Academic literature on the topic 'Contratti associativi'
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Journal articles on the topic "Contratti associativi"
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Mohamad Hamdan, Noor Aishah, Azila Ahmad Sarkawi, Siti Nora Haryati Abdullah Habib, and Ahmad Azam Othman. "Assessment of Ta’widh and Gharamah in Islamic Financing Contract and Its Applicability Potential for Construction Works Contracts." Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal 5, no. 15 (December 25, 2020): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v5i15.2504.
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Ta'widh and gharamah are the Shariah compliant late payment charges primarily used for Islamic financial contracts. Seven identified themes were used to qualitatively compare and contrast between the Guidelines on Late Payment Charges for Islamic Banking Institutions (2012) against the provisions of interest for late interim payment from four Malaysian construction works contracts. The findings revealed similarities and differences for identification of Shariah compliance. Recommendations were made for the harmonisation of ta’widh and gharamah in the construction works contracts while ensuring its practical and legal applicability. The outcome is beneficial for Islamic organisations and Muslims involved with the construction works. Keywords: ta’widh and gharamah, late payment, interest,construction, eISSN: 2398-4287© 2020. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v5i15.2504.
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Lambertucci, Pietro. "Contratto collettivo, rappresentanza e rappresentativitŕ sindacale: spunti per il dibattito." GIORNALE DI DIRITTO DEL LAVORO E DI RELAZIONI INDUSTRIALI, no. 124 (March 2010): 551–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/gdl2009-124001.
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Il saggio, nel ripercorrere il dibattito sulla rappresentanza sindacale nell'impiego privato, propone una disaggregazione dell'analisi, in relazione alla necessitŕ di calare i diversi modelli nei contesti nei quali si esprime il potere negoziale del sindacato. Nello specifico, per quanto riguarda la contrattazione collettiva nazionale di categoria, si aderisce alla tesi che ricostruisce la rappresentanza sindacale come rappresentanza associativa, mentre la rappresentanza sindacale nelle singole aziende si caratterizza come rappresentanza istituzionale (viene, in particolare, individuata la disciplina negoziale sulle rappresentanze sindacali unitarie che derivano il loro potere dalla consultazione elettorale di tutti i dipendenti occupati nell'azienda). L'analisi poi della rappresentativitŕ sindacale, con riguardo alla nozione di sindacato comparativamente piů rappresentativo, si confronta, per un verso, con l'art. 39 Cost. e si conclude, per altro verso, con l'osservazione che i contratti collettivi ai quali la legge connette effetti legali richiedono "l'unitŕ contrattuale" del sindacato. Si propone, infine, un intervento legislativo volto a generalizzare l'esperienza delle rappresentanze sindacali aziendali e a poggiare il richiamo alla maggiore rappresentativitŕ comparata su un meccanismo associativo ed elettorale insieme, in relazione alla devoluzione di funzioni demandate dalla legge.
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Weale, Albert. "Associative Obligation and the Social Contract." Philosophia 45, no. 2 (January 5, 2017): 463–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11406-016-9797-5.
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Lesser, Lenard I., Caroline A. Thompson, and Harold S. Luft. "Association Between Monetary Deposits and Weight Loss in Online Commitment Contracts." American Journal of Health Promotion 32, no. 1 (August 8, 2016): 198–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890117116661157.
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Purpose: To examine the characteristics of voluntary online commitment contracts that may be associated with greater weight loss. Design: Retrospective analysis of weight loss commitment contracts derived from a company that provides web-based support for personal commitment contracts. Using regression, we analyzed whether percentage weight loss differed between participants who incentivized their contract using monetary deposits and those who did not. Setting: Online. Participants: Users (N = 3857) who voluntarily signed up online in 2013 for a weight loss contract. Intervention: Participants specified their own weight loss goal, time period, and self-reported weekly weight. Deposits were available in the following 3 categories: charity, anticharity (a nonprofit one does not like), or donations made to a friend. Measures: Percentage weight loss per week. Analysis: Multivariable linear regressions. Results: Controlling for several participant and contract characteristics, contracts with anticharity, charity, and friend deposits had greater reported weight loss than nonincentivized contracts. Weight change per week relative to those without deposits was −0.33%, −0.28%, and −0.25% for anti-charity, charity, and friend, respectively ( P < 0.001). Contracts without a weight verification method claimed more weight loss than those with verification. Conclusion: Voluntary use of commitment contracts may be an effective tool to assist weight loss. Those who choose to use monetary incentives report more weight loss. It is not clear whether this is due to the incentives or higher motivation.
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Mohai, Máté. "The memorandum of association in the light of the provisions on contracts of the Hungarian Civil Code." Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta, Novi Sad 55, no. 1 (2021): 335–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrpfns55-26939.
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The new Hungarian Civil Code regulates the memorandums of association of companies in its Third Book, while the Sixth Book contains the provisions of (other?) contracts. The memorandum of association is quite different from typical civil law contracts. Its most characteristic feature is that it establishes a legal entity. In most cases, the regulation of the memorandum of association is different from the provisions on contracts set out in the Civil Code, and there is no provision in the law according to which the latter should also be applied to the memorandum of association. But should they?
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Ferreira de Assumpção Alves, Alexandre, and José Carlos Jordão Pinto Dias. "Aspectos jurídicos dos contratos associativos no Brasil e a perspectiva da jurisprudência do Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica (CADE)." Revista Electrónica de Direito 24, no. 1 (February 2021): 9–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24840/2182-9845_2021-0001_0003.
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O presente trabalho tem por tarefa analisar aspectos jurídicos dos contratos associativos, categoria jurídica prevista no art. 90 da Lei n. 12.529/2011. As decisões mais recentes do CADE, à luz da Resolução n. 17/2016, fixaram quatro requisitos para que o contrato seja qualificado como associativo, para fins do art. 90 da Lei 12.529/2011, quais sejam, i) as partes sejam concorrentes; ii) duração superior a dois anos; iii) empreendimento comum para exploração de atividade econômica; e iv) compartilhamento de riscos e resultados. O método utilizado foi o dedutivo, valendo-se de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. Trata-se ainda de uma investigação multidisciplinar sendo tema relativo ao Direito Contratual, Direito Concorrencial e Direito Econômico. O artigo apresenta, em primeiro lugar, o fenômeno da desverticalização empresarial e da ascensão da colaboração entre agentes econômicos. Em seguida, trata dos institutos da coordenação, colaboração e concentração econômicas. Na sequência, pretende conceituar os contratos associativos, analisando o fundamento legal do instituto. Faz-se ainda uma breve digressão pela Resolução do CADE n. 17/2016, que regulamentou as hipóteses de notificação dos contratos associativos, em substituição à Resolução n. 10/2014. Adiante, tece distinção entre os contratos associativos e outros institutos. Analisa os julgamentos do Tribunal do CADE que tratam do tema. Ao final, são apresentadas conclusões a respeito da pesquisa.
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Moscatelli, Valerio. "La cooperazione tra imprese e il contratto di rete." ECONOMIA E DIRITTO DEL TERZIARIO, no. 1 (October 2011): 33–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ed2011-001003.
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La legge n. 5/2009 all'art. 3, comma 4-ter disciplina il contratto di rete, quale forma di cooperazione tra imprese. La rete si configura come contratto associativo plurilaterale (1420) tramite il quale due o piů imprese si obbligano ad istituire un'organizzazione comune, al fine di esercitare in comune un'attivitŕ economica rientrante negli oggetti sociali di ciascuna impresa, allo scopo di accrescere la capacitŕ innovativa e la competitivitŕ sul mercato. La cooperazione tra le imprese č fenomeno diffuso in campo internazionale dove la prassi commerciale evidenzia un atteggiamento sempre piů aperto verso la stipulazione di joint ventures agreements e potrebbe in futuro trovare conveniente applicare anche lo schema del contratto di rete.
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Colman, Alan, and Jun Han. "Using Association Aspects to Implement Organisational Contracts." Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science 150, no. 3 (May 2006): 37–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.entcs.2006.03.004.
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de Souza, João Antônio Salvador, Patrícia Maria Bortolon, and Ricardo Pereira Câmara Leal. "Related party transactions, disclosure and ownership structure in Brazil." Corporate Ownership and Control 17, no. 3 (2020): 134–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv17i3art10.
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This article investigates the association between RPTs, disclosure, ownership structure, and performance in Brazil and uses a hand-collected sample of 3,790 Brazilian RPT contracts obtained from corporate filings of a representative and randomly drawn sample of public companies from 2010 through 2012. Firms with greater conflicts of interest potential may employ less RPTs to signal that there will be no abuse. There is a negative and significant relationship between RPT values and accounting performance, but the same is not true for market value. The evidence in this article contrasts with that presented in national surveys by Matos and Galdi (2014) and Silveira, Prado, and Sasso (2009a), which may reflect different methodological choices. Companies and market participants may realize that some types of RPTs are beneficial and others harmful to minority shareholders and their short and long term impacts on performance are not the same. The evidence suggests that both the hypothesis of efficient economic transactions and of the conflict of interest may have merit depending on the type of RPT and the performance metrics.
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Rouméas, Élise. "Enabling Exit: Religious Association and Membership Contract." Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 23, no. 5 (September 12, 2020): 947–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10677-020-10119-7.
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AbstractThis paper investigates the right of exit from religious associations. The liberal state has a compelling interest in overseeing exit, even if it implies some loss in religious group autonomy. Members should not be bound by rules they find unconscionable. They should be free to leave and able to do so. To enable exit, the paper advocates the use of membership contracts. Religious associations should issue a contract for members working for, residing in, or donating money to the association under a regime of legal exemptions. The membership contract publicises the right of exit and offers a basis for negotiating and contesting its terms. It makes exit less “unthinkable” to members and helps tackle unreasonable economic costs to exit.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Contratti associativi"
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BENETTI, MARCELLO. "Il contratto di rete e i rapporti orizzontali tra partecipanti." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/2050.
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Il legislatore, con la previsione di cui al comma 4- ter dell'art. 3 del d.l. 10
febbraio 2009, n. 5, convertito con modificazioni dalla legge 9 aprile 2009, n. 33,
e sostituito dall'art. 42, comma 2-bis del d.l. 31 maggio 2010 n. 78, ha introdotto
una nuova figura contrattuale avente la chiara finalità di favorire lo sviluppo
dell'economia del paese.
Il lavoro, partendo da una ricognizione empirica dei singoli contratti
effettivamente stipulati, intende procedere ad una ricostruzione economicagiuridico
del nuovo strumento della rete contrattuale tra imprese, fondandola sulla
possibilità di costituire rapporti orizzontali tra partecipanti, che il legislatore ha
espressamente previsto nella disciplina di legge, intendendosi tali tutte le
obbligazioni che vengono assunte, al fine di realizzare il «programma comune di
rete», da parte di uno o più degli aderenti nei confronti e a favore di uno o più
degli altri partecipanti.
Tale ricerca, anzitutto, verifica nel primo capitolo, la rilevanza che i rapporti
orizzontali costituibili all'interno del nuovo contratto possono avere nel
raggiungimento dei fini di politica economica perseguiti dalla norma: a tal fine si
procede, dunque, sinteticamente all'analisi delle caratteristiche del sistema
economico italiano, individuando i concetti economici e giuridici di “distretto” e
“rete fattuale di imprese” ed evidenziando come gli stessi siano fondati su
relazioni economiche recepibili in forma di rapporti orizzontali tra partecipanti al
nuovo strumento contrattuale e si accerta che la
potenzialità/effettività/volontariatetà di questi ultimi permette di tracciare il
confine tra le stesse figure.
La ricerca prosegue, poi, a verificare se la previsione di tali rapporti orizzontali tra
i partecipanti - permettendo, al nuovo strumento contrattuale, di recepire a livello
giuiridico la effettiva struttura economica delle modalità produttive a rete del
nostro paese (distretti e reti fattuali d'impresa) - sia rilevante rispetto alla politica
economica legislativa ed individua quali vantaggi ciò possa generare a livello di
economie esterne alle singole imprese aderenti, ma interne alla rete stessa (in
particolare rispetto alla finanziabilità delle imprese partecipanti alle reti).
Appurato che, almeno in via teorica, la possibilità di costituire rapporti orizzontali
tra partecipanti può essere utile nel perseguimento della finalità di politica
economica, si procede a comprendere quanto tale previsione abbia comportato
nella strutturazione giuridica del contratto.
Nel secondo capitolo, riprendendo l'analisi delle attuali categorie contrattuali e
considerata anche la loro evoluzione, si ricostruisce, da un punto di vista
dogmatico-giuridico, il contratto di rete e, analizzando ed escludendo quelle
teorie che attribuiscono allo stesso una natura “ibrida” ed una sua possibile
riconducibilità ai contratti di scambio, si evidenziano tutte le motivazioni che
portano a ritenerlo sempre e comunque un contratto associativo. Dato atto di ciò,
ripercorrendo le caratteristiche di questa categoria contrattuale, nella ricerca si
procede ad evidenziare le problematiche conseguenti all'applicazione delle norme
di cui agli artt. 1420, 1446, 1459 e 1466 c.c., espressamente richiamate dal
legislatore: tali norme, nate per disciplinare contratti che prevedono
esclusivamente rapporti verticali tra l'ente e gli associati (caratterizzati, pertanto,
esclusivamente da un “sinallagma per partecipazione”) appaiono non del tutto
adeguate a regolare un contratto ove, in presenza di rapporti orizzontali, sussiste
anche una sinallagmaticità “per corrispettività”, la quale rende necessaria una
riconsiderazione dei criteri interpretativi delle suddette norme, che permetta di
offrire adeguate tutele ad ogni interesse contrattuale.
La terza parte analizza se, all'interno della categoria dei contratti associativi, la
rete contrattuale sia un contratto del tutto nuovo ovvero se sia riconducibile a
preesistenti figure e, nel caso, entro quali limiti: nel procedere a tale esame,
tenendo conto che il dettato legislativo contiene un espresso riferimento ad alcune
norme che disciplinano il fondo comune consortile, si verifica se sia giustificabile
una riconduzione della rete contrattuale all'interno della generale tipologia
consortile, evidenziando, peraltro, che i rapporti orizzontali permettono di
qualificarla come nuova tipologia consortile, che offre strumenti ulteriori rispetto
a quelle preesistenti e che la presenza di tali rapporti è di ostacolo alla possibilità
che la rete possa assumere forme societarie.
La conclusione del lavoro evidenzia che il legislatore, con l'introduzione del
contratto di rete, ha introdotto una innovativa species associativa, riconducibile al
genus consortile, consentendo, per la prima volta, che la strutturazione di un tale
tipologia di contratto possa avvenire non solo attraverso gli abituali rapporti
verticali, che obbligano i partecipanti nei confronti dell'ente, ma, pure, attraverso
rapporti orizzontali, i quali concorrono, insieme con gli ordinari rapporti verticali,
a rendere possibile, anche attraverso la combinazione delle attività dei partecipanti
e lo scambio tra di essi sia di prestazioni sia di risorse, la realizzazione dell'attività
volta al perseguimento dello scopo comune del contratto in questione.The Legislator, with the provision of paragraph 4-ter art. 3 of d.l. February 10, 2009, No 5, converted with some amendments by the law “April 9, 2009, No 33”, and replaced by. Art.42, paragraph 2-bis of the d.l. nr. 78 of May 31st 2010, has introduced a new figure of contract with the clear aim of promoting the development of the Country. The work, starting from an empirical survey of individual contracts actually concluded, intends to define under new legal and economic background the new instrument of the network contract between companies, establishing the possibility of establishing horizontal relations between participants, that the Legislator has expressly provided for in the common law, meaning such network as all the obbligations that are taken in order to realize the "joint network program”, by one or more of its members against and in favor of one or more other participants. This research, first of all, shows in the first chapter, the relevance that horizontal relations established within the new contract may have in achieving the goals of economic policy pursued by the law: to this end we proceed, therefore, in a brief analysis of the characteristics the Italian economic system, identifying the economic and legal concepts of "district" and "factual business network" and pointing out that the same are based on economic relations that can be represented in the form of horizontal relations between participants in the new contractual instrument. This research verifies that the potentiality/ effectiveness/volontariaty of the latter allows you to draw the line between the same figures. The research continues, then, to verify if the prediction of such horizontal relationships among the participants - allowing, to this new type of contract, to transpose in a giuridical way the actual economic structure of our country's production structure (business districts and de-facto networks of compaies) - is material in relation to legislative economical policy and identifies what benefits it may be generated in terms of external economies at the level of individual member company, but internal to the network itself (in particular with respect to the improved credit eligibility of the firms participating in networks). Having verified that, at least in theory, the possibility of establishing horizontal relations between participants can be helpful in pursuing the aim of economic policy, we proceed to understand how this provision has resulted in the legal structuring of the contract. In the second chapter, continuing the analysis of the current contract categories and considered also their evolution, is defined, from a legal-dogmatic point of view, the “network contract”, and analyzing and excluding those theories which attribute to it an “hybrid” nature and its possible link to exchange contracts, the research highlights all the reasons that lead us to conclude that it has always to be considered an associative contract. Because of this act, recapitulating the features of this contract category, the research proceeds to highlight the problems connected to application of Articles. 1420, 1446, 1459 and 1466 cc, expressly cited by the Legislator: such articles, created to regulate contracts involving only vertical relationships between the “entity” and the “associates” are not the entirely adequate to set a contract with horizontal relations, which requires a reconsideration of the criteria for interpretation of those rules, which allows to offer adequate protection to any contractual interest. The third part analyzes whether, within the category of associative contracts, the network contract is a new kind of contract or whether it is reconductable to existing contractual types and, if so, to what extent: in making such examination, taking into account that the legislation contains a specific reference to certain rules governing the mutual fund, it is verified if the network contract can be justified within the general type of consortium contract, emphasizing, however, that the horizontal relationship qualify it as a new type of consortium, which offers more than existing tools and that the presence of such relationships is an obstacle to the possibility that the network contract can assume societary forms. The conclusion of this paper stresses that the Legislator, with the introduction of the network contract, has introduced an innovative associative species, reconductable to that of a consortium, allowing, for the first time, that the structuring of such a type of contract can occur not only through the usual vertical relationships, which formally link the participants with the Entity, but also through horizontal relationships, which contribute, together with the ordinary vertical relationships, to make possible, through the combination of the activities of participants and the exchange between them of both performances or resources, the implementation of activities aimed at achieving the common purpose of the contract in question
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Michalauskas, Mažvydas. "L' association." Paris 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA010315.
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La connaissance de l'association oblige d'abord à présenter son fondement juridique traditionnel, le contrat d'association. Son interprétation a donné lieu à des solutions qui ne respectent pas les spécificités du consentement, de l'objet et de la cause du contrat d'association. Toutefois, malgré les précisions apportées sur ces éléments, la référence au contrat n'est pas satisfaisante pour saisir la nature juridique de l'association. Le fondement contractuel de l'association est, en effet, concurrencé par la théorie de l'institution et par la notion de personnalité morale. Puisque la théorie de l'institution ne semble pas adaptée à constituer le fondement juridique de l'association, il faut se tourner vers la notion de personnalité morale. Or, celle-ci est insuffisamment élaborée. Une approche renouvelée de la personnalité morale est donc nécessaire. Elle permettra de présenter deux concepts juridiques complètement distincts : l'association-contrat et l'association-personne morale.
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Joubert, Daniel De Wet. "The association of psychological contract alignment to workplace outcomes." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/30610.
Full textAbstract:
The association the alignment of the psychological contract has to workplace outcomes in the South African emerging market context was investigated at a total psychological contract level but also on a psychological contract construct level. The results of 106 manager and employee dyads supported that there are correlations between psychological contract alignment and the performance of employees as rated by their manager, the commitment of the employee to the organisation and the propensity of the employee to leave the organisation. Models were developed that indicated alignment on loyalty aspects explaining the performance outcome and that a combination of alignment on fulfilment and performance support explained the commitment and propensity to leave outcome. Differences in responses between same gender dyads and different gender dyads were explored, as well as between same population group and different population group dyads with no statistically significant differences observed. The results of the study are discussed in terms of its practical use for general and human resource management. Further related research areas are suggested: the association of psychological contract alignment to propensity to leave in a positive economic climate, the degree of bias in performance ratings by managers when highly committed to the employee.Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
unrestricted
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Caixeta, Deborah Batista. "Contratos associativos : características e relevância para o direito concorrencial das estruturas." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.26512/2015.5.D.18696.
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O controle preventivo do antitruste procura impedir a formação de estruturas de mercado que podem alterar as relações de concorrência e favorecer a concentração ou a formação indevida de poder econômico. Duas são as formas de estruturação do poder econômico que estão sujeitas a este controle: as concentrações tradicionais e as “concentrações por cooperação”. As concentrações por cooperação podem assumir distintas formas legais, sendo três delas de especial relevância para aplicação da Lei n. 12.529/2011: os consórcios, as joint ventures e os contratos associativos. O objeto do presente estudo centra-se na figura dos contratos associativos, procurando fixar um conteúdo típico dessa modalidade contratual – principalmente numa lógica de compreensão geral de tipos de relações negociais – que possa servir de diretriz prática para a racionalização da aplicação do direito concorrencial aos casos concretos, principalmente no que toca aos critérios de notificação destes contratos e seu enquadramento nas hipóteses elencadas no artigo 90 da Lei n. 12.529/2011. Na busca da sua compreensão, economistas, principalmente aqueles ligados à Teoria da Organização Industrial, construíram importante instrumental de análise para assimilar a função que os contratos associativos assumem no atual cenário econômico. O ponto de partida da análise é, portanto, tentar compreender os contratos associativos, enquanto estruturas que correspondem à “terceira-via”, a partir de suas diferenças com as formas extremas de organização da atividade empresarial: o mercado e a empresa. Para tanto, o primeiro capítulo procura delimitar o objeto de incidência do controle preventivo do antitruste. O segundo capítulo aborda uma dimensão do estudo compreendida na denominada economia industrial, que se mostra relevante para compreender a função que os contratos de cooperação interempresarial assumem no atual cenário econômico. As formas de “concentração por cooperação” serão estudadas no terceiro capítulo, procurando identificar o núcleo próprio dos contatos associativos, enquanto estruturas que correspondem à “terceira-via”. Por fim, o último capítulo traz uma abordagem geral sobre a Resolução nº 10 de 2014, recentemente editada pelo CADE, que trata dos critérios de identificação e notificação dos contratos associativos ao controle preventivo. O intuito final do trabalho é poder contribuir para a compreensão e o aperfeiçoamento do controle preventivo que vem sendo conduzido pelo CADE no que diz respeito aos contratos associativos, principalmente em razão dos critérios fixados pela Resolução, que ainda estão longe de trazer parâmetros claros e objetivos que permitam a identificação desses contratos.
The preventive control of antitrust seeks to prevent the formation of market structures that can alter the competitive relationship and promote concentration or improper training of economic power. There are two ways of structuring the economic power that are subject to this control: the traditional concentrations and "concentrations by cooperation." Concentrations by cooperation can take different legal forms, three of them of particular relevance to the application of Brazilian Antitrust Law No. 12.529/2011: consortium, joint ventures and associative contracts. This study focuses on associative contracts, seeking to fix a typical content of this type of contract - especially in logic of general understanding of business types of relationships - that can serve as a practical guideline for streamlining the application of competition law. In this regard, economists, especially those related to the Theory of Industrial Organization, built important instrumental analysis to understand the function that associative contracts take in the current economic scenario. The analysis starting point is therefore try to understand associative contracts while structures that correspond to the "third-way" between the extreme forms of business activity organization: the market and the firm. Thus, the first chapter seeks to define the object of incidence of antitrust preventive control. The second chapter covers a dimension of the study comprised the so-called industrial economies, which seem to be relevant for understanding the role that cooperation contracts take the current economic scenario. The forms of "concentration by cooperation" will be studied in the third chapter, trying to identify the very core of the associative contacts, while structures that consist on the "third-way" between the extreme forms of business activity organization: the market and the firm. Finally, the last chapter provides a general approach on Resolution No. 10 of 2014, recently published by CADE, which deals with the identification and notification criteria of associative contracts to structural control. The ultimate aim of the work is to contribute to the understanding and improvement of the preventive control that is being conducted by CADE with respect to associative contracts, mainly due to the criteria established by the Resolution, which are still far from bringing clear and objective parameters to identifying these contracts.
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Lakhdar, Motia Eddine. "L’engagement organisationnel lu sous le prisme du contrat psychologique : le cas de l’association AL AMANA microfinance – Maroc." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CNAM1200/document.
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Ce travail de recherche traite de l’engagement organisationnel au sein d’une association de Microfinance au lendemain d’un changement organisationnel. Une stratégie de sortie de crise a été mise en place dans le cadre dudit changement et a eu une incidence sur les contrats psychologiques des agents organisationnels et par conséquent sur les relations qui les lient à leur organisation (association).Notre objectif à travers l’adoption du contrat psychologique comme grille de lecture des contrats d’AL AMANA est d’expliquer les processus d’évolutions des contrats psychologiques individuels et collectifs des agents organisationnels suite à l’évènement du changement qui constitue, comme nous le verrons, un incident critique. Cela permettra de déterminer les facteurs intra-organisationnels et extra-organisationnels de l’évolution des contrats psychologiques qui impactent la résilience de l’organisation observée au sein de l’association et permettant la sortie de la criseThis research is about the organizational commitment within a microfinance association after an organizational change. An exit strategy was put in place as part of this change and had an impact on the psychological contracts of the organizational agents and consequently on the relations that bind them to their organization (association).Our objective through the adoption of the psychological contract as a grid for reading AL AMANA's contracts is to explain the processes of evolution of the individual and collective psychological contracts of the organizational agents following the change event which constitutes, as we will see, a critical incident. This will help us to determine the intra-organizational and extra-organizational factors of the evolution of the psychological contracts that impact the resilience observed within the association and allowing it to exit the crisis
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Shimotori, Misuzu. "Conceptual Contrasts : A Comparative Semantic Study of Dimensional Adjectives in Japanese and Swedish." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för språkstudier, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-70217.
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The present study explores the concepts behind Japanese and Swedish dimensional adjectives. The focus is on examining which similarities and differences in the conceptualisation across the two languages exist, if any at all. In order to see how concepts underlying dimensional adjectives are represented in the speaker's minds, data was collected mainly from two word-association tests. The results show that dimensional adjectives are conceptualised and represented differently by speakers of these two languages. The most remarkable difference resulting from the word-association tests is that Japanese participants associate dimensional adjectives mostly with nouns that denote entities the prominent extension of which is aptly described by the stimulus dimensional adjective (e.g. 'long' is associated with 'river'). In Swedish, however, participants associate dimensional adjectives with both adjectives and nouns, and the association patterns and their underlying conceptualisations are thus more diverse (e.g. 'high' is associated with 'building', and 'long' is associated with 'narrow').
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Valette, Michel. "Reussir son installation : creation, cession, association, etude de marche, contrats, obligations fiscales et sociales." Lyon 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LYO1M361.
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LALMPERTI, PASCAL. "Reussir son installation ! creation, cession, association, etude de marche, contrats, obligations fiscales et sociales." Lyon 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LYO1M363.
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Ariankia, Reza. "La technique de la joint-venture au sein de l'industrie pétro-gazière internationale : contribution à l'étude juridique sur les architectures contractuelles pratiquées par les principaux acteurs pétro-gaziers en amont." Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01D004.
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La joint-venture est une technique juridique étroitement liée au secteur amont de l’industrie pétro-gazière internationale. Pratiquement, elle correspond dans ce domaine à des architectures contractuelles très diversifiées basées sur des ingénieries juridiques différentes. Depuis sa création dans l’industrie pétro-gazière américaine, la technique de la joint-venture, par sa grande adaptabilité congénitale, a généré différentes versions servant les relations juridiques entre les acteurs internationaux dans ce domaine. La structure juridique de chacune de ses variantes a une particularité qui lui est propre. Elle est formée selon les stratégies, les objectifs, les besoins, les expériences, les limites techniques et les moyens financiers et managériaux des participants. Dans ce contexte, l’étude sur le rôle de cette technique dans les relations juridiques entre deux principaux acteurs pétro-gaziers dans la seconde moitié du 20ème siècle est très importante. En effet, dès son entrée dans les relations juridiques entre les pays producteurs de pétrole et de gaz naturel et les sociétés pétro-gazières internationales, la technique de « joint-venture participation » est progressivement devenue la stratégie principale du secteur amont de l’industrie pétro-gazière des pays producteurs. En d'autres termes, quel que soit la structure contractuelle principale de l’État-hôte au secteur amont du pétrole et du gaz, lorsque lui, ou l’un de ses membres, participe conjointement,avec une société pétro-gazière internationale, à des projets d’exploration et de développement, le recours à la technique juridique de la joint-venture est indispensable.L’impact de telle participation sur la joint-venture est considérable. La présence d’un participant doté de prérogatives de la puissance publique au sein d’une joint-venture pétrogazière affecte l’équilibre paritaire entre les participants, et en conséquence influence sa structure juridique, son processus de formation et son fonctionnementThe joint venture is a legal technic closely related to the international upstream oil and gasindustry. Practically, it corresponds to very diversified contractual architectures based ondifferent legal engineering. Since its creation in the USA oil and gas industry, the technic ofjoint venture with its great congenital adaptability has generated various versions assistingthe legal relationship of international players in this field. Legal structure of each of itsvariants has its particularities formed according to the strategies, objectives, needs,experiences, means and technical, financial and managerial limits surrounded participants. Inthis context, the study of the role of this technic in the contractual framework between twooil and gas main players in the second half of the 20th century is very important. Indeed, uponit enters in the legal relationship between oil and gas producers countries and international oiland gas companies, the technic of "participating joint venture" has gradually become a keystrategy of producers countries in their upstream oil and gas sector. In other words,regardless of the principal contractual structure of the host-state in upstream oil and gassector, where it or its dismemberment participates with an international oil and gas companyin exploration and development projects, the use of legal technic of the joint venture isindispensable. The impact of such participation on the joint venture is considerable. Thepresence of a participant with public powers within a petroleum joint venture affect the paritybalance among participants and therefore influence its legal structure, and the process of itsformation and its functioning
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NINNI, LAURA. "CONTIGUITÀ ALLA MAFIA: STRUMENTI NORMATIVI DI PREVENZIONE E CONTRASTO." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/740794.
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Il presente lavoro di ricerca indaga il concetto di “contiguità mafiosa” nell’ordinamento italiano. L’elaborato si articola in quattro capitoli. Il primo capitolo è dedicato all’inquadramento della nozione di “contiguità mafiosa” dal punto di vista della letteratura sociologica. Il secondo capitolo, dopo una specificazione della nozione di “contiguità” adottata nella presente ricerca, è dedicato alla ricostruzione della disciplina vigente nel settore del diritto penale. Oggetto di analisi sono le disposizioni che rendono punibili o puniscono più gravemente condotte di collateralità alle associazioni di tipo mafioso. Il terzo capitolo è invece dedicato agli strumenti delle misure di prevenzione che mirano a prevenire il fenomeno della contiguità mafiosa. Il quarto è infine relativo all’istituto della c.d. documentazione antimafia, dunque nell’ambito del diritto amministrativo, specificamente destinato alla prevenzione del fenomeno nell’ambito delle attività economiche. L’indagine si sviluppa tramite l’analisi delle posizioni emerse in dottrina e in giurisprudenza con riferimento al settore della normativa oggetto di esame, facendo emergere le criticità della normativa esaminata. In conclusione al lavoro, ci si confronta con la complessità del panorama normativo esaminato, vagliando la possibilità di ritenere “esaustiva” la legislazione relativa al fenomeno della “contiguità mafiosa”.The research investigates the concept of “mafia contiguity” in Italian law. The dissertation is structured in four chapters. The first one explains what is “mafia contiguity” from a sociological point of view. The second one, after specifying the concept involved by the dissertation, aims to analyse the current discipline in the criminal law sector. The provisions that make punishable or apply more serious punishments of collateralism to mafia-type associations are the object of analysis. The third chapter deals with the tools of preventive measures aiming to prevent the phenomenon of mafia contiguity. Finally, the fourth relates to the institution of the so-called anti-mafia documentation, therefore in the framework of administrative law, specifically intended for the prevention of the phenomenon in the context of economic activities. The investigation is developed through the analysis of the different positions emerged in doctrine and jurisprudence in this field, with reference to the sector of the legislation under analysis, highlighting the critical issues of the examined legislation. The author deals with the complexity of the regulatory landscape, probing the possibility of considering "exhaustive" the legislation relating to the phenomenon of "mafia contiguity".
Books on the topic "Contratti associativi"
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Simone, Francesco De. I contratti associativi agrari dopo la legge 29/90: Francesco De Simone. Napoli: Edizioni scientifiche italiane, 1991.
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Bank, World, ed. Procurement of works: Smaller contracts. Washington, D.C. (1818 H St., N.W., Washington 20433): World Bank, 1993.
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American Bar Association. Section of Public Contract Law., ed. American Bar Association National Institute on Board of Contract Appeals Practice. [Chicago: The Association, 1994.
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Law, New York (State) Dept of. A joint review by the Attorney General and the State Comptroller of New York Racing Association, Inc.: Capital program operations and selected contract award practices. [Albany, NY]: The Dept., 1997.
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Rousseau's theory of human association: Transparent and opaque societies. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.
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American Bar Association. Forum on the Construction Industry. Meeting. Design issues in construction: Who's responsible and what's working : Ninth Annual Meeting, American Bar Association on the Construction Industry : April 15-16, 1993, Hyatt Regency Hotel, San Diego, California. [Chicago, Ill.]: The Association, 1993.
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National Institute on Negotiating and Drafting International Commercial Contracts (1986 New York, N.Y.). American Bar Association, Division for Professional Education presents a National Institute on Negotiating and Drafting International Commercial Contracts. [Chicago, Ill.]: ABA, 1986.
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Commercial Bar Association (Great Britain). The Commercial Bar Association (COMBAR) 1989-2014: Celebrating the first 25 years. Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing, 2016.
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Meeting, American Bar Association Forum on the Construction Industry. Changing trends in project delivery: The move to design/build : the American Bar Association Forum on the Construction Industry, 11th Annual Meeting : April 26-29, 1995, Fairmont Hotel, San Francisco, California. [Chicago, Ill.]: American Bar Association, 1995.
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Sels, Benedikt. Zwingende gesetzliche Eingriffe in bestehende Tarifverträge und das gesetzliche Verbot zukünftiger tarifvertraglicher Regelungen. Köln?: s.n., 2001.
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Swanson, Diane L. "Executive Association Befitting the Social Contract." In CSR Discovery Leadership, 107–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59954-0_4.
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Wulf, Alexander J. "Association Analysis for the Choice of Proper Contract Law and Dispute Resolution Forum in Cross-Border Contracts." In Institutional Competition between Optional Codes in European Contract Law, 173–90. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-05801-2_6.
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Tenzer, Robert, and Mohammad Bagherbandi. "Comparative Study of the Uniform and Variable Moho Density Contrast in the Vening Meinesz-Moritz’s Isostatic Scheme for the Gravimetric Moho Recovery." In International Association of Geodesy Symposia, 199–207. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1345_2015_210.
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Schneider, Sonja, Mariam Salloum, Katharina Gundel, and Annika Boos. "Estimating Time to Contact in Virtual Reality: Does Contrast Matter?" In Proceedings of the 21st Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (IEA 2021), 224–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74614-8_27.
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Galbraith, Penny, and Richard Bowman. "Luminance Contrast Standards, the Boy Who Could, and Visionary Pathfinders." In Proceedings of the 21st Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (IEA 2021), 154–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74605-6_19.
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Itoh, Nana, Ken Sagawa, Hiroshi Watanabe, and Reiko Sakata. "Dynamic Signs: Appropriate Contrast and Speed for Older Adults and Low Vision." In Proceedings of the 21st Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (IEA 2021), 742–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74605-6_94.
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Feigusch, Gregorio, Isabella Tiziana Steffan, and Doris Ossberger. "Good Lighting and Visual Contrast to Improve Accessibility in the Built Environment-A Literature Study." In Proceedings of the 21st Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (IEA 2021), 367–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74605-6_46.
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Deshmukh, Vijay, and Kishore Shekar. "Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Diagnosis and Treatment Planning." In Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery for the Clinician, 1853–67. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1346-6_81.
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AbstractThe incidence of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is on the rise. Association with tobacco and alcohol is well established. Transformation rates in premalignant lesions and conditions vary in the available literature. Oral cancer in other parts of the world has different etiology in contrast to Indian oral cancer. Because of this Indian OSCC may require different parameters for treatment than that of the other oral cancer. Its prognosis also may not be comparable to others.
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Garriga, Anna, Jani Turunen, and Laura Bernardi. "The Socioeconomic Gradient of Shared Physical Custody in Two Welfare States: Comparison Between Spain and Sweden." In European Studies of Population, 181–206. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68479-2_9.
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AbstractThis study contributes to the emerging literature on the diffusion of SPC across social strata, by comparing two national contexts, Sweden and Spain, with different prevalence rates of SPC and with diverging social and gender policies in the early XXI century. We draw on the 2006 and 2014 comparative cross-sectional data from the Spanish and Swedish Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC), to test two competitive hypotheses (diffusion and diverging destinies hypotheses) on the association of parental socioeconomic status, children’s living arrangements in separated families and their relative prevalence in a populaiton. We also examine whether such association is modified by the great increase in SPC in both countries between 2006 and 2014. We present empirical evidence that, independently from the context, SPC arrangements are more frequent among parents with higher socioeconomic status and sole-custody arrangements among other parents; however, social inequality in post-separation arrangements differ in the two countries over time. In Spain, we find evidence in favour of the diffusion hypothesis with increases in the prevalence of SPC going hand in hand with the diffusion of SPC across social strata. By contrast, the Swedish data support the diverging destinies hypothesis with increases in SPC producing no variation in its social stratification over time.
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Balcar, Vladimír. "Nespolehlivý plátce DPH z pohledu problematiky ukládání sankce typu zařazení osoby do blacklistu – komparace." In Interakce práva a ekonomie, 15–35. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.m210-9934-2021-1.
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The paper explores the institute of unreliable VAT payer (Section 106a of Act No. 235/2004 Coll., on Value Added Tax), from the perspective of the issue of imposing a sanction type of inclusion of a subject in a blacklist. The paper contains a comparison of its legislation with the historical legislation of the list of persons prohibited from performing public contracts (Section 120a of Act No. 137/2006, on Public Procurement, effective until 30 September 2016), and with the current legislation of private registers of debtors (Section 20z of Act No. 634/1992 Coll., on Consumer Protection), specifically with negative registers of the SOLUS association. The aim of the paper is to identify partial moments of the legal regulation of compared institutes, which are common to these institutes, as well as those in which they differ.
Conference papers on the topic "Contratti associativi"
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Harper, Christofer M., and Keith R. Molenaar. "Association between Construction Contracts and Relational Contract Theory." In Construction Research Congress 2014. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784413517.136.
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Lu, Yao, Zhirong Yang, Juho Kannala, and Samuel Kaski. "Learning Image Relations with Contrast Association Networks." In 2019 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2019.8852344.
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Firth, W. J., and B. A. Samson. "Clusterisation and contrast enhancement at light propagation in a cable of nonlinear coupled fibers." In Nonlinear Guided-Wave Phenomena. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/nlgwp.1993.md.2.
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The problem of optical computing is under intensive consideration in recent years because optical schemes allow to produce parallel data processing as well to develop principles of associative optical memory.
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Johnson, Kristina M., M. Kranzdorf, B. J. Bigner, and L. Zhang. "Optical Associative Memory Utilizing Electrically and Optically Addressed Liquid Crystal Spatial Light Modulators." In Optical Computing. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/optcomp.1989.md1.
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The goal of this research is to build optical connectionist machines (OCM’s) capable of interconnecting many input units to output units via two-dimensional liquid crystal spatial light modulators (SLM’s). Liquid crystals SLM's are chosen because of their low optical absorption and power dissipation, moderate switching speeds, potential for high extinction ratios and resolution. In addition, these materials are birefringent and can easily implement a polarization-based optical associative memory. Previously, we presented results on connecting five input units to five output units [1], and eight input units to eight output units [2] with the OCM. The number of interconnections was limited by the low extinction ratio of the two-dimensional SLM used as the OCM connection matrix (The Radio Shack Pocketvision Model 5 extinction is 5:1). In this paper we present results of using higher contrast computer controlled SEIKO liquid crystal pocket television model LVD.012 and optically addressable ferroelectric liquid crystal SLM’s to hetero-associate pairs of 32 bit long input and output vectors. This association is performed using the least mean square algorithm (LMS), implemented with polarization encoding to represent both positive and negative weights.
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Akbar, M. ,. I. "The Journey to Establish Jack-Up Drilling Rig Contract in Indonesia during Upward Demand." In Digital Technical Conference. Indonesian Petroleum Association, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29118/ipa20-bc-408.
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The Jack-up rig market is very dynamic as it is sensitive to oil prices and drilling activities. An effective strategy must be defined to achieve a successful tender process. A market survey shall be sourced from potential bidders and credible research institutions to provide competitive cost estimation and mapped available qualified rigs. Commercial structure is another factor that must be specified clearly. Numbers of wells or long term contracts will attract more rigs to enter Indonesian water that can be achieved by collaborating with other operators. It was quite challenging to establish a rig contract at first stage of tender to cover 1 (one) year duration with an unattractive owner estimation that ended up with a failed tender. By having collaboration with the host authority, other operators and potential bidders, the new strategy to have a long term contract by increasing the number of wells and contract duration to 3 (three) years can be finalized efficiently. The enhanced commercial structure consisted of rate classification as per the Indonesian Oil, Gas and Geothermal Drilling Contractors Association, modification cost, facility support service, reimbursable cost, etc. which have attracted more bidders. Finally, the jack-up rig contract can be established and agreed within the market price. The cost saving to cover future drilling projects has resulted in a total saving of USD 9.7 Million
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Krupa, Tomas, Michal Ries, Ivan Kotuliak, Kristi'an Kostal, and Rastislav Bencel. "Security Issues of Smart Contracts in Ethereum Platforms." In 2021 28th Conference of Open Innovations Association (FRUCT). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/fruct50888.2021.9347617.
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Wang, Ke, and Xiaojun Wan. "Adversarial Text Generation via Sequence Contrast Discrimination." In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2020. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.findings-emnlp.5.
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Bruckner, Tomáš, and Filip Vencovský. "Extracting usual service prices from public contracts." In CARMA 2020 - 3rd International Conference on Advanced Research Methods and Analytics. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/carma2020.2020.11645.
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The paper describes a project of automatic selection, scraping, and full-text analysis of contracts in the area of IT and Information Systems. The purpose of the project was to extract manday prices and build the list of usual manday prices for particular roles that are stated in the contracts. The list aims to provide a foundation for sizing of new IT solutions before the public tender for an association of major state institutions of the Czech Republic. The result of the research is the list of usual prices for the specified roles, including blended rate, based on median and interval between quartiles, all with demonstrable links to origin contracts. The discussion states additional social factors to be considered when interpreting and using the resulting list, like the subjective influence of validators, tendency for generalization, or defensive attitude of affected vendors.
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McCourt, Mark E. "Comparison of brightness and contrast induction." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1991.thy5.
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Lateral spatial interactions in the visual nervous system are commonly adduced to account for a variety of simultaneous contrast (induction) phenomena with regard to the perception of both brightness1 and spatial contrast.2 The relationship of these two systems of lateral interaction has not been clarified. Available evidence suggests that the lateral interactions governing perceived contrast embody a form of multiplicative contrast gain control.2 Evidence is presented that the lateral interactions governing brightness perception are similarly the result of multiplicative luminance-gain control, in addition to a subtractive (zero-offset) process. Utilizing the grating induction paradigm1 in association with a contrast-matching procedure, the inducing grating spatial frequency was varied across a range of eight octaves (0.0625-16.0 c/d), encompassing a clear transition in the form of lateral interactions from ones based on a luminance-gain control mechanism to those based on a contrast-gain control mechanism.
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Aguilar, Mariano, and Cesar Urtubia. "Direct and inverse contrast interaction in a periodic test viewing." In 9th Congress of the International Color Association, edited by Robert Chung and Allan Rodrigues. SPIE, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.464504.
Full textReports on the topic "Contratti associativi"
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Hernandez Martinez, Victor, Hans A. Holter, and Roberto B. Pinheiro. The Hedgehog’s Curse: Knowledge Specialization and Displacement Loss. Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26509/frbc-wp-202231.
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This paper studies the impact of knowledge specialization on earnings losses following displacement. We develop a novel measure of the specialization of human capital, based on how concentrated the knowledge used in an occupation is. Combining our measure with individual labor histories from the NLSY 79-97 and Norway’s LEED, we show that workers with more specialized human capital suffer larger earnings losses following exogenous displacement. A one standard deviation increase in pre-displacement knowledge specialization increases the earnings losses post-displacement by 3 to 4 pp per year in the US, and by 1.5 to 2 pp per year in Norway. In the US, the negative effect of higher pre-displacement knowledge specialization on post-displacement earnings is driven by the negative impact of knowledge specialization on well-paid outside opportunities. By contrast, this association between outside opportunities and knowledge specialization plays no role in post-displacement earnings losses in Norway, where the negative effect of specialization is in part explained by its association with the routine content and the offshoring probability of the occupation.
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Santhya, K. G., A. J. Francis Zavier, Shilpi Rampal, and Avishek Hazra. Promoting safe overseas labour migration: Lessons from ASK’s safe migration project in India. Population Council, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/sbsr2022.1038.
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More than a quarter of all overseas Indians resided in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries in 2020. Migration to Gulf countries is dominated by unskilled and semi-skilled workers who work on a contract basis and who must return home once their contract expires. The Indian government has introduced measures to promote safe overseas migration for work, but labor exploitations in the India-GCC migration corridors are widely documented. The Global Fund to End Modern Slavery (GFEMS) in partnership with the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (Norad) supported the Association for Stimulating Know-how (ASK) in pilot-testing a project to build a safe labor migration ecosystem in source communities in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, India. The project established Migrant Resource Centres (MRCs), integrated six intervention activities, and worked with Civil Society Organizations to build their internal systems and resilience to establish, sustain, and effectively run MRCs and provide services. The Population Council in partnership with GFEMS and Norad undertook a community-based quantitative study to assess male migrants’ awareness of and engagement with ASK’s project. The success in improving male migrants’ knowledge about safe migration pathways was also examined.
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Haggart, J. W., L. T. Dafoe, K. M. Bell, G L Williams, E. T. Burden, L. D. Currie, R. A. Fensome, and A. R. Sweet. Historical development of a litho- and biostratigraphic framework for onshore Cretaceous-Paleocene deposits along western Baffin Bay. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/321828.
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Cretaceous-Paleogene strata along the eastern coast of Baffin Island, on Bylot Island, and on associated islands north of Cape Dyer, have been known since the early days of exploration of Baffin Bay in the mid-nineteenth century. Studies of these strata in the 1970s-1990s established their clastic nature and revealed details of their stratigraphy, ages, and depositional settings. Onshore strata in the Cape Dyer area accumulated in close association with volcanic deposits related to late-stage rifting in the Late Cretaceous to Early Paleocene that eventually formed Baffin Bay. In contrast, deposits in more northerly areas, such as the Eclipse and North Bylot troughs on Bylot Island, exhibit similar clastic rocks, but lack conspicuous volcanic strata, and have been associated with either the Sverdrup Basin or the Baffin Bay rift. The litho- and biostratigraphy of these deposits are summarized and discussed in terms of differing and contrasting stratigraphic interpretations, age assignments, and depositional environments.
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Roush, Richard, and David Rosen. Understanding the Causes and Genetic Effects of Thelytoky in the Aphelinidae: A Key to Improving Biological Control. United States Department of Agriculture, July 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1992.7561058.bard.
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Helytoky is a type of parthenogenesis whereby females produce only female offspring without the involvement of males, even where males are occasionally produced. In the last few years, strong circumstantial evidence has implied that thelytoky can be caused by micro-organisms called Wolbachia in at least some species of wasps. The thelytoky can be "cured" by treatment with antibiotics. Further Wolbachia-like organisms can be found in microscopic examinations and genetically identified through their DNA. The aphelinid wasps, and especially species in the genus Aphytis, are among the most important of all classical biological control agents. Aphytis species are critical in the biological control of scale insect pests in commercial orchards and ornamental plantings. About 30% of Aphytis species are thelytikous, of which we were able to study three in detail. In all three, thelytoky was curable by treatment with antibiotics and Wolbachia were identified morphologically and through their DNA. In contrast, Wolbachia were not detectable in biparental species of Aphytis. Studies of Wolbachia gene sequences obtained from Aphytis showed that they were most closely related to those from a very distantly related wasp, Muscidifurax uniraptor, strongly implying that the Wolbachia can be horizontally transferred. As revealed by electron microscopy, the Wolbachia show a strong association with the nurse and follicle cells of the female wasps.
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Fallik, Elazar, Robert Joly, Ilan Paran, and Matthew A. Jenks. Study of the Physiological, Molecular and Genetic Factors Associated with Postharvest Water Loss in Pepper Fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7593392.bard.
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The fruit of pepper (Capsicum annuum) commonly wilts (or shrivels) during postharvest storage due to rapid water loss, a condition that greatly reduces its shelf life and market value. The fact that pepper fruit are hollow, and thus have limited water content, only exacerbates this problem in pepper. The collaborators on this project completed research whose findings provided new insight into the genetic, physiological, and biochemical basis for water loss from the fruits of pepper (Capsicum annuum and related Capsicum species). Well-defined genetic populations of pepper were used in this study, the first being a series of backcross F₁ and segregating F₂, F₃, and F₄ populations derived from two original parents selected for having dramatic differences in fruit water loss rate (very high and very low water loss). The secondly population utilized in these studies was a collection of 50 accessions representing world diversity in both species and cultivar types. We found that an unexpectedly large amount of variation was present in both fruit wax and cutin composition in these collections. In addition, our studies revealed significant correlations between the chemical composition of both the fruit cuticular waxes and cutin monomers with fruit water loss rate. Among the most significant were that high alkane content in fruit waxes conferred low fruit water loss rates and low permeability in fruit cuticles. In contrast, high amounts of terpenoids (plus steroidal compounds) were associated with very high fruit water loss and cuticle permeability. These results are consistent with our models that the simple straight chain alkanes pack closely together in the cuticle membrane and obstruct water diffusion, whereas lipids with more complex 3-dimensional structure (such as terpenoids) do not pack so closely, and thus increase the diffusion pathways. The backcross segregating populations were used to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with water loss (using DART markers, Diversity Arrays Technology LTD). These studies resulted in identification of two linked QTLs on pepper’s chromosome 10. Although the exact genetic or physiological basis for these QTLs function in water loss is unknown, the genotypic contribution in studies of near-isogenic lines selected from these backcross populations reveals a strong association between certain wax compounds, the free fatty acids and iso-alkanes. There was also a lesser association between the water loss QTLs with both fruit firmness and total soluble sugars. Results of these analyses have revealed especially strong genetic linkages between fruit water loss, cuticle composition, and two QTLs on chromosome 10. These findings lead us to further speculate that genes located at or near these QTLs have a strong influence on cuticle lipids that impact water loss rate (and possibly, whether directly or indirectly, other traits like fruit firmness and sugar content). The QTL markers identified in these studies will be valuable in the breeding programs of scientists seeking to select for low water loss, long lasting fruits, of pepper, and likely the fruits of related commodities. Further work with these newly developed genetic resources should ultimately lead to the discovery of the genes controlling these fruit characteristics, allowing for the use of transgenic breeding approaches toward the improvement of fruit postharvest shelf life.
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Medrano, Juan, Adam Friedmann, Moshe (Morris) Soller, Ehud Lipkin, and Abraham Korol. High resolution linkage disequilibrium mapping of QTL affecting milk production traits in Israel Holstein dairy cattle. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7696509.bard.
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Original objectives: To create BAC contigs covering two QTL containing chromosomal regions (QTLR) and obtain BAC end sequence information as a platform for SNP identification. Use the SNPs to search for marker-QTL linkage disequilibrium (LD) in the test populations (US and Israel Holstein cattle). Identify candidate genes, test for association with dairy cattle production and functional traits, and confirm any associations in a secondary test population. Revisions in the course of the project: The selective recombinant genotyping (SRG) methodology which we implemented to provide moderate resolution QTL mapping turned out to be less effective than expected, due to problems introduced by incomplete marker informativity. This required a no-cost one-year extension of the project. Aside from this, the project was implemented essentially as envisaged, but only with respect to a single QTLR and single population association-test. Background to the topic. Dairy cattle breeders are looking to marker-assisted selection (MAS) as a means of identifying genetically superior sires and dams. MAS based on population-wide LD can be many times more effective than MAS based on within-family linkage mapping. In this proposal we developed a protocol leading from family based QTL mapping to population-wide LD between markers and the QTL Major conclusions, solutions, achievements. The critical importance of marker informativity for application of the SRG design in outcrossing random mating populations was identified, and an alternative Fractioned Pool Design (FPD) based on selective DNA pooling was developed. We demonstrated the feasibility of constructing a BAC contig across a targeted chromosomal region flanking the marker RM188 on bovine chromosome BTA4, which was shown in previous work to contain a QTL affecting milk production traits. BAC end sequences were obtained and successfully screened for SNPs. LD studies of these SNPs in the Israel population, and of an independent set of SNPs taken across the entire proximal region of BTA4 in the USA population, showed a much lower degree of LD than previously reported in the literature. Only at distances in the sub-cM level did an appreciable fraction of SNP marker-pairs show levels of LD useful for MAS. In contrast, studies in the Israel population using microsatellite markers, presented an equivalent degree of LD at a 1-5 separation distance. SNP LD appeared to reflect historical population size of Bostaurus (Ne=5000- 10,000), while microsatellite LD appeared to be in proportion to more recent effective population size of the Holstein breed (Ne=50-100). An appreciable fraction of the observed LD was due to Family admixture structure of the Holstein population. The SNPs MEOX2/IF2G (found within the gene SETMAR at 23,000 bp from RM188) and SNP23 were significantly associated with PTA protein, Cheese dollars and Net Merit Protein in the Davis bull resource population, and were also associated with protein and casein percentages in the Davis cow resource population. Implications. These studies document a major difference in degree of LD presented by SNPs as compared to microsatellites, and raise questions as to the source of this difference and its implications for QTL mapping and MAS. The study lends significant support to the targeted approach to fine map a previously identified QTL. Using high density genotyping with SNP discovered in flanking genes to the QTL, we have identified important markers associated with milk protein percentage that can be tested in markers assisted selection programs.
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Wisniewski, Michael, Samir Droby, John Norelli, Dov Prusky, and Vera Hershkovitz. Genetic and transcriptomic analysis of postharvest decay resistance in Malus sieversii and the identification of pathogenicity effectors in Penicillium expansum. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597928.bard.
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Use of Lqh2 mutants (produced at TAU) and rNav1.2a mutants (produced at the US side) for identifying receptor site-3: Based on the fact that binding of scorpion alpha-toxins is voltage-dependent, which suggests toxin binding at the mobile voltage-sensing region, we analyzed which of the toxin bioactive domains (Core-domain or NC-domain) interacts with the DIV Gating-module of rNav1.2a. This analysis was based on the assumption that the dissociation of toxin mutants upon depolarization would vary from that of the unmodified toxin should the substitutions affect a site of interaction with the channel Gating-module. Using a series of toxin mutants (mutations at both domains) and two channel mutants that were shown to reduce the sensitivity to scorpion alpha-toxins, and by comparison of depolarization-driven dissociation of Lqh2 derivatives off their binding site at rNav1.2a mutant channels we found that the toxin Core-domain interacts with the Gating-module of DIV. Details of the experiments and results appear in Guret al (2011). Mapping receptor site 3 at Nav1.2a by extensive channel mutagenesis (Seattle): Since previous studies with photoaffinity labeling and antibody mapping implicated domains I and IV in scorpion alpha-toxin binding, Nav1.2 channel mutants containing substitutions at these extracellular regions were expressed and tested for receptor function by whole-cell voltage clamp. Of a large number of channel mutants, T1560A, F1610A, and E1613A in domain IV had ~5.9-, ~10.7-, and ~3.9-fold lower affinities for the scorpion toxin Lqh2, respectively, and mutant E1613R had 73-fold lower affinity. Toxin dissociation was accelerated by depolarization for both wild-type and mutants, and the rates of dissociation were also increased by mutations T1560A, F1610A and E1613A. In contrast, association rates for these three mutant channels at negative membrane potentials were not significantly changed and were not voltage-dependent. These results indicated that Thr1560 in the S1-S2 loop, Phe1610 in the S3 segment, and Glu1613 in the S3-S4 loop in domain IV participate in toxin binding. T393A in the SS2-S6 loop in domain I also showed a ~3.4-fold lower affinity for Lqh2, indicating that this extracellular loop may form a secondary component of the toxin binding site. Analysis with the Rosetta-Membrane algorithm revealed a three-dimensional model of Lqh2 binding to the voltage sensor in a resting state. In this model, amino acid residues in an extracellular cleft formed by the S1-S2 and S3-S4 loops in domain IV that are important for toxin binding interact with amino acid residues on two faces of the wedge-shaped Lqh2 molecule that are important for toxin action. The conserved gating charges in the S4 transmembrane segment are in an inward position and likely form ion pairs with negatively charged amino acid residues in the S2 and S3 segments (Wang et al 2011; Gurevitz 2012; Gurevitzet al 2013).
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Schat, Karel Antoni, Irit Davidson, and Dan Heller. Chicken infectious anemia virus: immunosuppression, transmission and impact on other diseases. United States Department of Agriculture, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695591.bard.
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1. Original Objectives. The original broad objectives of the grant were to determine A) the impact of CAV on the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) to reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) (CU), B). the interactions between chicken anemia virus (CAV) and Marek’s disease virus (MDV) with an emphasis on horizontal spread of CAV through feathers (KVI), and C) the impact of CAV infection on Salmonella typhimurium (STM) (HUJI). During the third year and the one year no cost extension the CU group included some work on the development of an antigen-antibody complex vaccine for CAV, which was partially funded by the US Poultry and Egg Association. 2. Background to the topic. CAV is a major pathogen causing clinical disease if maternal antibody-free chickens are infected vertically or horizontally between 1 and 14 days of age. Infection after 3 weeks of age when maternal antibodies are not longer present can cause severe subclinical immunosuppression affecting CTL and cytokine expression. The subclinical immunosuppression can aggravate many diseases including Marek’s disease (MD) and several bacterial infections. 3. Major conclusions and achievements. The overall project contributed in the following ways to the knowledge about CAV infection in poultry. As expected CAV infections occur frequently in Israel causing problems to the industry. To control subclinical infections vaccination may be needed and our work indicates that the development of an antigen-antibody complex vaccine is feasible. It was previously known that CAV can spread vertically and horizontally, but the exact routes of the latter had not been confirmed. Our results clearly show that CAV can be shed into the environment through feathers. A potential interaction between CAV and MD virus (MDV) in the feathers was noted which may interfere with MDV replication. It was also learned that inoculation of 7-day-old embryos causes growth retardation and lesions. The potential of CAV to cause immunosuppression was further examined using CTL responses to REV. CTL were obtained from chickens between 36 and 44 days of age with REV and CAV given at different time points. In contrast to our earlier studies, in these experiments we were unable to detect a direct impact of CAV on REV-specific CTL, perhaps because the CTL were obtained from older birds. Inoculation of CAV at one day of age decreased the IgG antibody responses to inactivated STM administered at 10 days of age. 4. Scientific and Agricultural Implications The impact of the research was especially important for the poultry industry in Israel. The producers have been educated on the importance of the disease through the many presentations. It is now well known to the stakeholders that CAV can aggravate other diseases, decrease productivity and profitability. As a consequence they monitor the antibody status of the breeders so that the maternal antibody status of the broilers is known. Also vaccination of breeder flock that remain antibody negative may become feasible further reducing the negative impact of CAV infection. Vaccination may become more important because improved biosecurity of the breeder flocks to prevent avian influenza and Salmonella may delay the onset of seroconversion for CAV by natural exposure resulting in CAV susceptible broilers lacking maternal antibodies. Scientifically, the research added important information on the horizontal spread of CAV through feathers, the interactions with Salmonella typhimurium and the demonstration that antigen-antibody complex vaccines may provide protective immunity.
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Bourrier, Mathilde, Michael Deml, and Farnaz Mahdavian. Comparative report of the COVID-19 Pandemic Responses in Norway, Sweden, Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. University of Stavanger, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.254.
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The purpose of this report is to compare the risk communication strategies and public health mitigation measures implemented by Germany, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom (UK) in 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic based on publicly available documents. The report compares the country responses both in relation to one another and to the recommendations and guidance of the World Health Organization where available. The comparative report is an output of Work Package 1 from the research project PAN-FIGHT (Fighting pandemics with enhanced risk communication: Messages, compliance and vulnerability during the COVID-19 outbreak), which is financially supported by the Norwegian Research Council's extraordinary programme for corona research. PAN-FIGHT adopts a comparative approach which follows a “most different systems” variation as a logic of comparison guiding the research (Przeworski & Teune, 1970). The countries in this study include two EU member States (Sweden, Germany), one which was engaged in an exit process from the EU membership (the UK), and two non-European Union states, but both members of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA): Norway and Switzerland. Furthermore, Germany and Switzerland govern by the Continental European Federal administrative model, with a relatively weak central bureaucracy and strong subnational, decentralised institutions. Norway and Sweden adhere to the Scandinavian model—a unitary but fairly decentralised system with power bestowed to the local authorities. The United Kingdom applies the Anglo-Saxon model, characterized by New Public Management (NPM) and decentralised managerial practices (Einhorn & Logue, 2003; Kuhlmann & Wollmann, 2014; Petridou et al., 2019). In total, PAN-FIGHT is comprised of 5 Work Packages (WPs), which are research-, recommendation-, and practice-oriented. The WPs seek to respond to the following research questions and accomplish the following: WP1: What are the characteristics of governmental and public health authorities’ risk communication strategies in five European countries, both in comparison to each other and in relation to the official strategies proposed by WHO? WP2: To what extent and how does the general public’s understanding, induced by national risk communication, vary across five countries, in relation to factors such as social capital, age, gender, socio-economic status and household composition? WP3: Based on data generated in WP1 and WP2, what is the significance of being male or female in terms of individual susceptibility to risk communication and subsequent vulnerability during the COVID-19 outbreak? WP4: Based on insight and knowledge generated in WPs 1 and 2, what recommendations can we offer national and local governments and health institutions on enhancing their risk communication strategies to curb pandemic outbreaks? WP5: Enhance health risk communication strategies across five European countries based upon the knowledge and recommendations generated by WPs 1-4. Pre-pandemic preparedness characteristics All five countries had pandemic plans developed prior to 2020, which generally were specific to influenza pandemics but not to coronaviruses. All plans had been updated following the H1N1 pandemic (2009-2010). During the SARS (2003) and MERS (2012) outbreaks, both of which are coronaviruses, all five countries experienced few cases, with notably smaller impacts than the H1N1 epidemic (2009-2010). The UK had conducted several exercises (Exercise Cygnet in 2016, Exercise Cygnus in 2016, and Exercise Iris in 2018) to check their preparedness plans; the reports from these exercises concluded that there were gaps in preparedness for epidemic outbreaks. Germany also simulated an influenza pandemic exercise in 2007 called LÜKEX 07, to train cross-state and cross-department crisis management (Bundesanstalt Technisches Hilfswerk, 2007). In 2017 within the context of the G20, Germany ran a health emergency simulation exercise with WHO and World Bank representatives to prepare for potential future pandemics (Federal Ministry of Health et al., 2017). Prior to COVID-19, only the UK had expert groups, notably the Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (SAGE), that was tasked with providing advice during emergencies. It had been used in previous emergency events (not exclusively limited to health). In contrast, none of the other countries had a similar expert advisory group in place prior to the pandemic. COVID-19 waves in 2020 All five countries experienced two waves of infection in 2020. The first wave occurred during the first half of the year and peaked after March 2020. The second wave arrived during the final quarter. Norway consistently had the lowest number of SARS-CoV-2 infections per million. Germany’s counts were neither the lowest nor the highest. Sweden, Switzerland and the UK alternated in having the highest numbers per million throughout 2020. Implementation of measures to control the spread of infection In Germany, Switzerland and the UK, health policy is the responsibility of regional states, (Länders, cantons and nations, respectively). However, there was a strong initial centralized response in all five countries to mitigate the spread of infection. Later on, country responses varied in the degree to which they were centralized or decentralized. Risk communication In all countries, a large variety of communication channels were used (press briefings, websites, social media, interviews). Digital communication channels were used extensively. Artificial intelligence was used, for example chatbots and decision support systems. Dashboards were used to provide access to and communicate data.