponding to a 25/.08 size/taper. The samples were cleared using clearing technique and and simulated canals were created in apical third at the time of process. Roots were randomly divided into three groups (5% NaOCl, Chlor-Xtra and water) containing 20 specimens per group. Samples were irrigated with 1.5 mL of contrast solution (Chinese ink and irrigating substance of the group). And each sample was photographed and analyzed. Data were statistically analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Student-Neuman-Keuls tests. No statistical difference between the tested irrigating solutions was found (p> 0.05). From the data analysis, we conclude that in despite of the presence of surfactants in the irrigating solution Chlor-Xtra did not result better penetration into simulated canals than sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl).

"Good faith", as a technical legal term, has been recognized in many legal systems around the world as a general principle of contract law. However, in Canadian common law of contract, the doctrine still has not been explicitly recognized due to some doubts cast on the doctrine. This thesis will first deal with various criticisms presented by the doctrine opponents. Next, the effect and utility of the doctrine and the relationship between "good faith" and concepts in equity and corporate law will be examined. It will be finally concluded that explicit recognition of good faith would help form a more functional body of law.

Travaillée par l’histoire, façonnée par les structures idéologiques qui lui donnent une définition anthropologique particulière, souvent manichéenne, la notion de Noir est fortement connotée. Réifié par des millénaires de stéréotypes qui l’essentialisent dans une forclusion anaphorique péjorative, les réponses critiques apportées, par-delà les disciplines, ont souvent elles-mêmes répété ces procédures qui limitent l’expression du Noir dans une posture victimaire qui, par inversion, lui dénie la totalité de son humanité. Etre ainsi potentiellement extraordinaire susceptible de s’engager dans la conquête de sa liberté, le Noir, à l’instar de ses semblables, n’échappe pas à la banalité des préjugés et autres pensées dogmatiques qui justifient l’immonde réalité de la bête humaine. La présente thèse, s’appuyant sur des observations dont les enjeux effectifs sont en même temps tournés vers l’avenir, propose une démarche inaugurale qui ramène le Noir à sa réalité d’abord langagière, Etre des discours qui, depuis toujours, est surtout dit, par l’Autre certes, mais aussi par Soi-même. S’observent ainsi les métamorphoses du Noir, à l’aune des médias, en leur articulation particulière qu’est la Télévision, sous la dynamique d’une Sémiotique d’autant plus transversale, que le procès contractuel des identités, qui est aussi mise en procès des discours et des sociétés, trouve sa légitimité dans le décentrement analogique des corpus constitués, le Québec définissant le contexte effectif des analyses, tandis que la partie française est techniquement différée selon les principes d’une comparaison ainsi prospective. Les structures traditionnelles du Noir, dit dans les conforts de postures victimaires univoques qui le déculpabilisent souvent, sont alors débordées, excédées par les paradigmes prospectifs d’une méthode inattendue qui lui restitue ce qu’il n’a jamais cessé d’être : un Etre de langage, qui est aussi un Etre des discours, donc l’expression d’une communication en actes. Par quoi le Noir se transforme, d’abord objet polyphonique des discours entre 1959 et 1968, soumis à l’autorité programmatique et problématique de l’Autre – il évolue tout au long des trois décennies qui suivent vers les procédures argumentatives des énoncés où il devient semi-sujet en tentant de manipuler son semblable majoritaire qui le manipule tout autant – avant d’accéder finalement, dès le 21e siècle, au statut de sujet concret, résolument maître de procédés contractuels d’interactions verbales (et non verbales) qui, à l’aune de la télévision, mettent les identités en procès. La notion de racisme est alors déconstruite en son assertion classique, le Noir constituant l’indicateur sémiotique des états sociaux, des relations interethniques, des politiques de lutte contre les discriminations, des mutations spécifiques du langage et des identités en présence, en même temps que les procédures métamorphiques de leurs répercussions médiatiques
Worked by history, shaped by the ideological structures that give it a particular anthropological definition, often Manichean, the concept of Black is strongly connoted. Reified by millennia stereotype’s, which essentializing her in a pejorative anaphoric foreclosure, the answers critical provided, beyond the disciplines, have themselves often repeated these procedures that limit the expression of Black in a victimhood posture which, by inversion, him denies the all of his humanity. Being extraordinary and potentially likely to win his freedom, the Black, like other human, does not escape the banality of bias and other dogmatic thoughts that justify the filthy reality of the human beast. This thesis, based on observations whose issues are at the same time looking to the future, proposes an inaugural approach which brings the Black to its first linguistic reality, Being speeches that, always is said especially, certainly by the Other, but also by oneself. The metamorphoses of Black thus are observed, in light of the media, in their particular articulation that's Television, under the dynamic of a transverse Semiotic that the contractual trial of identities, which is also the trial of speech and society, finds its legitimacy in the analog shift of corpus constituted, the Quebec defining the actual analysis context, while the French side is technically deferred according to the principles of comparison thereby prospective. Traditional structures from black, says in the comforts of victimary postures univocally that make it not feeling often guilty, are then overwhelmed, exasperated by a prospective paradigms of a method which restores her what he has never ceased to be : a Being of language, which is also a Being of speeches, So the expression of acts communication. Whereby the Black is metamorphosed, first polyphonic object of speech between 1959 and 1968, subject to the authority programmatic and problematic of the Other - it evolves Throughout The three Decades Following towards the argumentative procedures of the statements through which it becomes semi-topic in trying to manipulate its similar from majority group which him handles as much - before finally to access, from the 21st century, at status of concrete subject, resolutely master of contract processes of verbal interaction (and nonverbal) which, in light of television, put the identities trial. The notion of racism is then deconstructed in his classic statement, the Black constituting the semiotic indicator of social states, of interethnic relations, of political of struggle against discriminations, specific mutations of language and identities in presence, at the same time as metamorphic procedures of their media impact

La présente thèse se veut une analyse franco-québécoise du contrat de transaction, contrat par lequel les parties mettent fin au litige qui les oppose au moyen de concessions réciproques. Dans son volet de droit privé comparé, la thèse se propose de démontrer que le régime de cette convention combine avec cohérence les règles normatives du contrat de la procédure. Prenant tantôt appui sur les caractères particuliers et la force obligatoire du contrat, tantôt sur les effets de droit judiciaire dont la transaction est exceptionnellement dotée, elle a pour objectif de construire un régime juridique favorable au respect intégral du règlement négocié. Dans son second volet, la thèse envisage les inévitables questions de conflits de lois et de juridictions que pose tout contexte de droit international privé, problèmes ici d'autant plus complexes du fait de l'hybridation naturelle de la transaction. Toujours préoccupée par la stabilité du règlement amiable, elle suggère des solutions qui en favorisent la reconnaissance et l'exécution à l'étranger.

Thesis (J.S.M.)--Stanford University, 2010.
Submitted to the Stanford Program in International Legal Studies at the Stanford Law School, Stanford University. "May 2010." Includes bibliographical references (p. 69-73). Also available online.

In the southeastern Yukon Territory, Quaternary continental alkaline basalts have erupted across an important crustal suture, the Tintina Trench, which separates the accreted terranes of the Canadian Cordillera from the ancestral North American craton. The lavas from the Rancheria region from the west side of the Tintina Trench are basanites (BASAN), alkaline olivine basalts (AOB), and hypersthene-normative basalts (HYN). They display fractionated rare earth element (REE) profiles and are enriched in light rare earth elements (LREE) and high field strength elements (HFSE). The involvement of amphibole in the petrogenesis of the Rancheria alkaline magmas indicates that these magmas were generated within the lithosphere. At the eastern end of the Rancheria suite, on the east side of the Tintina Trench, the AOB from Watson Lake have higher Zr contents than Rancheria AOB to the west of the Trench. The high Zr contents of the Watson Lake AOB are similar to those observed in the Hoole Eocene tholeiitic basalts, on the east side of the Tintina Trench, further to the north. The Eocene basalts from the Hoole River region are olivine tholeiites which have experienced closed-system crystal fractionation of olivine at low pressure. The estimated primary magma for these Eocene basalts appears to have been derived by partial melting of an incompatible-element enriched lithospheric mantle source, during which garnet was not a residual phase. The Nb-Zr systematics of the Watson Lake basalts indicate that they may be derived by mixing between melts produced by melting of an amphibole-bearing residue and a lithospheric mantle similar in composition to that of the Hoole basalts. Therefore, these compositional differences in the alkaline basalts across the Tintina Trench appear to reflect the juxtaposition of chemically distinct continental lithospheric mantles, indicating that the Tintina Fault is a steep lithospheric suture.

Esta tese tem por objeto a investigação dos aspectos legais decorrentes do comércio eletrônico, com ênfase na validade e obrigatoriedade dos contratos de adesão eletrônicos e os denominados termos e condições de uso. Estes negócios jurídicos eletrônicos podem ser divididos em três espécies: a) licenças do tipo shrink-wrap, terminologia reservada às compras de software no estabelecimento físico do fornecedor, cujos termos contratuais que vincularão as partes não podem ser visualizados antes da compra do produto, mas tão somente no decorrer da instalação do software, garantindo-se ao adquirente a possibilidade efetiva de devolução do produto se não concordar com os termos da licença; b) contratos do tipo click-wrap, contratos celebrados inteiramente em meio eletrônico, em que o consumidor tem a oportunidade de ler as cláusulas contratuais antes de manifestar, expressamente, sua anuência ou não, clicando em uma caixa de diálogo indicativa de expressões como eu aceito, ou outra semelhante; e, c) os termos e condições de uso, denominados pela doutrina estrangeira como browse-wrap, disponibilizados no canto inferior de uma página da internet em um hiperlink, vinculando toda e qualquer pessoa, que tão-somente acesse o respectivo site, sem ao menos chamar a atenção do usuário para a existência destes termos ou nem exigindo a manifestação da anuência a tais termos. Os tribunais estrangeiros têm enfrentado a problemática em torno da validade e obrigatoriedade destas práticas comerciais, em especial os browse-wrap, cujo formato em que são utilizados descaracteriza-nos com contratos ou condições gerais de contratação, pois o usuário nem ao menos tem consciência da existência de tais termos. Portanto, parte da doutrina e da jurisprudência entende que o browse-wrap não se encaixa na definição de contrato, mas são termos unilateralmente propostos por uma das partes sem que a outra possa ter efetivo conhecimento a respeito. Se, por um lado, há necessidade de reconhecer os efeitos obrigatórios dos contratos de adesão eletrônicos, fortalecendo o comércio eletrônico; por outro lado, a sociedade global exige a efetiva proteção dos consumidores e usuários contra abusos praticados por multinacionais, que operam sem fronteiras geográficas. Assim, juristas e doutrinadores enfrentam um enorme desafio: desenvolver um comércio eletrônico sustentável, equilibrando os interesses comerciais e os direitos dos consumidores. Este trabalho pretende determinar os requisitos jurídicos para a validade dos contratos eletrônicos de maneira científica, analisando o processo de formação contratual em meio eletrônico. Por fim, investiga-se a dúvida acerca da lei aplicável e da jurisdição na era digital, enfatizando a cláusula de eleição de foro, de escolha da lei aplicável e compromissória, bem como seu impacto no acesso à justiça do consumidor. Em suma, esta tese destaca a necessidade de uma legislação uniforme sobre comércio eletrônico e a proteção do consumidor, tendo em vista o alto nível de globalização, para que se possam tutelar os direitos dos consumidores aliados aos interesses econômicos do mercado.
This thesis intends to investigate some of the legal issues raised by e-commerce, specifically the validity and enforceability of the electronic adhesion contracts and the terms and conditions of use. Such electronic juridic acts can be grouped into three subspecies: a) the shrink-wrap licences, reserved for purchase in the store, but yet the consumer can not view the terms and conditions that she or he will be bound by, once the product (often a software) is installed; the consumer is granted with a period of time within she or he can return the product to the store if she or he does not agree with the terms and conditions; b) the click-wrap agreements are contracts presented to the consumer, when dealing on-line, stating the terms and conditions of the purchase, and then, once its read, she or he may point and click in a dialog box indicating her or his consent (such as I agree or some other synonymous expression); and c) the browse-wrap, composed by terms and conditions listed in a hyperlink on the bottom of a web page, which obliges the consumer only because she or he surfs on the Web, nevertheless it is not require that the consumer shows any kind of consent to the terms and conditions. Even though some courts have ruled in favor of the validity and enforceability of browse-wrap, it is very questionable to accept the fact of being bound by something that one never knew that it even existed. Thus, some other courts are of the view that browse-wrap is not technically a contract according to the legal doctrine. Instead it is a sort of private regulation of the disposal of products and services written by the supplier. On one hand, there is a need to enforce electronic commerce in order to stimulate and consolidate it by making electronic contracts binding on consumers. On the other hand, there is a need to protect consumers from the abuse of unequal bargaining power in such contractual relation, which may pit them against a multinational corporation, which operates throughout the world. Thus, jurists and academics must combine efforts to find a sustainable balance between these two sides. Besides there is a need for a uniform and scientific solution, given that a prerequisite to valid contract formation is the unequivocal meeting of the minds which may not happen in this means of contract formation, especially if the supplier does not require any clear and effective sign of assent from the consumer. The touchstone of e-commerce is the law and jurisdiction conflicts since such contracts often include a forum selection clause or a mandatory arbitration clause, which can deprive the consumers of their day in court. In short, it highlights the need for a uniform legislation and a strong consumer protection system to ensure the growth of ecommerce. This would foster a reliable electronic environment meeting the consumers expectations and the market standards.

Le handicap constitue une barrière importante à l’accès au marché du travail. Différentes initiatives fédérales et provinciales visent à favoriser l’insertion des personnes handicapées sur le marché de l’emploi au Canada. Le Québec en particulier possède un programme d’aide à l’embauche et au maintien de personnes handicapées dans un milieu de travail régulier, le contrat d’intégration au travail. L’objectif de ce mémoire est de réaliser un portrait de la population canadienne avec incapacité et d’évaluer l’impact du contrat d’intégration au travail sur l’emploi. Pour réaliser cette étude, nous utilisons des données de l’Enquête sur la dynamique du travail et du revenu et de l’Enquête canadienne sur l’incapacité. Nous appliquons la méthode des doubles différences avec les personnes avec des incapacités dans le reste du Canada comme groupe de contrôle. Selon le portrait établi, l’éducation, la sévérité et le besoin d’adaptation du milieu du travail sont des facteurs importants sur le marché du travail. Les résultats initiaux de l’évaluation suggèrent que la politique n’a pas eu d’effet significatif pour les hommes handicapés mais qu’elle a contribué à une augmentation de la participation des femmes handicapées de 9 points de pourcentage sur la période étudiée. Cependant, les résultats de la triple différence ne sont pas significatifs, aussi bien pour les hommes que pour les femmes.
Disability is a major barrier to the labor market. In Canada, federal and provincial initiatives aim for a better integration of people with disabilities. The province of Quebec in particular has an unique programme to promote the hiring and retaining of people with disabilities in a non sheltered workplace: the job integration contract. The objective of this research to draw a portrait of the Canadian population with disabilities and to assess the impact of the job integration contract on employment. We use data from the Survey of Labor and Income Dynamics and the Canadian Survey on Disability. We apply the difference-in-difference method using people with disabilities in the rest of Canada as our control group. We find that education, severity and the need for the workplace adaptations are the most important factors in the job market for people with disabilities. The first results of the evaluation suggest that the policy had no significant effect for men with disabilities but that it contributed to an increase in the participation of women with disabilities by 9 percentage points over the studied period. However, additional results from the triple difference are not significant for both men and women.

O setor de franquias representa uma oportunidade rara para a investigação do uso de formas plurais, visto que as empresas franqueadoras, em geral, adotam simultaneamente dois tipos de arranjos contratuais (unidades próprias e franqueadas). Para a investigação da criação e da evolução de sistemas de franquias, duas teorias destacam-se nos estudos empíricos publicados sobre o mercado norte-americano: teorias de Agente-Principal e de Escassez de Recursos. Assim, o presente estudo teve dois objetivos principais: primeiro, investigar a aplicabilidade dessas duas teorias para explicar a adoção e a evolução do sistema de franquias, no Brasil, considerando o período de 2000 a 2009; segundo, analisar a existência de estabilidade no uso de formas plurais por redes de franquias, ao longo dos anos. Diferenciando-se de outros estudos, foi empregada a técnica de análise de regressão múltipla de dados em painel, bem como foram realizadas estimativas com cinco diferentes formas funcionais (linear, lin-log, log-lin, log-linear e recíproco). Os resultados apurados para as três bases de dados definidas para este estudo não corroboram os argumentos da Teoria de Escassez de Recursos, porém são consistentes com as hipóteses baseadas na Teoria de Agente-Principal. Para as cinco dimensões testadas (esforço do franqueador, risco para o franqueado, custos de monitoramento, esforço do franqueado, risco de free-riding), relacionadas a essa segunda teoria, foram encontradas evidências que suportam as três primeiras, consistentes com estudos anteriores. Com relação às duas últimas dimensões, as proxies adotadas não apresentaram coeficiente significativo. Por fim, a análise da estabilidade do uso de formas plurais também revelou consistência entre os resultados apurados para empresas que atuam no Brasil e no mercado norteamericano. Os resultados indicam que, após alguns anos de adoção da franquia empresarial, as empresas tendem a realizar poucas modificações na proporção de unidades próprias (mix contratual). Verifica-se que a proporção de unidades próprias tende a cair rapidamente nos primeiros anos de adoção da franquia empresarial, estabilizando-se próximo a 20% do total da rede. Após cerca de dezesseis anos de operação com o sistema de franquias, as empresas tendem a ajustar o percentual de unidades próprias elevando-o ligeiramente. Depois, segue-se um novo período de estabilidade do mix contratual.
The franchise sector represents a rare opportunity for the investigation of the use of plural forms, as franchisors generally adopt simultaneously two types of contractual arrangements (company owned and franchised units). To investigate the creation and the development of franchise systems, two theories are frequently applied in empirical studies on the U.S. market: Principal-Agent Theory and Resource Scarcity Theory. The present investigation had two main objectives: first, to examine the applicability of these two theories to explain the adoption and the evolution of the franchise system in Brazil in the period from 2000 to 2009; and second, to analyze the existence of stability in the use of plural forms by franchise networks over the years. Differing from other studies previously published in Brazil, this investigation employed the panel data multiple regression technique, and estimates were made with five different functional forms (linear, lin-log, log-lin, log-linear and reciprocal). The results obtained for three databases defined for this study do not corroborate the arguments of the Resource Scarcity Theory, but are consistent with the hypotheses based on the Principal-Agent Theory. For the five dimensions tested in connection with this second theory (the franchisors effort, the risk to the franchisee, the cost of monitoring, the franchisees effort, the risk of free-riding) there was evidence supporting the first three, which is consistent with previous studies. Regarding the latter two dimensions, the proxies adopted did not show a significant coefficient. Finally, the analysis of the stability of the use of plural forms also revealed consistency between the results calculated for companies operating in Brazil, and those operating in the U.S. market. The results indicate that a few years after the adoption of franchising, companies tend to make few changes in the proportion of company owned units (contractual mix). The proportion of company owned units tends to fall rapidly in the early years of adoption of the franchising, stabilizing around 20% of the total network. After about sixteen years of operation with the franchise system, companies tend to adjust the percentage of company owned units, raising it slightly. Then follows a new period of stability of the contractual mix.

Commercialization of medical research, and clinical trials in particular, has been the subject of scrutiny by policy makers and academics. However, little attention has focused on a more recent but now dominant actor: the contract research organization (CRO). Over the past twenty-five years, CROs have assumed much of academia’s role in the conduct and control of clinical trials, and are now the de facto face of industry sponsors for those working at investigative sites. This dissertation examines sites, their relationship with CROs, and the extent to which Canadians are protected by Canada’s clinical trials oversight framework. This dissertation includes both empirical and normative components. First, and based on an extensive review of industry and academic literature, I describe the lay of the land of clinical trials in Canada and set the regulatory and economic context. Second, a qualitative interview study explores the relatively unexamined interface between site and CRO to identify key areas of concern from the perspective of those working at the frontlines of Canadian clinical trials. This is based on 24 semi-structured interviews. Participants were recruited so as to provide a range of perspectives relevant to the practice realities at the frontlines and the challenges that arise in relation to site-CRO interactions. It includes participants working at sites, CROs, pharmaceutical companies and in consultancy roles with clients across these categories. Third, a critical legal and ethical analysis of the regulatory and policy frameworks governing clinical trials in Canada is undertaken to determine areas of weakness in light of the issues identified in the qualitative study. A number of shortcomings with Canada’s approach to clinical trial oversight in relation to both investigator and industry-initiated trials are identified. Key among these is an overreliance on sponsors for trial oversight, which raises different concerns in industry and investigator-initiated trials. These and other critical issues are explored and recommendations to address such concerns are made. This study supports the growing call for an evidence based approach to protecting human subjects in research and is particularly timely given the intense efforts currently underway to attract more industry funded clinical trials to Canada.

This study is an examination of how English courts have approached, or are likely to approach - and therefore, the effectiveness of - attempts by the parties to oil and gas contracts to allocate risks arising from the activities which form the subject matter of their respective contracts inter se. The study utilises petroleum industry standard form offshore drilling contracts in the United Kingdom, Canada and the United States of America as the context for this analysis, and examines the risks associated with drilling and other incidental operations, in the light of catastrophic events such as the Macondo disaster in the Gulf of Mexico and the Montara disaster in the Timor Sea. Drawing from the Economic Theory of Law espoused by Richard Posner, which correlates market behaviour, resource allocation and the legal system, and so conceptualises risk from a cost and utility perspective, the study will show that it is actually the economic consequences of the occurrence of an event that are being allocated, and that the entire notion of risk allocation is a determination of how the economic cost of the occurrence of the particular consequence will be borne by the parties to the contract. The study will conclude with a comparative analysis of risk allocation in the different model contracts, and an opinion on the success/effectiveness of the model contracts, as tools used by parties for risk allocation inter se, in response to the challenges created by legislative and judicial intervention. Justification for this opinion will be given, with reference to relevant case law and statutes in the different jurisdictions. Recommendations will be made on how the risk allocation structure can be improved, either by reference to other approaches the parties could adopt, or by clarifying ambiguities in the current approach (where applicable), and proposing a balance in the instances in which, from the study's perspective, the allocation formula is skewed, either due to the imbalance of power between the parties or by the interference of external forces such as the courts and legislature.

La vasoconstriction pulmonaire peut contribuer, dans certaines circonstances physiopathologiques, au développement d'une hypertension artérielle pulmonaire (HTAP). La prise en charge thérapeutique de patients souffrant d'HTAP reste insatisfaisante, malgré le développement récent de nouvelles approches pharmacologiques. Létude d'agents pharmacologiques capables de lever la vasoconstriction pulmonaire hypoxique et la recherche de leurs mécanismes d'action nous a donc semblé d'un grand intérêt. Dans une première partie, nous avons montré que le SR 59104A, agoniste Bêta3-adrénergique était capable de s'opposer à la vasoconstriction pulmonaire hypoxique du poumon isolé perfusé de rat et nous avons déterminé son profil pharmacologique vis à vis des canaux potassiques et du monoxyde d'azote. La deuxième partie du travail a permis de vérifier la puissance relaxante d'inhibiteurs de phosphodiestérases (IPDE) de type 3, 4 et 5 sur les vaisseaux pulmonaires contractés par l'hypoxie sur les modèles de poumon isolé perfusé et artères pulmonaires principales isolées de rat et de définir le rôle des canaux potassiques et du NO dans leurs effets relaxants. Enfin, nous avons montré que l'antagoniste ETa, le BQ-123, inhibe efficacement la vasoconstriction hypoxique aigue͏̈ du poumon isolé perfusé, et que ces effets relaxants impliquent l'ouverture des canaux Katp, Kv et Kca indépendamment des protéines kinases C inhibées par le BIM.

Prédire les instabilités déclenchées par la réaction chimique d'un fluide percolateur traversant une roche soluble constitue un enjeu scientifique majeur pour de nombreux domaines d’application (formations des systèmes karstiques, évolution des fractures, stimulation acide des puits de pétrole ou encore la séquestration et le stockage du CO2). En effet, la dissolution de la matrice solide conduit souvent à l’apparition et au développement des canaux, appelés wormholes, qui modifient les caractéristiques hydrodynamiques (perméabilité et porosité) du milieu traversé. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier, à travers un programme expérimental de laboratoire, l'influence de la variation des propriétés physiques du fluide percolateur et en particulier la variation de sa masse volumique sur la configuration des wormholes. Autrement dit, il s’agit d’étudier le couplage entre les instabilités chimiques et les instabilités hydrodynamiques induites par le contraste de masse volumique. Dans une première étape, le programme expérimental repose sur l'interprétation des images acquises lors de l'injection d'eau pure (phase « acide ») dans un massif salin (roche « soluble ») reconstitué en 2D via une cellule de type Hele-Shaw et en considérant différentes configurations d'injection. Dans une seconde étape, l’utilisation de la microtomographie à rayon X a permis d’approcher ces effets dans une configuration 3D constituée d’éprouvettes de sels dissoutes par des solutions sous-saturées en sel. Quelle que soit la configuration étudiée, les résultats expérimentaux suggèrent que les régimes de dissolution peuvent encore être décrits par les deux nombres adimensionnels classiques, à savoir les nombres de Damköhler et Péclet. Le diagramme de régime est peu sensible aux variations de contraste de masse volumique, en particulier pour des Péclet relativement forts et Damköhler faibles, mais subit un ralentissement de la propagation du front de dissolution lorsque le nombre de Richardson (rapport des effets gravitationnels et convectifs) augmente. L'analyse des descripteurs morphologiques tels que le volume, l'interface zone dissoute/zone non dissoute, la tortuosité et la distribution de la taille de pores montre que le contraste de masse volumique a une influence non-négligeable sur les régimes de dissolution pour un Richardson moyen à fort. Certains de nos résultats expérimentaux ont pu être confirmés par simulations numériques bidimensionnelles menées avec le logiciel COMSOL Multiphysics®
Predicting the instabilities triggered by the chemical reaction of a percolating fluid passing through soluble rock is a major scientific challenge for many fields of application (formation of karstic systems, fracture evolution, acid stimulation of oil wells or CO2 sequestration and storage). Indeed, the dissolution of the solid matrix often leads to the appearance and development of channels, called wormholes, which modify the hydrodynamic characteristics (permeability and porosity) of the crossed medium. The objective of this thesis is to study, through an experimental laboratory program, the influence of the variation of the physical properties of the percolating fluid and in particular the variation of its density on the configuration of the wormholes. In other words, the coupling between chemical and hydrodynamic instabilities induced by density contrast is studied. In a first step, the experimental program is based on the interpretation of images acquired during the injection of pure water ("acid" phase) in a saline massif ("soluble" rock) reconstituted in 2D via a Hele-Shaw type cell and considering different injection configurations. In a second step, the use of X-ray tomography allowed to approach these effects in a 3D configuration consisting of specimens of salts dissolved by under-saturated salt solutions. Whatever the studied configuration, the experimental results suggest that the dissolution regimes can still be described by the two classical adimensional numbers, namely the Damköhler and Péclet numbers. The regime diagram is not very sensitive to variations in density contrast, especially for relatively strong Péclet and weak Damköhler numbers, but suffers a slowing down of the propagation of the dissolution front when the Richardson number (ratio of gravitational and convective effects) increases. The analysis of morphological descriptors such as volume, dissolved/undissolved zone interface, tortuosity and pore size distribution shows that the density contrast has a non-negligible influence on the dissolution regimes for medium to strong Richardson. Some of our experimental results were confirmed by two-dimensional numerical simulations conducted with COMSOL Multiphysics® software

Malgré le fait que la finance islamique soit exportée dans beaucoup de pays occidentaux, le Canada n'a pas encore montré son intérêt pour un tel mode de financement. La finance islamique se manifeste timidement au Canada et plus précisément au Québec depuis 1991 par l'intermédiaire des établissements non bancaires. Dans ce contexte, une partie importante des canadiens de confession musulmane sont contraints de s'abstenir de conclure des contrats financiers car ceci se heurte à leurs convictions religieuses. Cette abstention ne rentre pas en conflit avec les conceptions de l'ordre public canadien, en l'occurrence les contrats nommés pratiqués par les banques. En effet, l'arrivée des produits financiers islamiques au Canada suscite des débats sur la compatibilité de la finance islamique avec le paysage financier canadien dans la mesure où ses mécanismes de fonctionnement sont différents de ceux du secteur bancaire conventionnel. Ainsi, un certain nombre de réformes est nécessaire. Ces réformes peuvent apparaître d'ordre technique alors qu'elles sont d'ordre juridique. Dans cette perspective, notre mémoire porte sur la réception éventuelle, dans la pratique bancaire canadienne, des contrats nommés prévus au Code civil du Québec et leur éventuelle compatibilité avec la Finance Islamique. Il s'agit d'une étude comparative qui vise, d'une part, à déterminer les obstacles auxquels les canadiens de confession musulmane peuvent faire face à propos des produits financiers conventionnels et, d'autre part, à savoir identifier si le Code civil du Québec constitue un contexte compatible pour les fenêtres islamiques des banques conventionnelles et les banques islamiques. Pour ce faire, nous allons suivre, dans notre mémoire, une double analyse de la pratique bancaire et des dispositions de certains contrats nommés du C.c.Q qui les régissent. Cette recherche porte uniquement sur les aspects juridiques des contrats nommés du C.c.Q tels qu'ils sont pratiqués par les banques sans égard aux autres lois et règlements fédéraux et provinciaux qui encadrent l'activité bancaire. Dans le même ordre d'idées, ce travail s'est limité aux sources du droit de transaction financière islamique 'sunnite'. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Finance Islamique, contrats nommés, Fiqh, C.c.Q., banque conventionnelle, banque islamique, contrat, prêt, Crédit-bail, vente à tempérament, vente-rachat, dépôt bancaire, cautionnement, donation, affacturage, Qard al-Hasan, bai bi-takssit, Rahn, Ijara, Ijara wa-Iqtina, Daman, Kafala, Morabaha, Modharaba.

Les contrats de distribution exclusive sont couramment utilisés dans la mise en marché des produits. Des doutes et des critiques ont été, pourtant, soulevés relativement à leur validité au regard du droit de la concurrence. Ces ententes et les pratiques qui en découlent paraissent, à première vue, anticoncurrentielles. Le propos de ce mémoire est d’examiner dans quelle mesure les contrats de distribution exclusive peuvent, en fait, stimuler la concurrence et de montrer, en conséquence, qu’ils devraient être considérés licites eu égard au droit de la concurrence. Nous trouvons, d’une part, que les pratiques exclusives sont suspectes vu qu’elles réduisent la liberté contractuelle du producteur et du distributeur. Cette restriction est susceptible d’entraver la concurrence à cause du pouvoir de marché qu’elle crée et elle peut, de ce fait, engendrer le monopole. La Loi sur la concurrence interdit de tels agissements. Les contrats de distribution exclusive peuvent, d’autre part, favoriser réellement la concurrence. Ils constituent un instrument stratégique utilisé par les entrepreneurs dans leur lutte pour accroître leur part de marché. La distribution exclusive, en portant les acteurs commerciaux à chercher les meilleures stratégies, renforce la concurrence. Celle-ci doit être entendue non seulement comme une constante rivalité entre toutes les entreprises, mais elle doit aussi inclure la coopération entre certaines entreprises en vue de mieux concurrencer d’autres à un niveau plus général. Une juste appréciation de la concurrence dans les contrats de distribution exclusive requiert le recours à l’analyse économique du droit. Cette analyse permet une évaluation de la concurrence basée sur le critère de l’efficience économique. En vue de déterminer si une pratique donnée augmente ou non le bien-être général (sur quoi l’analyse de l’efficience met l’accent), les effets négatifs de cette pratique devraient être mis en balance avec ses effets positifs résultant des gains en efficience. C’est dans ce sens que le droit de la concurrence a évolué tant dans l’Union européenne qu’aux États-Unis et au Canada pour permettre les ententes qui entraînent des gains nets d’efficience. Ce qu’on aurait pu condamner autrefois pour entrave à la concurrence, peut maintenant paraître comme une stratégie commerciale licite et saine. Compte tenu de ce récent développement, notre analyse nous conduit à la conclusion que les accords de distribution exclusive devraient être considérés licites dans la mesure où ils améliorent le bien-être du consommateur.
Exclusive distribution agreements are commonly used in the marketing of products. However, doubts and criticisms have been expressed concerning their validity as regards competition law: these agreements and the resulting practices appear at first blush to be anticompetitive. In this thesis we propose to examine to what extent exclusive distribution agreements can in fact foster competition and hence should be considered lawful as regards competition law. On one hand, we find that exclusive distribution practices are suspect, because the contractual freedom of the producer and of the distributor is restricted. This restriction may hinder interbrand competition due to market power and can potentially create a monopoly. Such actions are not permissible under the Competition Act. On the other hand, some aspects of exclusive distribution arrangements can actually promote competition. They constitute a strategic tool used by suppliers seeking to increase their market shares. This can reinforce competition by encouraging competitors to try out better strategies. Competition must be understood not merely as the constant rivalry amongst all enterprises, but must also encompass cooperation between certain enterprises in order to better compete with others at a more general level. A fair appreciation of competition in exclusive distribution arrangements requires one to have recourse to the economic analysis of law. The economic analysis of law allows one to assess competition based on the criterion of economic efficiency. In order to determine whether or not a particular practice increases the general welfare ( on which efficiency analysis focuses), the negative effects of that practice should be weighed against its positive effects resulting from efficiency gains. In this sense, competition law has evolved, as much in the European Union, as in the United States and Canada, to allow arrangements that lead to net welfare gains. What might have been previously condemned as an obstacle to competition may now appear as a legitimate and healthy commercial strategy. Taking into account this recent development, our analysis leads us to the conclusion that exclusive distribution agreements should be lawful in so far as they improve consumer welfare.

This thesis examines the influence of a variety of legal and social factors in surrogacy. I examine the scope and influence of the Canadian federal law known as the Assisted Human Reproduction Act (2004) on assisted human reproduction, which elides commonly held views on commodification and surrogacy. Next I turn to narratives of formal and informal contractual exchanges in surrogacy. I also look at the influence of legal kinship practices on surrogacy alongside multiple conceptions of parentage. Finally, I discuss two cases of gay surrogacy that conform and contest gendered assumptions of parenthood. "Unraveling Surrogacy" is a small-scale and qualitative ethnographic study spotlighting the narratives of six core participants, and based on a range of data sources that include governmental witness testimony, federal reports on assisted human reproduction and legal cases of parentage.

Non-residential construction projects typically involve a large number of parties and a complicated "pyramid" of contractual relationships. At the top of the project an owner or developer commonly employs a head contractor, who employs specialist contractors, who employ subcontractors, who finally employ workers and material suppliers. Funds for the project are fed in at the top and are intended to trickle down to those at the bottom. However, evidence indicates that this often does not happen and that those at the bottom - most significantly subcontractors - suffer substantial losses. Many countries attempt to reduce subcontractors' losses through legislative intervention. The Canadian common law provinces apply both a statutory "builder's lien", which allows an unpaid subcontractor to register a charge against construction land, and supplementary holdback and trust requirements. By contrast, New South Wales, Australia and the United Kingdom apply a "quick and dirty" form of adjudication in an attempt to reduce the delays in payment disputes. New Zealand is currently investigating the form of legislation that it should enact and has modelled the Construction Contracts Bill on New South Wales adjudication measures. This thesis examines the Canadian, New South Wales and United Kingdom systems for protecting subcontractors, as well as the New Zealand Construction Contracts Bill. It describes these different systems, and applies Cooter and Ulen's perfect contract analysis in an attempt to compare them. It concludes that the New South Wales approach is the most favourable, particularly because of its attempts to reform areas of the construction industry beyond just the problems that subcontractors face. However, it also notes that this approach has very high transaction costs, to such an extent that some proposed reforms may never come to fruition. It therefore recommends that New Zealand take a cautious approach in copying these measures. In addition, the thesis recommends that New Zealand researchers take more time to examine North American builder's lien systems. Protecting construction subcontractors is a complicated issue and the best solution for New Zealand will result from a careful consideration of the many different systems, both before any legislation is enacted and afterwards.

Trabalho Final do Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Dentária apresentado à Faculdade de Medicina
Introdução: O conhecimento das características morfológicas da anatomia interna radicular é um dos principais requisitos para a abordagem clínica e sucesso do tratamento endodôntico. Tendo em conta as complexidades anatómicas dos canais radiculares, é necessário a utilização de um método que permita melhorar a avaliação dos sistema de canais, durante a prática clínica. Objetivo: Neste estudo in vitro, pretende-se avaliar a anatomia de incisivos, pré-molares e molares, maxilares e mandibulares, através de diferentes incidências radiológicas, com e sem a introdução de um meio de contraste no sistema de canais radiculares, realizando a comparação da morfologia canalar visível através da radiografia digital e radiografia de contraste, em diferentes angulações.Materiais e métodos: Foram recolhidos 48 dentes, incisivos, pré-molares e molares, maxilares e mandibulares, divididos em 6 grupos experimentais. Realizaram-se as cavidades de acesso e procedeu-se à permeabilização e irrigação do sistema de canais com NaOCL a 2,5% e etanol a 70%. Os dentes foram todos radiografados em duas incidências, ortorradial e mesial. A solução de contraste, Ultravist® 370, foi introduzida no interior dos canais, através de agitação ultrassónica e/ou agitação mecância. A análise qualitativa das radiografias foi executada por dois observadores segundo critérios de avaliação previamente definidos.Resultados: A infiltração de solução de contraste no sistema de canais radiculares, na radiografia com incidência ortorradial, contribuiu para um acréscimo de informações em 69% dos dentes, sensivelmente 2/3 da amostra. A identificação de mais detalhes anatómicos numa incidência mesial relativamente à incidência ortorradial, ocorreu em 52% dos dentes, sensivelmente metade da amostra. Através da radiografia de contraste com incidência mesial, quando comparada com a radiografia sem contraste com incidência ortorradial, obteve-se um acréscimo de informação na visualização da morfologia canalar em aproximadamente 77% dos casos. Conclusão: A infiltração da solução de contraste no sistema de canais radiculares contribui para um realce do comprimento de trabalho e permite uma visualização mais detalhada da morfologia canalar, possibilitando a identificação de canais laterais, canais secundários, curvaturas e deltas apicais. A incidência mesial contribui principalmente para a visualização das diferentes configurações canalares e para deteção de um segundo canal.
Introduction: The knowledge of the morphological characteristics of the internal root anatomy is one of the main requirements for the clinical approach and success of endodontic treatment. Considering the anatomical complexities of the root canals, it is necessary to use a method to improve the evaluation of the canal system during clinical practice.Objective: In this in vitro study, we intend to evaluate the anatomy of incisors, premolars and molars, maxillary and mandibular, through radiology, with and without the introduction of a contrast substance in the root canal system, comparing the visible channel morphology through digital radiography, contrast radiography, at different angulations, and through conical beam computed tomography.Materials And Methods: Forty-eight teeth, incisors, premolars and molars, maxillary and mandibular were collected, divided into 6 experimental groups. The permeability and irrigation of the canal system were performed with 2.5% NaOCL and 70% ethanol. The teeth were all radiographed in two incidences, ortorradial and mesial. The Ultravist® 370 contrast solution was introduced into the channels through an ultrasonic session and / or half-mecum. The qualitative analysis of the radiographs was performed by two observers according to the evaluation criteria.Results: The infiltration of contrast solution in the root canal system, on the radiography with orthoradial incidence, contributed to an increase of information in 69% of the teeth, approximately 2/3 of the sample. The identification of more anatomical details in a mesial incidence with respect to the incidence ortorial, occurred in 52% of the teeth, approximately half of the sample. Through contrast radiography with mesial incidence, when compared to the contrast-free radiography with orthor- rhial incidence, there was an increase in the visualization of the canal morphology in approximately 77% of the cases.Conclusion: The infiltration of the contrast solution in the root canal system contributes to a better working length and allows a more detailed visualization of the canal morphology, allowing the identification of lateral canals, secondary canals, curvatures and apical deltas. The mesial incidence contributes mainly to the visualization of the different channel configurations and to the detection of a second channel.

This paper provides an account of early Japanese immigration to Canada in the years between 1877 and 1908 from the point of view of the Japanese Imperial government of the time. Drawing on Japanese diplomatic correspondence uncovered by Toshiji Sasaki in his 1999 work "Nihon-jin Kanada imin-shi" and accounts from Japanese-language newspapers published in Vancouver during the period, I examine the Japanese experience in Canada and describe how Japanese officials and emigrants responded to Canadian efforts to restrict Japanese emigration to Canada, culminating in the Vancouver Riot of 1907. I show how, when faced with this diplomatic crisis, Japanese officials reacted only reluctantly and, for the most part, ineffectually to limit emigration to Canada. The result of such restrictions as ultimately were imposed on the emigration of Japanese workers was not the end of Japanese emigration but the beginning of permanent settlement by Japanese families in Canada.

L’objectif de notre travail était de conduire une étude exploratoire sur la mise en place et le déroulement de la relation matrimoniale au sein de couples philippino-canadiens mariés par correspondance, afin de comprendre les mécanismes sociaux qui régissent l’expérience de vie de ces couples. Nous nous inspirons de Constable pour qui la relation au sein du mariage par correspondance peut être une relation amoureuse même si la logique de désir des deux partenaires est fortement imbriquée dans un contexte historique et culturel. Nous poursuivons la réflexion de Constable sur la relation amoureuse en nous appuyant sur l’analyse de Simmel sur le processus de socialisation entre les individus et le phénomène de l’individualisation au sein des sociétés capitalistes. Nous explorons également comment le couple marié par correspondance crée ce que Kaufmann appelle le contrat amoureux à travers sa correspondance, sa rencontre, son quotidien et son avenir, et comment ce contrat influence les interactions entre les deux membres du couple, ainsi que celles entre le couple et le reste de la société. Dans ce mémoire sur le mariage par correspondance, nous nous intéresserons au quotidien de quatre couples philippino-canadiens mariés par correspondance vivant à Montréal et dans la région, à travers une perspective inspirée du sociologue George Simmel. Nous avons effectué des entretiens, sous forme de récit de vie et utilisé la méthode de l’ethnosociologie pour analyser leur discours. Nos résultats démontrent que le contrat amoureux influence les couples mariés par correspondance au cours des phases successives de leur relation et de leur vie commune. La construction sociale de leur réalité de couple, bâtie sur les sentiments amoureux et le travail au quotidien pour assurer le fonctionnement et la stabilité du couple, permet de passer outre d’éventuelles raisons initiales pratiques pour se marier. Malgré des inégalités, comme la division sexuée du travail et des revenus, l’agentivité de l’épouse est à l’œuvre lors de la planification de la rencontre, la première rencontre physique, l’installation au Canada et l’établissement de la vie commune et le processus de planification du couple. Le contrat amoureux et la construction sociale du couple offrent à l’épouse la possibilité de réduire les inégalités et de gagner une indépendance personnelle. Le retour aux Philippines est important dans la conversation conjugale, notamment au niveau de la planification à long terme du couple.
The aim of this study was to conduct an exploratory research on Filipino-Canadian couples who have met through mail-order bride agencies. In addition, the study explores how those couples formed and ran their marital relationship. This was done in order to understand the social mechanisms that govern the life experience of these couples. We are pursuing Constable’s analysis, which believes that mail-order marriages can be romantic relationships even if the logic of desire of both partners is strongly embedded in a historical and cultural context. Furthermore, Simmel’s analysis on the process of socialization between individuals and the phenomenon of individualization within capitalist societies is used as further evidence to Constable’s analysis. We also explored how the mail-order couple created, what Kaufmann calls the love contract, through their correspondence, their meetings, their daily life and their plans for the future. This contract influenced the interactions between both partners, as well as between the couple and the rest of society. We conducted interviews in the form of life stories with four Filipino-Canadian couples living in the Montreal area (and it’s region) and used the ethnosociology method to analyse those interviews. Our results demonstrate that the love contract influenced the couples during the successive phases of the relationships. The social construction of their reality build on romantic feelings and daily work ensure the stability and the functioning of the couple. This helped them move beyond any initial practical reasons that brought them together. Despite inequalities such as gender, divison of labor and income, the women’s agency is actively present during many of the couple’s steps. For instance, the organization of the first physical meeting of the two spouses, the first meeting, the wife’s immigration to Canada, the daily life in Canada and the planification of the couple’s future all have the wife’s agency present. The love contract and the social construction of the couple offered the possibility, for the wife, to reduce the inequalities in her relationship and help her develop personal independence. Returning to the Philippines was a recurring topic within the couple’s domestic conversation, especially in their long-term planning.

Most mobile phones in Canada contain software that prevents the consumer from using the phone on multiple networks. This is known as a ‘software lock’, and is installed prior to the point of sale by the mobile service providers. As of 2011, all three large Canadian service providers have adopted a similar practice to charge a fee to remove the software lock from phones. This fee applies even after the consumer’s service contract with the provider ends. This thesis examines whether the practice of charging consumer a fee for removing the software lock after the contract expires is anti-competitive in Canada. Through examining economic theory and undergoing legal analysis, this thesis will argue that while the practice is clearly anti-competitive, it does not substantially lessen competition enough to be prevented under competition law. This thesis suggests that this industry practice should be prohibited through the passing of consumer protection legislation.

This work focuses on approach of security policy toward foreign missions and interventions. I focused on the application of the theory of comparative analysis in the social sciences . The aim of this work is to analyze the development of security policies in Canada and the Czech Republic in relation to the ISAF mission in Afghanistan. Across-case comparative research metho emphasising the contrast of context separated the timeline of my work into two period: 2001-2006 and 2006-2014 . This paper examines the official positions of the Government of Canada and the Czech Republic as different context's members within the North Atlantic Treaty Organization . The data I worked with using techniques text-by-text, completed by point-by-point scheme. The idea is to demonstrate motivation of the States before joining the ISAF mission (2001) and the current reflection of the so-called exit strategy - only the Canadian ISAF mission has been terminated.. The result of this work is to understand the formation of security policy in the country from the Old continent as a new member of the NATO and long-term Alliance's member with different geographical and political environment. Different internal political developments in both countries had an influence on the shift in the priorities of the foreign.security...

The war against Germany was perceived by the majority of English Canadians as a necessity to defend the British Empire, democracy and justice. However, it became increasingly evident to the public that some individuals were being permitted to prosper, while others — particularly those of the working class — endured immense hardship. These individuals who prospered at a level judged excessive became known as "profiteers." Initial criticisms of profiteering were connected to graft, jobbery and patronage apparent in government military purchases. However, as public sacrifices intensified, the morally acceptable extent to which individuals and businesses could profit came to be more narrowly defined. Criticisms of profiteering expanded to challenge the mainstream liberal notions of private wealth and laissez-faire policies as being inequitable and undemocratic. The federal government's unwillingness to seriously implement measures against profiteering led to rising discontent. Consequently, working-class English Canadians aspired to form a 'new democracy' that was worth the sacrifices of the war.
Thesis (Master, History) -- Queen's University, 2013-09-19 19:02:13.077

This dissertation investigates the advantages of procuring capital-intensive infrastructure services via Public-Private Partnerships (P3s or PPPs) – cost and time savings and; innovation and high levels of efficiency – accounting for these advantages by reference to the underlying legal provisions and principles that facilitate them; and in this process highlights two significant directions in which Canadian P3 law, policy and practice has evolved – the enactment of P3 legislation and/or the formulation of non-statutory P3-related policy; as well as the establishment of legal institutions that promote and/or facilitate P3 procurements. The dissertation also addresses key arguments raised against P3s, by reference to aspects of Canadian law, policy and P3 practice. The research methodology comprises a detailed review of legal and non-legal sources. The implication of the research findings is that, given the foregoing developments in Canadian P3 law, policy and practice, the key arguments canvassed against P3s are overstated and lacking in merit.

This dissertation investigates the advantages of procuring capital-intensive infrastructure services via Public-Private Partnerships (P3s or PPPs) – cost and time savings and; innovation and high levels of efficiency – accounting for these advantages by reference to the underlying legal provisions and principles that facilitate them; and in this process highlights two significant directions in which Canadian P3 law, policy and practice has evolved – the enactment of P3 legislation and/or the formulation of non-statutory P3-related policy; as well as the establishment of legal institutions that promote and/or facilitate P3 procurements. The dissertation also addresses key arguments raised against P3s, by reference to aspects of Canadian law, policy and P3 practice. The research methodology comprises a detailed review of legal and non-legal sources. The implication of the research findings is that, given the foregoing developments in Canadian P3 law, policy and practice, the key arguments canvassed against P3s are overstated and lacking in merit.

Au cours d'une transaction portant sur une acceptation bancaire (ci-après «BA» tel que dénommée dans le jargon juridique) différents types de relations peuvent s'établir entre les parties impliquées, certaines plus directes que d'autres. Dans une transaction donnée, à part le client et la banque, on peut trouver une ou plusieurs banques participantes et un ou plusieurs investisseurs, qui deviennent détenteurs de BA. La situation peut devenir complexe et les relations légales risquent de devenir assez compliquées. Cependant, il est important d'identifier si la relation s'est établie à travers l'instrument de BA, si elle existe par le biais d'une relation contractuelle ordinaire ou encore, si elle existe par le fait de la loi. Une bonne analyse des circonstances entourant la transaction, des facteurs connexes à la transaction et des droits et obligations qui existent entre les parties, sera nécessaire pour déterminer laquelle de la loi provinciale ou fédérale s'appliquera, et dans quelle mesure. Une fois accordée, la BA est gouvernée par la Loi sur les lettres de change. Toutes solutions apportées à un problème qui implique des BA, doivent, en principe, respecter la nature inhérente de la BA en tant qu'effet de commerce, gouverné par la loi fédérale. En matière de BA, c'est, soit la Loi sur les lettres de change soit la Loi sur les lettres et billets de dépôt (Depository Bills and Note Act) qui s'appliqueront à l'acte. Comme il existe des lois fédérales applicables à la BA, l'objet de notre étude est de déterminer si, et dans quelle circonstance la loi de la province, tel que le Code civil du Québec, trouvera application et éclaircira dans certains cas la disposition contenue dans la Loi sur les lettres de change, notamment lorsque les dispositions de ladite loi sont silencieuses ou ambigües. La solution la plus simple serait d'appliquer la loi provinciale aux matières qui ne sont pas traitées dans la loi, étant donné que les lois provinciales apportent souvent un complément à la législation fédérale. Cependant, la Loi sur les lettres de change contient des dispositions spéciales, tel que l'article 9 qui stipule : « 9. Les règles de la common law d'Angleterre, y compris en droit commercial, s'appliquent aux lettres, billets et chèques dans la mesure de leur compatibilité avec les dispositions expresses de la présente loi. » Cette disposition a crée une certaine confusion relativement à l'application du droit civil du Québec en matière de Lettres de change. En effet, il existe un doute quant à savoir si l'application de l'article 9 est une incorporation par référence qui exclue totalement l'application du droit civil. Cette question continue de se poser inexorablement dans la doctrine et la jurisprudence. Elle a en effet donné lieu à une série de théories quand au degré d'application de la common law en matière de lettres de change. Une revue de la jurisprudence dominante nous permet de conclure que les tribunaux ont accepté l'application du droit provinciale dans certaines questions impliquant les lettres de change. La question essentielle traitée lors de notre analyse est la suivante: lorsqu'un litige prend naissance dans une transaction de BA, quelle est la règle qui devra s'appliquer? Quel sera le droit qui gouvernera les problèmes émergeant dans une BA, celui du Code Civil du Québec ou celui de la common law d'Angleterre? Étant donne le nombre de cas qui sont portés devant les cours de justice en rapport avec des transactions de BA, comprendre quelle sera la loi applicable est d'une importance fondamentale. Pour répondre à cette question, nous commencerons par un examen de l'historique, du développement et de l'évolution de la BA. Afin de mieux comprendre la BA, nous débuterons par un bref survol des origines de cet instrument juridique. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous analyserons la nature et le caractère légal de la BA. Cela constituera le cadre aux travers duquel nous pourrons identifier les règles et les principes qui s'appliquent aux différents aspects de la transaction de BA. Le chapitre trois fera l'objet d'un examen détaillé des mécanismes de l'opération de BA tout en étudiant de près les exigences imposées par la législation applicable. Après avoir examine l'aspect légal de la BA, nous procéderons au chapitre quatre, à l'étude de l'applicabilité de la loi provinciale relativement à certains aspects de la transaction de BA. A cet effet, nous examinerons les différentes approches de compréhension de la Loi sur les lettres de change et plus particulièrement la problématique rencontrée à l'article 9. Nous étudierons aussi l'application et l'interprétation de cette loi par les tribunaux du Québec au cours du siècle dernier. Les juges et les juristes se sont penchés sur les sens qu'a voulu donner le législateur lorsqu'il a stipulé dans l'article 9 «Le règles de la common law d'Angleterre, y compris en droit commercial, s appliquent aux lettres, billets et chèques dans la mesure de leur compatibilité avec les dispositions expresses de la présente loi ». Cette section doit-elle être appliquée à la lettre, nous obligeant à appliquer la common law d'Angleterre a chaque problème qui peut se poser en relation avec les lettres et les billets? Le Parlement a-t-il l'intention que cette disposition s'applique également au Québec, dont le droit privé est basé sur le système du Code Civil? Notre étude portera sur les différentes approches d'interprétation qui offrent une diversité de solutions au problème posé par l'article 9. Finalement, compte tenu des nouveaux développements législatifs, au chapitre cinq, nous proposons une méthode en vue de déterminer la loi applicable aux différents aspects de la transaction de BA. Notre analyse nous a conduit à adopter la solution proposée par la majorité des juristes, à la différence que notre approche de l'article 9 est basée sur des raisons de politique. Nous avons donc adopté la stricte dichotomie (en tant qu'effet négociable d'une part, et d'une sorte de contrat et de propriété de l'autre) en prenant en compte les difficultés inhérentes à déterminer quand l'un finit et l'autre commence. En conclusion, selon notre opinion, il existe deux solutions. Premièrement, il y a la possibilité que l'article 9 puisse être écarté. Dans ce cas, toutes les matières qui ne sont pas expressément évoquées dans la loi tomberont dans la compétence de la loi provinciale, comme c'est le cas dans d'autres types de législations fédérales. Dans ces situations, le droit civil du Québec joue un rôle supplétif dans les applications d'une loi fédérale au Québec. Deuxièmement, modifier l'article 9 plutôt que d'en écarter son application offre une autre possibilité. Incorporer la large stricte dichotomie dans l'article 9 nous semble être une solution préférable. La disposition pourrait se lire comme suit: « Les règles de la common law d'Angleterre incluant le droit commercial dans la mesure ou elles ne sont pas incompatibles avec les dispositions expresses de la Loi, s’appliquent aux lettres, billets, et chèques au sens stricte. Pour plus de certitude, les lettres et les billets au sens strict, incluent la forme, la délivrance et I’émission des lettres, billets, et chèques.» Ce type de changement se révélera être un pas important dans le but de clarifier la loi et déterminer l'équilibre à trouver entre l'application des lois fédérales et provinciales en matière de BA.
When dealing with a BA transaction several types of relationships may develop, some more direct than others. In any given transaction, aside from the customer and bank, there may be one or more participating banks, investment dealers, or multiple investors, who become holders of the BA. The situation may be complex and the legal relationships may become quite intricate. However, it is important to identify whether the relationship is established through the BA instrument, or whether it exists by ordinary contractual relationship or by operation of law. Proper analysis of the surrounding circumstances, the connecting factors, and the obligations and the rights which exist between the parties, will be necessary in determining whether or not the contractual rules of the provinces, or federal law rules apply, and to what extent. Granted, the BA instrument is clearly governed by the Bills of Exchange Act. Any solution introduced to a problem involving a BA must, in principle, respect the inherent nature of the BA as a negotiable instrument, governed by federal law. In the case of BAs, either the Bills of Exchange Act or the Depository Bills and Notes Act will apply to the instrument. Since there are applicable federal rules to BAs, the purpose of our study is to determine if, and under what circumstances, provincial law, such as the Civil Code of Quebec, would find application with respect to BAs and complement the provisions of the Bills of Exchange Act where the statute is silent or ambiguous. The simple solution would be to apply provincial law to those matters not addressed in the Act, as provincial law typically compliments federal legislation. However, the Bills of Exchange Act contains a peculiar provision, namely section 9, which provides: “9. The rules of the common law of England, including the law merchant, save in so far as they are inconsistent with the express provisions of this Act, apply to bills, notes and cheques.” This provision has created confusion as to the appropriate application of Quebec civil law to matters of bills of exchange. Indeed, there is doubt as to whether section 9 is in fact an incorporation by reference that effectively precludes the application of civil law. The problem continues to be a contentious issue in the doctrine and jurisprudence. The "inexorable character" of the problem created by the interpretation of this provision has given rise to a number of diverse theories regarding the extent of the applicability of common law to matters of bills of exchange. As we can clearly conclude from a review of the jurisprudence, the courts, for the most part, have been conciliatory to the application of provincial law in issues involving bills of exchange. The majority of judges express a hesitance to jeopardize the integrity of the provincial law as complimentary law in order to accommodate the idea that Parliament's desire was to enact an extensive and far-reaching law of bills and notes. The position of most doctrinal writers is very much the same. The essential question of our analysis is which rules will govern the issues, which emerge within BAs - the Civil Code of Quebec or the common law of England? From a Canadian perspective, understanding which law is applicable to BAs is of paramount importance, since courts are dealing with an increasing amount of banker's acceptance transactions. To answer this question, we will begin with an examination of the origin and evolution of the banker's acceptance. In Chapter Two, we will also analyze the nature and legal character of the BA. This will establish the framework through which we can identify the rules and principles that apply to the various aspects of the BA transaction. In Chapter Three, we examine the mechanics of the BA operation step-by-step, paying close attention to the requirements imposed by legislation. We look at the laws applicable to the BA and describe the various agreements pertaining to the BA. Having examined the legal nature of the BA as being a negotiable instrument governed by federal law and a contract and moveable pursuant to the Civil Code of Quebec, we will proceed in Chapter Four to consider the applicability of provincial law to aspects of the BA transaction. To this end, we examine different approaches to understanding the Bills of Exchange Act, particularly the problematic section 9, as well as the applicable law as understood in Quebec jurisprudence during the past century. Judges and jurists alike have attempted to understand what was meant when the legislator stated in section 9, "[t]he rules of the common law of England, including the law merchant, save in so far as they are inconsistent with the express provisions of this Act, apply to bills, notes and cheques." Is this section to be interpreted literally, requiring us to apply English common law to every issue that might arise in connection with bills and notes? Does Parliament intend this provision to apply equally to Quebec, whose private law is based on the civil law system? Our study will look to interpretive approaches offering a variety of different solutions to the problem of section 9. Finally, given new legislative developments, in Chapter Five, we offer a proposed method to determine the law applicable to various aspects of the BA transaction. Our analysis has lead us to adopt the result advocated by the majority of jurists, but with the recognition that our approach to section 9 is based on reasons of policy. We have adopted the strict/wide dichotomy, (as a negotiable instrument on the one hand, and as a specie of contract and property on the other hand) realizing the difficulties inherent in determining where one ends and the other begins. Therefore, in our opinion there exist two solutions. Firstly, there is the possibility that section 9 could be repealed. In this case, all matters not expressly dealt with in the Act would fall to be governed by provincial law, as is the case with other federal legislation. In these situations, Quebec civil law takes on a suppletive role in applying a federal law in Quebec. Secondly, there is the possibility of modifying rather than repealing section 9. Incorporating the strict/wide dichotomy into section 9 itself seems to us to be a more preferable solution. The provision could read, "The rules of the common law of England, including the law merchant, save in so far as they are inconsistent with the express provisions of this Act, apply to bills, notes and cheques in a strict sense. For greater certainty, bills and notes in a strict sense include the form, issue, negotiation and discharge of bills, notes and cheques." Alternatively, a Law Reform Commission could draft an Act that defines section 9 according to the strict /wide dichotomy. These types of changes would prove to be an important step to clarifying the law, and strike the appropriate balance between the application of federal and provincial law to bankers' acceptances.

(in English): The aim of this thesis is to introduce the theme of the Canary emigration to Cuba in the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth century. For better orientation, the author has chosen time interface between the years 1860-1914. The introduction outlines the sources and secondary literature, from which the author draws and also supposed goal of work. The second chapter is devoted to the Canarian emigration from Columbus's expeditions to the first half of the nineteenth century and its gradual development. The third chapter describes the specific reasons that led to the emigration from the Canary Islands, the attention is focused on the travel conditions of immigrants, employment contracts and promotion. The fourth chapter has been devoted specifically Canarian immigrants and their impact on Cuba, including labor stratification. The fifth chapter focuses on emigration to the turn of the century, there is a special attention is paid to the topic canary societies and associations. The conclusion summarizes the achieved knowledges and changes of this emigration.

Ontario’s current regulatory approach to low-income housing lies between two primary challenges: the human right to housing, and political/fiscal constraints. This thesis draws on legal theory and economic analysis of law to articulate the proper goals of housing access policy. A structural theory is proposed to explain the normative relationship between efficiency, communitarianism and justice in housing. An array of regulatory options are compared and considered in light of the features that characterize Ontario’s low-income rental housing markets. This analysis favours demand-side housing subsidies to low-income households, combined with supply-side tax expenditures to improve elasticity in the low-income rental market. Further reform of rent and covenant controls, social and affordable housing supply, and land use planning is recommended to ensure an efficient residential tenancy market. These reforms are offered as a framework for the implementation of the human right to housing in Ontario.