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1
Armstrong, Angus, and E. Philip Davis. "Comparing Housing Booms and Mortgage Supply in the Major OECD Countries." National Institute Economic Review 230 (November 2014): R3—R15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795011423000102.
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The house price and lending boom of the 2000s is widely considered to be the main cause of the financial crisis that began in 2007. However, looking to the past, we find a similar boom in the late 1980s which did not lead directly to a global systemic banking crisis – there were widespread banking difficulties in the early 1990s but these were linked mainly to commercial property exposures. This raises the question whether the received wisdom is incorrect, and other factors than the housing boom caused the crisis, while macroprudential policy is overly targeted at the control of house prices and lending per se.Accordingly, in this paper we compare and contrast the cycles in house prices over 1985–94 with 2002–11. There are more similarities than contrasts between the booms. Stylised facts include a similar rise in real house prices where booms took place, and a marked rise in the real mortgage stock along with real incomes. The aftermath periods are also comparable in terms of house price changes. Econometrically, determinants of house prices are similar in size and sign from the 1980s to date.There remain some contrasts. Leverage rose far more in the later episode and did not contract in the aftermath. Mean reversion of house prices is greater in the earlier period. The earlier boom period showed differences with average house price behaviour which was not mirrored in the most recent boom and inflation was higher. Despite the contrasts, on balance we reject the idea that the recent boom was in some way unique and hence the key cause of the crisis. There is a need for further research to capture distinctive structural and conjunctural factors underlying the recent crisis which differ from the earlier boom and some suggestions are made.
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GORDON, SANFORD C. "Politicizing Agency Spending Authority: Lessons from a Bush-era Scandal." American Political Science Review 105, no. 4 (November 2011): 717–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055411000438.
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When can presidents direct bureaucrats to allocate government expenditures for electoral purposes? To address this question, I exploit a scandal concerning the General Services Administration (GSA), an agency that contracts with private vendors to provide supplies and real estate to other agencies. Shortly after Republican losses in 2006, a White House deputy gave a presentation to GSA political appointees identifying potentially vulnerable congressional districts. I find that vendors in prioritized Republican districts experienced unusually large new contract actions from the GSA's Public Buildings Service following the presentation relative to unmentioned districts, a discrepancy that disappeared once theWashington Postbroke the story. Contracts supervised by the agency's Federal Acquisition Service, by contrast, were largely unresponsive to the briefing and media scrutiny. My findings suggest that the extent to which executives succeed in politicizing discretionary allocation decisions depends upon key features of the implementing agency's tasks and its informational environment.
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Zeemering, Eric S. "Why Terminate? Exploring the End of Interlocal Contracts for Police Service in California Cities." American Review of Public Administration 48, no. 6 (April 3, 2017): 596–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0275074017701224.
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With the recent growth in interlocal contracts for municipal service delivery, insufficient attention has been given to city governments that choose to terminate interlocal contracts. The termination of interlocal contracts deserves scrutiny because theory points to multiple possible explanations for service change. This research examines the termination of interlocal contracts for police service delivery by California cities between 2001 and 2010. Public documents from the nine cities that terminated interlocal contracts are analyzed to assess rationale for termination. The stated reasons for termination include problems related to community responsiveness, the contract relationship, local control, service cost, service levels, and staffing. Grounded theory is advanced through analysis of the nine cities. The research refines our understanding of how cities weigh the costs and benefits of in-house production versus production through interlocal contract. While contract failure is evident in some cities, termination may also be explained as a process of vertical integration and service expansion. The research refines theories about local government service delivery and informs the practice of interlocal contract management.
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Paramansyah, Arman, Izul Abdillah, and Dessy Damayanthi. "Implementasi Akad Ba’i Istishna dan Ba’i Taqsith Pada Pembiayaan Kepemilikan Rumah (Non Bank) di Perumahan Islami Indonesia." Al-Kharaj : Jurnal Ekonomi, Keuangan & Bisnis Syariah 3, no. 1 (December 7, 2020): 72–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.47467/alkharaj.v3i1.189.
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This study aims to analyze the application of istishna and ba'i taqsith contracts on bankless home ownership financing and to find out the advantages of each of these contracts. This research was conducted using qualitative research with descriptive analysis method, namely research by focusing on the implementation of istishna and ba'i taqsith contracts and showing a relationship between the financing of house ownership without the bank, then conducting a description to provide a clear picture. The results of the study conclude that the istishna contract in its application, namely the mustashni/customer, pre-orders the house to be ordered from the shani/maker by stating the raw material specifications, size and payment system at the beginning of the agreement and the handover of the building will be handed over in a tough manner. In the payment system there are 2 schemes, namely: In cash and credit, in credit financing for Indonesian Islamic Housing using a ba'i taqsith agreement. Namely a sale and purchase contract with a payment in installments at a certain time and is more expensive than the cash price. Credit calculation uses a 7% margin of cash and flat prices until the end of payment, there are no penalties for late payments and if there is default, deliberations will be held for the solution. The advantages of the ba'i istishna and ba'i taqsith contracts are the advantages of the istishna contract, it can change the design desired by the consumer and the advantages of the ba'i taqsith contract, can negotiate prices, late payment is not subject to fines, the benefits are greater than the cash price, and to educate the public about sharia credit.
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黃若清, 黃若清. "論附期限契約於房地合一稅「原始取得成本」認定上之潛在問題——最高行政法院判決109年度判字第53號判決簡析." 月旦財稅實務釋評 20, no. 20 (August 2021): 058–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/270692572021080020007.
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Dong, Li Qi, and Shu Guang Jiang. "Simulation of the Indoor Thermal Environment of Sunspaces-Attaching Passive Solar House in Shihezi of Xinjiang." Advanced Materials Research 724-725 (August 2013): 1543–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.724-725.1543.
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Selecting sunspaces-attaching passive solar house and contrast house which have the same layout and enclosure structure, with the software of DEST to build model and simulation, obtained a heating period interior hourly temperature of the two houses. Arranging, calculating the white, day average indoor temperature of solar house and contrast house. The results show that sunspaces-attaching passive solar house can improve the indoor temperature 3°C, energy saving rate is 37% in this area.
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Mohamad Hamdan, Noor Aishah, Azila Ahmad Sarkawi, Siti Nora Haryati Abdullah Habib, and Ahmad Azam Othman. "Assessment of Ta’widh and Gharamah in Islamic Financing Contract and Its Applicability Potential for Construction Works Contracts." Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal 5, no. 15 (December 25, 2020): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v5i15.2504.
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Ta'widh and gharamah are the Shariah compliant late payment charges primarily used for Islamic financial contracts. Seven identified themes were used to qualitatively compare and contrast between the Guidelines on Late Payment Charges for Islamic Banking Institutions (2012) against the provisions of interest for late interim payment from four Malaysian construction works contracts. The findings revealed similarities and differences for identification of Shariah compliance. Recommendations were made for the harmonisation of ta’widh and gharamah in the construction works contracts while ensuring its practical and legal applicability. The outcome is beneficial for Islamic organisations and Muslims involved with the construction works. Keywords: ta’widh and gharamah, late payment, interest,construction, eISSN: 2398-4287© 2020. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v5i15.2504.
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Larsen, James E. "Installment land contracts, single-family houses and bargaining power." International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 9, no. 3 (August 1, 2016): 340–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-07-2015-0035.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to add to the single-family house bargaining power literature by investigating the bargaining power of the principals when the seller provides financing with an installment land contract (ILC). Design/methodology/approach Generalized spatial two-stage least squares regression is used to analyze data from 998 ILC transactions and 19,376 traditionally financed transactions all of which occurred in Montgomery County, Ohio between January 2002 and March 2011. Findings The results indicate that buyers using an ILC operate at a bargaining power disadvantage. In our sample, they paid approximately 6.64 per cent more, on average, than did buyers using traditional financing to purchase similar housing. This result occurred despite the fact that the included ILC transactions were limited to those carrying an interest rate that was above the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) rate at the time of contract origination. Research limitations/implications The study is limited to transactions that occurred in one county of a Midwestern state over a ten-year period. Therefore, the results may not apply in other locations. Valuable extensions of the current study would include an investigation to determine if similar results apply in other local housing markets. In addition, an examination of ILC transactions for other property types (e.g. undeveloped land, commercial properties, etc.) which may involve more sophisticated vendees could prove interesting. Originality/value This is the first study to investigate bargaining power in the single-family house market by focusing on ILC transactions. In this rather unique market segment, evidence of an imbalance of bargaining power is found. The results suggest that prospective purchasers, real property investors, fee appraisers, county auditors and others interested in determining the value of a single-family house using the transaction price of comparable properties take precautions in identifying comparable properties. The results indicate that house acquisitions facilitated with an ILC may not be a good comparable for a traditionally financed property and vice versa.
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Curtis, Emer, and Breda Sweeney. "Flexibility and control in managing collaborative and in-house NPD." Journal of Accounting & Organizational Change 15, no. 1 (April 3, 2019): 30–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jaoc-07-2017-0057.
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Purpose Prior literature provides little insight on how management control systems have responded to the growth of collaborative new product development (NPD). The purpose of this paper is to contrast the use of budgets to manage collaborative and in-house NPD and to consider the implications for enabling flexibility. Design/methodology/approach The paper reports on the findings of a case study company in the medical devices industry that uses two different business models for its NPD activities. While the company engages in in-house NPD for its own products, it also engages in collaborative NPD services with a range of customers. Findings The study illuminates how two types of budgets (annual and project) can have very different impacts on flexibility under different business models. The annual financial budgets imposed rigid constraints on in-house NPD and resulted in reduced flexibility, whereas in collaborative NPD, they had little impact on flexibility. Project budgets created hard operational constraints in collaborative NPD which generated a highly pressurised yet highly creative environment, whereas project budgets had little impact on flexibility in in-house NPD. Originality/value The study contributes detailed empirical insights into the control systems used to manage collaborative NPD from the supplier perspective, where creativity is largely responsive and contrasts these with the management of in-house NPD where creativity is largely expected. The authors also contribute an analysis of the key control systems and other factors that sustain flexibility in this highly pressurised open innovation environment.
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MacMillan, Catharine. "EVOLUTION OR REVOLUTION? UNFAIR TERMS IN CONSUMER CONTRACTS." Cambridge Law Journal 61, no. 1 (March 7, 2002): 1–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197302281507.
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DIRECTORGeneral of Fair Trading v. First National Bank plc [2001] 1 UKHL 52, [2001] 3 W.L.R. 1297 marks the beginning of an evolution in the common law of contract. The House of Lords considered for the first time whether a contractual term was an unfair term under the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1994, S.I. 1994/3159 (which implemented Council Directive (EEC) 93/13, now implemented by the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999, S.I. 1999/2083). The case arose when the Director General sought injunctive relief, pursuant to regulation 8(2), to restrain the use of a contractual term.
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Izmalkov, S., and K. Sonin. "Basics of contract theory (Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences 2016 - Oliver Hart and Bengt Holmström)." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 1 (January 20, 2017): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2017-1-5-21.
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The 2016 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences was awarded to Oliver Hart and Bengt Holmström “for their contributions to contract theory”. In their papers, they have demonstrated that strategic analysis of environments with asymmetric information might be very fruitful in providing answers to many natural economic questions: How should firms reward their managers? Why insurance contracts often include deductibles and co-payments? When do firms outsource and when do they prefer in-house production? In its brief exposition, the paper starts with the basics of contract theory and discusses some most important results of 2016 laureates.
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Muneeza, Aishath, Muhammad Fahmi Fauzi, Muhammad Faisal Bin Mat Nor, Mohamed Abideen, and Muhammed Maher Ajroudi. "House financing: contracts used by Islamic banks for finished properties in Malaysia." Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research 11, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 168–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jiabr-04-2017-0057.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to find out the existing practices of the Islamic banks in providing financing to the customers who have a requirement to purchase a finished property and to examine the existing products used by the Islamic banks in this regard by providing an insight into the modus operandi of these products. In doing this, attempt is made to find out the most famous product offered by the Islamic banks in this regard and to find out whether in reality, Malaysian Islamic banking industry has moved away from Bai Bithaman Ajil (BBA) or not. Design/methodology/approach This is a qualitative research, largely library-based, and it will consist of secondary sources such as books, journals, articles and other sources related to the Islamic house financing in Malaysia for finished properties. Recent information of the practises of the banks in this regard is obtained from the official websites of the banks. Findings It is found from this study that majority of Islamic Banks in Malaysia prefer to use the Commodity Murabahah facility for finished property. This finding contradicts with the observations made by some scholars who state that in Malaysia, BBA was initially used, and nowadays, the use of Musharakah Mutanaqisah is more common. The reason why Commodity Murbahah has gained popularity is because of the fact that via the Bursa Suq Al Sila platform, it is easy, swift, reliable, profitable, cheaper, convenient and has zero risk to do this type of transaction at the comfort of the office. It is recommended in this paper to use Musharakah Mutanaqisah, as this contract is an innovative contract that is classified as an equity contract under shariah where risk is shared between the parties. There is need to conduct further research to implement Musharakah Mutanaqisah in Malaysia, specifically to reduce the risk that Islamic Banks will bear by practicing this contract. Originality/value The findings of this paper might create confusion among readers, as some may perceive that the finding of the paper is not new as BBA has been dominating Islamic house financing industry from the inception of Islamic banking in the country, and BBA and Murabahah are similar in nature, and as such, commodity Murabahah is also a Murabahah transaction. The reality that needs to be understood is that the way BBA was or is practised in Malaysia in relation to Islamic house financing is that in the name of BBA, the transaction actually followed the Bai’ ‘inah contract, which is a controversial contract among the shariah scholars. Likewise, commodity Murabahah is also a different contract than Murabahah, as it actually refers to tawarruq. As such, this research finding is important to the Islamic banking industry to understand that Malaysia has moved away from the Bai’ ‘inah contract practised in the name of BBA in Islamic house financing, and there are new products introduced by the Islamic banks in Malaysia to replace this practice which were criticised by Shariah scholars.
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Boothroyd, A. "Perception of Speech Pattern Contrasts via Cochlear Implants and Limited Hearing." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 96, no. 1_suppl (January 1987): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00034894870960s127.
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The ability to perceive four suprasegmental and eight segmental speech pattern contrasts was measured in several subject groups. Mean performance of a group of House 3M cochlear implantees was similar to the mean performance of a group of Nucleus implantees with a trend toward better perception of suprasegmentals in the former and better perception of segmentals in the latter. Intersubject variability was higher in the Nucleus implantees, the best subject achieving an open set phoneme recognition score of 40%. Data from a single subject showed considerably superior performance in an aided ear with a 95-dB hearing loss than in an ear implanted with the House 3M device. Data from normal subjects listening to low pass filtered speech provide a basis for evaluating the results obtained by implantees. The results, though limited, illustrate the potential value of analytical tests such as the speech pattern contrast test used in these studies.
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Jiang, Baojun, and Hongyan Shi. "Intercompetitor Licensing and Product Innovation." Journal of Marketing Research 55, no. 5 (October 2018): 738–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022243718802846.
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This article explores how intercompetitor licensing between an incumbent and an entrant affects market competition and the entrant’s optimal product quality. In the model, the incumbent has a noncore technology that is used for the noncore attribute of the final product, and the entrant has a new core technology to introduce a new, higher-quality product. For the noncore technology of its product, the entrant can either license it from the incumbent or develop it in-house. The authors show that a royalty licensing contract of the noncore technology between the incumbent and the entrant has a competition-alleviating effect. More important, the effect of such licensing on the entrant’s optimal quality depends on whether its core technology can significantly or only incrementally increase its product quality over the incumbent’s product quality. The royalty contract will tend to increase the entrant’s optimal quality when the entrant’s core technology can offer a significant quality improvement over the incumbent’s. By contrast, if the entrant’s technology can raise its product quality only incrementally over the incumbent’s product quality, the royalty contract will tend to reduce the entrant’s optimal quality. A wide range of royalty licensing contracts are mutually acceptable; the incumbent (entrant) can benefit from such a contract even when the entrant pays a total royalty fee that is lower (higher) than its alternative research-and-development cost. These results hold even when the incumbent endogenously chooses its royalty licensing fee. The main results are robust to several alternative modeling assumptions (e.g., alternative game sequence, endogenous quality decision by the incumbent, alternative licensing contract).
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Tiwary, C. S., Rajeev J. Mudakavi, Sharan Kishore, Sanjay Kashyap, Rajasegaran Elumalai, Dipshikha Chakravortty, Ashok M. Raichur, and K. Chattopadhyay. "Magnetic iron nanoparticles for in vivo targeted delivery and as biocompatible contrast agents." RSC Advances 6, no. 115 (2016): 114344–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra14817d.
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Staughton, Sir Christopher. "How do Courts Interpret Commercial Contracts." Cambridge Law Journal 58, no. 2 (July 1999): 303–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197399002032.
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CHRISTOPHER Staughton, a former Lord Justice of Appeal, writes of the four principal rules for the interpretation of written contracts. First, there is the exclusion of negotiations and subjective evidence of intention. Secondly he considers what material can qualify as background evidence, or as some would say matrix. Thirdly, there is the rule that a meaning which is less obvious =N but still consistent with the words used =N may be preferred. Fourthly, he deals with the very limited extent to which evidence of market practice is admissible.The article contrasts recent observations of Lord Hoffmann in two cases in the House of Lords with other authority, both ancient and modern.
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Fakhruzy, Agung. "Sistem Operasional Akad Ijarah Pada Kinerja Tukang Bangunan Menurut Ekonomi Islam di Desa Kertagena Tengah Kabupaten Pamekasan." Jurnal BAABU AL-ILMI: Ekonomi dan Perbankan Syariah 5, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.29300/ba.v5i1.3119.
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The house-building business in the Central Kertagena Village is one of the businesses that are of concern to the community by using a timing system with "Ijarah" payments. The homeowner gives a verbal description to the builder then gives according to the specified promise. Parties in association do not know about contracts Many conflicts occur due to rules that must be followed by both parties not working properly. And also the compilation of goods has been completed does not match the owner and the builder did not want to admit his mistakes. Based on this, there are two that are the focus of this study, first: How is the application of the ijarah contract to the performance of builders in the village of Central Kertagena? The results showed that in the implementation of the contract at the beginning of the agreement only based on verbal and not published in accordance with the problem at the end after the completion of the contract. Then at 07:00 WIB - 04:00 WIB. However, it is satisfied to repair the building that was built over that time and stopped before the traffic jams, as well as to repair the house and cost more. In addition, the lack of clarity in the good model of the house model of the homeowner ordered the desired goods only by word alone and the builder requires no need to be correct so that more causes problems. When the goods are finished it is not suitable for the owner and the builder does not want to admit his mistakes.
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José Chambel, Maria. "Does the fulfillment of supervisor psychological contract make a difference?" Leadership & Organization Development Journal 35, no. 1 (February 25, 2014): 20–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lodj-03-2012-0031.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to set out to analyze the supervisor psychological contract as a new psychological contract focus. Furthermore, the relationship between this psychological contract and the organizational psychological contract is compared in the prediction of job satisfaction and organizational affective commitment among a sample of traditional (in-house) and temporary agency workers. Design/methodology/approach – The hypotheses were tested with multiple group analyses in a sample of 444 Portuguese call center workers: 215 were in-house and 229 were temporary agency workers. Findings – Results confirmed that workers, regardless of their status, distinguished these two foci of psychological contract. However, for temporary workers, the supervisor psychological contract partially mediated the relationship between the organizational psychological contract and attitudes; while for in-house workers the organizational psychological contract was relevant to explain job satisfaction and the two foci of the psychological contract related independently to workers’ affective commitment toward the organization. Research limitations/implications – The study is limited due to the nature of the sample (call center sector where temporary agency and in-house workers received similar opportunities and treatment) and the lack of a longitudinal design. Practical implications – An important implication of this research is that employers should assume the relevance of the supervisor for temporary agency workers. The social exchange between them and the host organization occurs in part through his/her actions. Originality/value – Although supervisor psychological contract has been acknowledged, as far as the authors know there are no empirical studies that support its existence or analyzes its relevance in worker-organization relationships.
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Mashal, Abdulbari, Amer Hajal, Om Kalthoum Majoul, and Mir Riaz Ansary. "Sale with the temporary exclusion of usufruct." ISRA International Journal of Islamic Finance 10, no. 1 (June 19, 2018): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijif-12-2017-0057.
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Purpose This paper aims to investigate sale with the temporary exclusion of usufruct, a format debated in classical Islamic jurisprudence. More specifically, it examines the application of this sale format in the diminishing partnership arrangement used by American Finance House LARIBA to finance house purchases. It analyzes the Sharīʿah issues and assesses the risks involved. Design/methodology/approach The research is qualitative, surveying and critically analyzing classical fiqh literature and contemporary juristic resolutions, as well as LARIBA’s financing documents. Finally, it systematically surveys the associated risk factors, first qualitatively, and then by quantifying them. Findings The research concludes that sale with the temporary exclusion of usufruct is a valid contract in Islamic law. When the usufruct is priced at market rate, the financing arrangement is genuinely Islamic and brings added value. Moreover, it is very effective in addressing risks for Islamic banks, particularly in countries with legal systems not designed to accommodate Islamic finance. Originality/value This study systematically examines all aspects of a contract that has not received sufficient academic attention, that has been underutilized by the Islamic finance industry and that is more fitting for implementation than many of the contracts currently being used.
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Carullo, Gherardo. "Contratos de la Administración Pública para la autoproducción de bienes y servicios: el caso europeo de las operaciones “internas” mediante in house providing." Revista Digital de Derecho Administrativo, no. 15 (August 10, 2016): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18601/21452946.n15.05.
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El artículo se ocupa del tema del in house, un modelo de adjudicación original nacido en Europa como una excepción a la norma general de licitación para la adjudicación de contratos públicos. Después de una introducción preliminar sobre las razones que llevaron a la adopción, a nivel europeo, de las normas de contratación pública, se analizan específicamente los diversos requisitos del in house, tanto a la luz de la jurisprudencia existente del TJUE como en relación con las nuevas directivas sobre los contratos públicos. Se concluye proponiendo una lectura del in house en consonancia con el contexto europeo, haciendo especial referencia a sus límites y finalidades
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Abdi, Adel, Hans Lind, and Björn Birgisson. "Designing appropriate contracts for achieving efficient winter road and railway maintenance with high performance quality." International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences 6, no. 4 (November 17, 2014): 399–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijqss-06-2014-0033.
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Purpose – For a long time, the winter maintenance of the Swedish road and railway network had been performed in-house by Swedish Transport Administration, Swedish local authorities i.e. municipalities and Stockholm public transport. During the last 15 years the winter operation and maintenance of these state infrastructures have been performed by public procurement and contracting from independent contractors, where in practice the lowest price is the dominating selection criteria. The aim of this paper is to investigate and identify how these contracts are designed and how satisfied the parties are with the contract and the quality of the performed work during the winter and point our directions for improvement. Design/methodology/approach – The study was conducted by a literature review and followed by semi-structured interviews and electronic questionnaire. Findings – The results of the study which are based on the interviews and the online questionnaire show that there is widespread dissatisfaction with the contracts among both clients and contractors. Practical implications – The article prepares a basis showing how a contract affects the quality of the performed winter road and railway maintenance services. Originality/value – The findings lead to a number of suggestions about how to improve the contracts, e.g. having a separate winter maintenance contract to increase the quality of performed winter maintenance measures, a more partnering-like structure where consultations and adjustment can be made during the contract period. A partnering structure also makes it less important to get all the details right in the contract.
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Bohnet, Iris, Bruno S. Frey, and Steffen Huck. "More Order with Less Law: On Contract Enforcement, Trust, and Crowding." American Political Science Review 95, no. 1 (March 2001): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055401000211.
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Most contracts, whether between voters and politicians or between house owners and contractors, are incomplete. “More law,” it typically is assumed, increases the likelihood of contract performance by increasing the probability of enforcement and/or the cost of breach. We examine a contractual relationship in which the first mover has to decide whether she wants to enter a contract without knowing whether the second mover will perform. We analyze how contract enforceability affects individual performance for exogenous preferences. Then we apply a dynamic model of preference adaptation and find that economic incentives have a nonmonotonic effect on behavior. Individuals perform a contract when enforcement is strong or weak but not with medium enforcement probabilities: Trustworthiness is “crowded in” with weak and “crowded out” with medium enforcement. In a laboratory experiment we test our model’s implications and find support for the crowding prediction. Our finding is in line with the recent work on the role of contract enforcement and trust in formerly Communist countries.
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Kennedy, W. J. "Modeling in-house vs. contract maintenance, with fixed costs and learning effects." International Journal of Production Economics 32, no. 3 (November 1993): 277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0925-5273(93)90041-i.
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Luo, Xiao Liang. "The Analysis of Indoor Formaldehyde Pollution Based on Model House Acceptable of a Finished Residence." Advanced Materials Research 446-449 (January 2012): 3115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.446-449.3115.
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Through a Community Model House of Chongqing and a finished residential tower for indoor formaldehyde detection, first arrive at the result that the model House location, direction, and physical environments and furniture set state influence on indoor formaldehyde concentration, and set Model House and production house for indoor formaldehyde density contrast,determine the accuracy of finished residential tower interior formaldehyde product standards by analysing the Model House status in all situations. For implementing individual acceptance of finished products ,it can greatly reduce duplication of effort by judging indoor environment and avoid unnecessary waste of resources.It also played a great role in the health, fast forward to finished housing industrialization in China.
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Хадиуллина, G. Khadiullina, Хасанова, A. Khasanova, Нугуманова, and L. Nugumanova. "Problems of the institute of households in contemporary russian economy." Economics 1, no. 5 (December 3, 2013): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1736.
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In the clause presented methodological principles, methodical provisions and practical offers on formation and development of institutes of household in modern Russian economy, justified treatment of households as subject of contract relations concerning assets of various level of specificity (production factors), formulated contradictions in system of contract relations with participation of house farms, defined models of behavior house farms on a labor market, defined maintenance of institutional trap of poverty (QWERTY effect), presented role of house farms in achievement of institutional balance in modern Russian economy.
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Nielsen, Lars-Henrik Kvist, Abiola Akanmu, and Chimay J. Anumba. "Comparative analysis of back-to-back subcontracts in the construction and telecommunications industries." Built Environment Project and Asset Management 5, no. 4 (September 7, 2015): 446–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bepam-10-2013-0044.
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Purpose – “Back-to-back” contracts are widely used in the engineering and construction industry and are recently spreading into the telecommunication industry. In back-to-back contracts, the principals require the main contractors to assume majority of the liability in delivering a project and in turn, the main contractors try to allocate most of that liability to their subcontractors. The successful delivery of the projects hinges on how the contracts are drafted and risks are allocated between the parties involved. The purpose of this paper is to undertake a comparative analysis of “back-to-back” subcontracts in the telecommunication and construction industries. Design/methodology/approach – By examining contracting practices and texts from contract documents for the telecommunication and construction industries, this paper reveals how certain aspects of “back-to-back” contracts lose their meaning when seen out of context. Using comparative research method, this paper discusses reasons why the adoption of “back-to-back” contracts should be a matter of degree, based on the business strategy and relevance to the intended transactions rather than on the typical model of “back-to-back” contracts. Findings – Good contracting practices should be such as to enable parties negotiate the contract terms to ensure clarity and common understanding before commencing the project. Construction universally adopts back-to-back even for minor straightforward works, an approach supported by readily available industry model contracts as well as the traditional tender process (design before construction). In telecoms, back-to-back is mainly desired where the subcontractor has a major part of the scope, whereas minor subcontractor scope is considered “leverage commodity” where suppliers are engaged using in-house contract templates, often in a frame contract arrangement, to satisfy corporate strategies for supplier management and pricing. Originality/value – This paper provides value by presenting an insightful review of the nature of back-to-back contracting practices in the telecommunication and construction industries. The paper outlines advantages, disadvantages and opportunities for improving “back-to-back” contracting practices in the telecommunication and construction industries.
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Probert, Rebecca. "R v Millis reconsidered: binding contracts and bigamous marriages." Legal Studies 28, no. 3 (September 2008): 337–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.2008.00098.x.
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The 1844 decision of the House of Lords in R v Millis – which apparently held that the presence of an episcopally ordained minister had been necessary to create a valid marriage even before legislation was introduced to regulate the formation of marriage – has universally been regarded as erroneous by generations of scholars. This paper shows that the outcome of the case was in fact correct, even though the reasoning of all but one of the judges was flawed. It explains why the case has been misunderstood, and why the misunderstandings it demonstrated have never been corrected.
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Mohácsi, Eszter Enikő. "Houses and the Fate of Families : A Comparison of “The Fall of the House of Usher” by Edgar Allan Poe and Absalom, Absalom! by William Faulkner." Freeside Europe Online Academic Journal, no. 11 (2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.51313/freeside-2020-2-7.
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In Poe’s short story “The Fall of the House of Usher” the house where the events unfold is described as a sentient being, and its first description forebodes the occurrence of dark events. In addition, Poe utilizes the house of Usher to show how the fate of the house and its inhabitants are connected. The House of Usher stands for the building itself as well as the family, and Usher himself believes that the house is alive and can also exert its influence on the people living in it. The house of Thomas Sutpen in Faulkner’s Absalom, Absalom! is equally significant and is used to symbolize Sutpen’s will to establish his dynasty. The house is furnished luxuriously to establish his reputation in society, and Sutpen finally succeeds in bringing home a wife to the completed house. However, after the war the house is in ruins and Sutpen is unable to defy his fate anymore: he cannot rebuild the house, which – several years later – is burnt down by his own daughter, the partly black Clytemnestra. This paper compares and contrasts the houses and their function in the two works.
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Abdul Razak, Farihana, Nurhidha Irawaty Kasmaruddin, and Anuar Kassim. "UNFAIR TERMS IN A TENANCY AGREEMENT INVOLVING OFF-CAMPUS STUDENTS: A LEGAL DISCUSSION." International Journal of Law, Government and Communication 4, no. 16 (September 5, 2019): 01–09. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/ijlgc.416001.
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Some universities in Malaysia with a large number of students enrolled every year cannot cope with the increasing demand for students’ accommodation, therefore students have to find rental houses near the university. The purpose of this paper is to explore the unfair terms in a tenancy agreement involving off-campus students and rental house owner. The underlying philosophy is that students who have reached the age of majority and sound mind are free to enter into contracts and must, therefore, understand the legal effects of contract for which they have agreed. This paper gathers data from the tenancy agreement collected by several numbers of students who are staying off-campus at UiTM Perak Branch, Tapah Campus, through references to statutes and case reports to police. Thus, it discussed the legal effects of unfair terms in a tenancy agreement involving off-campus students and this study proposed three recommendation. The first is to educate students on the understanding of the clause in the tenancy agreement and the legal effect for breach of contract, the second is to educate the rental house owners on the importance of fairness clauses for both parties in a tenancy agreement and, thirdly, to recommend the university’s non-resident unit under Students Affairs (HEP) to draw up a sample of win-win tenancy agreements as guidelines for both parties. Hopefully, this paper would contribute to the body of knowledge in the area of law of contract.
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Murthy, D. N. P., and E. Asgharizadeh. "A Stochastic Model for Service Contract." International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 05, no. 01 (March 1998): 29–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218539398000054.
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When it is not economical to carry out maintenance in-house, out-sourcing to an external agent is an alternate viable option. In this paper, we study a simple maintenance service contract involving a single agent (providing the maintenance service) and a single customer (owner of the equipment and recipient of the maintenance service). We develop a simple model to obtain the optimal strategies for both the customer and the agent. We give a complete characterization of the strategies along with some sensitivity analysis and discuss some extensions.
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Weir, Tony. "SUBROGATION AND INDEMNITY." Cambridge Law Journal 71, no. 1 (March 2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197312000190.
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A Ford employee named Roberts carelessly drove a forklift truck into Morris, a person employed by Ford's cleaning contractor, Cameron. Morris sued Ford. Ford admitted vicarious liability for Roberts' negligence, and claimed against Cameron under a clause in the cleaning contract whereby Cameron had agreed to indemnify Ford against any loss or liability arising out of the cleaning operation. Cameron conceded liability to Ford under this clause and now sought an indemnity from Roberts, the careless employee of Ford: Morris v Ford Motor Co. [1973] 2 W.L.R. 843. The trial judge upheld Cameron's claim, but the Court of Appeal (Stamp L.J. dissenting) allowed Roberts' appeal on the ground that an implied term in the indemnity clause (or, per Lord Denning M.R., equitable considerations) excluded Cameron's normal right, as indemnitor, to be subrogated to Ford's right of recourse against Roberts, their careless employee, this right of recourse having been held by the House of Lords in Lister v Romford Ice & Cold Storage Co. [1957] A.C. 555 to enure even to the insured employer. Cameron has been granted leave to appeal, so the House of Lords has a good opportunity to reconsider Lister. While, at the technical level, Morris turns on the implications of a contract of indemnity and Lister deals with the implications in a contract of employment, the situation underlying both cases raises basic questions about the interaction of tort and that most familiar of indemnity contracts, insurance.
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Whittaker, Simon. "The application of the ‘broad principle of Hedley Byrne’ as between parties to a contract." Legal Studies 17, no. 01 (March 1997): 169–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.1997.tb00663.x.
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In Henderson v Merrett Syndicates Ltd the House of Lords held, inter alia, that a party to a contract may rely on a tort committed by the other party, as long as doing so is not inconsistent with its express or implied terms. In doing so, it made clear (with respect, correctly) that the much-quoted passage in Lord Scarman's speech in Tai Hing Cotton Mill Ltd v Liu Chong Hing Bank Ltd should not be interpreted as assigning to contract an domain exclusive of tort and it thereby upheld the formerly predominant view which allowed concurrence of actions in tort and contract in principle. However, in finding a duty of care on which to base the plaintiffs’ claims in tort, Lord Goff in Henderson relied on Hedley Byrne as establishing a very broad principle of liability in tort based on the defendants’ ‘assumption of responsibility’ and this principle invites a radically different treatment of the relationship between the tort of negligence and contract between parties to contracts.
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Jaffey, Peter. "Efficiency, disgorgement and reliance in contract: a comment on Campbell and Harris." Legal Studies 22, no. 4 (November 2002): 570–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.2002.tb00669.x.
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In a recent article in this journal, David Campbell and Donald Harris criticise the House of Lords decision in A-G v Blake, which held that in some circumstances there can be a liability to surrender the profits of a breach of contract to the other contracting party, ie a liability for disgorgement, as it will be referred to here. The criticism invokes what is sometimes referred to as the economic theory of efficient breach, which can be expressed briefly as follows. The performance of contracts generally increases aggregate wealth – ie is efficient – because parties will contract only on terms that provide them with a benefit that exceeds their costs of performance. But sometimes the circumstances will change after contracting, such that overall wealth will be maximised if the contract is not performed as agreed. For example, the defendant contracting party may discover an opportunity that he or she can take up only by abandoning the contract, and this opportunity may generate enough money to leave a profit, even after the claimant has been compensated for breach.
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Kaya, Onur. "Outsourcing vs. in-house production: a comparison of supply chain contracts with effort dependent demand." Omega 39, no. 2 (April 2011): 168–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2010.06.002.
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Yuanitasari, Deviana. "The Role of Public Notary in Providing Legal Protection on Standard Contracts for Indonesian Consumers." Sriwijaya Law Review 1, no. 2 (July 31, 2017): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.28946/slrev.vol1.iss2.43.pp179-190.
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Public Notary is needed in conducting businesses of varying sectors. For example, people who want to own a house through a bank with House Ownership Loan (Kredit Pemilikan Rumah - KPR). Quite similar to a purchase of common loan contracts, the purchase of KPR contract is formulated into a standard contract. Its contents and clauses have been previously prepared by the bank. Then, bank customers as debtors only have the option to accept the entire contents and clauses of the KPR contract, otherwise they will not be granted KPR loan. As the consequence, the position of banks as lenders and customers as debtors are never equal. Debtors are powerless and have to comply with the content of the contract. This research discusses the protection given by notary in the drafting process of standard contract based on Law No 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection (Undang-Undang Perlindungan Konsumen - UUPK) and Law No. 2 of 2014 on the Rules of Notary Profession (Undang-Undang Jabatan Notaris - UUJN). The result of the study showed that a public notary has a strong foundation to protect consumers’ rights according to the UUPK. An application of this, among others, the notary’s refusal has to include the entire content of the KPR agreement into a deed before s/he could examine whether the two parties of the agreement occupy an equal position and have proportionate power. For instance, in the transfer of responsibility clause from a bank as a business owner – a notary is entitled to advise the bank that its activity has violated the UUPK. If the bank insists that the clause is instructed by its central bank, the notary can help explain that the revision of the clause will help the Bank avoid the violation of UUPK.
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Marzec, Łukasz. "FIBROSA PRZECIW FAIRBAIRN - POLSKA SPÓŁKA, IZBA LORDÓW I PRAWO RZYMSKIE." Zeszyty Prawnicze 7, no. 1 (June 23, 2017): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2007.7.1.06.
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Fibrosa v. Fairbairn. Polish Company, House of Lords and the Roman LawSummaryThis paper deals w ith the development of the British doctrine of unjust enrichm ent, influenced to some extent by condictiones of the Rom an law. At the beginning of the XXth century the common law recognized two contradictory views on the restitution of „solutio indebiti”. According to „coronation” cases losses arising from performance of a contract up to the moment of a frustration - should lie where they fall, which was unjust and did not meet the needs o f trade. This attitude was changed by the House of Lords when two very similar cases: Cantiere and Fibrosa were heard. Fibrosa S.A. was a Polish com pany that sued Fairbairn for the money paid in advance for machine parts that were finally not delivered. The reason why the contract was frustrated was the outbreak of the war. The case was decided on the basis of the Rom an law condictio causa data causa non secuta and became a precedent for the modern com m on law world. The paper also discusses the suitability of using the causa data causa non secuta, where causa fm ita seems to be a better solution, and the question whether causa data causa non secuta could be used outside contracts.
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Anderson, Erin, and Thomas S. Robertson. "Inducing Multiline Salespeople to Adopt House Brands." Journal of Marketing 59, no. 2 (April 1995): 16–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002224299505900202.
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How can multiline providers induce their salespeople to sell house brands? Using both unobtrusive measures (archival data) and direct questions, the authors model the extent to which salespeople adopt house brands, as well as the salesperson's perception that selling house brands can pose contractual hazards and his or her dependence upon the employer. Results indicate that adoption of house brands is most pronounced for salespeople who are habitually successful, are more dependent on the firm, or receive high levels of company training. In contrast, salespeople who resist house brands perceive that selling these products threatens their customer bond, have greater experience as a salesperson, and are more oriented to external than to internal sources of information. The authors discuss implications of the findings in terms of developing ways for multiline providers to manage independent-minded salespeople.
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Bullen, N., K. Jones, and C. Duncan. "Modelling Complexity: Analysing Between-Individual and Between-Place Variation—A Multilevel Tutorial." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 29, no. 4 (April 1997): 585–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a290585.
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Geography is centrally concerned with difference and heterogeneity, yet much quantitative modelling has been concerned with finding average or general relationships thereby relegating variability to a single catchall ‘error’ term. Multilevel modelling, in contrast, anticipates complex between-individual and between-place heterogeneity. Previous accounts of the approach have stressed the modelling of higher level, between-place differences, but here the emphasis is placed on the simultaneous consideration of complex variation at all levels. A parade of models is presented each of which considers a particular facet of the model specification. Attention is drawn to the important contrasts between the modelling of categorical and continuous predictors. Illustrative results are provided for variations in British house prices, modelled with the ML n software. An appendix provides an example of the use of this software.
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Gharaie, Ehsan, Ron Wakefield, and Nick Blismas. "Explaining the Increase in the Australian Average House Completion Time:Activity-based versus Workflow-based Approach." Construction Economics and Building 10, no. 4 (December 16, 2010): 34–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ajceb.v10i4.1688.
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The Australian house building industry has been facing an increase in the average house completion time in the last decade. This increase in some states is quite dramatic. For instance, Western Australia has faced a 70 percent increase in the average house completion time during this period. This paper uses two planning approaches to explain this; i) the activity-based planning methods and ii) the workflow-based planning methods. In addition, this research investigates the strengths and weaknesses of these two planning approaches in explaining the behaviour of the house building industry. For this purpose, a national case study and five state case studies including Victoria, Western Australia, New South Wales, Queensland and South Australia have been used. The data related to the key parameters have been collected and their correlation with the average house completion time has been investigated. These key parameters include the average house floor area, the number of house completions and the number of houses under construction. The reasons for the increasing trend of the average house completion time have been postulated in all case studies. According to this research, the increase in the average house completion time cannot be explained using activity-based planning methods. In contrast, by using workflow-based planning methods, it has been shown that the average house completion time is correlated with the number of houses under construction. This paper shows that the average completion time is influenced directly by the workflow in the house building industry and that workflow planning should be the basis for the house building industry planning.
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Handayani, Fitri, Rahman Ambo Masse, and Sunuwati Sunuwati. "IMPLEMENTASI AKAD MURABAHAH PADA PEMBIAYAAN KPR DI BANK TABUNGAN NEGARA SYARIAH PAREPARE." BANCO: Jurnal Manajemen dan Perbankan Syariah 1, no. 1 (May 1, 2019): 45–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.35905/banco.v1i1.700.
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This study discusses the implementation of murabahah contracts on mortgage financing in the Parepare Islamic state savings bank. That the BTN Syariah bank is a unit of conventional Bank BTN which raises doubts about mortgage financing, whether or not it has implemented murabahah contracts in mortgage financing or not. As recommended by the DSN fatwa and Indonesian banks. This study aims to determine the implementation of the murabahah contract on mortgage financing at the Parepare Syariah State Savings Bank.
The results of this study indicate that: (1) the financing mechanism for mortgages at Bank BTN Syariah Parepare is in accordance with the rules of banks and government, the rules governed by the government are the rules regarding subsidized mortgages stipulated in PermenPUPR Number 21 / PRT / M / 2016 concerning convenience and or assistance in obtaining houses for low income people. PermenPUPR Number 26 / PRT / M / 2016 concerning changes to the ministerial regulations on public works and public housing number 21 / PRT / M / 2016 and PermenPUPR Republic of Indonesia Number 425 / KPTS / M / 2015 concerning limits on house selling prices that can be obtained through credit or financing of prosperous home ownership. (2) Implementation of murabahah contract at BTN Syariah Parepare bank, terms and conditions are in accordance with the principle of murabahah contract, murabahah contract has not implemented well on mortgage products at BTN Syariah Parepare bank due to the existence of murabahah contract elements which are not in accordance with the fatwa of the board national sharia-MUI. The element of the murabahah contract that is not in accordance with the DSN-MUI fatwa is the down payment and rescheduling. The elements of the murabahah contract are in accordance with the DSN-MUI fatwa, namely discounts, settlement of accounts receivable, fines and accelerated repayments.
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Holmes, Renee. "Mental Distress Damages for Breach of Contract." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 35, no. 3 (October 1, 2004): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v35i3.5709.
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The common law has long held that damages for the mental distress suffered after a breach of contract are unrecoverable. Like all rules, a range of exceptions has developed to mitigate the severity of this rule. In this article the author argues that both the rule and its exceptions, being based neither in principle nor sound policy, have only created confusion in the law. The decision of the House of Lords in Farley v Skinner is analysed as a possible solution to this confusion, but is found to be unhelpful. The author concludes by calling for a principled revision of this area of the law in accordance with the usual principles of damages.
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Abdullah, Farhah, Ong Tze Chin, Mohd Safri Mohammed Na’aim, and Nor Honey Dayatie. "Legislative Enforcement of Contractual Fairness in Malaysian Consumer Contracts." Journal of ASIAN Behavioural Studies 4, no. 13 (April 30, 2019): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/jabs.v4i13.334.
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Consumers faced with contract do not know what 'small print' contains or understand its effect. Exclusion clauses may deprive a consumer of specific rights in which he deserves protection. The Consumer Protection Act 1999 in Malaysia, allows the consumers to identify between procedural unfairness and substantive unfairness. However, the Consumer Protection Act 1999 does not adequately protect the consumer. By applying the content analysis research method, this paper reviews the legislative and judicial intervention on unfair terms in consumer contracts. This article advocates that Malaysia should establish a specific framework on consumer law protection against unfair terms in consumer contracts.
Keywords: Exclusion clauses; unfair terms; consumer contracts; judicial-legislative intervention
eISSN 2514-7528 © 2019. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/jabs.v4i13.334
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Lima, Steven L. "Distance To Cover, Visual Obstructions, and Vigilance in House Sparrows." Behaviour 102, no. 3-4 (1987): 231–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853986x00144.
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AbstractHouse sparrows (Passer domesticus) feeding away from protective cover decrease their level of vigilance as group size increases. In contrast to recent studies, however, their level of vigilance decreases when feeding farther from cover or in the presence of visual obstructions. These apparent discrepancies reflect the potential complexity in the response of vigilance to various aspects of the risk of predation; scanning need not necessarily increase with the risk of predation. Much work as to the exact nature of the factors influencing vigilance remains to be done before we can fully understand its response to various environmental manipulations.
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Herwanger, Jörg, Hansruedi Maurer, Alan G. Green, and Jürg Leckebusch. "3-D inversions of magnetic gradiometer data in archeological prospecting: Possibilities and limitations." GEOPHYSICS 65, no. 3 (May 2000): 849–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1444782.
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A vertical‐gradient magnetic system based on optically pumped Cesium sensors has been used to map subtle magnetic anomalies across infilled pit houses and ditches at a medieval archeological site in northern Switzerland. For estimating the locations and dimensions of these features from the recorded data, we have designed and implemented an appropriate inversion scheme. Tests of this scheme on realistic synthetic data sets suggested that suitable minimum magnetic susceptibility contrasts and smoothing parameters for the inversion may be directly extracted from the data. Inversions with minimum magnetic susceptibility contrasts generated causative bodies with maximum plausible sizes. By using higher magnetic susceptibility contrasts, a complete suite of models that matched the data equally well was produced. To constrain better the magnetic susceptibility constrast within a selected area of the archeological site, shallow samples of topsoil and sediment were analyzed in the laboratory. An inversion based on the measured magnetic susceptibility contrast yielded reliable estimates of the locations, 3-D geometries, and sizes of two small pit houses. The depth extent of one pit house was subsequently verified by shallow drilling. We concluded that inversions of vertical‐gradient magnetic data constrained by magnetic susceptibility or shallow borehole information are rapid and inexpensive means of providing key knowledge on the depth distribution of inductively magnetized bodies.
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Waltl, Sofie R. "A hedonic house price index in continuous time." International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 9, no. 4 (October 3, 2016): 648–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-10-2015-0066.
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Purpose This paper aims to develop a methodology to accurately and timely measure movements in housing markets by constructing a continuously estimated house price index. Design/methodology/approach The continuous index, which is extracted from an additive model that includes the temporal and the locational effects as smooth functions, can be interpreted as an extension of the classical hedonic time-dummy method. The methodology is applied to housing sales from Sydney, Australia, between 2001 and 2011, and compared to three types of discrete indexes. Findings Discrete indexes turn out to approach the continuously estimated index with decreasing period lengths but eventually become wiggly and unreliable because of fewer observations per period. The continuous index, in contrast, is stable, has favourable robustness properties and is more objective in several ways. Originality/value The resulting index tracks movements in the housing market precisely and in “real-time” and is hence suited for monitoring and assessing housing markets. Because turbulence in housing markets is often a harbinger of financial crises, such monitoring tools support policymakers and investors in tailoring their decisions and reactions. Additionally, the index can be evaluated arbitrarily frequently and therefore is well suited for use in property derivatives.
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Abdullah, Khaled Mohamad, and Ahmad Wifaq Mokhtar. "Islamic Financial Intermediation in Kuwait Finance House Malaysia: A Fiqh Maqasid Study." Ulum Islamiyyah 12 (September 15, 2014): 176–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.33102/uij.vol12no.223.
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This article aims to study the financial intermediation in Islamic banks, in term of the degree of extent and achievement according to Islamic rules and Maqasid of Shariah. The objectives of this study has been done theoretically and practically through the study of some applications on the light of Maqasid. This study shows that the financial intermediation achieving the Magasid of Shariah without contradiction if it is applied correctly. Practically, this study was applied on the Kuwait Finance House Malaysia. Results show that Islamic intermediation implementing the Maqasid of Shariah in some aspects, however the study also highlights that the practice of some types of fictitious contracts like Tawaruq, Mudarabah with Tawaruq, lease and sublease, seem to contradict the Islamic rules of the Shariah and its Maqasid. This study recommends the avoidance of fictitious contracts, and to replace them with direct investment according to the comprehensive Islamic banking model of the Islamic banking system.
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Zafar, Abdul B., and Sarah Wright. "In-House Versus Contract Management of Environmental Services: A Matter of Cost and Quality." American Journal of Infection Control 26, no. 5 (October 1998): 539–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-6553(98)70030-6.
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Klungseth, Nora Johanne, and Siri Hunnes Blakstad. "Organising in-house cleaning services in public FM." Facilities 34, no. 13/14 (October 3, 2016): 828–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/f-03-2014-0024.
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Purpose This paper aims to describe and discuss in-house cleaning services in local authorities to gain a better understanding of current practices. These descriptions are intended to increase researchers’, practitioners’ and educators’ understanding of the studied issue, as there at present does not exist a solid understanding of in-house cleaning services in local authorities. Previous studies provide little detailed information regarding the internal environment of facility management (FM) organisations, in particular with regard to FM organisations’ individual services. Design/methodology/approach This research is based on two descriptive case studies, one from Norway and one from the UK. The case studies are based on semi-structured, face-to-face in-depth interviews and document reviews. Findings The cases demonstrate that in-house cleaning services can be structured and managed in different ways, particularly with respect to the split in services, the management of staff and customer contracts, the span of control, the chain of command, self-managed leadership, cleaners’ hours of duty and the use of outsourcing. Research limitations/implications Although the previous research on particular FM services is limited, this paper’s detailed descriptions may stimulate further development and research within the field. The knowledge brought forward is part of bridging a knowledge gap on cleaning in FM research. This knowledge can contribute to advancements in the way this service is discussed and measured across contexts by encouraging more rigour and specific studies on cleaning. Originality/value This paper constitutes one of the first detailed descriptions of in-house cleaning organisation in local authorities. This is a type of service supply that is common in certain contexts and identified as beneficial to cost-saving in other contexts.
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Cahill, Christine, and Walter J. Stone. "Voters’ Response to Candidate Ambiguity in U.S. House Elections." American Politics Research 46, no. 5 (February 6, 2018): 890–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1532673x17752320.
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There is a sizable literature on the causes and effects of candidate positioning in elections. An implication of this research is that candidates present clear issue positions to the electorate and citizens then make voting decisions based on this information. However, if candidates are ambiguous in the positions they take, this may impair voters’ decision-making and prompt voters to punish them for inconsistency. Although there is a growing literature on the effects of candidate and party ambiguity, consensus on the implications of ambiguity for candidates and voters is yet to be achieved. Using data from the 2010 House elections, we find that candidate ambiguity undermines voters’ ability to vote consistent with the spatial logic just as Downs speculated. We also find, in contrast to Downs, that voters punish rather than reward candidate ambiguity. We suggest that a possible mechanism is in voters’ valence ratings of candidates.
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DYNES, ADAM M., and GREGORY A. HUBER. "Partisanship and the Allocation of Federal Spending: Do Same-Party Legislators or Voters Benefit from Shared Party Affiliation with the President and House Majority?" American Political Science Review 109, no. 1 (February 2015): 172–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000305541400063x.
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Previous research finds that House majority members and members in the president's party garner additional federal spending in their districts. Using federal spending data in individual districts, we implement two research designs to distinguish elected officials enacting policies that benefit like-minded voters—the party in the electorate—from those that benefit same-party elected officials—the party in government. We find robust evidence that presidential partisanship is associated with large differences in spending correlated with voter preferences, but little evidence that presidents favor areas represented by their party in the House. By contrast, control of the House is associated with differences in spending by voter preferences and with modest increases in spending in districts held by members of the majority. These findings have important implications for understanding presidential influence, as well as the role of parties in the House and in coordinating between elected branches.